kc 8.1 part i & kc 8.2 part i mr. buttell apush
TRANSCRIPT
KC 8.1 Part I & KC 8.2 Part I
Mr. Buttell APUSH
TRUMAN DOCTRINE CONTAINMENT!
George Kennan Dominated American foreign
policy for 40 years March 12, 1947 – Truman
speech to Congress Protect nations from
subjugation of communist nations
Pledged American support for fight against communism – police force
US gave Greece and Turkey $400 million
“DOMINO EFFECT” Communism
expanded anywhere could be a threat to democracy everywhere
Secretary of State Dean Acheson
MARSHALL PLAN W. Europe in chaos
after WWII battles June 1947 - Sec. Of
State George Marshall proposed the US should help fund and rebuild nations in need
Motives: humanitarian, fear, economic drain, economic opportunity
Spent $13 billion in aid
MOBILIZATION AT HOME American military power kept at war-time levels Atomic Energy Commission (1946) – created to
oversee all nuclear research National Security Act (1947)
Revamped entire defense bureaucracy Created
Department of Defense National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Expanded powers of executive branch to pursue internat’l goals w/o a declaration of war
BERLIN AIRLIFT US, France, GB, unite their
half of Germany SU occupy E. Germany and E.
Berlin June, 1948 - Stalin closed off
W. Berlin (occupied by US, F. GB)
Civilians didn’t have supplies to live
US flew supplies into W. Berlin – lasted more than 10 months
Stalin eventually lifted the blockade
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
April 4th, 1949 – accelerated by situation in Berlin
NATO 12 countries pledged military support to
one another Political and military alliance US scared of conflict but no longer
isolated from the world
WARSAW PACT Reaction to NATO – 1955 Mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight
communist states in Eastern Europe Established at the USSR’s initiative
POLITICS OF THE TRUMAN YEARS 1946 – Republicans took over both houses of Congress Election of 1948
Democratic divided Conservative Southerners created States’ Rights Party aka
Dixiecrats Strom Thurmond, Gov. of SC
Left wing Democrats created new Progressive Party Henry Wallace
Moderate Democrats reluctantly support Harry S. Truman
Republicans re-nominated Thomas E. Dewey of NY Campaign:
Dewey subdued Truman active and aggressive (“Fair Deal”)
POST WWII AMERICA Economic anxiety – fear from post WWI America Prices rose; consumer demand rose; tax cuts Minorities forced out of industrial work GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment
Act of 1944) Union strikes – United Mine Workers and RR
shutdowns Republican controlled Congress passed Taft-Hartley
Act (1947) aimed at weakening Wagner Act Outlawed closed shop; allowed union shops; created right-
to-work laws
ELECTION OF 1948
ELECTION OF 1948
1949 – A TUMULTUOUS YEAR SU announced explosion of first successful atomic
weapon Created arms race
Collapse of Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist gov’t Necessitated a change in American Cold War policy
Establish strong anti-communist leaders Expand military budget
Military Industrial Complex
CHINA PROBLEM Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist US supported S and E China Weak support Fled to Taiwan
(Formosa)
Mao Zedong Communist SU supported N China Peasants support
(more appealing) People’s Republic of
China
Moved our Sphere of Influence to Japan
KOREAN WAR First military engagement of the
Cold War Japan occupied Korea until WWII
SU took N US took S
38th Parallel divides Korea Northern Government Communist -
Kim Il Sung Southern Government Democratic -
Syngman Rhee American foreign policy dictated
by NSC-68 – intervention using force for liberation
Aim: create “a unified, independent and democratic Korea”
KOREAN WAR June 1950, N invaded S UN and US troops commanded by Gen.
Douglas MacArthur China joined on side of NK Back and forth battles b/t Mac led forces and
Chinese divisions Truman sought negotiations w/ China since they
entered – Mac wanted to attack China Martin letter – Mac wrote letter voicing opposition
to Truman’s policies – became public April 1951 – Truman fired Mac for insubordination
KOREAN WAR ENDS Truman lost popularity after
firing MacArthur Negotiations began in 1951-
stalemate until 1953 officially ends
150,000 Americans dead or wounded; 4 million Asians
Intensified anxiety over communism
Contributed to second major campaign of the century against domestic communism
COMMUNIST HYSTERIA Fear of internal communist subversion
Causes: Communism an actual threat Korea and China Soviet development of bomb Republican party blame Democrats
Communist conspiracy w/i US borders HUAC – House Un-American Activities
Committee Hollywood blacklists – “the Hollywood
Ten” Alger Hiss (1948) – State dept. member
accused of leaking classified information to SU
COMMUNIST HYSTERIA Truman admin created employee loyalty programs
(1947) Head of the FBI J. Edgar Hoover McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) – all
Communist org must register w/ gov and publish their records
Rosenberg case – Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, accused of masterminding leaking secret info to Soviets Sentenced to death April 1951 by Judge Kaufman –
electrocuted in June 1953 ALL factors led to fear of communist subversion or being
suspected of communism
MCCARTHYISM Joseph McCarthy – freshman
Senator (WI) “Hold in my hand” – launched
him as the nation’s most prominent crusader against domestic subversion
Head of a Senate subcommittee to conduct investigations
NEVER produced solid evidence, BUT ruined careers and reputations
Launched America into 2nd Red Scare
ELECTION OF 1952 Communist hysteria, middle of Korean War
stalemate, Dem have dominated since 1932 DEMOCRATS
Truman’s popularity vanished; withdrew from race Gov. Adlai E. Stevenson (IL)
Witty, well-liked, dignified
REPUBLICANS…revival Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower
War hero, Commander of NATO, President of Columbia University
Running mate – Richard M. Nixon (CA) “Checker’s Speech”
Won the White House and both houses of Congress