Animals can be kept for: • Companions as pets eg dogs• Food eg rabbits• Research eg rats• Competition eg show dogs• Conservation eg panda• Hunting eg bird dogs (Labrador)

Animals are treated differently for different purposes:- space (restricted for research), exercise (dog run for a pet), security (guard dogs in enclosure).

When keeping animals it is important to consider animal interaction between people and other animals.

Pets: • exercise dogs so that they do not become bored and

bark excessively.• castrate or spay cats so that they do not breed with other

pets.• confine animals that may biteResearch:• quarantine animals that be a possible hazard to the

publicConservation:• keep animals away from the public to maintain a more

natural environment.Farmed for Food:• animals from pets or wild species to avoid transmission

of disease.

Revision Summary• Selective breedingBreeding the best individuals of ONE breed together

to improve the standard of the breed. can lead to inbreeding which can cause health problems to animals.

• Cross breedingBreeding individuals of different breeds together to

combine the best features of both breeds. • Hybrid Vigour getting a "better" individual by

combining the best bits of its two parents.

Birds Mammals

Similarities Produce egg by fertilisation of egg by sperm

Produce egg by fertilisation of egg by sperm

Differences Egg layingNo penis Testicles internalOvary on left hand side onlyFemale determines sex

Live birthTesticles externalOvaries on both sidesMale determines sex

Reproductive system - Birds

Vent

Testes

OvaryInfundibulum

Magnum

Shell

glandVent

• Testes - produces male gametes or sperm• Vent - opening from which the sperm are

released in the male and by which the sperm enter the female

• Ovary - produces female gametes or eggs• Infundibulum - where fertilisation takes

place• Magnum - secretes albumen (white of

egg)• Shell gland - produces the calcium

carbonate shell around the egg

Male reproductive system - rabbit

Female reproductive system - rabbit

Female Reproductive OrgansOvary – produces eggs

Oviduct – where fertilisation takes place

Uterus – where the foetus develops

Vagina – where the penis is inserted for fertilisation and where the foetus is born

X

X is where fertilisation takes place

Male Reproductive Organs

Penis – releases sperm into the vagina of a female

Testes – produce sperm

Sperm duct – carries sperm from the testes out of the penis

FLASH 6 – FertilisationFLASH 2 – Mitosis drag & drop

Fertilisation

• Gametes or sex cells contain half the chromosomes of a normal body cell.

• The male gamete (sperm) fertilises the female gamete (egg) in the oviduct and produces an embryo with a complete set of chromosomes.

Gestation Period

• This is how long the foetus develops in the uterus.

• In rabbits it is 31 days• In hens it is 21 days• In dogs it is 9 weeks

Hormones• The reproductive cycle is controlled by

hormones.• The female hormone is called oestrogen and

triggers the release of eggs from the ovary.• When a bitch is on heat (has released an egg)

she will release pheromones that attract a dog• Hens release eggs as the days get longer in the

spring.

Male Hormones• The male hormone is called testosterone.• Testosterone is produced by the testes

and gives the male characteristics.• Males being kept for meat are sometimes

castrated. This helps the male grow better and be less aggressive.

Success Criteria

Shown the sperm and the eggLabelled them as GAMETESLabelled them joining together (fertilisation)Described how this leads to the

development of the embryoLabelled the chromosomes

Fertilisation

• Build and explain a model (on the table) to explain fertilisation

• Include the keywords: chromosomes, gametes and embryo

Fertilisation

• Gametes or sex cells contain half the chromosomes of a normal body cell.

• The male gamete (sperm) fertilises the female gamete (egg) in the oviduct and produces an embryo with a complete set of chromosomes.

Gestation Period

• This is how long the foetus develops in the uterus.

• In rabbits it is 31 days• In hens it is 21 days• In dogs it is 9 weeks

Natural Incubation• This uses broody hens. A hen can lay one egg a day

and when she has laid as many eggs as she alone can manage (a clutch) she sits on them to incubate them. She is said to be broody. She also stops laying other eggs. The first eggs laid will not start to develop until the mother starts sitting. This is so that all the eggs will hatch out at the same time. The hen turns the eggs and helps them hatch. A broody hen will cluck a lot, fluff up her feathers and become very protective of her brood. She often has to be encouraged to leave the eggs for food and water. Broody hens will sit on any eggs not just their own.

• Artificial Incubation • This involves the use of an incubator• The bottom tray is kept filled with water and the eggs are sprayed

when necessary with water in order to maintain a high humidity. This means the shells will not become too hard for the chicks to breaks through.

• The thermostat is set to the correct temperature and a thermometer used to check it stays constant.

• Eggs are turned every day to prevent the developing embryo stick to the shell and stopping normal development. This can be done using an automatic rocker or by marking each egg with a cross. The eggs are turned an odd number of times every day so that each night a different side of the egg is on top because night time is the longest time that the eggs stay unturned.

Incubator

Peer Assess - http://www.chickeneggspert.com/incubation-and-chicks/natural-incubation-vs-artificial-incubation/39.asp

Incubation Advantages Disadvantages

Artificial – Hatching eggs by putting them in an incubator

1) You can hatch eggs whenever you want - you don't have to wait for a hen to go broody.2) If you get a big enough incubator, you can hatch out as many eggs as you want.3) You get the satisfaction of caring for the eggs yourself

1) You have to worry about the temperature, ventilation, and humidity.2) If you do not have an automatic turner, you will have to turn the eggs at least three times a day at evenly spaced intervals.3) Incubators usually hatch out a lower percentage of eggs than broody hens do.

Natural – Hatching eggs by putting them under a broody hen

1. The hen does most of the work for you. You don't have to worry about turning the eggs or keeping the temperature stable 2. A broody hen will usually hatch out a higher percentage of eggs than you will get in an incubator.3. Once the chicks hatch, she will do much of the work of caring for them.

1) Cannot tell when a hen will go broody.2) You can't guarantee that she will be a good mother.3) You can only fit so many eggs under one hen, so you might not be able to hatch out as many as you want.4) Sometimes a mother hen will "go wild" when she hatches out chicks, and it will be much harder to tame them.

• Candling may be used to see if an egg is fertilised. If it is infertile then it should be thrown away because it will start to decay and could spread disease to fertile eggs. Eggs should be candled in a darkened room after 8-10 days. The candling lamp should be shone on the broad end of the egg. If the egg is fertile then the shadow of the developing chick can be seen together with the chicks eye and the blood vessels. Infertile eggs look clear.

Turning - Eggs need to be turned every few hours to stop the chick becoming deformed. If the eggs spend too long on one side the chicken can have a ‘flat’ side.

60% Humidity so that the embryo does not dry out

We can check whether an egg is developing through CANDLING. This is holding an egg up to the light to see if a ‘shadow’ can be seen within the egg.

How to set up an incubator• Prepare a presentation to explain how to set up

an incubator.• You need to include the following:1. Temperature2. Humidity3. Candling4. Turning5. Gestation Period6. Pictures• There are loads of videos on You Tube, so you

could get your info. from here!

Which nutrients are important to include in an animal’s diet?

• Animals need a balanced diet to grow normally and remain healthy. A balanced diet means eating the correct quantities of nutrients. These include:

• quick energy in the form of carbohydrates • stored energy and insulation in the form of fats• fibre to aid the movement of food through the gut and

maintain a healthy digestive system• protein for growth and repair of body tissues.

• vitamins and minerals for healthy body functions:• vitamin A for eyesight, growth, appetite and taste• vitamin C for the immune system and healing

wounds• vitamin D for strong bones and teeth• calcium for bone strength, nerve function and

muscle contraction• iron for oxygen transport in red blood cells

• water for transport and most cellular processes

Food Tests• Grind up the food using a pestle and mortar• Starch – Add a few drops of iodine – does it turn black?• Glucose – Half fill a beaker with water, boil using a

Bunsen. Add food and Benedict’s Solution to a test tube. Place test tube in beaker and continue to heat – does the solution turn orange?

• Fat – rub onto filter paper – does it turn transparent?• Protein – Add copper sulphate solution – is there a

colour change?

• A poor diet could be due to a deficiency of a particular nutrient

• too little fibre can cause constipation which can lead onto diverticular disease and bowel cancer

• too little vitamin C is associated with bleeding gums and poor wound healing

• too little vitamin A is associated with poor night vision• too little vitamin D is associated with weak bones• too little calcium is associated with poor teeth and brittle

bones• too little iron can lead to tiredness

• A poor diet can also be due to excesses of certain nutrients

• too many carbohydrates is associated with increased risk of diabetes, being overweight and joint problems

• too much fat can lead to heart disease and possible heart attack.

  Roughage succulent concentrate

Description High fibreLow nutrient value

High moisture Processed feeds High nutrient value

Example CarrotsHay

Grass 

PelletsCrushed grain

  Ration Ad lib

Advantages Less wasteMore control of diet

Allows animal to satisfy own needs

Disadvantages No allowance for variables such as high energy useAnimals do not gain weight as quickly

May become too fatHigh faeces productionWaste of feedExpensive

Concentrates

high nutritional value protein for growth fat for insulation carbohydrates for

energy vitamins and

minerals for health expensive

Bulk

low nutritional value cheaper fills the animal up can be succulent

(moist) eg. silage can be roughage

(fibre) eg. hay

Poultry and Rabbits

• What does their diet consist of?• What nutritional value does it have?

Revision

Roughage succulent concentrate

Description High fi bre Low nutrient value

High moisture Processed f eeds High nutrient value

Example Carrots Hay

Grass

Pellets Crushed grain

•beak •crop •stomach •Gizzard•small intestine •large intestine

•The beak picks up food and this is swallowed whole. (1mark)•The crop is a storage sac (1mark)•The stomach produces enzymes that digest the large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules. (1mark)•The gizzard is a tough bag surrounded by muscle which contains small stones (grit) that the bird has eaten. As the muscles contract, the bag is squeezed and food trapped between stones is crushed.(1mark)•The small intestine is where digestion of food by enzymes is completed and the digested food is small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream. (1mark)•The large intestine is where excess water is removed from the food.(1mark)

Why do rabbits eat their own poo?

•Caecum/caeca•Stomach•Small intestine•cecotropes

Caecum - microorganisms break down the cellulose and turn it into digestible nutrients (1mark)stomach - produces enzymes that digest the large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules.(1mark)small intestines – nutrients absorbed into the blood. In order for the rabbit to absorb these nutrients however they must pass this food through their digestive tract again. (1mark)cecotropes - small, round, moist pellets packaged by caecum at certain times of the day. The rabbit gets a signal from its brain when these are about to be produced and eats them the minute they are produced (1mark)

Revision slide

Revision slideDigestive part Function

Mouth food is chewed and mixed with saliva

Stomach mixes food with enzymes which digest food. Acid kills harmful microbes.

Small Intestine more enzymes, food is absorbed into the blood stream

Large Intestine excess water is removed

Caecum Break down cellulose turning it into cecotropes which are eaten by the rabbit

Gizzard Contains small stones to crush food

Crop Storage sac

Rectum holds dry pellet (faeces) until they are ready to be expelled out of the anus

Animal Housing• For each picture label the following:1. What is the housing called?2. What type of bedding should be

provided?3. What type of food and toys should be

provided?4. How often should it be cleaned out?5. What problems could arise?6. How should you look after pregnant or

young rabbits and chickens?

Revision Animal Housing Size Cleaning Food and bedding Other info. Problems

Bird Aviary, cage, coop

Large enough for bird to spread it’s wings

Once a week Consumed in a day, bowls cleaned daily, fresh water, cuttlefish provides calcium and exercises jaw and trims beak

Bars for perching, cage cover for sleeping, toys for chewing, climbing

Cage too small = behaviour problems

Rabbit hutch Large, indoor sleeping, outdoor run

Once a week, fresh bedding

Hay, straw, wood shavings for bedding. Fresh food and water daily

Like Lots of hay, fruit and vegetables

Cage too small – behaviour problems, lack of exercise

Small Mammal

Cage As big as possible, room to exercise

Once a week with mild disinfectant.

Feed bowls/water cleaned daily. wood shavings, shredded paper for bedding

Toys for gnawing, wheels for exercise

Cage too small = behavioural problems

Reptile Tank Appropriate to reptile

Once a week Tank dry, except hide box – damp moss. Hiding places-leaves, bark

Thermal gradient needed

Food stored well to prevent disease

Fish bowl, tank, aquarium

Match fish to tank

Check, maintain pHChange 20% water twice a week, clean tank once a month

Correct floating food twice a day

Filter air pump to oxygenate water

Chlorine in tap water can kill fish, add dechlorinator

Cause of Ill health

• What diseases can be caused by:1. Bacteria2. Virus3. Fungi4. Parasites• How are they treated?• What symptoms will the animals have?

Rabbit Health Check • Have clean, bright eyes, which do not have

mucus, a crust, etc. in or near them. • Have clean ears, unobstructed by wax, and they

should not smell bad. • Have clean, untangled fur, and no ticks, fleas or

other parasites on their skin. Check them all over. They should not smell bad anywhere.

• They should not have anything in the fur around their anus. If they do, it's a suggestion of major health problems.

• They should not be limp and unresponsive, but they shouldn't be overly jumpy/trembly either.

Revision• Handled correctly to reduce stress and avoid injury both to the handler

and the animal. • Wash hands before and after handling to prevent spread of disease.

Reptiles can carry salmonella bacteria and it is possible to contract ringworm from rabbits.

• Up to date vaccinations, tetanus from an animal bite. Sometimes necessary to wear gloves.

• Hold the animal loosely and for short periods of time.• Be sensitive to the needs of the animal. Do not handle animals just after

they have woken up, if they are nursing young or are in the process of shedding their skin.

• Whilst handling it is important that routine husbandry tasks are carried out such as grooming and clipping nails.

• Small animals are usually transported in containers that are well ventilated, warm and comfortable, small enough to contain the animal from damage if bumped around but large enough to provide freedom of movement.

• Specific laws control the movement of cats and dogs in and out of the UK in order to prevent the introduction of rabies. Cats and dogs are required to spend 6 months in quarantine unless they have been issued with a pet passport by their vet, have been micro chipped and been vaccinated against rabies.