kendall sad9 pp 16 saaaad

8/9/2019 Kendall Sad9 Pp 16 saaaad

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Kendall & Kendall Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice all

1!Kendall & Kendall

Systems Analysis and Design, 9e

"uality #ssurance

and I$ple$entation


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16-2Kendall & Kendall Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice all

%earning b'ecti(es

) *ecogni+e the i$portance o users andanalysts ta-ing a total uality approach to

i$pro(e the uality o sot/are design and$aintenance.

) *eali+e the i$portance o docu$entation,testing, $aintenance, and auditing.

) nderstand ho/ ser(iceorientedarchitecture and cloud co$puting ischanging the nature o inor$ation syste$design.


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%earning b'ecti(es

continued3) esign appropriate training progra$s or

users o the ne/ syste$.) *ecogni+e the di5erences a$ong physical

con(ersion strategies, and be able toreco$$end an appropriate one to a client.

) #ddress security, disaster preparedness,and disaster reco(ery concerns or

traditional and 6ebbased syste$s.) nderstand the i$portance o e(aluatingthe ne/ syste$, and be able to reco$$enda suitable e(aluation techniue to a client.


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7a'or 8opics

) 9i: 9ig$a

) "uality assurance

) 6al-throughs

) 9tructure charts

) 7odules) ocu$entation

)8esting


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7a'or 8opics continued3

) Clientser(er co$puting

) ;et/or- types

)


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9i: 9ig$a

) # culture built on uality

) ses a topdo/n approach

) Pro'ect leader is called a =lac- =elt

) Pro'ect $e$bers are called


7/8816-7Kendall & Kendall Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice all

E(ery 9yste$s #nalyst 9hould nderstandthe 7ethodology and Philosophy o 9i:

9ig$a >igure 1!.13



*esponsibility or 8otal

"uality 7anage$ent) >ull organi+ational support o

$anage$ent $ust e:ist

) Early co$$it$ent to uality ro$the analyst and business users



9tructured 6al-throughs

) ne o the strongest uality$anage$ent actions is to do structured

/al-throughs routinely) se peer re(ie/ers to $onitor the

syste$?s progra$$ing and o(erallde(elop$ent

) Point out proble$s

) #llo/ the progra$$er or analyst to $a-esuitable changes



In(ol(ed in 9tructured

6al-throughs)8he person responsible or the part

o the syste$ being re(ie/ed

) # /al-through coordinator

) # progra$$er or analyst peer

) # peer /ho ta-es notes aboutsuggestions



8he 8opo/n #pproach

)8opdo/n design allo/s thesyste$s analyst to ascertain

o(erall organi+ational ob'ecti(esand ho/ they are best $et in ano(erall syste$

)8he syste$ is di(ided intosubsyste$s and their reuire$ents


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#d(antages o the 8op

o/n #pproach) #(oiding the chaos o atte$pting to

design a syste$ all at once

) Enables separate syste$s analysistea$s to /or- in parallel ondi5erent but necessary subsyste$s

) Pre(ents losing sight o /hat thesyste$ is suppose to do


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7odular e(elop$ent

) =rea-ing the progra$$ing intological, $anageable portions or

$odules) 6or-s /ell /ith topdo/n design

) Each indi(idual $odule should be

unctionally cohesi(e,acco$plishing only one unction


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#d(antages o 7odular

Progra$$ing) 7odules are easier to /rite and

debug

) 7odules are easier to $aintain

) 7odules are easier to graspbecause they are selcontained

subsyste$s


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sing 9tructure Charts to

esign 9yste$s)8he reco$$ended tool or designing a

$odular, topdo/n syste$ is a structurechart

) # structure chart is si$ply a diagra$consisting o rectangular bo:es,representing the $odules, andconnecting lines

) ollo/ circle arro/s represent data beingpassed up and do/n the structure) >illedin circle arro/ represents a control

s/itch or @ag


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# structure chart encourages topdo/n design using $odules >igure

1!.A3


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9er(ice riented #rchitecture

9#3)8he 9# approach is to $a-e

indi(idual 9# ser(ices that are

unassociated or only loosely coupledto one another

) Each ser(ice e:ecutes one action

) Each ser(ice can be used in otherapplications /ithin the organi+ationor e(en in other organi+ations


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9#3continued3

) # ser(ice can use certain deBned protocolsso that it can co$$unicate /ith otherser(ices

)8he burden o connecting ser(ices in auseul ashion, is a process calledorchestration

)8his can e(en be acco$plished by selectingser(ices ro$ a $enu o ser(ices and$onitoring the$ by setting up an 9#dashboard


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9#3continued3

) In order to set up a 9#, ser(ices $ustbe

) 7odular) *eusable

) 6or- together /ith other $odulesinteroperability3

) #ble to be categori+ed and identiBed) #ble to be $onitored

) Co$ply /ith industryspeciBc standards


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7odules in ser(iceoriented architectureare independent and can be ubiuitous

>igure 1!.43


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9yste$ ocu$entation

) Procedure $anuals

)8he >%K%*E $ethod


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Procedure 7anuals

)8he Englishlanguage co$ponent odocu$entation

) Key sections) Introduction

) o/ to use the sot/are

) 6hat to do i things go /rong

) # technical reerence section) #n inde:

) Inor$ation on ho/ to contact the $anuacturer


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Procedure 7anuals

continued3) Procedure $anual co$plaints

)8hey are poorly organi+ed

) It is hard to Bnd needed inor$ation

)8he speciBc case in uestion does notappear in the $anual

)8he $anual is not /ritten in plainEnglish


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8he >%K%*E 7ethod

) Collects inor$ation in categories

) Custo$s

)8ales

) 9ayings

) #rt or$s


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Custo$s, 8ales, 9ayings, and #rt >or$s sed inthe >%K%*E 7ethod o ocu$entation #pply toInor$ation 9yste$s >igure 1!.D3


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Choosing a esign and

ocu$entation 8echniue) Is it co$patible /ith e:isting

docu$entation

) Is it understood by others in theorgani+ation

) oes it allo/ you to return to

/or-ing on the syste$ ater youha(e been a/ay ro$ it or a periodo ti$e


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Choosing a esign andocu$entation 8echniue

continued3) Is it suitable or the si+e o the

syste$ you are /or-ing on

) oes it allo/ or a structureddesign approach i that isconsidered to be $ore i$portant

than other actors) oes it allo/ or easy $odiBcation


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8esting, 7aintenance, and#uditing

)8he testing process

) 7aintenance practices

) #uditing


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8he 8esting Process

) Progra$ testing /ith test data

) %in- testing /ith test data

) >ull syste$ testing /ith test data

) >ull syste$ testing /ith li(e data


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Progra$$ers, #nalysts, perators, and sers #llPlay i5erent *oles in 8esting 9ot/are and9yste$s

>igure 1!.!3


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Progra$ 8esting /ith 8est

ata) es- chec- progra$s

)8est /ith both (alid and in(alid

data

) Chec- output or errors and $a-eany needed corrections


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%in- 8esting /ith 8est ata

) #lso reerred to as string testing

) Chec-s to see i progra$s that are

interdependent actually /or-together as planned

)8est or nor$al transactions

)8est /ith in(alid data


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>ull 9yste$ 8esting /ith

8est ata) #deuate docu$entation in

procedure $anuals

) #re procedure $anuals clearenough

) o /or- @o/s actually F@o/G

) Is output correct and do usersunderstand this output


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>ull 9yste$ 8esting /ith

%i(e ata) Co$parison o the ne/ syste$?s

output /ith /hat you -no/ to be

correctly processed output) nly s$all a$ounts o li(e data

are used


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7aintenance Practices

) *educe $aintenance costs

) I$pro(e the e:isting sot/are

) pdate sot/are in response to thechanging organi+ation

) Ensure channels or eedbac-


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#uditing

) a(ing an e:pert /ho is not in(ol(ed insetting up or using the syste$ e:a$ineinor$ation in order to ascertain its

reliability)8here are internal and e:ternal auditors) Internal auditors study the controls used in

the inor$ation syste$ to $a-e sure thatthey are adeuate

) E:ternal auditors are used /hen theinor$ation syste$ processes data thatin@uences a co$pany?s Bnancial state$ents


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I$ple$enting istributed9yste$s

) Can be concei(ed o as anapplication o teleco$$unications

) Includes /or- stations that canco$$unicate /ith each other and/ith data processors

) 7ay ha(e di5erent hierarchical

architectural conBgurations o dataprocessors that co$$unicate /ithone another


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Client9er(er 8echnology

)8he clientser(er $odel reers to adesign $odel that can be thought

o as applications running on anet/or-

)8he client is a net/or-ed co$puter

that uses s$all progra$s to dorontend processing, includingco$$unicating /ith the user


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Client9er(er 7odel

#d(antages,isad(antages) #d(antageHgreater co$puterpo/er and greater opportunity to

custo$i+e applications) isad(antageH$ore e:pensi(e

and applications $ust be /ritten as

t/o separate sot/are co$ponentseach running on separate$achines


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Cloud Co$puting

) rgani+ations and indi(idual userscan use

) 6eb ser(ices) atabase ser(ices

) #pplication ser(ices o(er the Internet

) one /ithout ha(ing to in(est incorporate or personal hard/are,sot/are, or sot/are tools


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Cloud Co$puting >igure

1!.3


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Cloud Co$puting

) # large collection o corporateusers 'ointly bear the lo/ered cost

) *eali+e increases in pea-loadcapacity

) Co$panies also hope to i$pro(e

their ability to peror$ disasterreco(ery


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E*P and Cloud Co$puting

) 7any o the issues and challengesassociated /ith i$ple$enting E*P

syste$s can be $itigated by E*Po5erings that ta-e ad(antage ocloud co$puting


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;et/or- 7odeling

) ra/ a net/or- deco$positiondiagra$ to pro(ide an o(er(ie/ o

the syste$) ra/ a hub connecti(ity diagra$

) E:plode the hub connecti(ity

diagra$ to sho/ the (arious/or-stations and ho/ they areconnected


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se 9pecial 9y$bols 6hen ra/ing ;et/or-eco$position and ub Connecti(ity iagra$s>igure 1!.L3


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# ;et/oreco$position iagra$or 6orld?s 8rend >igure 1!.103


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# ub Connecti(ity iagra$or 6orld?s 8rend >igure1!.113


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# 6or-station Connecti(ity iagra$ or6orld?s 8rend >igure 1!.123


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8raining

) 6ho to train

) People /ho train users

)8raining ob'ecti(es

)8raining $ethods

)8raining sites)8raining $aterials


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6ho to 8rain

) #ll people /ho /ill ha(e pri$ary orsecondary use o the syste$

) Ensure that users o di5erent s-illle(els and 'ob interests areseparated


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People 6ho 8rain sers

) Mendors

) 9yste$s analysts

) E:ternal paid trainers

) Inhouse trainers

)ther syste$ users


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#ppropriate 8raining b'ecti(es, 7ethods, 9ites,and 7aterials #re Contingent on 7any >actors>igure 1!.1A3


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Con(ersion 9trategies

) irect changeo(er

) Parallel con(ersion

)


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>i(e Con(ersion 9trategies orInor$ation 9yste$s >igure 1!.143


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irect Changeo(er

) ld syste$ stops, ne/ one starts

) ;eeds e:tensi(e testing

) *is-y approach to con(ersion) sers $ay resent being orced into

using an una$iliar syste$ /ithout

recourse) ;o adeuate /ay to co$pare ne/

results to old


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Parallel Con(ersion

) *un the old and ne/ syste$s atthe sa$e ti$e

)8he ad(antage is that you canchec- ne/ data against old data

)8he disad(antage is doubling

e$ployees? /or-loads


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7odular Prototype

Con(ersion) Each $odule is tested and put into

use

)8he ad(antage is that each $odule isthoroughly tested beore being used

) sers are a$iliar /ith each $odule

as it beco$es operational) b'ectoriented $ethodologies oten

use this approach


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istributed Con(ersion

) 6hen there are $any installations o thesa$e syste$, such as at branch oNces

) Install sot/are at one oNce) #d(antage is that proble$s can be

detected and contained

) isad(antage is that e(en /hen one

con(ersion is successul, each site /illha(e its o/n peculiarities to /or- through


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ther Con(ersionConsiderations

) rdering euip$ent

) rdering any e:ternal $aterials

supplied to the inor$ation syste$) #ppointing a $anager to super(ise

the preparation o the installation site

) Planning, scheduling, and super(isingprogra$$ers and data entrypersonnel

i ti l 7 t h 7 C t ib t t th


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rgani+ational 7etaphors 7ay Contribute to the9uccess or >ailure o an Inor$ation 9yste$>igure 1!.1D3


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9ecurity Concerns

) Physical security

) %ogical security

) =eha(ioral security


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9ecurity Concerns

continued3) Physical security is securing the

co$puter acility, its euip$ent, andsot/are through physical $eans

) %ogical security reers to logical controlsin the sot/are itsel

) =eha(ioral security is building and

enorcing procedures to pre(ent the$isusing o co$puter hard/are andsot/are


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9pecial 9ecurityConsiderations orEco$$erce) Mirus protection sot/are

) E$ail Bltering products

) *% Bltering products

) >ire/alls, gate/ays, and (irtualpri(ate net/or-s

) Intrusion detection products

i l i


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9pecial 9ecurityConsiderations orEco$$erce continued3) Mulnerability $anage$ent products

) 9ecurity technologies such as

secure soc-et layering 99%3 orauthentication

) Encryption technologies

) Public -ey inrastructure PKI3 useand obtaining a digital certiBcate

P i C id i


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Pri(acy Considerations orEco$$erce

) 9tart /ith a corporate policy onpri(acy

) nly as- or inor$ation reuiredto co$plete the transaction

) 7a-e it optional or custo$ers to

Bll out personal inor$ation on the/ebsite

P i C id i


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Pri(acy Considerations orEco$$erce continued3

) se sources that allo/ you toobtain anony$ous inor$ation

about classes o custo$ers) =e ethical

i * Pl i


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isaster *eco(ery Planning

) Identiy tea$s responsible or$anaging a crisis

) Eli$inate single points o ailure) eter$ine data replication

technologies that $atch the

organi+ation?s ti$etable) Create detailed relocation and

transportation plans

i t * Pl i


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isaster *eco(ery Planningcontinued3

) Pro(ide reco(ery solutions thatinclude an o5site location

) Ensure the physical andpsychological /ellbeing oe$ployees and others

Id ti 6h I


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Identiy 6ho Is

*esponsible) 6hether business operations /ill continue

) o/ to support co$$unications

)6here people /ill be sent i the business isuninhabitable

) 6here personnel /ill go in an e$ergency

) 9eeing to the personal and psychological

needs) *estoring the $ain co$puting and /or-ingen(iron$ents

9i l P i t > il d


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9ingle Points o >ailure andata *eplication 8echnologies

) *edundancy o data pro(ides the-ey or ser(ers running 6eb

applications) 9;#s and data $irroring

* l ti d 8 t ti


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*elocation and 8ransportationPlans

) 9end e$ployees ho$e

) *e$ain on site

) *elocate to a reco(ery acility

C i ti Ch l


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Co$$unication Channels

) E$ail

) E$ergency inor$ation 6eb page

) E$ergency hotline

) E$ergency response agencies

* 9 l ti d


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*eco(ery 9olutions and9upport or the 6ell=eing oE$ployees) *eco(ery in(ol(es an o5site

location and con(erting paper

docu$ents to digital or$ats) 6ellbeing o e$ployees $ight

include pro(iding /ater or saety

-its

E l ti 8 h i


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E(aluation 8echniues

) CostbeneBt analysis

) *e(ised decision e(aluation

approach) ser in(ol(e$ent e(aluations

)8he inor$ation syste$ utility

approach

I ti 9 t tilit


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Inor$ation 9yste$ tility

#pproach) Possession) >or$

) Place)8i$e

) #ctuali+ation

)


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#pproach continued3) Possession utility ans/ers the

uestion o /ho should recei(e output

)


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#pproach continued3) >or$ utility ans/ers the uestion

o /hat -ind o output is

distributed to the decision $a-er)8i$e utility ans/ers the uestion

o /hen inor$ation is deli(ered

) #ctuali+ation utility in(ol(es ho/the inor$ation is introduced andused by the decision $a-er

6ebsite E aluation


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6ebsite E(aluation

) Kno/ ho/ oten the /ebsite is(isited

) %earn details about speciBc pageson the site

) >ind out $ore about the /ebsite?s

(isitors

6ebsite E(aluation


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6ebsite E(aluationcontinued3

) isco(er i (isitors can properly Bllout the or$s you designed

) >ind out /ho is reerring /ebsite(isitors to the client?s site

) eter$ine /hat bro/sers (isitorsare using

) >ind out i the client?s /ebsite(isitors are interested in ad(ertising

9u$$ary


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9u$$ary

)8"7

) esigning syste$s and sot/are /ith a

topdo/n, $odular approach) esigning and docu$enting syste$s

and sot/are using syste$atic $ethods

)8esting syste$s and sot/are so that

they can be easily $aintained andaudited

9u$$ary continued3


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9u$$ary continued3

) 9i: 9ig$a) eBne the proble$

) bser(e the proble$) #naly+e the causes

) #ct on the causes

) 9tudy the results

) 9tandardi+e the changes

) ra/ conclusions

9u$$ary continued3


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9u$$ary continued3

) 9tructure charts

) Procedure $anuals

) >%K%*E

)8esting

) 9yste$ $aintenance

) #uditing

9u$$ary


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9u$$ary

) I$ple$entation) istributed syste$s

) Clientser(er

)8raining users and personnel) Con(ersion

) irect changeo(er) Parallel

) Phased)


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9u$$ary continued3

) 9ecurity

) Physical

) %ogical) =eha(ioral

) rgani+ational $etaphors

) E(aluation


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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Prentice allPublishing as Prentice all

kendall sad9 pp 16 saaaad

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