kenya colon anyd protectorate,...

COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

No. 1771

Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the

KENYA COLONY AND PROTECTORATE, 1935

(For Reports for IQ33 and 1954 see Nos. 1688 and 1722

respectively (Price 2s. od. each))

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ANNUAL REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF THE PEOPLE OF KENYA

COLONY AND PROTECTORATE, 1935

C O N T E N T S

I . GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY

I I . GOVERNMENT

I I I . POPULATION

I V . HEALTH

V . HOUSING

V I . PRODUCTION

V I I . COMMERCE

V I I I . WAGES AND COST OF LIVINO

I X . EDUCATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS

X . COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT

X I . BANKING, CURRENCY, AND WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

X I I . PUBLIC WORKS

X I I I . JUSTICE, POLICE, AND PRISONS

X I V . LEGISLATION . . .

X V . PUBLIC FINANCE A.ND TAXATION

APPENDIX. LIST OF SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

MAP.

I.—GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY. Geography.

The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya is traversed centrally from east to west by the Equator and from north to south by meridian line 37J° East of Greenwich. It extends from 4° North to 4° South of the Equator and from 34° East longitude to 41° East. The land area is 219,730 square miles and the water area includes the larger portion of Lake Rudolf and the eastern waters of Victoria Nyanza including the Kavirondo Gulf. The official time used is the zone time 2§ hours fast on Greenwich. PhysiographicaUy Kenya consists of : (1) a region poorly watered comprising some three-fifths of the total area of the Colony ; (2) a plateau raised by volcanic action to a height varying from 3,000

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 3 to 9,000 feet; (3) the Great Rift Valley containing Lakes Rudolf, Nakuru, Naivasha, and others; (4) a portion of the basin of the Victoria Nyanza which is 3,726 feet above sea-level. The Nzoia, Yala, Kuja, and Amala Rivers flow into Lake Victoria, the Turkwell and Kerio into, or towards, Lake Rudolf, while from the southern and eastern slopes of Kenya and from the Aberdares there flow numerous tributaries of the Tana River which enters the Indian Ocean near Lamu.

Mount Kenya, from whioh the Colony takes its name, is 17,040 feet in height and is capped by perpetual snow and ice.

Climate. The range of temperature in various parts of Kenya is very

wide, varying from a mean shade temperature of 80° F. on parts of the coast to 58° P.—65° F. in the highland areas.

The rainfall is generally well distributed and ranges from about 10 inches per annum in the arid northern areas to 86 inches per annum in the vicinity of Lake Victoria. The average rainfall in the main agricultural and pastoral areas ranges from 3 to 40 inches. The heaviest rainfall occurs from March to June and from October to December.

History, It seems probable that the Arabs and Persians traded along the

East African coast from the earliest times. In 1498, Vasco da Garaa rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed up the coast to Mombasa which was then a flourishing trading city. Between that date and 1729, when they were finally expelled, the Portuguese were in intermittent occupation of Mombasa. British intervention on the east coast began in December, 1823, when H.M.S. Barracovia arrived at Mombasa during the course of a survey expedition. At the request of the inhabitants the island was provisionally placed under British protection. The Protectorate was not confirmed by the British Government and it appears to have lapsed after a period of two years. There is no record of its formal termination. In 1829, Seyyid Said attacked Mombasa, and placed there a garrison of 300 Baluchis who were starved into submission by the Mazuri who were, in turn, subdued by Seyyid Said in 1837. A period of great prosperity along the coast ensued. On the death of Seyyid Said in 1856, Seyyid Majid succeeded to Zanzibar and the mainland dominions. He died in 1870, and was succeeded by his brother Seyyid Bargash, during whose reign British influence grow steadily under Sir John Kirk, and the partition of Africa among the European powers took place.

In 1848, Rebraan first saw Kilimanjaro, and the following year Krapf first saw the snows of Kenya. Further explosion was directed to the discovery of the sources of the Nile. Speke first saw the Victoria Nyanza in 1858, and discovered its outlet at the Ripon Falls in 1863. Later in the same year Samuel Baker discovered the Albert Nyanza, and in 1888 Count Teleki von Si&ek

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4 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

discovered Lake Rudolf. In 1887, Seyyid Bargash, the Sultan of Zanzibar, granted a concession on the mainland between the Umba and Tana Rivers to the British East African Association which was incorporated under Royal Charter as the Imperial British East Africa Company in the following year. The early activities of the British East Africa Company were concentrated mainly on the coast. In 1889, a considerable caravan was despatched to explore the interior under F. J. Jackson, who established a station at Machakos, and proceeded by way of Kikuyu, Naivasha, and Sotik to Mumias. Captain F. D. Lugard later formed a ohain of posts connecting Mombasa with Machakos. In 1892, the survey of the Uganda Railway was begun, and three years later the first rails were laid. In 1895, a British Protectorate was declared over the Company's territory between the coast and Naivasha, the country west of Naivasha having been included in the Uganda Protectorate. In 1902, the boundaries of the Protectorate were altered to include what was previously the Eastern Province of Uganda and the conditions under which land could be alienated to colonists were laid down. By 1903, there were nearly 100 European settlers in or near Nairobi.

In 1905, the Protectorate was transferred from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office. A Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and Executive and Legislative Councils, were appointed under an Order in Council in 1906.

All foreign consular jurisdiction was transferred to the British Court during 1908, During the years preceding the Great War the Protectorate developed steadily and grants-in-aid from the Imperial Exchequer were discontinued in 1913. Considerable numbers of European and native troops were engaged on active service during the Great War.

Nominated unofficial members first sat in Legislative Council in 1907, and in 1919 the principle of elective representation was introduced. In 1923, this principle was extended on the basis of a communal franchise to the Indian and Arab communities. Unofficial members first sat on Executive Council in 1920. By the Kenya Annexation Order in Council, 1920, the territories outside the mainland dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar were recognized as a Colony ; the coastal belt remains a Protectorate. In 1926, the Province of Jubaland was ceded to Italy.

The Uganda Railway was, in 1921, constituted as a separate financial entity under the control of the Central Railway Council, and in 1925, when under the Kenya and Uganda (Transport) Order in Council the name of the Railway was changed to the Kenya and Uganda Railway, the office of the High Commissioner for Transport was established. This office, by an Order in Council made on the 13th August, 1935, is now vested in the Governors of Kenya and Uganda jointly, and in that capacity they are advised by a Railway Council consisting of official and unofficial representatives of Kenya and Uganda.

•a

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 5 II.—GOVERNMENT.

His Excellency Brigadier-General Sir Joseph Aloysius Byrne, G.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., proceeded on sick leave on 20th March and returned to duty on 4th September. During his absence the Government was administered by the Colonial Secretary, A. de V. Wade, Esq., C.M.G., O.B.E.

The supreme executive power in the Colony is vested in the Governor who is advised by an Executive Council of eight ex-officio members, and such other official and unofficial members as may be appointed. During 1935, four unofficial members so held office, three being Europeans, of whom one more particularly represented native interests, and the fourth an Indian.

The Legislative Council consists of the Governor as President, eleven ex officio members, not more than nine nominated official members, eleven European elected members, not more than five Indian elected members, one Arab elected member, and two nominated unofficial members to represent the interests of the African community. If one of the nominated official members is not specifically appointed to represent the interests of the Arab community, an additional unofficial member is nominated to represent such interests. The Governor has the right to veto any measure passed by the Legislative Council.

The Colonial Secretary is the Chief Executive Officer of Government, and through him the Governor's orders are transmitted to the Heads of Departments and Provincial Commissioners who are responsible for their execution. The Colony is divided into four Provinces, each in the charge of a Provincial Commissioner, and three extra-Provincial Distriots. Within the Districts whioh comprise the various Provinces the executive functions of Government are vested in District Commissioners.

Local Government. Settled areas.—The present system of local government in the

settled areas dates from the year 1928. Previously all urban areas, with the exoeption of Nairobi, had been administered as townships, the District Officers being advised by Township Committees in the more important townships. In the rural settled areas they had the advice of District Committees and a measure of local control over roads of access was exercised by Local Road Boards. Legislation was enacted in 1928 giving effect generally to the recommendations of the Local Government Com* mission appointed in 1926 under the chairmanship of the Hon. Mr. Justice Feetham, C.M.G., and the municipality of Nairobi was reconstituted with a Municipal Council in November, 1928. Shortly afterwards municipalities were set up at Mombasa, Nakuru. and Eldoret, with Municipal Boards, while District Councils were established in the settled portions of the Districts of Nairobi, Kiambu, Fort Hall, Naivasha, Nakuru, Kisumu Londiani, Uasin Gishu, and Trans-Nzoia. At the same time a Commissioner for


Local Government was appointed to deal with local government . administration. This office was combined with that of Commissioner of Lands, under the title of Commissioner for Local Government, Lands and Settlement.

As the result of legislation introduced in 1933 Municipal Boards now elect their own Chairman, with the exception of Mombasa where the District Commissioner is still statutorily Chairman of the Board.

The total gross revenue of the four municipalities amounted in 1935 to £196,011 (subject to audit) of which £132.354 accrued to the Nairobi municipality. Of this total revenue the Government contributed in grants approximately 20 per csnt., the balance being raised from assessment rates, licence fees and charges for services rendered, Municipal Authorities may levy assessment rates on capital values up to a maximum of 2 per cent, on site values. In 1935, a rate of 1J per cent, on site values was levied in Nairobi and yielded £23,635 from ratepayers. In Mombasa a small improvements rate was imposed in addition to the site value rate. Nakuru and Eldoret have as yet imposed no assessment rates, but rely on municipal licence fees and charges supplemented by consolidated grants from Government amounting to £1,800 and £1,976 respectively in 1935.

Nairobi, Nakuru, and Eldoret control their own water-supplies. In Nairobi and Mombasa the public health staff is municipal, and town planning schemes are in progress under the Town Planning and Development Ordinance, 1931. The execution of the Mombasa town planning scheme was continued under a sanctioned loan of £250,000, of which £189,000 has so far been raised. The Municipal Board took over the liability for this loan from Government in 1931.

In the rural areas, the six District Councils confine their executive functions to roads, the funds for which are derived at present solely from Government grants. These grants amounted to £31,070 in 1935, as compared with £32,186 in 1933 and 1934, £34,598 in 1932, £43,418 in 1931, and £53,098 in 1930. The Councils have improved their district roads in a satisfactory manner. Various causes have contributed to the postponement by Councils of the imposition of local rates, and, in so far as Councils remain financially dependent on Government grants and deal only with roads, they represent only a modified and incomplete form of local government. In 1935, the Trans-Nzoia District Council again imposed a hospital rate in tho nature of a poll tax on adult male Europeans resident in the district, for the purpose of maintaining the Kitaio Hospital which the Council acquired during 1932, and a similar rate is also levied in the Uasin Gishu District for tho Eldoret Hospital, which is maintained jointly by the Distriot Council and tho Eldoret Municipal Council.

In other rural settled areas and townships, District Committees, Road Boards, and Township Committees continued to do useful work.

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 7 Native areas.—The Local Native Councils in Kenya are a deliberate

creation under the Native Authority Ordinance, Chapter 129 of the Laws of Kenya. Their powers and functions are defined in that Ordinance and embrace the welfare and good government of the native inhabitants of the areas where they have been established in respect of matters affecting purely local native administration, and particularly the provision, maintenance, and regulation of food and water-supplies, forests, roads, bridges, culverts, public health, the use of land, education, markets and market dues, agriculture and live stock, etc. The District Commissioners are the Presidents of the Counoils and membership is determined partly by election and partly by nomination, the proportion of members chosen by eaoh of the two methods varying from Council to Council. At the present time in the majority of Councils the greater portion of members are illiterate. The funds, which are controlled by the Councils, are derived from two main sources : (a) from the proceeds of local native rates which they are empowered to impose on the inhabitants of the areas over which they have control; (b) from the proceeds of the rents of land, forest royalties, etc., levied within those areas. The number of Councils was reduced during the year from 22 to 20.

The provision of educational and agricultural facilities occupied the foremost place amongst the various services rendered by Local Native Councils during 1935.

IIL—POPULATION.

Census enumerations of the non-native population of Kenya were made in 1911, 1921, 1926, and 1931. The numbers of Europeans and Asiatics returned at these census enumerations are shown in the following table :—

1911. 1921. 1926. 1931. European, males ... 2,022 6,800 7,199 9,404

„ females ... 1,163 3,851 5,330 7,408 Asiatics, males • « • 1' '* 24,342 26,299 36,747

„ females . . . — 11,640 14,841 20,388 Total males . . . — 30,142 33,498 46,151

„ females . . . •""*•- 15,491 20,171 27,796

The percentage increase in each section of the population during the last two decades is :—

European. Asiatic. 1911-1921 ... ... 204 203 1921-1931 74 69

The proportions in which the various races entered into the total of the non-native population in Kenya at each census year will be seen from the following summary :—


1911. 1921. 1926. 1931.

ber. £ Number. J* Number. £ Number.

European ... 3,176 13 1 9,661 21 1 12,529 23-3 16,812 22-7 Indian ... 10,651 44 1 22,822 60 0 26,769 49-9 39,644 63-6 Goan ... 1,136 4-7 2,431 6-3 2,666 4-8 3,979 6-4 Arab ... 9,100 37-7 10,102 22-1 10,667 19-7 12,166 16-5 Others ... 99 0-4 627 1-5 1,259 2 3 1,346 1 8

Totals ... 24,161 100-0 46,633 100 0 63,669 100 0 73,947 100 0

The ratio of females to males at each census for the two main racial seotions of the community is :-—

Europeans. Asiatics, {females to 100 males), {females to 100 males).

1911 ... 67 — 1921 ... 66 48 1926 ... 74 56 1931 ... 79 65

The age distribution in ten-yearly groups will be seen from the two following tables :—

Europeans. Age. 1921. 1926. 1931. 0- 9 1,604 2,253 2,872

10-19 850 1,303 1,683 20-29 2,160 2,439 3,403 30-39 ... 2,694 3,220 4,010 40-49 ... ... 1,635 2,024 2,840 50-59 683 868 1,293 CO and over 225 422 1,011

Asiatics. 1921. 1926. 1931.

0 - 9 ... 7,865 9,895 14,605 10-19 ... ... ... 6,601 7,037 9,836 20-29 ... ... 9,731 9,478 13,273 30-39 ... 6,886 7,469 9,497 40-49 ... ... ... 3,360 3,784 6,073 60-59 ... ... ... 1,498 1,767 2,024 60 and over ... 1,141 1,710 2,928

The occupations classified under seven main heads are as follow:— Europeans.

1921. 1926. 1931. Agriculture ... ... ... ... 1,893 2,199 2,522 Industry 659 607 991 Commerce 937 1,290 2,168 Government and municipal ... 1,082 1,294 .1,735 Professional 441 706 1,124 Personal or domestic ... ... 182 310 343 Retired, married women, and children 1,360 1,830 2,215

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 9 Asiatics.

Agriculture Industry ... Commerce Government and municipal ... ... Professional Personal or domestio Retired, married women, and children

The percentage of the whole population in each class employed in each of these divisions, as recorded at the two census enumerations of 1926 and 1931, is as follows :—-

1921. 1926. mi. 498 755 640

3,679 4,924 6,416 6,086 7,769 14,338 3,390 3,181 2,972

50 181 264 1,241 961 1,462 9,351 8,720 11,383

European. Asiatic. 1926. 1931. 1926. 1931.

Per cent. Percent. Percent. Percent. Agricultural 18 15 2 1 Industrial ... 5 6 12 11 Commercial 10 13 19 26 Government and municipal 10 10 8 5 Professional 6 7 1 1 Personal 2 2 2 3 Retired Married women and children :::} 4 9 i « i [ 56 64

The following table shows the approximate number of each race in 1935. The census population in 1931 is included in the first column for purposes of comparison.

Census population. Estimated population. 6th March, 31st December,

1931. 1935. Europeans ... 16,812 17,997 Indians 39,644 36,401 Goans 3,979 3,487 Arabs 12,166 12,599 Others 1,346 1,436

Total ... ... 73,947 71,930

Note,—No reliable returns of births and deaths are available. The estimates in the above table are based on an assumed natural increase of 6 per cent, per annum for Europeans and 10 per cent, per annum for Asiatics, and on the annual excess of migration via Mombasa.

Native Population. No accurate census of the native population has yet been made.

The population figures are based on estimates made by the administrative authorities, and are related to the number of male adult taxpayers in the various districts. They are, in consequence, subject to a comparatively wide margin of error, which it is, however, considered has been reduced in 1935 by the introduction of a standard method of estimating child population. The estimated native population in 1935 was 3,012,421,as compared with an estimate in 1927 of 2,793,963, which represents an increase over that period of approximately 8 per cent. No reliable figures of births, deaths, and infantile mortality are obtainable.

38272 A 3


The geographical distribution of the estimated native population is as follows :—

Province. 19S5. Central Provinc e ... 1,193,958 Nyanza Province ... ... 1,137,898 Rift Valley Province 224,429 Coast Province 267,826 Masai District ... ... 37,708 Northern Frontier District 72,948 Turkana District ' 77,655

Total ... 3,012,421

IV.—HEALTH. General Administration and Organization.

In Kenya, as elsewhere, the ultimate responsibility for tho safeguarding and promotion of the public health rests with the Central Government. In every area of the Colony, however, there is a " Local Authority " which to a greater or less degree has, under the general supervision of the State, responsibility in health matters. In Nairobi and Mombasa the greater part of the health staff is now employed by tho Local Authority. During 1935, tentative arrangements were made under which it is hoped that in 1936 yet another urban Local Authority, namely, tho Municipal Board of Eldoret, will become responsible for the Employment of* its own medioal officer of health and its own sanitary inspector. In the other towns, in tho European settled areas and in the native reserves the authority is the District Commissioner and the health staff is employed by Government. Where in the smaller towns there is a Municipal Board, the Board is in effect, though not in law, the Local Health Authority as its opinion is always sought by the Executive Authority. In the native reserves e?ery endeavour is made to interest the Local Native Councils in health matters and these endeavours are mouting with considerable success. In consonance with Government policy the Director of Medical Services is responsible for providing and distributing both medical relief and health staff to the extent allowed in the sanctioned Estimates, and he acts in consultation with both the Commissioner for Local Government and the Chief Native Commissioner,

Sanitary Work and Administration. In Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru, and Eldoret, sanitary work and

administration is almost entirely a function of tho local representative authorities and on the whole has been effectively carried out; there is, however, an urgent need for tho extension and improvement of the anti-malarial service in Nairobi. No major improvements regarding sewage disposal, scavenging, refuse disposal, drainage or water supplies were undertaken during the year in either urban or rural areas of the Colony.

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 II

38272 A 4

In the native reserves, fair progress has been maintained in the housing and pit latrine campaigns. Some advance can also be recorded in connexion with the protection of looal water supplies, the improvements of sanitation at trading centres, reclamation of swamps, etc.

Medical Relief. In three towns medical relief for Europeans is still provided in

Government hospitals, but non-Government hospitals and private nursing homes are now established in a number of the larger centres and are being increasingly used by the European population.

In the native reserves, although some measure of medical relief is provided by or through the agency of Missionary Societies, medical services are for the most part provided directly by the State. The greater part of the provision made under the Medical Estimates is expended on this service.

The demand for medical relief continues steadily to increase and tho total number of new cases treated in 1935 again exceeded a million. The demand for surgical and maternity relief also continues to increase.

Special Clinics. Special clinics for maternity and child welfare work, and for the

treatment of venereal disease, have been established at a number of centres. Increasing use is being made of the facilities provided.

Health of Employed Labourers. Labour conditions on estates, on the railway, and in townships

show little change, since, owing to the trade depression, employers of labour have had no funds at their disposal for major improvements. No serious outbreak of disease occurred and on the whole the health of labourers was satisfactory.

Vital Statlsties and the Public Health. The position with regard to the registration of births and deaths

remains unchanged. It has not been possible to provide for the registration and notification of births and deaths among Africans and, therefore, no mortality rates can be determined for that race.

Comparative death-rates per thousand of the population during the years 1934 and 1935 for Nairobi, so far as it has been possible to estimate them, are as follows :—

1934. 1935. Crude death-rate, all races ... 18-51 19 • 78 per thousand. Recorded death-rate, all races 14.86 13-90 ., ,,

„ „ Europeans 8 -51 6*14 „ „ ,, „ Asiatics 16-19 12-24 „ „ „ „ African 15-95 16-47 „ „

No reliable figures are available for Mombasa or other towns, or in respect of the African population in the native reserves as a whole.

12 COLONIAL R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

The general health of the population of the Colony and Protectorate during 1935 was, so far as can be judged from the reports of District Medical Officers, but little different from previous years. Considerable anxiety was caused throughout the year by the continued occurrence of sporadic cases of cerebro-spinal-mc aingitis, many of which were of a severe type. Fortunately, however, no major epidemic outbreak occurred. There was some fear also in the early months of the year that malaria might assume an epidemic form, but except in Nairobi and part of the Masai country there was eventually no very unusual increase. The incidence of plague was very low, only 139 cases coming to notice, while of smallpox only fifteen cases v/ere reported.

Propaganda. Large numbers of health pamphlets in English and Kiswahili were

issued during the year.

V.-HOUSING. During the past few years there has been a very considerable drop

in the price of building stone, which is now largely quarried by semiskilled native labour, and also in the general level of wages. This has been reflected in the great increase of houses built and under construction both by Europeans and Asiatics.

In the towns such as Mombasa, Nairobi, Kisurau and Nakuru, these new houses are of a type which approximates to that found in England. Many are double-storied and have available for use v. supply of electricity and running water at economical rates.

In the rural areas a certain number of stone houses of modern design have been constructed, but for the most part wood and iron bungalows predominate, and in a number of cases dwellings are thatched cottages with mud walls and floors of beaten earth.

In the settled areas and the reserves the policy of replacing existing out-of-date Government quarters with either stone or concrete bungalows continues to be carried out ; in consequence of the financial depression, however, the completion of the programme must be long delayed.

Native housing still leaves much to be desired. In the towns and mining areas, and in tho case of some of the larger plantations, comprehensive housing schemes for labour are in existence; elsewhere little progress has been made. Except in the pastoral areas, where the constant search for water and grazing renders the construction of permanent homes an impossibility, the native continues to occupy small round huts built of mud and rubble, roofed mushroom fashion with reed grass or plantain leaves. Propaganda is carried on by the Administrative, Medical and other interested branches of the Service, but the effects of this propaganda must necessarily be slow owing to the ignorance and the lack of ready cash throughout the native areas of the country. I t has, however, not been without avail, and here and there well constructed houses of brick, burnt or sun-dried, or of stone, have been erected by the more enlightened natives.

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 13

VI.—PRODUCTION.

Land.

The administration of land is combined in one department with that of Local Government, Survey and Registration of Titles, under the general control of the Commissioner for Local Government, Lands and Settlement, District offices are established in Nairobi, Nakuru, Mombasa, Kisumu and Kericho for local administration and the collection of revenue.

The total area of alienated land in the Colony is 10,294 square miles (including 72 square miles in native reserves), with only some 1,581 square miles still available for alienation. Since 1915, grants of land for agricultural purposes have been for terms of 999 years. About half the alienated land in the Colony is, however, held under the Crown Lands Ordinance, 1902, which provided for leases of 99 years only. Land grants are usually sold by auction and bear rentals of 20 cents per acre re visible in 1945 and every 30 years thereafter.

Township plots are sold by auction for terms not exceeding 99 years. The total revenue from land sales and rents amounted, during 1935, to £69,015 (rents of land, £56,890 ; land sales, farms £9,247, township plots £2,878). Farm grants comprising an aggregate of 27,424 acres (including an area of 4,861 acres the subject of exchanges) were sold during the year.

Native reserves were proclaimed in 1926, and at present cover 48,345 square miles. The Kenya Land Commission, which submitted its report in 1934, made recommendations for additions to native reserves. When these proposals have been carried out the total area of native reserves will be approximately 51,221 square miles,

In addition there are 119,801 square miles comprising the. Northern Frontier District, Turkana, and an extension from Uganda which are occupied by natives.

Agriculture and Live Stock. Of the main products of tho Colony, sisal, tea, wheat, pyrethrum,

and essential oils are grown exclusively by Europeans. Coffee wao formerly grown exclusively by Europeans, but Africans are now being encouraged to grow it in small experimental blocks under licence and strict supervision in certain defined areas. Maize, sugar-cane, wattle, numerous kinds of beans, potatoes, and fruit are produced by Europeans, Indians, and Africans. Cotton, sorghums, millets, miscellaneous root crops, and other crops are grown almost exclusively by Africans in their reserves.

Prices of some primary products registered an appreciable advance during the year, though this improvement was not felt in the coffee and maize industries which preponderate in Kenya.

38272 A 5


No agricultural census was taken in 1935. The following statistics indicate the position in the more important sections of the industry as compared with 1934:—

1935. 1934. •Coffee

(Production estimate, European farms only) 234,445 cwt. 235,009 cwt. *Maize „ „ „ 969,485 bags. 746,893 bags. •Wheat „ „ ., 180,205 „ 145,581 „

Sisal fibre... (Exports) 32,136 tons. 24,016 tons. Tea (Receipts into stockroom) 6,301,371 1b. 3,607,768 1b. Sugar „ „ 12,629 tons. 8,409 tons.

•Cotton (Exports) 8,774 bales. 6,750 bales. Wattle bark „ 223,138 cwt. 258,177 cwt. Wattle extract „ 101,888 „ 49,734 ,. Hides „ 80,684 „ 100,651 „ Butter „ 16,287 „ 11,330 „

• Crop season, 1934-35 and 1933-34.

The following table shows the animal products sold by Europeans during the census years 1930-1931 to 1933-1934 : - -

Milk {whole). Cream. Butlerfat. Butter. Cheese. Ghee. Wool,

gal. gal. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. 1933-34 939,434 85,678 754,808 307,349 140,635 35,708 931,330 1932-33 1,138,743 73,389 923,042 350,505 155,525 47,110 721,542 1931-32 1,018,868 77,063 675,910 285,320 111,682 96,471 813,662 1930-31 1,101,704 145,796 614,790 312,694 131,168 114,527 654,846

ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION.

With regard to European production, the cultivation of cereals, pulses, essential oil crops, etc., and the production of animal products is chiefly in the hands of individual farmers. The actual manufacture of butter is largely undertaken by co-operative creameries. Coffee is produced partly by companies but mainly by individual planters. Tne production of sisal, tea and sugar is conducted mainly by companies.

In respect of African agriculture, production is almost entirely in the hands of peasant families who, in the main, cultivate sufficient crops to supply their food requirements, together with a surplus which they sell in order to obtain money for their other needs.

INDIAN AGRICULTURE.

Indian agriculture is limited to the Kibos-Miwani area in the Nyanza Province and to small scattered areas in the Central and Coast Provinces. No recent figures are available as to areas and production, but the total is small.

NATIVE AGRICULTURE.

Considerable progress in agricultural development has been achieved during recent }rears through improvement, by breeding, selection, and importations, in the quality and variety of cops grown, through improved cultural methods, and by means of better marketing methods. The benefits from the trials of new and better

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 16 crops conducted in former years are now becoming apparent. The prevention of soil erosion in the reserves continued to receive attention and the successful reclamation of many swamps in the Central Province has aroused the keen interest of the natives.

Improvement of crops largely depends upon ample supplies of seed of high yielding quality and in the past this was provided from public funds. Local Native Councils have now provided land and funds for seed farms in most agricultural districts. These farms have proved their value and will be extended as circumstances permit. Local Native Councils also vote funds for the payment of a certain number of African Agricultural Instructors.

Native agricultural schools have been established near Nairobi, mainly for the Kikuyu and Ukamba Provinces, and at Bukura for the Nyanza and Rift Valley Provinces. At these schools improved methods of crop and animal husbandry are taught. Particular attention is devoted to mixed farming in small-holdings, due regard being paid to a proper rotation of crops designed to maintain soil fertility. The pupils are also taught to make proper use on the land of the live stock kept in the farmyards. Instruction is also given in the prevention of soil erosion.

Five veterinary training centres are now in full operation and a sixth is being commenced. The various branches of the management of cattle and treatment of disease are taught and, because quarantine stations are centred on these schools, facilities are given for instruction in the control of disease. Under supervision, pupils carry out inoculation of cattle and other veterinary work.

An important branch of work in native reserves is the improvement of the methods of marketing of native produce with the main object of securing fair market value for produce not consumed domestically. Inspection services now cover beans, maize, potatoes, and wattle bark, over the whole of the Central Province; and beans, ground nuts, and maize in Nyanza. It is hoped that a means will shorti)' be found of restricting marketing by the native producer to gazetted buying centres. At a number of large trading centres stores have been erected by Local Native Councils, at which produce is collected for sale in bulk. Legislation has now been passed to provide for the issue of exclusive buying licences for a limited period in cases where such action is necessary in order to encourage the introduction of a new industry or process.

Propaganda for the better preparation of hides and skins continues. The premium offered for shade-dried as compared with sun-dried hides is now sufficient to induce natives to undertake the extra work involved in the preparation of shade-dried hides.

The presence of disease necessitates tho strict administration of quarantine regulations prohibiting the movement of cattle from native reserves, except through authorized quarantine stations, but sufficient movement is permitted to supply market requirements.

38272 A 6


Mineral. Considerable progress was made in the Nyanza and Masai Provinces

in mining development and production, but prospecting operations showed some signs of being less extensive than during the previous year, due mainly to the political unrest created by the Italo-Abyssinian dispute having an adverse effect on the supply of funds for any large exploration ventures.

The year under review might be said to have been one of consolidation of gains, and those who had made discoveries generally found it necessary to employ all their resources on the large programmes of development instituted to bring such discoveries to fruition. Relations between various races working on and in the vicinity of mines continued to be harmonious and most satisfactory.

A grant of money was received on very favourable terms from the Colonial Development Fund for the improvement of road communications, mainly in the mining areas, and the assistance thus afforded will greatly enhance the attractiveness of the Kenya mining areas as the consequential saving on transport costs becomes manifest.

In addition to prospecting and mining activities in the Nyanza and Masai Provinces, considerable interest was shown in the possibilities of other parts of Kenya, wrhich in many instances remained unexplored. An Exclusive Prospecting Licence covering an asbestos find in the Central Province was granted, and the known mineralized areas near the seaboard of the Indian Ocean have been the subject of several inquiries.

Towards the latter part of the year a geological survey of a portion of Area No. 2 in the Nyanza Province was inaugurated, and was being rapidly proceeded with when the year closed.

I t has been computed that some 7,000 labourers found employment on mine surface works, and nearly 5,000 labourers were employed underground.

Provisional statistics from the Commissioner of Mines reflect a total expenditure on mining in Kenya exceeding £860,000 for the year, compared with an amount of £446,512 for the previous year (1934). This is a gratifying increase of nearly 100 per cent. The increased production, exceeding £160,000 in value, also reflects an increase of nearly 100 per cent, on the previous year, and the general outlook is considered most promising.

The following table illustrates the extent of mining activities :— Approximate percentage

Class of Bight or Title. Sq. miles of total. Claims 81 5-68 Exclusive Prospective Licences 1,345 • 36 94 • 31 Leases (applied for and may be granted) -17 *01

The mineral production in 1934 and 1935 was : 1934 1935

Quantity. Value £ Quantity. Value £ Gold 12,110 fine oz. 83,617 23,009 fine oz. 162,904 Silver 1,969 „ „ 193 3,743 ., „ 476 Lime 800 tons 800 2,280 tons 3,600 Marble 500 „ &,000 30 „ 134

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 17

Manufactures,

Beer and stout.—Tho manufacture of these beverages is in the hands of a company, and the number of standard gallons produced in 1935 amounted to 128,063. '

Soap is manufactured by companies mainly situated on the coast, and exports of local manufacture during the year amounted to 12,919 cwt. valued at £11,588.

Aluminium hollow-tvare.—The progress of local manufacture is reflected in the following figures :—

Exports of Local Imports. Manufacture.

Tons. £ Tons. £ 1930 89 14,470 3 444 1931 , 12 2,322 18 2,935 1932 2 957 21 4,771 1933 3 827 34 6,951 1934 2 687 66 12,602 1935 5 1,058 81 13,160

VII.—COMMERCE.

General.

Because Kenya and Uganda are one administrative unit for the purposes of Customs, an accurate estimate of the balance of trade of the territories individually is impracticable. On the one hand, Kenya is largely a distributing centre and, on the other, the overseas trade of Uganda passes, in the main, through Mombasa, the principal port of Kenya. In addition, produce originating in Tanganyika Territory amounting in value to £721,192 was transported through Kenya and shipped at Mombasa during the year, and goods imported into Kenya and subsequently transferred to Tanganyika Territory in 1935 were valued at £743,997. The combined value of trade imports and total exports (i.e., exports of domestic produce and re-exports) of Kenya and Uganda for the year 1935 amounted to £14,946,123 as compared with £12,929,562 in 1934 and £11,993,318 in 1933, the total volume of trade of all classes, including importations on Government account, transit and transhipment traffic, being valued at £15,814,079 as against £13,483,079 in 1934 and *12,471,539 in 1933. The value of total imports during the year was £6,641,345 as against £5,708,025 in 1934, aninoreaso of £933,320 or 16 35 per cent. Exports of the domestic produce of the territories were valued at £6,608,836, as compared with £5,683,637 in 1934. Of this total, goods to the value of £2,978,307 originated in Kenya, the domestic exports of Uganda calculated in terms of the f .o.b. value at the port of final shipment from the two territories being valued at £3,630,529. Bonded stocks on hand at 31st December, 1935, amounted to £243,416 or £71,987 more than the value of goods remaining on hand in bonded warehouses at the end of the previous year.


So far as the export trade in Kenya produce is concerned, an increase in value of £1,068,436 or 56 per cent, as compared with exports during the previous year is recorded. Coffee exports increased by 171,313 cwt. in quantity and £438,037 in value, maize by 758,647 cwt. in quantity and £80,211 in value, sugar by 11,188 cwt. in quantity and decreased by £5,494 in value, sodium carbonate increased by 7,891 cwt. in quantity and £35,335 in value, sisal increased by 8,694 tons in quantity and £120,487 in value, tea increased by 22,993 cwt. and £104,985, cotton by 16,671 centals and £47,843, and gold bullion by 12,797 troy oz. in quantity and £95,575 in value. Decreases were recorded in hides, ivory, and cedar slats.

The import and export trade of Kenya as evidenced by the statistical returns and customs revenue receipts during the yearl9S5 reflects some expansion in the measure of recovery instanced by tho figures of the preceding year and movement of Kenya produce to Uganda and Tanganyika Territory have been maintained, as also has the local market for the consumption of locally produced commodities.

The entrepot trade of Mombasa has increased to the benefit of port revenues and the carrying trade generally, and gold mining has further strengthened its entry into the internal and external economic life of the territory.

Net collections of customs revenue amounted to £1,088,089, as compared with £979,092 in 1934. Of this sum, £690,331 was allocated to Kenya and £397,758 to Uganda.

The following statement gives particulars of the countries from which imports have originated during the last three years, the main articles of importation from the countries enumerated being shown in each case :—

1933. 1934. 1935. United Kingdom 38-28 37-66 37-00 Ale, beer, stout, etc., biscuits, con-

Imports.

Country. Percentage of

Import Trade. Main Items.

India

fectionery, provisions, gin, whisky, cigarettes, cement, iron and steel and manufactures thereof, aluminium, tin and manufactures thereof, tools, cutlery, hardware, etc., electrical good3 and apparatus, machinery, cotton piece-goods, woollen and artificial silk goods, wearing apparel, chemicals, drugs, paints, soap, oils, stationery, etc., bicycles, motor-cars, lorries and parts, tyres, polishes, books, brushes, explosives, guns and rifles, cosmetics, toys, etc.

6-50 5-37 5-59 Rico, wheat flour, cotton piece-goods, jute bags and sacks.

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 19 Percentage of

Country. Import Trade. 1933. 1934. 1935.

Union of South 2-44 1-56

Main Items.

Africa. Canada ... 1*90

Tanganyika 13*14 Mandated Territory.

Other British 1*16 Possessions.

Total British 63*42 Empire.

Germany ... 3*13

Bolgo-Luxemburg 1 • 85 Economic Union.

France

1*43

14-59

0-32

60-93

Italy

1-24

1-13

Netherlands ... 3-43

Japan 12-92

1-39

15-00

1-64

1-65

12*54

0-68

59-00

Coal.

Motor-cars, lorries, and parts and tyres.

Rice, ghee, tobacco and cigarettes, copra, coffee, cotton, and hides and skins.

Fruit, provisions, etc,

3-48 4-44

1-68 1-95

1*10 1-06

1-08 0-53

0-91

1517

Persia 2-97 4-14 4-33 United States of 4-34 6-11 7-64

America. Dutch East 1-83 1*77 1*42

Indies. Other Foreign 3-74 3-32 3-55

Countries.

Total Foreign 36-58 39-07 41*00

Beer, tools, machinery, cotton blankets, stationery, etc., cycle parts, lamps.

Corrugated iron, machinery, cotton blankets.

Brandy, wines, cotton blankets, tyres.

Wines, cotton and woollen blankets, apparel, cotton and woollen piece-goods.

Tobacco, beer, cotton piece-goods and blankets.

Cotton and silk piece-goods, tyres, cement, wearing apparel, boots and shoes.

Fuel oil, petrol and kerosene. Motor vehicles, oil, petrol, kerosene,

and tyres. Fuel oil, petrol and kerosene.

Milk, matches, piece-goods, etc.

Countries.

Cotton Textiles.—During 1935 the value of cotton textiles imported was £877,279 or 13-21 per cent, of all goods imported. Transfers to Uganda were valued at £381,205.

The average value per yard of imported cotton textiles was 3d. for each of the yearn 1933, 1934 and 1935; cotton blankets showing a value per blanket of Is. 2 -6d. in 1935 as against Is. 3 -7d. in 1934 and Is. 2-9d. in 1933.

Importations from Japan show an increase in value as compared with importations from all other sources amounting in 1935 to 70 per cent, of the total textile trade as compared with 64 per cent, in 1934 and 51 per cent, in 1933. The share of the United Kingdom in this trade has slightly increased in value and the increase in importations from Japan has been mainly at the expense of all other


foreign countries with the exception of Germany. If calculations are made on a yardage basis, however, the dominant position of Japan in this trade is accentuated.

Czechoslovakia, Holland, and Germany provided the bulk of imported cotton blankets, grey sheeting (americani) being supplied mainly by Japan.

Artificial and Natural Silk Textiles.—Imports of artificial silk goods were valued at £65,029 and natural silk goods at £46,072 of which totals Japan supplied £67,647 and £38,689 respectively. The total linear yardage was 3,144,102 in the case of artificial silk and 1,152,608 in the case of silk, and of these totals 2,979,048 and 1,030,358 respectively originated in Japan. Imports of artificial silk from the United Kingdom were valued at £4,222 and imports of natural silk at £360.

Vehicles and Tyres.—The details of the principal imports for the year 1935 are as follows :—

(a) Vehicles: Country of Origin. Bicycles. Motor-cars. Motor-car Motor Country of Origin.

farts. lorries. United Kingdom No. 5,889 479 — 148

Value (£) 22,734 64,920 16,022 25,302 Canada No. — 235 — 351

Value (£) — 32,192 7,261 38,881 Japan No. 2,347 — — —

Value (£) 3,071 — 905 — United States of America No. 1 508 — 617 Value (£) 3 64,771 33,163 74,840

Other countries No. 12 17 — 65 Value (£) 63 1,924 4,033 19,079

Total No. 8,249 1,239 , 1,181 Value (£) 25,871 163,807 61,384 158,102

(b) Tyres. Car covers. Bicycle covers. Lorry covers,

United Kingdom No. 7,552 81,035 2,426 Value (£) 13,864 7,979 11,900

Canada No. 4,916 — 1,774 Value (£) 5,702 — 7,000

Japan No. 282 24,236 320 Japan Value (£) 305 1,240 966

United States of America No. 2,704 — 1,023 Value (£) 5,117 — 4,239

Other countries No. 839 22,680 315 Value (£) 2,772 4,556 8,109

Total No. 16,293 127,851 6,458 Value (£) 27,760 13,775 32,214

Building Materials.—Increases are recorded in importations of building materials during the year under review. Cement imports increased to 19,821 tons valued at £41,453, of which the United Kingdom supplied 14,185 tons valued at £32,875 and Japan 4,940 tons valued at £6,715.

KENYA, 1935 21 Cement clinker imported was 4,974 tons valued at £6,686, as

compared with 4,468 tons valued at £6,172 in 1934, the country of origin being the United Kingdom.

Galvanized iron imports were 6,754 tons valued at £78,283, Belgium supplying 5,015 tons and the United Kingdom 707 tons valued at £67,116 and £10,654 respectively.

Re-Exports, Transit and Transhipment Trade. The value of goods re-exported during 1935 amounted to £2,807,630

or 31-4 per cent, of the total value of trade imports, as compared with £1,821,505 or 33-6 per cent, in 1934. Transit and transhipment traffic reached the values of £71,300 and £404,968 respectively, as against £72,723 and £197,189 in 1934.

Exports. The domestic exports of Kenya and Uganda are mainly agricul

tural, the principal exceptions being carbonate of soda procured at Lake Magadi in Kenya and tin ore mined in Uganda, and gold bullion mined in both territories, and were valued at £6,608,836, as compared with £5,683,637 in 1934, an increase of 16-3 per cent.

The following table indicates the overseas distribution of the principal articles of export during the year under review :—

COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

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Comparative details of the main domestic exports are as follows :

1933. 1934. 1935. Cotton.

Kenya produce Centals ... 10,660 11,748 28,418 Value (£)... 23,584 28,483 76,326

Uganda produce Centals ... 1,179,315 1,142,668 1,012,968 Value (£)... 2,682,210 2,927,796 2,822,739

Average value per cental £2.5.6 £2.11.3 £2.15.8

Cotton seed. Kenya produce Tons 103 291 1,202

Value {£)... 309 694 3,210 Uganda produce Tons 81,274 35,689 50,685

Value (£)... 262,539 85,947 135,779 Average value per ton £3.4.7 £2.8.2 £2.13.7

Coffee. (a) Hulled.

Kenya produce Cwt. 247,269 177,459 341,642 Value (£)... 823,708 485,521 916,574

Uganda produce Cwt. 100,1 J 6 153,556 125,689 Value (£)... 210,161 292,205 230,950

Average value per cwt £2.19.7 £2.7.0 £2.9.1 (b) Parchment.

Kenya produce Cwt. 291 — 213 Value (£)... 712 — 451

Uganda nroduce Cwt. 273 602 Value (£)... 437 1,004 — Average value per cwt £2.0.9 £1.13.4 £2.2.4

(c) Unhulled (Cherry). Kenya produce Cwt. 9,412 9,300 16,217

Value (£)... 6,777 6,238 12,771 Uganda produce Cwt. 55 140 17

Value (£)... 40 104 26 Average value per cwt £0.14.5 £0.13.5 £0.15.9

Maize. Kenya produce Cwt. 1,131,549 439,958 1,198,605

Value (£)... 212,699 104,754 184,965 Uganda produce Cwt. 1,620 55 4

Value (£)... 287 14 1

Ohee. Kenya produce Cwt. 2,309 2,927 4,532


Value (£)... 66 53 7

Sugar (refined). Kenya produce Cwt. 82,214 72,735 83,923

Value (£)... 66,735 67,511 52,017 Uganda produce Cwt. 144,229 294,685 253,951

Value (£)... 128,802 240,593 168,358

Tea. Kenya produce Cwt. 17,462 22,115 45,108


Value (£)... 1,355 1,427 1,894

KEWYA, 1 9 3 5 25

Tobacco (unmanufactured). 1933. 1934. 1935. Kenya produce ... Lb. 11,991 3,364 438 Kenya produce

Value (£)... 293 73 8 Uganda produce ... Lb. 469,760 912,346 479,220 Uganda produce

Value (£)... 16,338 26,307 15,705 Timber.

Kenya produce ... Cub. ft. ... 68,539 76,098 89,019 Value (£)... 16,243 15,015 16,333

Uganda produce ... Cub. ft. ... 15,433 31,611 17,816 Value (£)... 3,438 8,204 4,556

Sesame seed. Kenya produce ... Tons 3,242 1,529 1,959

Value (£)... 36,761 16,162 20,917 Uganda produce ... Tons 2,659 1,376 1,620

Value (£)... 30,382 14,264 17,629 Hides (dry and dry salted).

(a) Sun-dried. Kenya produce ... Cwt. 91,733* 80,618 54,340

Value (£)... 132,103 125,428 86,111 Uganda produce ... Cwt. 13,325* 13,432 12,070

Value (£)... 20,196 22,705 22,542 (b) Shade-dried,

Kenya produce ... Cwt. 20,033 26,344 Value (£)... 43,122 67,427

Uganda produce ... Cwt. * 2,604 2,006 Value (£)... 4,590 3,655

Skins (Sheep and Ooat). Kenya produce ... No. 960,610 979,585 1,190,251 Kenya produce

Value (£)... 20,496 26,089 35,849 Uganda produce ... No. 79,700 83,399 132,797

Value (£)... 2,150 1,937 4,642

Ivory. Kenya produce ... Cwt. 318 368 328

Value (£)... 8,289 10,393 10,377 Uganda produce ... Cwt. 522 463 588

Value (£)... 13,290 12.736 18,440 Gold bullion.

Kenya produce ... Oz. Troy... 14,111 14,759 27,556 Kenya produce Value (£)... 63,100 69.422 164,997

Uganda produce ... Oz. Troy... 1,083 6,621 6,012 Uganda produce Value (£)... 6,352 36,618 34,905

* Figures for 1933 cover both sun-dried and shade-dried.

Inter-Territorial Trade. In addition to the foreign trade of Uganda, virtually the whole

of which passes via Kenya either in transit to or from Mombasa or through the intermediary markets of Kenya, a considerable transfrontier traffic in local produce exists. During 1935, the value of local produce sent from Kenya to Uganda amounted to £167,356, as compared with £151,648 in 1934, and £121,291 in 1933, the principal commodities involved being soap, wheat meal and flour, maize meal and flour, beer, tea, timber, coconut oil and aluminium hollow-ware. The value of Kenya produce exported to Tanganyika Territory amounted to £167,745, as compared with £169,461 in 1934.


Under the Customs Agreement of 1927 the free interchange of imported goods between Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika Territory is allowed, the value of imported merchandise transferred from Kenya-Uganda to Tanganyika Territory during 1935 amounting to £707,705 (including specie valued at £102,155) and the total Customs duty collected by the Kenya and Uganda Customs Administration and transferred to Tanganyika Territory under this Agreement reached a figure of £141,456. Traffic in imported goods in the reverse direction was valued at £80,660 (including specie to the value of £25,125) the Customs duty involved being £11,478. Tanganyika Territory produce passing through Kenya for shipment at Mombasa amounted in value to £721,192.

Air Traffic. Considerable use of the Customs aerodromes established at

Mombasa, Nairobi, Kisumu, and Entebbe was made by aircraft on foreign service during the year and comparative figures are as follows:—

Landed. Shipped.

Year. Number of craft.

Number of

passenger*.

Value of cargo.

Included bullion value.

Number of craft.

Number of

passengers.

Value of cargo.

Included bullion value.

1933 1934 1935

477 572 969

500 577 956

£ 18,692 21,480 20,720

£ 11,681 12,819

1,479

460 541 899

49* 617 791

£ 109,672 172,942 262,211

£ 89,981

158,867 250,904

Excise and Beer Duties. The co-ordination and allocation of Excise duties between Kenya,

Uganda, and Tanganyika Territory is covered by tho Excise Duties Agreements Ordinance, 1931, and the Excise Duties Ordinance, 1935. The rates of duty imposed during the year were as follows :—

Shs. Cts. Sugar Tea Cigarettes

Manufactured tobacco

Beer

1

1 40

00 per cwt. 10 per lb. 75 per lb. from 1/1/35 25 „ „ 27/6/35 50 „ „ 1/1/35 25 „ „ 27/6/35 00 per standard barrel of

36 gallons.

The following statement gives particulars of the allocation of Excise duties during the year under review, according to territories of production and consumption :—

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 27

Sugar: Kenya produce Uganda „ T a n g a n y i k a Territory

transferred. "Total

Tea: Kenya produce Uganda Tanganyika Territory

transferred. Total ...

Tobacco and Cigarettes: Kenya produce Uganda „ T a n g a n y i k a Territory

transferred. Total ...

Beer: Kenya produce T a n g a n y i k a Territory

transferred. Total

Grand Total ...

Country of Consumption. Kenya. Uganda. Tanganyika

Territory. Total.

produce

produce —

produce

produce

£ 6,871-5,626

£ 137

5,980

£ 343

4,687

£ 7,351

16,293

12,497 6,117 5,030 23,644

3,931 47

1,537 696

1,626 2

7,094 745

3,978 2,233 1,628 7,839

38 2,666

188

1 20,221

9,142 3,880

39 26,767

9,330

2,892 29,364 3,880 36,136

6,429 35

964 363 6,756 36

5,464 964 363 6,791

...£24,831 £38,678 £10,901 £74,410

Ivory. Two Bales b y public auction of Kenya and Uganda Government

ivory were undertaken b y the Customs department during the year. The total weight of ivory sold was 72,274 l b . (Kenya 22,773 l b . , Uganda 49,601 l b . ) and the total amount realized was £22,487 (Kenya £7,110, Uganda £15,377).

VIII.—WAGES AND COST OF LIVING. Wages.

An analysis recently made of the records of 500 registered domestic servants shows t h a t the prevailing wage-rates a r e approximately as follows:—

Range. Average. Shs. per month. Shs. per month.

Cooks House boys Dhobies Kitchen boys Garden boys Nurses Chauffeurs...

The above figures refer to estimated ruling rates in 1934. There are no data available for 1935, b u t there is no reason to believe t h a t wages have declined. It is safe to assume that they have become more or less stabilised at the 1934 rates. The figures are

20 to 80 28/50 15 „ 50 18 20 „ 50 25

8 25 14 8 „ 25 14

20 „ 60 34 26 „ 100 30


Shs. Cts. Bread ... per lb. 35 Flour, 1st grade (imported) ... ,, 32 Flour, lso „ (local) ... ,, 25 Flour, 2nd „ „ ... ... ,, 21 Tea (imported) ... ,, 3 53 Tea 1st grade (local) ... ,, 1 89 Tea 2nd „ „ ... ,, 1 58 Tea 3rd „ „ ... ,, 1 40 Sugar, white, 1st grade (local) ... ... „ 14 Sugar, white, 2nd „ „ ... ,, 12 Jam (imported) ... ,, 1 60 •Jam (local) ... ,, 1 45 Dried fruit ... ,, 1 73 Coffee, ground, loose, 1st grade (local)... ... ,, 1 44 Coffee, „ „ 2nd „ „ ... ... „ 97 Condensed milk (imported) ... per 14 oz. tin 95 Butter (local creamery) per lb. 1 44 Butter (farm) ... ,, 1 20 Cheese, 1st grade (local) ... ,, 1 14 Eggs (Native) perdoz. 80 Eggs (European) ... ,, 1 43 Milk, fresh!,. per pint 22 Beef (average price) per lb. 96 Pork (average price) ... ,, 90 Mutton (average price) ... ,, 92 Sea fish ... ,, 78 Lake fish (approx. 1 lb. each) ... ,, 51 Bacon (average price) ... „ 1 48

Mean index number (January, 1927 «* 1,000) 737* * Owing to a typographical error tho index number for December* 1934, was

shown as 906. This should have read 783.

inclusive, rations being provided by the servants. The rates of wages paid to unskilled labourers varies from Shs.6 to Shs, 14 per month, plus rations. The rate varies according to the class of work performed, e.g., underground workers in a mine would receive higher wages than those who work on the surface. These rates are considerably less than those which prevailed in 1929. Since Kenya first began to feel the force of the world depression in 1930, there has been a general downward tendency, which has also manifested itself in the wages of Europeans and Indians engaged in commerce, and in the remuneration of skilled labour generally.

Cost of Living.

Figures relating to the c o 3 t of living were collated by the Statistical Department annually from 1927 until 1933. At the end of the latter year, however, owing to the necessity for economy, the Department, as previously constituted, was abolished. Consequently index numbers showing the general trend of the commodity price-levels since then are not available.

The following table shows the approximate retail cost in Nairobi in December, 1935, of a number of the more common commodities :—

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 29 The minimum cost of accommodation, including food, in European

boarding-houses is £7 per month. As regards the cost of living for natives, the staple foodstuff is

maize meal and the average consumption thereof approximately 2 lb. per day, the total cost being approximately Shs.Sper mensem. Other foodstuffs, including meat, beans, etc., also form part of the native diet, and the amount consumed by one native may be valued at roughly Shs.2 per mensem. As rations for labourers are provided by employers in kind, the natives themselves are not affected by fluctuations in the price. This does not apply to natives living in native reserves. Normally, these produce sufficient food for themselves and their families, but, during times of famine, foodstuffs have to be purchased.

IX.—EDUCATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS. European Education.

Government secondary education is provided at two schools, the Prince of Wales School at Kabete for boys and the Girls Secondary School in Nairobi. There were 238 pupils in these two secondary schools, and the total number of pupils receiving education in all Government schools, which are fourteen in number, was 1,121 at the end of the year. Of these, 442 were boarders and 679 day scholars, and 690 were boys and 431 girls. There were eighteen private schools with a total of 709 pupils. Three of these rank as secondary schools, though many pupils in them are in the primary stage only. Two preparatory schools for boys (total roll 97) prepare pupils for entrance to public schools overseas.

Indian and Goan Education. There are two large Government secondary schools for Indian boys,

one in Nairobi and the other in Mombasa. The organization makes it necessary to include a large number of primary pupils in both these schools. Altogether the roll of these two institutions is 1,221. The total roll in the remaining Government Indian schools is 1,952 of whom 1,425 are boys and 527 are girls. There are boarding facilities at one school only, the Secondary School, Nairobi, which has 26 boarders. After taking the Preliminary Cambridge examination, pupils may proceed to the Junior Cambridge and, later, the London Matriculation examinations.

During the year under review, 48 schools in various parts of the country were in receipt of a grant-in-aid; in these schools there were 3,454 pupils. One school only was of secondary status. In fourteen unaided schools there was a total roll of 665.

Altogether in non-Government Indian schools there were 4,119 pupils, of whom 1,799 were boys and 2,320 girls.

Arab Education. Arab schools exist at Shimo la Tewa (where secondary education

is concentrated), at Malindi and at Mombasa. There are two


out-schools connected with the Ali bin Salim School, Malindi, and there is a small night school at Lamu. There were 489 jflipils, of whom six were girls, on the roll of the Arab schools.

Of four candidates who entered for the Junior Cambridge examination one passed, and of ten candidates who entered for the Preliminary examination five passed.

African Education.

The Local Native Councils continue to show groat interest in educational development and contributed the sum of £5,830 towards the maintenance of Government African schools, and £3,311 in capital expenditure.

Secondary education remains under the control of the Missions, the Alliance High School at Kikuyu catering for pupils from schools of the Protestant Alliance of Missions, and tho Catholic Training School at Kabaa for pupils from Catholic schools. These two schools have a total roll of 201.

There were thirteen central Government African schools with a total roll of 1,682, 36 village schools with 2,408, and two agricultural schools with 105. The Jeanes School at Kabete continues to train visiting teachers, and lower primary teaohers, The roll was 54 men and 37 women. The number of technical apprentices at the Native Industrial Training Depot was 277.

During the year the sum of £37,268 was expended on grants-in-aid from central funds. This sum together with the sum of £4,932 contributed by Local Native Councils assisted 304 African schools which had a total roll of 35,937 pupils. In addition there were 1,113 schools with a roll of 56,448 pupils which were not in receipt of any financial assistance.

Administration.

At the close of the year the staff consisted of the Director, the Chief Inspector of Schools the Supervisor of Technical Education, and five Inspectors of Schools. Inspectors were stationed at the Coast, Nairobi, Kikuyu, and Nyanza.

The Advisory Councils for European, Indian and African Education, respectively, and the various School Committees for European and Indian Schools, met and rendered valuable service in advising the Director. Seven District Education Boards were inaugurated in the more densely populated districts for the supervision of African elementary schools. The boards consist of Government officials, missionaries of the district concerned and African representatives of the Local Native Councils.

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 31

Examination Results. Cambridge Junior.

Europeans. Ooans and. Indians. Arabs. Yeat. Entered. Passed. Entered. Passed. Entered. Passed. 1929 51 23 38 20 — _ 1930 47 26 47 21 — —

1931 43 16 90 68 — — 1932 44 26 109 52 — — 1933 58 46 104 64 6 3 1934 48 31 143 56 5 3 1935 20 15 181 77 4 1

'bridge School Certificate,* 1929 9 6 — — — —

1930 16 6 — — — — 1931 20 14 — — — —-1932 20 14 — — — — 1933 26 15 — — .— — 1934 38 28 5 — ,—

1935 26 23 4 3 — * A pass with tho necessary credits gives London Matriculation exemption.

London Matriculation Examination.

1929 — — 16 4 — —-1930 — — 29 5 — ,—

1931 — — 21 14 — —

1932 — — 14 8 — ——

1933 — — 50 28 — — 1934 — — 41 24 —

1935 2 1 68 28 — Welfare Institutions.

The Lady Northey Home f or-*European children is maintained by public subscription and fees collected. The Lady Grigg Welfare Institutions for Indians and Africans continue their good work. The League of Mercy, the British Legion and the Salvation Army carry out valuable services on behalf of the needy, especially children. As usual the Seaside Holiday Camp for European Children was held in Mombasa during the August vacation. A considerable number of children from the Highlands were assisted to enable them to enjoy a holiday at sea level. Funds to assist such causes are raised by voluntary contributions.

X.—COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT. Posts.

The scheme under which the Postal and Telegraph Services of Kenya and Uganda wore amalgamated with those of Tanganyika in 1933 continued to work smoothly and satisfactorily. The three years during which the amalgamation has now been in operation have


established conclusively that it has been a success, both financially and in every other respect. Post Office operations in Kenya resulted in an excess of cash revenue over recurrent expenditure of £64,872, an increase of £11,009 over 1934.

A new pictorial issue of postage and revenue stamps, common ,to the three territories, was placed on sale on 1st May. The introduction of a " common " stamp has proved a decided convenience not only to the department, but also to the public.

In common with the rest of the Empire, Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika placed on sale four denominations of special stamps designed to commemorate King George V ;s Silver Jubilee.

During 1935, business continued to show an upward trend, and this has been reflected in practically all branches of the Post Office service.

The air mail service, operated by Imperial Airways, was duplicated and was maintained with creditable regularity during the first nine months of the year but, owing to climatic and other reasons, there were some delays during the last quarter.

The Nairobi-Mombasa-Tanga-Zanzibar-Dar es Salaam internal air service, conducted as a feeder to the main Imperial Airways* service, was very efficiently maintained by the contractors, Messrs. Wilson Airways, Limited.

The air mail postage rate to United Kingdom, India and certain other countries was reduced to 50 cents per half ounce. Tho number and weight of the air mail letter packets posted in Kenya amounted to 635,700 and 15,700 lb. respectively. Inward air mail correspondence amounted to 523,600 items weighing 14,900 lb. Approximately 31 per cent, of the Colony's total overseas letter mail correspondence was conveyed by air.

The air parcel service is restricted to Great Britain and Empire countries in Southern Africa. During the year 5,498 air parcels were posted in the Colony and 3,668 received.

The air mail money order service is confined to Great Britain and India. During the year 2,269 air mail money orders, having a total value of £19,365, were issued. This was a very substantial increase on the previous year. The number and value of air mail orders paid was 125 and £1,042 respectively.

The various overseas surface transport mail services were fairly regular during the year. There were 70 mails despatched to, and 55 mails received from, Great Britain, the average time in transit between Mombasa and London being approximately eighteen days.

Internal mail services extend to all parts of the Colony. The replacement of African runners by mechanical transport is almost completed.

The estimated total number of letters, postcards, newspapers and other packets dealt with during the year was 13,366,000. This increase of 5 per cent, over 1934 occurred in spite of a slight reduction in correspondence posted in the Colony.

K E N Y A , 1935 33

The number of parcels handled, inclusive of air mail and cash-on-delivery parcels, was 142,000, an increase of 5 per cent, compared with 1934. The number of cash-on-delivery parcels dealt with was 8,935, having a value of £25,406. The inter-State parcel rate between Tanganyika and Kenya-Uganda was abolished and replaced by a uniform inland rate.

Money orders issued during the year numbered 23,679 and had a value of £127,076. Those paid numbered 16,246 and amounted to £73,591.

British Postal Orders, including the Jubilee Orders, issued and paid during the year amounted to 104,496 in number and £56,739 in value, an increase of 12,180 and £4,571, respectively, over 1934.

»

Telegraphs and Telephones.

The number of inland telegrams transmitted was 284,000, an increase of 4 per cent, on the previous year. External telegrams numbered 121,000. Telegrams to and from Great Britain numbered 50,000. Of this external traffic 40,000 were transmitted via Kenya Radio. A special Jubilee Letter Telegram service was offered to the public for Jubilee week.

The telephone trunk system was satisfactorily maintained. The Uasin Gishu and Trans Nzoia areas were connected to the main trunk system through Nakuru. The number of trunk calls made during the year increased by 11 per cent, over the previous year to 121,000.

A general increase took place in the number of telephones in use, and at the end of the year the number of subscribers at the principal public exchanges was as follows . Nairobi, 879; Mombasa, 350 ; Nakuru, 61 ; Eldoret, 61.

The internal telephone and telegraph system comprises 2,783 miles of pole route and a wire mileage of 16,214. Most administrative centres are connected by telegraph.

Communication in the Northern Frontier and Turkana areas is maintained by a wireless system consisting of ten small stations (500 watts), which are maintained and operated by military units and handle both military and civil telegrams.

Telegraph communication overseas is maintained by Cable and Wireless, Limited, by means of a submarine cable from Mombasa, and a wireless station at Nairobi working direct with England. The Company also operates the Coast wireless station at Mombasa, at which a 24 hours* service is maintained. Communications with South Africa are also available by a Government land-line.

A broadcasting station at Nairobi is maintained and operated by Cable and Wireless, Limited, and provides a local service under an agreement and without direct cost to the Colony. The station transmits on wavelengths of 350 metres and 49-5 metres simultaneously. Reception on the medium wave is satisfactory within its effective range, but the quality of reception on the short wave varies


in different parts of the Colony. The programmes consist of reproduction of gramophone records, British Official Wireless Press, local news, market and weather reports, and occasional relays of items of interest from the programmes of the British Broadcasting Corporation's Empire station. The number of licensed listeners at the'end of the year was 1,568, representing an increase of 416 on the previous year.

On the initiative of the Union of South Africa, a Postal and Telecommunication Conference of all countries, British and foreign, was held in Southern Africa, at Pretoria. The department was represented.

Despite several years of financial depression, the roads throughout the Colony and Protectorate, and in particular in the main centres, have been maintained at a very fair standard, and in many cases greatly improved. All the main traffic routes, with the exception of such portions as pass through tho towns of Nairobi and Mombasa, where the majority of the thoroughfares are now macadamized, are biiiit up of laterite. The surfaces are excellent during the greater part of the year except during the heavy rains, when the soft foundation of the roads tends to collapse into ruts. This temporary damage, however, is very quickly repaired, and it can safely be said that main routes such as Nairobi-Nakuru-Kisumu and Nairobi-Fort flail-Nyeri-M*? * are never impassable.

In the main towns and throughout the greater portion of the settled areas of tho Colony the responsible authorities are the various statutory Local Government bodies; the remaining routes in the Colony are under the direct control of the Public Works Department, whose recurrent expenditure on this object amounted to £56,293 in 1935, an increase of £168 on the expenditure in 1934, with capital expenditure of £5,386 from revenue and £2,828 from loan funds.

The total tonnages (import and export) handled at Kilindini Harbour during the years 1934 and 1935 are given below. These figures do not include oil imports discharged through the Magadi Soda Company's pipe-lines, nor soda exported from that Company's pier. Coal imports are shown separately.

Roads.

Harbours.

COAL IMPORTS. 1934.

53,815 tons. 1985.

92,146 tons.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OTHBR THAN COAL.

Year.

1934 1935

Imports Experts Total BjL tons. BjL tons. BjL tons. 274,677 390,467 665,144 355,697 482,797 838,494

KENYA, 1935 35

1934. 1935, 584 663

1,902,356 2,090,134 335,645 446,856 386,913 511,565

6,977 6,221 12,739 13,686

6,083 6,265 10,161 11,618

1934. 1935. Vanga 8,635 8,297 Funzi 8,525 6,435 Mombasa 3,871,465 4,226,808 Kilifi 6,917 6,864 Malindi ... 15,699 14,193 Lamu 38,454 53,990 Kipini ... ... 3,385 3,639

Railways. . The carriage of public goods provided a revenue of £2,120,315

and the tonnage of the traffio amounted to 849,795 tons, as compared with £1,958,672 and 728,706 tons in 1934.

Passenger Traffic.—Revenue from passenger traffic showed a decrease on 1934 figures. In 1935, 481,501 passengers contributed a revenue of £158,289, while in 1934,484,138 passengers contributed a revenue of £161,541. The following table indicates the numbers of passengers travelling in the various classes as compared with 1934:—

Passengers carried. 1st Glass. 2nd Class. 3rd Class. Total.

1934 7,739 27,002 449,397 484,133 1935 7,655 27,768 446,178 481,601

The traffic on Lakes Victoria, Kioga, and Albert, and on the River Nile, on which Administration services are maintained, is shown in the following table :—

1934. 1935. Earnings... ... ... ... £119,057 £135,534 Working expenditure ... ... £60,245 £64,896 Tonnage carried ... ... 92,116 106,066

The total trade of the Port of Mombasa inducting Kilindini Harbour and the OJd Port for the year 1935, as compared with 1934, is summarized in the following statement:—

Number of steamships Net tonnage of steamers Imports—B/L tons Exports „ Passengers l a n d e d -

European Non-European

Passengers embarked: -European Non-European ...

Shipping. The registered tonnage (inwards and outwards) at all Kenya

seaports during the year as compared with 1934 was as follows


1934. 1935. Tons. Cost. Tons. Cost.

- £ £ Coal 61,422 66,811 71,156 77,920 Oil 658 1,639 543 1,630 Wood 114,773 37,597 125,021 40,668

On the lake steamers the figures were :— 1934. 1935.

Tons. Cost. Tons. Cost. £ £

Oil 2,945 7,586 3,289 8,746 Wood 7,197 3,370 7,702 3,311

Railways and Harbours Working Results.—The results of working the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours and ancillary services during 1935 are shown in the following table :—

Railways. Harbours. Total. £ £ £

Earnings 2,384,923 408.922 2,793,845 Ordinary working expenditure 1,088,185 155,646 1,243,831

Surplus of receipts over ordinary working 1,296,738 253,276 1,550,014 expenditure.

Aviation.

Civil aviation made considerable progress during the year. Customs aerodromes exist at Kisumu, Nairobi, andJMombasa, while the Government has established twelve other landing grounds for regular use. The Government, in addition, maintains a further twenty emergency landing grounds, some of which may in due course, as improvements and enlargements are made, be approved for-regular use. Licenses were granted in respect of seven other landing grounds maintained by municipal or private enterprise for regular use by the flying public, while a number of unlicensed private landing grounds exist in the Colony.

Kenya is served by the air service between Great Britain and South Africa, operated by Imperial Airways (East Africa), Limited, which calls at Kisumu and Nairobi. A coastal air mail feeder service, linking Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar and Mombasa with Nairobi and the Empire Service, is operated by a local company—Wilson Airways, Limited. Scheduled mail and passenger-carrying services to mining and other areas are operated by local companies, which in addition undertake an increasing amount of taxi flying.

Fuel Consumption.—The following figures show the consumption 1

of coal, wood, and oil fuel on the railway during 1935 as compared with 1934.

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 37

The value of cargo landed and shipped in 1935 by aircraft at Customs aerodromes was £282,931.

Of the 28 civil aircraft registered in the Colony, thirteen are owned by commercial companies, while the number of privately-owned machines increased. During the year 39 pilots* licences were issued j ten of the holders of these were trained ab initio by the Aero Club of East Africa.

XL—BANKING* CURRENCY, AND WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Banks.

The following banking institutions are established in tho Colony:— The National Bank of India, Limited, with branches at

Mombasa, Nairobi, Nakuru, and Kisumu; The Standard Bank of South Africa, Limited, with branches

at Mombasa, Nairobi, Nakuru, Kisumu, Eldoret, Kitale, Nyeri, Kakamega, and an agency at Nanyuki;

Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas) with branches at Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru, Eldoret, Kitale, and Kakamega.

Since 1910, the inculcation of thrift has been fostered by the Post Office Savings Bank. This bank is making a growing appeal to Africans, of whom 5,550 are now depositors. Nearly two-thirds of the increase in the number of depositors during the year was African. The sum of £221,720 is now on deposit to the credit of 15,850 persons.

In 1931, a Land and Agricultural Bank under the control of Government was formed with a capital of £240,000 which was increased to £500,000 in 1933. The bank makes advances to farmers, repayable over periods up to 30 years on first mortgage security, charging interest at the rate of 6J per cent, per annum. Up to 31st December, 1935, the Bank had made 428 'advances totalling £513,595. Under an amending Ordinance passed in 1934, provision was made for short term loans, and up to 31st December, 1935, 32 such advances totalling £7,170 had been issued.

Currency. The standard coin is the East African shilling (silver) with

subsidiary coinage of the following denominations:—50 cents (silver) and 10 cents, 5 cents and 1 cent (bronze). A note issue is maintained and notes of the following denominations are in circulation :—Shs. 10,000, 1,000, 200, 100, 20, 10 and 5.

The currency is controlled by the East African Currency Board, London, which replaced the old local Board of Currency Commissioners in 1921. The Board is represented in the Colony by local Currency Officers.


Weights and Measures. The standard weights and measures of the Colony are identical

with those in use in Great Britain, namely, the Imperial pound, yard, and gallon.

A total of 20,547 weights, measures and instruments were stamped, rejected or adjusted during the year under review, from which was derived revenue amounting to £345. A further total of 1,594 weights, measures and instruments were examined during the course of visits of inspection resulting in prosecutions in certain cases. The standards of accuracy required by the legislation of the Colony are similar to those required in Great Britain.

The total expenditure incurred by the Public Works Department on services administered by it amounted to £265,435, and of this sum £210,663 was on account of revenue services provided for under Public Works Heads, £22,450 from various extra-departmental sources, and £32,322 from loan. The revenue collected by the Department amounted to £61,162.

The total expenditure on capital works amounted to £50,306 in direct charges, and of this amount £17,984 was obtained from revenue and £32,322 from loan (exclusive of overhead charges).

The revenue expenditure was distributed as foDows :—

The loan expenditure was :— £

Buildings 29,494 Communications 2,828

The new Law Courts at Nairobi, which had been under construction during 1934, were completed in May, the total cost being £136,600.

XIII.—JUSTICE, POLICE, AND PRISONS. Justice.

The Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa is a superior Court of Record and has jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the Courts of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya; the Uganda, Nyasaland and Zanzibar Protectorates; Tanganyika Mandated Territory ; and from His Britannic Majesty's Court for Ethiopia. The Judges of the Court of Appeal are the Judges and the Acting Judges for the time being of the Supreme Court of Kenya, the High Courts of Uganda, Nyasaland, and Tanganyika, and His Britannic Majesty's Court for Zanzibar. During the year the Court held four ordinary sessions and three special sessions. Tho total number of appeals filed was 179, of which 36 were from Kenya.

XII,—PUBLIC WORKS.

Buildings Water and Drainage Roads and Bridges ... Miscellaneous Works

£ 6,886 1,530 5,386 4,182

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 39 The Courts operating in the Colony are as follows : ~

(1) The Supreme Court sitting at Nairobi, Mombasa, and on circuit, in which the Chief Justice and three Puisne Judges have been actively engaged.

(2) The Courts of the Resident Magistrates at Nairobi (two), Mombasa, Nakuru, Kisumu, and Eldoret, presided over by legally qualified officers or by officers seconded from the Administration.

(3) The Courts of tho First, Second and Third Class, presided over by Provincial Commissioners, District Commissioners, and District Officers.

(4) The Courts conducted by Liwalis, Cadis, and Mudirs. The Northern Frontier and Turkana Districts have been created

special districts within the meaning of sections 14 and 15 of the Criminal Procedure Code and the Officers-in-Charge of these districts are the Officers specially authorized under the latter section. The District Commissioners in the Northern Frontier District have been given the powers of First Class Magistrates.

Courts.

The number of criminal cases committed for trial to the Supreme Court aggregated 174, involving 299 charges against 253 individuals. These figures compare with 181 cases and 300 charges during 1934.

Of the total 317 charges actually tried during 1935, 315 were against males and two against females. There were 144 convictions, 97 acquittals and 76 discharges. The convictions were against one European, four Asiatics and 139 natives, and the punishments imposed were:—

Peremptory imprisonment ... 98 Imprisonment in default of payment of fine or surety 1 Whipping with fine or imprisonment or both ... 12 Bound over or otherwise disposed of ... 3 Sentenced to death ... 15 Detained during Governor's pleasure ... 4 Detention camp ... ... ... 8 To pay compensation ... 1 Repatriated or committed to House of Detention ... 2

The number of civil cases filed in tho Supreme Court during the year was 378, a decrease of 40 on the number for 1934. Probate and Administration causes numbered 172 as compared with 150 opened in 1934, and 42 Bankruptcy petitions were filed as compared with 44 for the previous year. In addition two Trust causes were opened and thirteen Divorce causes were filed.

There were 124 civil and criminal appeals from Subordinate Courts, 864 criminal revision cases and 567 confirmation cases.


Total convictions 46,613

Police. The Kenya Police.—This is composed of African and a small per

centage of Asiatic personnel under the command of European officers and surbordinate police officers. The Force is distributed mainly a t police stations throughout the settled and urban areas of the Colony and Protectorate. The work of each police station is controlled by a European or Asiatic subordinate police officer and the stations are grouped under the direction of a superior police officer. Police detachments are stationed in the Northern Frontier District. African police are stationed in a few of the native reserves and Turkana where they operate under the direct control of officers of the Administration, but the enforcement of law and order in most of the reserves is the responsibility of the local tribal police, ^The personnel of the Force was increased temporarily during the year by one Assistant Superintendent of Police and 57 African ranks for duty in the Northern Frontier District in connexion with the Italo-Abyssinian situation.

Cognizable offences under the Penal Code reported to the police in settled and urban areas in 1935 totalled 4,510. Of that number 4,361 were true cases, a decrease of 930 true cases on the total for 1934. Accused persons in 3,120 cases were brought for trial before the Subordinate Courts or the Supreme Court. The total stated value of property stolen was Shs. 306,475 of which Shs. 178,796 or 68 per cent, was recovered.

During the year, 51,030 charges were brought in Subordinate Courts, a decrease of 4,271 on the figures for 1934. These charges were disposed of as follows : convictions, 46,613 ; acquittals, 1,482 ; discharges, 2,935. This includes 706 charges brought against juvenile offenders, involving 643 convictions and 63 discharges.

Details of the sentences imposed are as follows :™ Fines ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12,359 Detention camp in default of payment of fine or surety 12,951 Imprisonment in default of fhie or surety ... ... 1,362 Fine and detention camp ... ... 205 Detention camp ... ... ... ... 3,914 Fine and peremptory imprisonment ... ... ... 391 Peremptory imprisonment ... ... ... ... 3,862 Whipping with fine, or imprisonment, or both ... 36 Whipping ... . ... 252 Whipping with fine, or detention camp, or both ... 1 Bound over; cautioned; repatriated ... 6,711 Other punishments; tax or compensation or wages

paid ; bail estreated . ... ... 4,567 Detained pending Governor's orders ... ... ... 2 Committed to prison for failure to find security ... Nil

KENYA, 1 9 3 5 41

A small patrol of police continue to be employed to maintain order on the boundaries of the Kisii-Lumbwa native reserves. The police post of twenty African subordinate officers maintained in the Samburu District by reason of the lawlessness of the Samburu Tribe was increased temporarily by five African subordinate police officers.

Detachments were maintained in the gold mining areas at Kakamega, Gori River, and Lolgorien and at Bondo.

Tribal Police.—In the year 1927 the units of the Kenya Police Force stationed in native r e s e r v e s were greatly reduced, in consequence of a decision by Government to inaugurate a system of village police, to be known a s Tribal Police, and incorporate in that force the body of men previously known a s Tribal Retainers. This class of subordinate native official was originally instituted to assist the Administration by the provision of messengers in the reserves, and through the supervision of communal services, and had proved its usefulness in the past.

By the Tribal Police Ordinance, 1929, powers were given to the Tribal Police enabling them to make arrests, guard prisoners, and generally act as a Police Force in the native reserves and support the official headmen in maintaining law and order in these areas.

The total strength of the Force in the native reserves now numbers 829 non-commissioned officers and men. In the more progressive reserves the force has achieved a high standard of discipline and efficiency, and from s o m e r e s e r v e s a small unit is lent to the Kenya Police to a s s i s t in the detection of crime in the settled areas.

Prisons. The penal establishments under the administration of the

Commissioner of Prisons are composed of three first-class prisons for the accommodation of long-term prisoners (sentenced to three years or ever), five second-class prisons for medium-term prisoners (sentenced to between six months and three years) and twenty third-class prisons at district headquarters (for those sentenced to less than six months imprisonment). There are also 46 detention camps for the accommodation of natives who have not previously undergone more than one term of imprisonment, and who are sentenced to detention for minor offences, usually imposed in default of payment of fine. No sentence of detention may exceed six months.

The total number of persons committed to prisons and detention camps during 1935 was 35,935, representing a decrease of 12 per Cent , from the previous year. Of the above total, 6,325 were sentenced to imprisonment, 21.562 were sentenced to detention, 109 were civil debtors, 235 were lunatics, and 7,704 were admitted on reiuand and subsequently not; sentenced to imprisonment. Of the total of 6,326 persons committed to serve sentenoes of imprisonment, four wore Europeans, 160 ware Goans, Indians, Arabs

38272 A 7


and Soman's, and 6,171 were Africans. Female and juvenile convicted prisoners numbered 203 and 229 respectively.

The general health of prisoners was good; the percentage of prisoners on the siok list being 4-4. The total of 60 deaths during the year was 35 lower than the total for 1934. Pneumonia alone accounted for 29 deaths.

Twenty-two juveniles served terms of imprisonment and these were all confined in Class I and II prisons where there are European officers in charge. Juveniles were segregated from adult prisoners whilst undergoing sentence. A further 201 underwent sentences of caning only. Out of the total, 33 had been previously convicted.

Release on licence is granted to certain offenders on completion of two-thirds of their sentences of not less than three years. During 1935,126 convicts were released on licence, as compared with 129 in 1934.

The technical training of convicts, which is carried on in the three Class I prisons of the Colony, and consists of tailoring, carpentry, smithing and the manufacture of sisal string, rope and mats, and coir and grass mats and baskets, has made considerable progress. Uniforms for Government departments are made in the prison workshops, while orders for items of uniform for the King's African Rifles and the Kenya Police are obtained annually. The output from prison workshops shows a steady increase. During 1935, £5,807 was expended on raw materials for prison industries. The amount paid into the Treasury as revenue derived from prison industries was £9,593. Of this sum £388 was obtained from the hire of convict labour.

Prison farms showed a marked increase in areas under cultivation with consequent increased yield, viz., maize, 208| tons ; beans, 23 | tons; potatoes, 48 | tons, of an estimated value of £1,129, including £194 from other produce.

The fail in the daily average number of prisoners to be accommodated enabled one of the prison camps, established in 1934 to ease overcrowding, to be closed. The camp for 250 convicts established for quarrying and ballast breaking for the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours continued in being, and provided valuable and productive hard labour for these convicts throughout the year.

The system of periodical review by the Governor of all sentences, including commuted death sentences, of seven years and over was continued in 1935. During the year the cases of 29 convicts were submitted for review. Of these one convict was granted accelerated release, eleven were recommended for release on licence, and the cases of six were deferred for reconsideration at a later date.

The training in the Class II and HI Approved Schools established at Kabete in October, 1934, in place of the Kabete Reformatory,

K E N Y A , 1 9 3 5 43

continues to be directed mainly to agriculture, animal husbandry and gardening, together with a sound manual training. The total number of commitals to the schoois during 1935 was 64, and the daily average of inmates 87. The total number of discharges during the year was 43.

XIV.—LEGISLATION.

Forty-seven Ordinances were passed during the year 1935. A summary of the more important enactments is given below.

No. 2.—The Customs Tariff (Amendment) Ordinance, 1935, effects tariff adjustments on an alternative specific or ad valorem basis on cigarettes and manufactured tobacco.

No. 23.—The Sale of Pyrethrum Ordinance, 1935, regulates the cultivation and sale of pyrethrum cinerarifolium and provides for the registration of pyrethrum growers, and for the appointment of agencies for the purchase and resale of pyrethrum.

No. 11.—The Expulsion from Proclaimed Areas Ordinance, J 935, re-enacts the provisions of the Expulsion Proclaimed Areas Ordinance 1933, which expired on the 18th May, 1935. The Ordinance makes provision for the expulsion from certain areas of the Colony of persons whose presence therein is deemed to be undesirable.

No. 24.—The Penal Code (Amendment) Ordinance, 1935, makes certain amendments to the Penal Code, which expeiience has shown to be desirable. The Ordinance embodies in the Penal Code the provisions of the Infanticide Act, 1922 (England), and also the provisions of the Sentence of Death (Expectant Mothers) Act, 1931 (England). These provisions have been modified to suit local conditions.

No. 25.—The Coir Fibre Industry Ordinance, 1935, prohibits the preparation of coir or the manufacture of coir products in a factory unless such factory is licensed. The Goveraor-in-Council may, in his discretion, refuse to issue a licence to any person on the ground that a sufficient number of licences has already been granted, or on any ground which may appear to him to be sufficient. I t is considered that the provisions of the Ordinance will enable a measure of protection to be given to persons who are prepared to devote their capital and enterprise to the preparation of coir, and the production of coir products, and thus foster the development of the coconut industry in the Colony.

No. 26.—The Legislative Council Ordinance, 1935, repeals and replaces the Legislative Council Ordinance (Chapter 24 of the Revised Edition) and all rules made thereunder. The Ordinance provides for the nomination and election of members to the Legislative Council of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya.

No. 28.—The Marketing of Native Produce Ordinance, 1935, controls and regulates the marketing of native produce. The

4 4 COLONIAL R E P O R T S — ANNUAL

Ordinance is designed to advance and improve the cultivation of produce grown or produced by natives, and to promote the organized marketing of such produce.

The Ordinance empowers the Governor to declare any district, or part of a district, to be a " declared area " within which the purchase and sale of native produce may be controlled and regulated. In such areas the purchase of specified classes of native produce may be restricted to holders of licences issued by the District Commissioner. Subject to the approval of the Legislative Council, the Governor-in-Couhcil may, where he is satisfied that the production of any particular kind of specified native produce in any declared area is susceptible of development, or would be stimulated and advanced under technical direction and management or other special control, grant exclusive trading licences for the purchase of such particular kind of specified native produce. Licences and exclusive trading licences are to be issued subject to such conditions as may be necessary, including the power to determine and specify the minimum prices to be paid for specified native produce, and tc require that purchases of such produce must be paid for in cash.

No. 34.—The Girl Guides Ordinance, 1 9 3 5 , is designed to protect the Girl Guides Association (which is incorporated by Royal Charter) by prohibiting the formation of girl guides organizations otherwise than under the authority of the Girl Guides Association, and by prohibiting the wearing by unauthorized persons of the uniform, badges, etc., prescribed for Girl Guides, and by controlling the sale of badges, etc.

No. 35.—The Boy Scouts Ordinance, 1 9 3 5 . is designed to protect the Boy Scouts Association (which is incorporated by Royal Charter) and is in similar terms to the Girl Guides Ordinance.

No. 40,—The Excise Duties Ordinance, 1 9 3 5 , repeals and replaces the Excise Duties Ordinance, 1 9 3 1 , and all amendments thereof, and in addition provides for the stricter measures of control over the issue of licences and the operations of licensees.

No. 44.—The Non-Native Poll Tax {Amendment) Ordinance, 1 9 3 5 , makes provision for the continuance of the Non-Native Poll Tax Ordinance, 1 9 3 4 , during the year 1 9 3 6 .

XV.—PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION. Revenue and Expenditure.

STATEMENT OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE FOR FIVE YEARS ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 1 9 3 5 .

Year. Revenue. £

Expenditure. £

1 9 3 1 1 9 3 2 1 9 3 3 1 9 3 4 1 9 3 5

3 , 0 6 6 , 9 3 0 3 , 0 1 0 , 2 1 4 3 , 1 2 1 , 4 9 7 3 , 1 8 2 , 9 3 9 3 , 3 0 4 , 0 2 6

3 , 2 1 6 , 0 8 9 3 , 1 1 9 , 7 2 3 3 , 1 6 8 , 0 3 5 3 , 1 8 0 . 7 9 5 3 , 2 5 2 , 7 8 4

K E N Y A , 1 9 3 5 45

Public Debt.

Floated. Amount of Issue.

Bate of Interest.

Price of Issue. Redeemable.

Expenditure at 31st

December, 1935* £ Per cent. Per cent. £

1921 ... 5,000,000 6 95 1940-56 5,000,000 1927 ... 5,000,000 5 99i 1948-58 5,000,000 1928 .... 3,600,000 4 i 95 1950 3,386,977 1930 ... 3,400,000 4* 981 1961-71 3,094,349 1933 ... 305,600 3£ 08* 1957-67 250,929

£17,205,600 £16,732,265

Sinking Fund. Sinking Fund contributions of not less than 1 per cent, commence

not later than three years from the date of if me. The rate of contribution established in respect of each loan is

1 per cent.

STATEMENT OF LOAN POSITION OF COLONY AT 3 1ST DECEMBER, 1 9 3 5 . PUBLIC DEBT AND SINKING FUND.

C O L O N I A L R E P O B T S A N N U A L

Tota

l A

nntu

d Ch

arge

s. £

350,

000

300.

000

192,

500

187,

000

13,7

52

CM

»o CM

i

Ann

ual

Char

ges.

Ken

ya a

nd U

gand

a R

ailw

ays

and

Har

bour

s. Tota

l. £

297,

177

300,0

01/

156,

219

64,1

35

817,

631

i

Ann

ual

Char

ges.

Ken

ya a

nd U

gand

a R

ailw

ays

and

Har

bour

s.

Sink

ing

Fun

d. T * » © "r* «

i d © © CO

crt © ^ o 3 S 8 d 1 13

2,61

9

i

Ann

ual

Char

ges.

Ken

ya a

nd U

gand

a R

ailw

ays

and

Har

bour

s.

Inte

rest

. £

254,

723

250,

000

127,

815

52,4

74

686,

012

i

Ann

ual

Char

ges.

Ken

ya C

olon

y.

Tota

l. £ 52

,823

36,2

81

122,

866

13,7

52

225,

721

i

Ann

ual

Char

ges.

Ken

ya C

olon

y.

Sink

ing

Fun

d. CO

6,69

6

22,3

39

3,05

6

39,6

37

i

Ann

ual

Char

ges.

Ken

ya C

olon

y.

Inte

rest

. £ 45

,277

29,6

85

100,

626

10,6

96

186,

184

Capi

tal

Deb

t.

Ill £

5,00

0,00

0

5,00

0,00

0

3,60

0,00

0

3,40

0,00

0

305,

600

17,2

05,6

00

Capi

tal

Deb

t.

1 a S l l §

£

4,24

6,38

6

5,00

0,00

0

2,84

0,33

1

1,16

6,09

1

13,2

51,8

08

Capi

tal

Deb

t.

Ken

ya

Colo

ny.

£ 75

4,61

4

669,

669

2,23

3,90

9

306,

600

3,95

3,70

2

lAxi

n.

1921

1927

1928

1930

1933

Tot

al

...

K E N Y A , 1 9 3 5 47

STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE COLONX AND PROTECTORATE OF KENYA ON 31ST DECEMBER, 1935.

Liabilities. £ sh. ots.

Deposits 923,591 3 85 Investments Drafts 3,750 19 31 Advances... Loan Funds, unspent 473,345 1 69 Suspense ...

balances. Loans to Excess of assets over 258,881 0 10 bodies.

liabilities. Cash

£1,659,568 4 95

Assets, £ sh. ots.

... 562,267 12 77

... 357,092 14 82 1,406 6 08

local 31,798 17 64

... 707,002 13 64

£1,659,568 4 95

Main Heads of Taxation and the Yield of each. 1935.

Customs Revenue Hut and Poll Tax (Native) Non-Native Poll Tax Petrol Tax. . . Estate Duty European Education Tax ... Asiatic Education Tax Entertainment Tax

£ . 690,380 . 502,302 . 70,987 . 58,982

9,956 , 11,820 _ 12,973

5,727

£1,363,127

Excise and Stamp Duties. 1935.

Stamp Duties, various Revenue purposes... Beer, Excise Duty ... ... Sugar, Excise Duty Tea, Excise Duty Tobacco, Excise Duty Cigarettes, Excise Duty ...

£ 50,088 5,464

12,497 3,978 1,618 1,274

£74,919

Customs Tariff. In June 1935, legislation was enacted effecting tariff adjustments

on an alternative specific or ad valorem basis on cigarettes and manufactured tobacco.

Native Hut and Poll Tax. Rate.—The rate of hut and poll tax imposed under the Native

Hut and Poll Tax Ordinance, 1934, was prescribed at Shs. 12 in

48 COLONIAL BEPORTS—ANNUAL

1935, except for the members of the following tribes residing in the areas named, who paid at the rates shown below :—

Tribe. District. Rate. Shs.

Meru and Tahraka ... Meru ... 8 Emberre Emberre Location, Embu 8 Kamba Kitui ... 9 Masai Masai 10 North Kamasia Baringo ... 6 South Kamasia , , 6 East Suk . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Njemps . . . . • 4 « . . • • • 10 Elgeyo Elgeyo-Marakwet 8 Marakwet , , . . . . . . . . . •«• 8 Duruma Digo 6 Digo , , . . . . . . . . . . . . ••> 10 Giriama Bamba, Chakama, Shakahola, Sa-

meta, Koromi, Kesikieha, Mzun-gu, Adu, Giriama, Aduwasanye, Dagamra, Marikaano and Mangea Locations, Kiiifi District 8

« Elsewhere in Kiiifi District 10 Galla Pokomo, Boni,

Nyika, Shambara... Tana River 10 Galla, Boni, Sanye,

Kore, Shambara ... Lamu 10 Turkana Turkana 6 West Suk ,, 8

Section 3 of the Northern Frontier Poll Tax Ordinance, 1930, empowers the Governor to order that the poll tax prescribed under Section 4 shall be paid by the tribesmen of any tribe which is ordinarily resident in the Northern Frontier District. The Governor has power to reduce the amount of the tax payable by the natives of any specified area, and in certain districts temporary reductions have been made.

Method of Assessment.—A uniform tax at the prescribed rate is paid on each hut (dwelling house) owned or occupied by the taxpayer.

A poll tax at the prescribed rate is payable by all able-bodied male natives of the apparent age of 16 years or over who are not liable to pay the hut tax.

Hut and poll tax is collected mainly by District Officers, assisted in the more advanced areas by the Chiefs. The taxpayer is given a receipt in the form of a hut or poll tax ticket for each tax paid. At the same time the payment is noted in the register of taxpayers.

Yield.—The yield of native hut and poll tax in 1935 amounted to £502,302.

K E N Y A , 1 9 3 5 49

APPENDIX.

List of Selected Publications.

Blue Book. Annually. Government Printer, Nairobi, and Crown Agents for the Colonies. 10s.

Annual Reports of the several Government Departments. Government Printer, Nairobi, and Crown Agents for the Colonies,

Administrative and Political History of the Masai Reserve. By G. R. Sandford. Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1919. £1.

Report of the Commission on Closer Union of the Dependencies in Eastern and Central Africa. Cmd. 3234. His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1929. 6s.

Statement of Conclusions of His Majesty's Government in United Kingdom as regards Closer Union in East Africa. Cmd. 3574. His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1930. 4d.

Memorandum on Native Policy in East Africa. Cmd. 3573. Hia Majesty's Stationery Office. 1930. 3d.

Papers relating to the Question of Closer Union of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika. Colonial, No. 57. His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1931. Is. 6d.

Joint Select Committee on Closer Union in East Africa. His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1931. Vol. I. Report (H.L. 184). 4s. 6d. Vol. II. Minutes of Evidence (H.L, 29). £1 10s. 0d. Vol. III. Appendices (H.L. 29). 4s. 6d.

Closer Union in East Africa! Correspondence arising from Report of Joint Select Committee. Cmd. 4141. His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1932. Is.

Report of tho Kenya Land Commission. Cmd. 4556. His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1934. l i s .

Report of the Kenya Land Commission, Cmd. 4556. Evidence and Memoranda (3 vols.). Colonial No. 91. His Majesty's Stationery Office. £2 each volume.

Land and Land Conditions in the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya. Land Department, Nairobi. 1922. Is.

Report on Tanganyika Concessions Ltd. Application for exclusive prospecting licence. By Sir Albert Kitson. Is.

Geological Reconnaissances in Kavirondo and other districts of Kenya. Final Report by Sir Albert Kitson. Is.

Geological Survey of Kenya. Loldaika—Ngare Ndare Area. By Murray Hughes. 6d.

Geological Survey of Kenya. Lolgorien Area. By Murray Hughes. Is. Geological Survey of Kenya. Notes on the Geological Succession Tectonics and

Economic Geology. By Murray Hughes. 2s. Suggestions to Prospectors. By Murray Hughes. Is. Mining Laws. 1934. 6s. Kenya Law Reports. Annually. Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa Law Reports. Annually. Liquor Licensing Committee's Report. 1934. Is. Licensing Committee's Report. 1934. Is. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Administration of Justice. 1933.

Cmd. 4623. His Majesty's Stationery Office. 3s. Underground Water Resources of Kenya. 1934. By H. L. Sikes. 6s. Native Betterment Fund Report. 1933. 2s.

50 COLONIAL R B P O E T B — A N N U A L

Kenya Water Problems. By Beeby Thomson. 14s. Non-Native Census Report. 1931. 5s. Report on Irrigation by Mr. Lewis. 1026. 5s. Native Reserve Boundaries. 1920. 6s. Report of Governors' Conference. 1926. 2s. 6d. Kenya Legislative Council Debates. The Vanishing Tribes of Kenya. By Major G. St. J. Orde Browne. (Seeley Service,

1925.) 21s. Early Days in East Africa. By Sir Frederick Jackson. Edward Arnold, 1930. 21s. Eastern Africa Today. By F. S. Joelson. " East Africa," 1928. 6s. Kenya, its Industries, Trade, Sport and Climate, 1928. The Kenya Manual, 1930. East African Standard, Ltd., 63, Queen Victoria Street,

London, E.C. Kenva, from Chartered Company to Crown Colony. By C. W. Hoblev. Witherbv,

1929. 16s. Kenya without Prejudice. By H. 0 . Weller. " East Africa," 1931. 5s. Whito Man's Country. By Elspeth Huxley. Macmillan & Co,, Ltd., London, 1935.

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