keith thornton spreecast
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Awake Airway Dilator Muscles
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
Temporalis
Masseter
Digastric-Hyoid Sling
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
Medial Pterygoid
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
Lateral Pterygoid
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
Normal Breathing:Awake
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
pharynx
P muscle
P muscle
Neuromuscular Factors
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
P mus –P lum > atmosphere
Pharynx Open
Why is the Passive Pharynx So Important???
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
• Pharyngeal muscles are hypotonic during sleep
• REM sleep causes atonia of pharyngeal muscles.
• Allows the airway to collapse
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
Airway Dilator Muscles During Sleep
Sleep Eliminates Pharyngeal Reflexes
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
Physics of Airway Collapse
• Poiseuille's Law– Size of tube and effect on negative pressure to
breath and speed of airflow
• Bernoulli’s law– Increase in speed of airflow decreases size of
flexible tube
• Pathology– Large negative Inspiratory pressure
– And/or total collapse
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
Poiseuille's Law (Tube Law)
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
The volume (V) of a homogeneous fluid passing per unit time
(T) through a tube (flow) is directly proportional to the
pressure difference between its ends (Δ P) and to the fourth
power of its internal radius (R) , and inversely proportional
to its length (L) and to the viscosity (Vis) of the fluid
V/T (flow) = L x Vis =R4 ΔP
R4 ΔP
Poiseuille's Law (Tube Law) and Breathing
• Volume per minute is constant (tidal volume) to maintain proper saturation
• Variable is diameter of pharynx
• Pressure change is to fourth power P4
• Speed increased to second power S2
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
11/2
-4 cmw -64 cmw
1 x Speed 4 x Speed
Bernoulli's principle
“As the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or
gas) increases, the pressure within the fluid
decreases.”
Examples: shower curtains, sail boats and jet wings
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
Bernoulli's principle
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
S 4S
-P
Bernoulli's principle
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
S 4S
-P - 4P
- 4P
Neuromuscular Factors
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
Pharynx closed
P mus - P lumin < atmospheric
Genioglossal EMG in OSA
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
No Mandibular Protrusion (Oshima et al.)
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
Mandibular Protrusion (Oshima et al.)
© W. Keith Thornton D.D.S.
Inspiratory Flow Limitation
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
Critical (closing) Pressure is Elevated in OSA
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
Genioglossal EMG is Elevated in Awake OSA
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
Esophagealpressure
Inspiratory Flow Limitation : IFL
© W. Keith Thornton DDS
NormalAirflow
Normal
IFL
5 Minutes, RDI 6, T90 = approx. 80%, Severe HypoventilationSevere Inspiratory Flow Limitation, No heart rate variability
Mild OSA, 5 min
90%
5 Minutes, RDI 6, T90 = approx. 80%, Severe HypoventilationSevere Inspiratory Flow Limitation, No heart rate variability
2 Minutes
90%
10 Minutes, Severe, RDI=96
16 events, RDI = 96T90 = approx 20%Little heart rate variability, 50-67
90%
67 bpm
50bpm
2 Minutes, Severe, RDI=96
16 events, RDI = 96T90 = approx 20%Little heart rate variablity 50to 67Lowest desat 83%
90%
67 bpm
50bpm
2 Minutes, Severe, RDI=96
16 events, RDI = 96T90 = approx 20%Little heart rate variablity 50to 67Lowest desat 83%
10 minutes, severe osa, RDI=66
80bpm
40bpm
90%
RDI = 66, T90= 75%, heart rate variability = 40-80Lowest desat= 63
2 minutes, severe osa, RDI=66
80bpm
40bpm
90%
RDI = 66, T90= 75%, heart rate variability = 40-80Lowest desat= 63
RDI = 66, T90= 70%, heart rate variability = 40-80Lowest desat= 63
2 minutes, severe osa, RDI=66
80bpm
40bpm
90%
?• What is your treatment approach on Monday
morning?
• What appliance and why?
• How do you determine endpoints?
• What do you do with oral appliance failures?
Definition: Sleep Disordered Breathing
• A disorder of breathing during sleep only, or significantly affected by sleep. In general, the patient has little or no problem breathing while awake.
• Not a true sleep disorder
Categories
• Mechanical : The inappropriate collapse of the pharynx during sleep– Snoring
– Inspiratory Flow Limitation
– Obstructive sleep apnea
• Chemical : Central Sleep Apnea
• Neuromuscular : paralysis of involuntary muscle (diaphragm), requiring ventilation at night
Continuum of Sleep Disordered Breathing
Mechanical
SeverityLeast MostChemical Neuromuscular
Continuum of Sleep Disordered Breathing:Treatment
SeverityLeast Most
ChemicalCpapVpapOral AppliancesCombinationOxygen
NeuromuscularVentilatorTracheotomyCombination
MechanicalOral AppliancesCPAPCombinationSurgeryTracheostomy
Continuum of Sleep Disordered Breathing:
Treatment Success
SeverityLeast Most
Chemical?
NeuromuscularVentilator +Tracheotomy = 100%?TAP-PAP = 100%?
MechanicalCPAP <50%OA’s >50%TAP-PAP > 95%Tracheotomy 100% ?
Continuum of Mechanical Sleep Disordered Breathing Treatment
Normal Non-sleepy
snorer
OSA
Uars Mild Moderate Severe
Medical : CPAP
TreatDon’t treat
< 50% success
Continuum of Mechanical Sleep Disordered Breathing Treatment
Normal Non-sleepy
snorer
OSA
Uars Mild Moderate Severe
Dentistry: Home monitor + oral appliance + tap-pap
TreatDon’t treat
> 90% success
Patient controlled protrusion
Treatment Position
Maximum protrusion: MP
Maximum passive protrusion: MPP
Original Maximum protrusion 8mm
Present Maximum portrusion 17mm
170% of original maximum
17 mm
17+3mm 170%
23mm 185%
23mm
25mm 195%
Floppy Lid Syndrome
Macroglossia, Maxillary Hypoplasia
Immediate TAP CS
Increase vertical
Patient History
• Loud snoring, excessive fatigue, several wrecks
• Uncontrolled hypertension, 5 different medications per day
• Morning blood pressure on medication 175/120
• Stroke 5 years previous
• Four psg’s, no osa, no diagnosis, tried and failed cpap
• HST: RDI 3, significant upper airway resistance
Macroglossia, Maxillary Hypoplasia
Lateral view,Patient in occlusion
Centric Occlusion
5. Macroglossia, Maxillary Hypoplasia
Narrow arch,High palate without room for tongue
Normal mandibular arch size
Macroglossia, Maxillary Hypoplasia
Size of tongueNormal posture of tongue
Macroglossia, Maxillary Hypoplasia
Normal lip posture Freeway space
Immediate TAP CS
• Moved screw forward to compensate for maxillary hypoplasia
• Opened vertical 15 mm to accommodate tongue
• Patient titrated himself 5mm beyond maximum protrusion in first week
• Blood pressure on awakening 145/90
• No snoring, head aches, fatigue
Immediate TAP CS
15mm
5mm
TAP III from lab
Not enough vertical or protrusive Encroachment on tongue
Increase protrusive and vertical
Moved bar back 4mm
Moved bar up 3mm
Final TAP III appliance
Initial vertical 8mmAdded 6mm to plate, 3mm to barTotal vertical, 17mm
6mm 17mm
Neuromuscular Patients
• Post Polio
• ALS
• Muscular dystrophy
• Brain tumors affecting motor function
• Congenital
• Spinal Cord Injuries
Neuromuscular Patients
• Generally need ventilatory assistance during the day
• Paralysis of diaphragm
• Intercostal muscle deterioration
• Limited function of limbs
• Adequate dentition for retention
Neuromuscular Patients:Treatment
• Tracheotomy (medical)
• Custom mask, oral appliance combination (dental)
• No other choices except iron lung
Neuromuscular Patients:History
45 yo, post polioParalyzed from neck downMask developed by DRI using “bite block”Pressure: 45 cmwVolume ventilatorCould use intercostals during dayInserted by biting into trays
Neuromuscular Patients:History
Problems:Fabrication techniquesRetentionLeakageReparabilityBulkTechnique sensitivityCaregiver issues
Treatment of the Severe Sleep Apnic
An eight year history
2002- 2010
Patient: Ron Doe
Patient: Ron Doe
• History
• Diagnostic Studies
• Xrays
• Therapy
– Models
– Appliances
– Masks
HPI2003
• Hx of loud snoring starting in dental school
• Recent weight gain of 100 lbs (300 lbs)
• Hypersomnolence
• Acid reflux
• Htn
HPI2003
• Fibromyalgia
• Night sweats
• Joint aches
• Numb feet
• Nocturia
Family and Social Hx
• Divorced and remarried
• Father died at age 51 of HA
– Professional football player with very large neck
• Son and grandchild have osa by symptoms
• Orthodontist
– Focused on treating non-extraction and developing airways
– Very knowledgeable in tmd and occlusion
Treatment Hx
• No initial sleep study or consultation with physician
• Numerous oral appliances tried over 1 yr– Herbst
– Silencer
– Snore guard
– Silent Knight
• Failure of all appliances
• Appliances still fit
Results
Before TAP
After TAP
© 2010 Airway Management, Inc.
TAP III 2010
Plate anterior to upper incisors
PSG 2/2/2009
Diagnostic CPAP alone TAP (4/4/09)
RDI 82.2 23.6 18.2
Minimum O2 Sat 74 77 75
Sleep Efficiency 88.1 65.9 NA
PLM 99 22 NA
Tried Bilevel CPAP at 11/7 cmwCould not tolerate
TAP-PAP 2010
• TAP-PAP custom mask (TPCM)
TAP-PAP 2010
• TAP-PAP universal mask(TPUM)
TAP-PAP 2010
• TAP-PAP universal mask(TPUM)
PSG 12/28/2010TAP TAP-PAP
CustomTAP-PAPUniversal
TAP-PAPNasal
RDI/ AHI 20.7/18.9 2.5/2.5 0/0 0/0
Mean O2 Sat 92.6 % 94% 93 to 94% 94 to 98%
Lowest O2 Sat 86.0% 94% 90% 94%
Time< 90% 4.8% 0% 0% 0%
CPAP pressure 12-13 cmw 9 to 10 cmw 10 to 11 cmw
Comments Inadequately treated alone
Mask leak,Mask was not attached correctly
Sealed well,Preferred by patient