Africa

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Characteristics of Africanindependence movements• Right to self determination (U.N. charter)

• Peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII

• Pride in African cultures and heritage

• Resentment toward imperial rule and economicexploitation

• Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, andPortugal

• Influence of superpower rivalry during Cold War

Examples of Africanindependence movements

• West Africa – peaceful transition

• Algeria – War for Independence fromFrance

• Kenya– violent struggle under leadership ofKenyatta against Great Britain

• South Africa – Black Africans’ struggleagainst apartheid

Kenya

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Kikuyu ritual dancer

Kikuyu are native people of Nairobi, Kenya

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Jomo Kenyatta1963

The “George Washington” of Kenya

South Africa and Apartheid

Apartheid

Apartheid was a system of racial segregation enforced in South Africa for almost 50 years that was legally abolished in the early 1990s.

The 1959 Sharpeville Massacre, in which police officers opened fire on unarmed protesters, killing 69 and injuring 186, was a major turning point in public opinion of South African apartheid.

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela1942 he joined the African National Congress (ANC) - his goal? Motivate people

Because of his involvement for independence Nelson was asked to abandon his legal practice

Nelson MandelaHe became a leader in the resistance to white racist apartheid.

He lead the demand for a new constitution

He was arrestedHe served 20+ years in prison

Nelson MandelaIn Feb 1985 when his jailers came to Nelson Mandela and told him he was free to leave - he lofitly declined! He would quit prison when he was ready and the whole country was released and not a moment b4. At that instant, those who confined him became slowly aware he was already the president of the republic and had in fact been in moral command of the office for a considerable time

Nelson Mandela

A well-rooted and experienced non racial party, the African National Congress, had for years been saying to the apartheid authorities, with complete confidence: When you are finished running this country into the ground, we are absolutely ready to replace you - you could say the new South America already existed

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The ANC and Mandela won!

466464 it is a clothing line

Named after Mandela's inmate # and the year he was imprisoned. He was the 466th prisoner at Robben Island, a penal colony in the Atlantic off Cape Town in 1964