keith johnson forage crops specialist · soil fertility on winter survival ... heaving caused by...
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Impact of Cutting Management and Soil Fertility on Winter Survival
I appreciate the contributions of Dr. Jeff Volenec.
ObjectiveImprove winter survival of alfalfa with use of “Best Management Practices”
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Critical Periods for Alfalfa Growth and Development
Seedling establishmentHerbage regrowth after harvestFall growth and its impact on winter hardiness (and ultimate survival)Spring growth and first harvest yield
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Calculating Risk of Alfalfa Winter Injuryfrom: NCR 547 Alfalfa Management Guide
FactorsStand ageAlfalfa varietySoil pHExchangeable K levelSoil drainageSoil moisture during fall/winterHarvest FrequencyHigh stubble with a late harvest
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Calculating Risk of Alfalfa Winter Injuryfrom: NCR 547 Alfalfa Management Guide
FactorsStand ageAlfalfa varietySoil pHExchangeable K levelSoil drainageSoil moisture during fall/winterHarvest FrequencyHigh stubble with a late harvest
People do
have some control!
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Poor GoodBetter
Varieties Differ in Persistence
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Later Seedling Development Involves Contractile Growth That “Pulls” the Cotyledonary Node (CN) Below the Soil Surface Forming the Crown
Source: Forages Vol. I, 6th Edition
CN
CN
Soil surface
Nodules(pink)
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Alfalfa Crown With 2 Inches of Contractile Growth - Enables Alfalfa to Tolerate Mowing/Grazing and
Also Key to Winter Survival
Cotyledonary Node
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Heaving Caused By Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Late Winter Reverses Contractile Growth Exposing Crowns and Taproots to Hazards of Mowing and the Extremes of Winter Weather
Greatest concern with high clay content soil with poor percolation
Don’t be surprised. Routinely scout the fields.
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Taproots Anchor the Plant, Assist with Nutrient Uptake, and Store Organic Reserves Essential for Shoot Regrowth
Fall Dormancy=1Most dormant
Fall Dormancy=4Common to Midwest
Fall Dormancy=9Least dormant
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Large Differences in Fall Dormancy Exist, and This Trait is Positively
Associated with Winter Hardiness
Dormant Nondormant
Autumn picture
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Nondormant alfalfa is like diet soda, whereas dormant alfalfa is like normal soda when put in a
freezer. Which freezes first?
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Genetic Selection for Greater Fall Dormancy Reduced Winter Injury
Height in Autumn, cm0 10 20 30 40 50
Win
ter I
njur
y(1
=uni
njur
ed, 2
=inj
ured
, 3=d
ead)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Year 1Y=1.12+0.035x
R2=0.88**
Year 2Y=0.4+0.046x
R2=0.81**
4 in. 16 in.
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Past Research……...(Smith, 1964)
“The fact that plants have high carbohydrate reserves does not mean that they will necessarily develop a high degree of hardiness, but as carbohydrates are the main source of energy, plants low in these reserves cannot develop a high level of hardiness.” Taproot Starch, mg/g dry wt.
140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Leth
al T
empe
ratu
re 5
0
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
Y=-55+0.37x-0.0007x2
R2=0.61*
Adapted from Castonguay et al., 1995
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The Rankings of Winter Hardiness and Root Raffinose Family Oligosaccharide Concentrations
Have a Near-Perfect Correlation – Sucrose Does Not
Rank of Sucrose or Total RFO1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ran
k of
Win
ter H
ardi
ness
123456789
101112
Total RFOY=0.3+0.96xr2=0.92**
SucroseY=2.0+0.69xr2=0.48*
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Impact of Harvest Management
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Herbage Regrowth After Harvest in Summer Depends Upon Stored Reserves in Taproots
05
1015202530354045
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98
Days From May 25
Tap
roo
t S
tarc
h,
%
*=Harvest Date
*
* *
12”12”
12”
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Frequent Harvesting in Summer Depletes Taproot Reserves and Reduces Yield and
Persistence
05
1015202530354045
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98Days From May 25
Tap
roo
t S
tarc
h,
%
*= 35-day Harvest Interval*
* *
12”
12”12”
@=Biweekly Harvests
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Accumulation of Stored Reserves is Key to Herbage Regrowth and Plant Survival.Pushing hard if number of harvests >4 in a year.
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Alfalfa Taproot Reserves Accumulate in Autumn and are Necessary for Winter Survival
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120Days From September 1
Tap
roo
t S
tarc
h,
%
Harvest
Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. 1
No FallHarvest
Avg. KillingFrost
High TaprootStarch
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Fall Cutting Management Influences Alfalfa Taproot Reserves and Winter Survival
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120Days From September 1
Tap
roo
t S
tarc
h,
%
Harvest
Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. 1
No FallHarvest
Avg. KillingFrost
Low Taproot Starch
Fall Harvest prior to killing frost
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Fall Cutting Management Influences Alfalfa Taproot Reserves and Winter Survival
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120Days From September 1
Tap
roo
t S
tarc
h,
%
Harvest
Oct. 1 Nov. 1 Dec. 1
No FallHarvest
Avg. KillingFrost
Low Taproot Starch
Harvest inEarly Oct.
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Plant Survival Over Winter and Shoot Growth in Spring Depends on Taproot Reserves
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Days From January 1
Tap
roo
t S
tarc
h,
%
Jan. Feb. Mar.
Ready forHarvest 1
ShootGrowthAppears
Apr. May
CHO Used ForRespiration
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Plant Survival Over Winter and Shoot Growth in Spring Depends on Taproot Reserves
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Days From January 1
Tap
roo
t S
tarc
h,
%
Jan. Feb. Mar.
Ready ForHarvest 1
ShootGrowthAppears
Apr. May
CHO Used ForRespiration
MismanagedPrevious Fall
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October Cut
October Uncut
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Spring Vigor is Reduced by Fall Cutting
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As expected, fall cutting Increased winter injury.
Fall cutting also reduced spring vigor (measured as shoot length)
Q60 H69 P51 NO2 P55 5939
10
15
20
25
Win
ter i
njur
y
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25CutUncut
Plan
t hei
ght i
n A
pril
(cm
)A
B
(1 =
no
inju
ry, 3
= d
ead
plan
t)
From Haagenson et al., 2003Dormant Semidormant Non-
dormant
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Impact of Cutting Management on Winter Survival
Harvested mid-OctNo harvest mid-Oct
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Impact of P and K Fertility
Low K and P High K and P
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360K 66P
0K 0P
Classic K deficiency
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+K +P
-K +P
+K -P
Regrowth- 1 Week Post-Harvest
Balance, Balance, Balance
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360 K 0 P
0 K, 66 P 180 K, 44 P
270 K 0 P
April 1999
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360 K 0 P
0 K 66 P 180 K 44 P
270 K 0 P
May 2004
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300K-75P 0K-0P
270K 44P 0K 44P0K 22P
90K 66P 270K 22P
May 19,2003: First Hay Harvest
Severe Stand Losses Have Occurred Where P Has Been Applied Without K
Balance, Balance, Balance
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Yield Component Analysis Permits Us to Understand How Alfalfa Responds to Improved P and K Nutrition
Yield=plants/area x shoots/plant x mass/shoot
Shoots/area
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Yie
ld, 0
K/0
P in
19
98
=1
00
%Yield was Increased by 0K/66P in 1998 to 2000, But Resulted in the Lowest Yields in 2002 to 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0K 0P0K 66P360K 0P360K 66P
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0K 0P
0K 66P
360K 0P
360K 66P
Mas
s pe
r Sh
oot,
gMass per Shoot MimickedTrends in Forage Yield
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0K 0P0K 66P360K 0P360K 66P
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0
10
20
30
40
50
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0K 0P0K 66P360K 0P360K 66P
Pla
nts
per
ft2
Plant Density Declines For All Fertility Treatments, and is Not Closely Associatedwith Forage Yield
Death occurs in summer not winter
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200
0K 0P0K 66P360K 0P360K 66P
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0K 0P0K 66P360K 0P360K 66P
Shoo
ts p
er S
quar
e Fo
ot
Forage Yield Was Not Associated With Shoots/ft2in 1998 to 2001, While K Fertilizer ApplicationIncreased Shoot Density in 2003 and 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0K 0P0K 66P360K 0P360K 66P
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Plant Population versus Time
Dec 97
May 98
Dec 98
May 99
Dec 99
May 00
Mar 01
May 01
Dec 01
May 02
Dec 02
May 03
Plan
t Pop
ulat
ion,
pla
nts/
m2
0
100
200
300
400
500
LSD.05=14
Summer Plant Disappearance
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A Final Word on Alfalfa Stand. . . . .
Fewer shoots are needed for an economic stand when proper attention is given to the P and K fertilizer needs of the alfalfa.
Mass per shoot is most closely associated with yield.
Loss of stand mostly occurs during the summer. Does this result because of cumulative stress from mismanagement other times of the season?
Balance, Balance, Balance
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Alfalfa possesses high tolerance to physical stress, including defoliation and cold. Our management, however, does make a difference.
Questions?