tIcf

s]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

KpUv\yqkv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

I™n-°pgn, tIm´bw 686 004

kmPp

Kerala Penthekosthu CharithramtIcf s]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

By Saju

Rights reserved

First published : January 1994

Second published : January 2007

Published by : Good News PublicationsKanjikuzhi, KottayamKerala - 686 004Ph : 0481 2571388

Printed by : Graphic Systems & Co.Mallappally West PostKerala - 689 585, IndiaTel: 0469-2785522, 2782260www.printersfirm.com

Outside KeralaDistribution : Margam Books

Post Box No. 3, Bilaspur,Chhattisgarh - 495 001Phone : 07752 - 244040

Price : Rs.180/-

{]km[I°pdn∏v

Hcp P\kaqlsØ Adnbp∂Xv AhcpsS Ncn{XØneqsSbmWv. F∂m¬

tIcfØnse s]s¥t°mkvXp kaqlw ap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂ns´¶nepw AXns‚

hy‡amb Hcp Ncn{Xw CXphsc cNn°s∏´n´n√. Nne I¿ØrZmk∑msc°pdn®pw

kwLS\Isf°pdn®pap≈ ]pkvXI߃ Ds≠∂p≈Xp ad°p∂n√. tIcf

Ønse s]s¥t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®v Hcp kaqlw F∂ \nebn

ep≈ Ncn{XsØ°pdn®mWv ChnsS kqN\.

AXn\pth≠nbp≈ {]mcw` {iaambncp∂p 1993 P\phcnbn¬ KpUv\yqkv

{]kn≤oIcn® hntijm¬ ]Xn∏v. AXneqsS Ncn{XØns‚ Hcp cq]tcJ

AhXcn∏n®psIm≠v F√mhcpsSbpw A`n{]mbßfpw \n¿t±ißfpw R߃

£Wn®p. sX‰pIƒ Nq≠n°mWn°phm≥ Bhiys∏SpIbpw IqSpX¬ hnhc߃

\¬Iphm≥ A`y¿∞n°pIbpw sNbvXp. teJ\w Xømdm°nb kmPp Xs∂

hn]peamb Ncn{Xw Xømdm°p∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnXzw Gs‰SpØp.

]n∂oSv Ignhp≈nStØmfw {]ÿm\ßtfmSpw hy‡nItfmSpw hnhc߃

Bhiys∏´p. ap≥Ime {]kn≤oIcWßfn¬ \n∂pw a‰p tcJIfn¬ \n∂pw

hkvXpXIƒ tiJcn®p. Hcp h¿jØntesdbp≈ \nc¥camb ]cn{iaw

sIm≠mWv kmPp Ahsbms°bpw tN¿Øv Cu {KŸw Na®Xv. hn{iaclnXamb

At±lØns‚ ]cn{iaw «mL\obamWv, A`n\μm¿lamWv.

hnhn[ ÿeßfn¬ NnXdn°nS∂ Ncn{Xmwi߃ H∂n®v tN¿Øv Hcp

kaqlØns‚ Ncn{Xam°n _lpP\ka£w AhXcn∏n°phm≥ Ign™Xn¬

R߃°v NmcnXm¿∞yap≠v. F√m alXzhpw \ΩpsS I¿Ømhmbtbip{InkvXp

hn\v Bbncn°s´.

KpUv\yqkv ]ªnt°j≥kv

I™n-°p-gn, tIm´bw ̨ 686 004

10-̨ 1-̨ 1994

c≠mw ]Xn∏v

1994-˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb s]s¥-t°mkvXv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ BZy-]-Xn∏v Nne

amk߃sIm≠p Xs∂ Xo¿∂p-t]m-bn. ]n∂oSv 12 h¿j-߃ Bfp-Iƒ \nc-¥-c-

ambn ]pkvXIw Bh-iy-s∏-́ p-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Bh-iy-°m-cmb \qdp-I-W-°n-\m-fp-

I-fpsS \nc-¥c kΩ¿±-amWv Ct∏mƒ Cu c≠mw ]Xn∏v ]pd-Øn-d-°m≥ R߃°v

\n¿_-‘-am-b-Xv. hyXym-k-ß-sfm∂pw IqSm-sX-bmWv Cu c≠mw ]Xn-∏v. \nß-

fpsS kl-I-c-W-Øn\p \μn.

4tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Xe°pdnBZy \q‰m≠n¬ {InkvXym\nXzw AXns‚ {]mcw`Zibn¬ F∂Xpt]mse,

Cu \q‰m≠mZyw s]s¥t°mkvXp {]ÿm\hpw, ZpcnXßfneqsSbpw ]oU\

ßfneqsSbpamWv AXns‚ Ncn{Xamcw`n°p∂Xv. F∂n´pw Hcp \q‰m≠p

]n∂nSp∂Xn\p apºv \h s]s¥t°mkvXv temIsØbmsI Cf°nadn®ncn°p∂p.

tIcfØnepw s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ hf¿® at‰sXmcp {]ÿm\Øns‚bpw

hf¿®sb AXnibn°p∂Xmbncp∂p. C∂nt∏mƒ AhKWn°s∏Sm≥

IgnbmsØmcp i‡nbmbn s]s¥t°mkvXv AwKoIcn°s∏´n´p≠v. Hcp

\q‰m≠pt]mepw {]mbambn´n√mØ Hcp {]ÿm\Øns‚ Ncn{XwIpdn°m≥

t\camtbm F∂p kwibn°p∂hcp≠mImw. F∂m¬ s]s¥t°mkvXp

{]ÿm\Øns‚ D¤h]cnWmaßsf∏‰n \njv]£ KthjWw \SØp∂

GsXmcp hy‡n°pw, Cu alm {]ÿm\Øns‚ Ncn{XsagpXm≥ Imew

XnIt™m F∂√, Imew Ignt™m F∂mWp kwibw tXm∂pI!

AwK_eØnep≠mb AanX hf¿®bmImw ]pdwtemIØv s]s¥t°mkvXn\v

AwKoImcw t\Sns°mSpØXv. F∂m¬ AwK_ewsIm≠√, A¥xkØ

sIm≠mhWw Hcp Bflob {]ÿm\w AwKoIcn°s∏tS≠Xv. AXn\¿∞w

AwKkwJy AhKW\obsa∂√. F∂meXv Hcp c≠mw Imcyw am{XamWv.

tIcfØnse s]s¥t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ Hcp GItZi Nn{XamWv

Cu ]pkvXIØn¬. AXns‚ D¤hhpw hf¿®bpw Ignbp∂{X hniZambn

{]Xn]mZn®ncn°p∂p. tIcf s]s¥t°mkvXp k`Isf∏‰n Nne eLp

]pkvXI߃ {]kn≤oIcn°s∏´n´ps≠¶nepw, hniZhpw hnimehpambn Hcp

Ncn{X]pkvXIw aebmfØnemZyamWv. F¶nepw Ncn{XØnse Hmtcm

kw`hßfpw tcJs∏SpØn, AXns‚ hniZmwißsft∏mepw hnhcn®v Hcp

]pkvXIand°pIsb∂Xv kpkm≤ya√t√m. AXpsIm≠v \n߃ {]Xo£n°p∂

Ht∂m ct≠m BfpIfpsS Ncn{Xw CXn¬ I≠ns√∂ncn°mw. As√¶n¬ Hcp

kw`hsØ∏‰n \n߃ {]Xo£n°p∂{X hnhcWw CXnen√mbncn°mw. tIcf

Øns‚ samØw Ncn{Xw hnhcn°p∂ Hcp ]pkvXIambXn\m¬ {]mtZinI

{]m[m\yw am{Xap≈ Nne kw`h߃ CXn¬ I≠ns√∂pw hcmw. AXn¬

]cn`hn°p∂Xn¬ A¿∞an√t√m. F∂m¬, \nßfdntb≠nbncp∂...F∂n´pw Adn

™n´n√mØ.. Nnescsb¶nepw \n߃ Cu Ncn{X]pkvXIØn¬ ]cnNbs∏Spw.

Ncn{X{]m[m\yap≠mbncp∂n´pw ]pdwtemIw Adn™n´n√mØ ]e kw`hßfpw

CXns‚ t]PpIfn¬ \n߃ Is≠Øpw. AXn¬ Cu ]pkvXIØns‚

]n∂ne≤zm\n®h¿°v Xo¿®bmbpw IrXm¿∞Xbp≠v.

""Ncn{Xsa∂m¬, AXv kXyk‘hpw Pohkp‰Xpambncn°Ww'' F∂mWv

hn{ipX Ncn{XImc\mb Ae≥ s\hn≥kv ]d™ncn°p∂Xv. (Allen Nevins,Introduction to The World History 1954 P. vii). Cu Ncn{XcN\kXyk‘am°m≥ Ignbp∂{X ]cn{iaw \SØnbn´p≠v.

hnhc߃ tiJcn°m≥ CXns‚ {]h¿ØI¿ tIcfØns‚ Hmtcm Pn√Ifpw

5 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Ibdnbndßn. hnhcßfmcm™v \qdpIW°n\mfpIƒ°v IsØgpXn; hnhc߃

tiJcn®p Xcm≥ B\pImenIßfneqsS A`y¿∞n®p. Ncn{XØns‚ km£nIfn¬

\n∂v hnhc߃ tiJcns®Sp°pI F∂Xpt]mse Xs∂ {]bmktadnbXm

bncp∂p tcJs∏SpØs∏´ Ncn{Xw NnIs™Sp°pIsb∂Xpw. Ncn{X

Imebfhnse B\pImenI߃ Is≠ØpI, AXn¬ \n∂p Ncn{X_‘nbmb

Imcy߃ AS¿ØnsbSp°pI, AXnse Xs∂ sshhn≤ymwißsf hnthNn®p

ka\zbn∏n°pI, hmsamgnbmbn hf¿∂ Ncn{X⁄m\hpambn AXns\

tIm¿ØnW°pI XpSßnbhbpw {iaIcambncp∂p. 1925 apXep≈ s]s¥t°m

kvXp Imlfw, 1927 apXep≈ kphntij {]`mjI≥, kotbm≥ Imlfw bYm

hkcteJ apX¬ {]XnamknI߃ hsc, kphntij≤z\n, kphntij\mZw,

F.Pn. ZqX≥, s]s¥t°mkvXv... Aßs\ Fs¥¥v B\pImenI߃ .... ]ns∂

BflIYIfpw PohNcn{X°pdn∏pwt]mep≈ ]pkvXI߃!!

C{Xtbsd {ias∏´v Ncn{Xw tiJcn®mepw AXns‚ cN\ kXyk‘am

IWsa∂v \n¿_‘an√ F∂ hmkvXhw \ne\n¬°p∂p. \n£n]vX Xm¬

]cy߃ ]pkvXIsØ hnIes∏SpØm\nSbp≠v. ChnsS cNbnXmhns‚ hm°p

Iƒ hnizkn°pItb Xcap≈p. a\xkm£nbpsS D≈n¬ \n∂p cNbnXmhv Dd∏p

]dbp∂p... Ncn{X cN\bn¬ \n£n]vX Xm¬]cy߃ IS∂p IqSmsXbncn°m≥

]camh[n ]cn{ian®n´p≠v. Hcp k`mhn`mKØns‚bpw t\cn´p≈ \nb{¥WØn≥

Iogne√, {]km[Icmb KpUv\yqkv ]ªnt°j≥kv F∂Xpw tIcf s]s¥

t°mkvXp Ncn{XØns‚ \njv]£Xsb IqSpX¬ Dd∏n°p∂p.

Ncn{Xw Pohkp‰XmsW¶n¬ AXn¬ Poh\p≈ A\p`h߃ thWw.

AXpsIm≠mWv Cu ]pkvXIØnepS\ofw s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ hf¿®bv°v

Poh≥ sImSpØ ssZhZmk∑mcpsS PohnXm\p`h߃ tImdnbn´ncn°p∂Xv.

BZyIme {]h¿ØIcpsS PohNcn{X°pdn∏pIƒ°mWv {]m[m\yw sImSpØn´p

≈sX¶nepw, Aßs\bp≈ F√mhscbpw Dƒs°m≈n°phm≥ Ign™n´n√.

hnhcßfpsS Zu¿e`yw Xs∂ {][m\ ImcWw. a\x]q¿Δambn Bscbpw Hgn

hm°nbn´n√. Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ XmfpIfn¬ PohNcn{Xw {]Xy£s∏´n´n√mØ

{]KXv̀ cmb \qdpIW°n\mfpIƒ thsdbpap≠v.

IgnhXpw Imem\p{IaambmWv Ncn{Xw hnhcn®ncn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬, apJy

Ncn{XØn\nSbv°v {]Xy£s∏Sp∂ "t_mIvkv B¿´n°nƒkv', PohNcn{X

°pdn∏pIƒ Chbv°v cq]Iev]\bpsS kuIcya\pkcn®v ÿm\w

sImSpØncn°p∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw A°mZanIam°m≥ ]cn{ian®n´ns√∂p Xs∂

]dbmw. hmb\°m¿ km[mcW°mcmb hnizmknIfmhm\mWnSsb∂p I≠v cN\

F{Xbpw efnXam°m≥ BhXp ]cn{ian®n´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ncn{XØns‚ hni

Ie\Øn\p ]cn{ian°mXncp∂n´pan√. {]K¤cmb ]ecpambnt®¿∂v AhtemI

\samcp°Wsa∂mbncp∂p Fs‚ BZy Xm¬]cyw. ]e ImcWßfm¬ AXp

Ign™n√.

\μn......

Cu ]pkvXIcN\bn¬ Fs∂ klmbn® ]ecp≠v. \μn {]Xo£n®√

6tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Ahcmcpw CXp sNbvXXv Fs∂\n°dnbmw. {i{iqjbpsS ̀ mKambn°≠v Cu

A≤zm\sØ Gs‰SpØ Gh¿°pw kvt\tlm]lmcßf¿∏nt®ms´.

Ncn{X cN\bpsS AkwkvIrX hkvXphmb hnhc߃ tiJcn®pX∂h¿

\qdpIW°n\mWv. t]scSpØp ]dbp∂Xnse _p≤nap v́ a\ nem°mat√m. Pn√

Xncn®v hnhcßsfØn®h¿ ]ecp≠v. AXn\mbn Ah¿°v ]e \mfpIƒ A≤zm

\n°pIbpw Gsd bm{X sNøpIbpw th≠n h∂n´p≠v. NnecpsS t]cv FSpØv

]dbp∂Xv a‰p≈h¿ £an°pI. ]mÿ taml≥ ]n. tUhnUv (Imk¿tKmUv),

]mÿ hn.‰n. G{_lmw (IÆq¿) t\m_nƒ ]n. tXmakv (tImgnt°mSv, hb\mSv),

]mÿ Fw.H. A\nb≥, tPm¿Pv ^nen∏v, tUm. hn.sP. kmaph¬ (]me°mSv),

kmwIp´n Nmt°m (ae∏pdw), ]mÿ ]n.Fw. tPmbn (Xr»q¿), _nPp ]n. FIvkv

(FdWmIpfw), sI.F≥. d ¬, jmPn CSp°n (CSp°n), jmPp kn. tPmk^v

(Ip´\mSv), tkhy¿ Pbnwkv, _m_p (Be∏pg), Pbnwkv tPm¨ (dm∂n) tPmPn,

a≥Pp (]p\eq¿), tXmakv tXm∂bv°¬ (Xncph\¥]pcw), F¬. kmw (sX°≥

XncphnXmwIq¿) XpSßn ]ecpw C°q´Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. tXmakv tXm∂bv°¬,

_nPp ]n. FIvkv, Pbnwkv tPm¨, Ipcymt°mkv tXm´Øn¬, hntPmbv k°dnb

F∂nh¿ ]e \mfpIƒ Ft∂msSm∏w Xmakn®p {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ kl

Icn®hcmWv. Rm≥ Ncn{XsagpXp∂psh∂dn™t∏mƒ apX¬ Ipdnb∂qcnse

hnizmknIfpw ]mÿ kmwIp´nbpw AhcpsS {]m¿∞\bn¬ \nc¥cambn

Fs∂tbm¿Øp F∂p Rm\dnbp∂p. AXmWv Ncn{XcN\bn¬ F\n°p _eambn

`hn®Xv. Ncn{XØns‚ s^b¿tIm∏n Xømdm°nbXv sP nbmWv. Rm\pw

sP nbpw H∂pt]mse {]h¿Ø\\ncXcmbncp∂t∏mƒ aq∂p hb p≈ Rß

fpsS aIƒ {ipXn°p \jvSs∏´Xv AΩb∏≥amcpsS emf\bmWv. Ncn{XcN\bpsS

Kuchw a\ nem°m\p≈ {]mbans√¶nepw AXv Ahƒ Dƒs°m≠p

sh∂tXm¿Øpw Rm≥ ssZhsØ kvXpXn°p∂p.

Ncn{Xw ]pkvXIam°p∂Xn¬ Gsd A≤zm\n® a‰p c≠p t]cmWv ]pkvXIw

Iw]yq´dnem°nb ̂ n∂nbpw (KpUv\yqkv tek¿ {]n‚ vkv) cq]Iev]\ sNbvX

kÆnbpw ({Km^nIvkv Cs∂mthj≥kv). AXv tPmenbpsS ̀ mKamb√, ip{iqj

bmbnØs∂bmWv Ah¿ IcpXnbXv. {]q^v t\m°nØ∂ A∏t°ms´ {]nb

A∏®\pw ({io. F. Fw. amXyp) Gsd A≤zm\n®p.

C{Xtbsd sNehphcp∂ Hcp ]pkvXIØns‚ {]km[\w Gs‰SpØ

KpUv\yqkv ]ªnt°j≥kn\pw hn.Fw. amXyp kmdn\pw {]tXyI \μn..........

P\p-hcn, 1994 kvt\lm-Z-c-ß-tfm-sS,

hen-b-h-́ -∏md hoSv

Ipdnb-∂q¿ t]mÃv

Xncp-h-√, tIcfw ˛ 689 550

Phone : 0469 2672310, Mob : 9447172310E-mail : jesusmission@rediffmail.com

kmPp

7 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Ncn-{X-Øm-fp-I-fn-eq-sS....

s]s¥-t°mkvXv \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS 14

BZy-Ime DW¿Δp-I-fnse Bfl-hc {]I-S-\-߃ 26

s]s¥t°mkvXv C¥y-bn¬ 32

tIc-f-Øns‚ BflnI DW¿Δp Ncn{Xw 36

s]s¥-t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\w tIc-f-Øn-em-cw-̀ n-°p∂p 44

tPm¿Pv _¿§v 44

tIc-f-k` _¿§v kmbv]ns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ 48

Xph-bq¿ k` 49

]mÿ Ip°ns‚ BK-a\w 49

H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w 55

DW¿Δv hym]n-°p∂p 55

Nmen-tb-°c 59

ho≠pw Xph-bq-cn¬ 59

BZysØ k`m-lmƒ 60

dh. Ip°v IpSpw-_-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kμ¿in-°p∂p 62

]p\-eq¿ 63

sIm´m-c-°c 63

Ip°v kmbv]v

sIm´m-c-°-c-bn¬ Xmak-am-°p∂p 64

Zcn-{Z¿°p kphn-tijw 67

sh≈n-°c 69

Ipº-\mSv 70

Fgp-a-‰q¿ 70

s]cp-sº´n 70

dm∂n 71

s]mbvI-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥ D]-tZin 72

amth-en-°c 72

ae-¶-c-k-̀ -bpsS BZy-hm¿jnI I¨h≥j≥ 73

tacn Nm]vam≥ F.-Pn.-bpsS BZy-an-j-\dn 78

]mÿ sI.-C. G{_lmw 90

sh´n-bm¿ 92

]¥fw 92

Ce-¥q¿ 93

IS-º-\mSv 93

anj-\-dn-am-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂p 93

s]mbvI-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥ D]-tZ-in-bpsS Bÿm-\Øv 94

8tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

hntbm-PnX t\Xm-°ƒ s]s¥-t°mkvXp

hnizmkw kzoI-cn-°p∂p 94

F.-sP. tPm¨ 95

sI.-kn. sNdn-bm≥ 96

sI.-kn. DΩ≥ 96

F.-kn. kmap-h¬ 98

]n.-hn. tPm¨ 98

]n.-‰n. Nmt°m 99

a≤y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ k -̀Iƒ h¿≤n-°p∂p 99

tas°m-gp¿ 100

dm∂n 100

Ipº-\mSv 100

Ißg 101

hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w {]Xn-Iq-eßfpw 104

DØ-c-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-te°v the hym]n-°p∂p 105

sX∂n¥ym s]s¥-t°mkvXp

ssZh-k-̀ bpw hntZ-i-an-j-\-dn-amcpw 106

ae-¶c s]s¥-t°mkvXp ssZh-k` 106

Akw-ªokv Hm^v tKmUpw hfcp∂p 107

Imbw-Ipfw 108

]Ø-\m-]pcw 109

kwtbm-PnX k -̀bpsS hf¿® 111

kotbm≥Ip∂v 111

kphn-ti-j-{]-̀ m-j-I≥ 114

kotbm≥Ip∂v ss__nƒ kvIqƒ 114

B™-en-Øm\w 115

Ipdp-º-\mSw 117

IWn-®p-Ipfw 117

]ndhw 118

]qh-Øq¿ DW¿Δv 119

]qh-Øq-cnse kzX-{¥-hn-tbm-Pn-X¿

s]s¥-t°m-kvXn-te°v 119

F.-B¿.-‰n. AXn-ibw 121

kotbm≥Ip-∂nse DW¿Δv 125

]mÿ ‰n.-Fw. h¿Kokv 128

sI.-]n. ^nen∏v F¬.-‰n.-F®v 129

tPm¨ sF∏v 130

F.-Fw. Um\n-b¬ 130

Ißg 131

DØ-c-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ 131

9 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

XSn-bq¿ 134

Imbw-Ipfw R°-\m¬ 137

hmcym-]pcw 137

]n.-Fw. kmap-h¬ 140

‰n.-Pn. DΩ≥ 143

]qh≥ae DW¿Δv 146

Bdm-aS sIm®pIp™p k\ymkn 146

Ip°v kmbv]v F.-Pn.-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w hnSp∂p 149

]mÿ t]mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ FØp∂p 153

A-s∏m-kvX-enI hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn

]mÿ t]mƒ 159

kwtbm-Pn-X-k` hgn-]n-cn-bp∂p 160

]n.-Fw. kmap-h¬

sX∂n¥ym s]s¥-t°mkvXp k -̀bn¬ 164

Bdm-aS k` sX∂n¥ym k`tbmSp tNcp∂p 164

sI.-C. G{_-lm-an\v Hm¿Un-t\-j≥ 166

sI.-C. G{_lmw Ipº-\m v́ Xma-k-am-°p∂p 166

sX∂n¥ym t\Xm-°-fpsS kntem¨ kμ¿i\w 167

slt{_m≥ ss__nƒ kvIqƒ 167

Hcp {]hmlw aq∂p ssIh-gn-Iƒ 171

]pXnb k`-I-fpsS hf¿® 173

kzØp-°ƒ hn‰v kphn-ti-j-th-ebv°v Cd-ßn-b-h¿ 173

sX∂n¥ym k` kn.-]n.-Fw. _‘w hnSp∂p 174

k -̀Iƒ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-cq]w {]m]n-°p∂p 175

Akw-ªokv Hm v̂ tKmUv 175

sF.-]n.-kn. cPn-kvt{S-j≥ 176

Ip°v kmbv]v

N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUpambn tbmPn-°p∂p 177

k`m-h-f¿® Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp∂p 179

tImgn-t°mSv 180

Xr»q¿ 187

Xr»q¿ ] -́W-Ønse the 189

Fd-Wm-Ipfw 191

Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]´Ww 192

ssh∏n≥Ic 198

tIm´bw 199

tIm´bw ] -́W-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 199

Xe-∏mSn 200

sI.-Fw. kJ-dnb tIm -́bØv FØp∂p 201

]mÿ ]n.-Fw. ̂ nen∏v tIm´-bØv FØp∂p 201

10tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Ip -́\mSv 204

taev]mSw 204

Ip°v kmbv]ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w 205

kntem¨ s]s¥-t°mkvXp anj≥ 208

]mÿ Sn.-Pn. DΩ≥ taev]m-SØv 209

Be-∏pg 216

Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n 218

]mbn-∏mSv 219

HmX-d, I√n-t»cn 219

dm∂n 221

sIm´m-c-°c 222

thßq¿ 223

B\bw 224

Xph-bq¿, IS-º-\mSv 225

]Ø-\m-]pcw 226

]p\-eq¿ 226

sIm√w 228

sIm√w Pn√-bnse kn.-]n.-Fw. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 231

sIm√w ] -́W-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 232

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 233

kn.-]n.-Fw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bn¬ 233

sF.-]n-.kn. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 238

shºmbw 240

tk\-ø≥ hm≤ymcpw taev]pdw k`bpw 240

sF.-]n.-kn. °v hntZ-i-_-‘-߃ 242

N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv

hntZ-i-k-lm-b-Øns‚ XW-en¬ 248

Ip°v kmbv]v C¥y hntS-≠n-h-cp∂p 248

F.-Pn. t\Xm-°ƒ Ata-cn° kμ¿in--°p∂p 251

sF.-]n.-kn. hn`-P-\-Øns‚ apdn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ 253

ae-bm-fn-Iƒ s]s¥-t°mkvXp ZqXp-ambn _mly-tI-c-f-Øn-te°v 260

Ip°v kmbv]ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w 261

A{‘-bn-te°v 262

I¿Æm-S-I-bn-te°v 263

DØ-tc-¥y-bn-te°v 263

_mly-tI-cfw c≠mw L´w 264

adp-\m-S≥ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS CS-bn-te°v 265

DØ-tc-¥y≥ s]s¥-t°mkvXp {]h¿Ø\w

hyh-ÿm-]nX k`-Iƒ°v ]pdØv 266

]mÿ Fw.-sI. Nmt°m 268

11 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

]mÿ ]n.-‰n. Nmt°m 269

]mÿ hn.-sP. G{_lmw 269

]mÿ ̂ nen∏v G{_lmw 270

]mÿ ‰n.-sI. tXmakv 270

]mÿ F.-F≥. amXyp 270

]mÿ sI.-sI. Ipcp-hnf 271

tXmakv ]c-tZin 271

]mÿ sI.-sP. ^nen∏v 271

]mÿ sI.-sP. kmap-h¬ 272

tUm. Ipcy≥ tXmakv 272

]mÿ ]n.-F-kv. kmap-h¬ 273

]mÿ Fw. Fkv. tPmk^v 273

]mÿ sI.-‰n. tXmakv 274

tUm. tXmakv amXyqkv 274

]mÿ sI. ssh. Koh¿Kokv 274

]mÿ C.-Fw. kJ-dnb 275

]mÿ sI. tPmbn 275

]mÿ sI.-hn. G{_lmw DZb-∏q¿ 276

]mÿ sI.-hn. G{_lmw t_mws_ 276

]mÿ Fk-°n-tb¬ tPmjzm 276

]mÿ ]n.-sF. tPm¨ U¬ln 277

]mÿ F≥.-‰n. Ipcp-hnf 277

]mÿ G{_lmw kmap-h¬ 277

]mÿ ]n.-Pn. h¿Kokv 278

]mÿ Fw. C. Cu∏≥ 278

tUm. sI.-hn. t]mƒ]n≈ 279

]mÿ ]n.-sP. ssS‰kv 279

tUm. F.-kn. tPm¿Pv 279

tUm. tPm¨ Xm∂n-°¬ 280

]mÿ amΩ≥ tPmk v̂ 280

]mÿ kn.-Fw. amΩ≥ 281

]mÿ sI.-Fw. X¶-®≥ 281

]mÿ Fw. tXmakv 281

]mÿ sI.-kn. sIm®pÆn 282

]mÿ H. _©-an≥ 282

dh. ]n.-Fw. tXmakv 282

]mÿ F≥. Fw. tPm¨ 283

]mÿ ]n.-‰n. kmap-h¬ 283

]mÿ F≥.-kn. tPmk^v 284

knÿ tdmkΩ tPm¨ 284

12tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

]mÿ F.-sP. amXyp 284

]mÿ ssh. tPmk^v 285

]pXnb k -̀I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw 288

imtcm≥ s^tem-jn∏v N¿®v 289

thƒUv anj-\dn Chm-©-enkw s^tem-jn∏v 294

ssZh-k-̀ (-I-e-b-]p-cw) 296

s]s¥-t°mkvXp ssZh-k` 299

\yq C¥y N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 299

\yq C¥y ss__nƒ N¿®v 300

{^o s]s¥-t°mkvXv ssZh-k` 305

N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv I√p-ae 305

Zn s]s¥-t°m-kvX¬ tKmkv]¬ N¿®v 306

aÆmw-hnf ssZh-k` 306

N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUv (km-bm-”-Zo-]w) 308

N¿®kv Hm^v tKmUv C≥ C¥ym {SÃv 308

C¥ym N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 308

C¥ym {InkvXy≥ s^tem-jn∏v 310

s_tY¬ tKmkv]¬ Akwªn 310

Zn \yq sSÃ-sa‚ v N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv C≥ C¥ym 310

C¥y≥ As∏m-kvX-enIv N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 311

^pƒ tKmkv]¬ s]s¥-t°m-kvX¬ N¿®v 311

Z kuØv C¥ym As∏m-kvX-enIv N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv 311

s^tem-jn∏v Hm v̂ C≥Un-s]≥U‚ v

^pƒ tKmkv]¬ N¿®v Hm^v C¥y 311

au≠v ko\mbn tlmfn N¿®v Hm^v C¥y 311

A‰v F\n tImÃv Pokkv aqhvsa‚ v C¥y 312

ae-¶c {InkvXy≥ N¿®v 312

kXy ssZh-k` 312

As∏m-kvX-enI s]s¥-t°mkvXp N¿®v 312

]p∂-aqSv ssZh-k` 313

N¿®v Hm^v tKmUv, apf-h\ 313

kotbm≥ kwLw 316

^ne-sZ¬^nb ssZh-k` 316

^pƒ tKmkv]¬ Akwªn 316

C¥ym tKmkv]¬ C≥Un-s]≥U‚ v N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUv 316

C≥-Un-s]≥U‚ v

Akw-ªokv Hm v̂ tKmUv C‚¿\m-j-W¬ 316

]q¿Æ-kp-hn-tij s]s¥-t°m-kvXp-k` 317

s]s¥-t°mkvXpw kv{XoIfpw 320

]pcp-js‚ hnP-b-Øns‚ ]n∂nse B kv{Xo 326

13 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

kt¶-X-߃ 330

tkmZ-co-k-amPw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 332

Zn s]s¥-t°mkvXp anj\pw kv{XoI-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw 333

kv{XoIfpw ̀ mcX kphn-ti-jo-I-c-Whpw 333

ae-_m¿ 1950-̨ -\ptijw 336

ae-_m-dnse IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ 339

kao-]-Im-esØ kphn-ti-jo-I-c-W -{i-a-߃ 340

Imk¿tKmUv Pn√ 342

IÆq¿ Pn√ 344

IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse IpSn-tb-‰ -{Km-a-߃ 346

tImgn-t°mSv Pn√ 348

hb-\mSv Pn√ 351

\ne-ºq¿ 352

]me-°mSv Pn√ 356

A -́∏m-Sn-bnse {]h¿Ø\w 358

CSp°n Pn√ 359

\ΩpsS bph-P\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ 364

]n.-ssh.-]n.-F. 365

ssh.-]n.C 366

kn.-F. 366

kn.-C.Fw. 366

Kmb-I¿, Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-°ƒ 370

Kmb-I-kw-L-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw 375

]mÿ Fw. sI. h¿Kokv 378

]mÿ ]n.-]n. amXyp 379

]m-ÿ GWÃv sska¨ 379

]mÿ C.-hn. h¿Kokv 380

]mÿ Sn.-kn. tPmjzm 380

sP.-hn.-]o-‰¿ 381

`‡-h-’-e≥ 381

N¿®v Hm v̂ tKmUv hn -̀Pn-°-s∏-Sp∂p 382

ss__nƒ kvIqƒ, ss__nƒ kvIqƒ 390

ÿew k`-I-fpsS \jvS-am-Ip∂ kzmX{¥yw 399

I¨h≥j-\p-Iƒ, I¨h≥j-\p-Iƒ 407

s]s¥-t°m-kvXp-Im-c\pw A®p-°q-Shpw 410

ae-bmfn s]s¥-t°m-kvX¿ hntZ-iØv 415

s]s¥-t°mkvXp {]ÿm\w C∂v 422

(t_mIvkv B¿´n-°-fp-I-fp-sSbpw Poh-N-cn-{X-Ip-dn-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw

t^mt´m-I-fp-sSbpw enÃv 433˛436 t]Pp-I-fn¬ ImWp-I)

14tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

]cnip≤mflkv\m\hpw AXns\

ØpS¿∂p≈ A\y`mjm`mjWhpw

s]s¥t°mkvXv\mfn\ptijw {]Xy

£amIp∂Xv Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠nemWv

Fs∂mcp [mcW efnXa\kvIcmb

Nne hnizmknIƒs°¶nepap≠v.

F∂m¬ ]cnip≤mflhcßfpsS {]Xn

^e\߃ H∂mw \q‰m≠p apXen

tßm´p≈ F√m Imeßfnepw k`bn¬

{]Xn^en®ncp∂p F∂XmWv hmkvX

hw. A\y`mjsb°pdn®v F≥ssk

t¢m]oUnbm {_n´m\n° tcJs∏

SpØp∂Xv, Hmtcm ImeØpap≠mbn

´p≈ {InkvXob D¨¿ΔpIfnsems°

"t•mtkmemenb' (A\y`mj) {]Xy

£ambncp∂p F∂mWv. (F≥sskt¢m]oUnb {_n´m\n°, Vol XXII, Page253)

\memw \q‰m≠n¬ k` ]pdw

s]s¥t°mkvXv\q‰m≠pIfneqsS

temIØv am\n°s∏SpIbpw cmjv{Sob

kzm[o\w kzmbØamhpIbpw sNbvX

t∏mƒ apX¬ ]et∏mgpw AXv ab°

Øn¬ hoWpt]msb¶nepw, CSbv°nsS

ssZhaXns\ X´nbpW¿ØpIbpw ]e

Imeßfnembn D≠mb Bflob

DW¿Δp kabßfn¬ hyhÿm]nX

k` ]cnXyPn® BflhcßfpsS {]IS

\߃ \yq\]£Øns‚ CSbnse

¶nepw {]Z¿inXamhpIbpw sNbvXn

cp∂psh∂XmWp hmkvXhw.

c≠mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyZiI

ßfn¬, Ft¥m, BZyImesØ∂

t]mse k`bn¬ Bflhc߃ {]ISn

∏n°s∏´n√. ssZhw k`bv°p \¬Inb

BflhcßfpsS {]Z¿i\߃ Ah

km\sØ As∏mkvXes‚ acW

tØmsS Ahkm\n®psh∂pt]mepw

Nne¿ [cn®p. CXn\¿∞w c≠mw

1

15 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

\q‰mt≠msS Bflhcßfpw A\y

`mjm`mjWhpw k`bn¬ \n∂v A{]

Xy£ambn F∂√. Aßs\ kwi

bn® Xs‚ kaImeoItcmSv PÃn≥

am¿´nb¿, (AD 130-200) ""ssZhmflmhns‚ hc߃ {]m]n®n´p≈ ]e

kv{XoIsfbpw ]pcpj∑mscbpw

\ΩpsS CSbn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbpw''

F∂p hy‡ambn {]kvXmhn°p∂p

≠v. (R.G Gromacki; The Modern TonguesMovements, 1967, Page 12).

tbml∂m≥ As∏mkvXes‚

injy\mbncp∂ t]mfoIm¿∏ns‚

Iogn¬ A`ykn® _nj∏v sFtd\n

bkv (115˛202) Cßs\ {]kvXmhn

°p∂p: ""AXpt]mse, \ΩpsS k`

bnse ]e ktlmZcßfpw {]hN\

hcw D≈hcmWv. Ah¿ Aflmhn¬

]e ̀ mjIƒ kwkmcn°p∂hcpamWv.''

F∂m¬ c≠mw \q‰m≠ns‚ HSp

hn¬ ""As∏mkvXenI ImesØ∂

t]mse F°meØpw ]cnip≤mfl

{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ {]Xy£ {]Xn

^e\w ZriyamIpw'' F∂p hmZn®p

sIm≠v sam≠m\nÃpIƒ ss{IkvXh

k`bn¬ IS∂ph∂p. Bflhcß

fpsS \n¿hnLv\ {]Z¿i\sØ t{]m

’mln∏n® sam≠m\ n\p [mcmfw

A\pbmbnIfp≠mbn. Ah¿ Xßsf

Øs∂ "Bfl_m[nX¿' (Pneumatics)F∂mWv hnfn®psIm≠ncp∂Xv.

A\y`mjIƒ kwkmcn°p∂hcpw

{]hNn°p∂hcpw Cu kwLØn¬

[mcmfap≠mbncp∂p.

hyhÿm]nX k` sam≠m\ n

s\ Zpcp]tZiw NpaØn ]pdØm°n.

At±lØns‚ A\pbmbnIsf Ah¿

th´bmSn D]{Zhn®p. ]oU\߃

sIme]mXI߃hscsbØn. At\Iw

sam≠m\nÃpIƒ c‡km£nIfmbn

Øo¿∂p. ""I´nen¬ InS∂p acn°m≥

B{Klnt°≠m, c‡km£nXzw

Imw£n®p sImƒho≥'' F∂p sam≠m

\kv Xs‚ A\pbmbnIsf D]tZin®p.

t‰m∏n°-bnse ss__nƒ kvIqƒNmƒkv ]¿lmw 1900-̨ ¬ ss__nƒ kvIqfn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® sI´n-Sw. CusI´n-S-Øn¬ h®mWv BKv\kv Hmkvam≥ A\y-̀ m-j-I-fn¬ kwkm-cn-®-Xv.

18

16tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

IØo{U¬ Bibßfn¬\n∂p≈ ]n≥am‰hpw hyhÿm]nX

k`tbmSp≈ t_m[]q¿Δamb \ntj[hpw Cu \q‰m≠nse s]s¥t°mkvXv

{]ÿm\Øns‚ apJap{Zbmbn AwKoIcn°s∏´n ´ps≠¶n¬ \ΩpsS

]q¿Δ]nXm°sf∏‰nbp≈ ]T\Øn¬ tPm¿Pv t^mIvkns\bpw At±l

Øns‚ A\pbmbnIfmb "Izbvt°gvkn't\bpw am‰n\n¿Øm\mhn√.

]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ bp‡nbpsS Nßebv°p≈n¬ hnizmksØ

Xf®nSphm\p≈ Ahncmaamb {iaw \S°p∂ ImeØmbncp∂p tPm¿Pv

t^mIvkns‚ cwK{]thiw. {^©v XXzimkv{X⁄\mb sds\, kwibn°m≥

km[yXbp≈ GsXm∂nt\bpw kwibtØmsS ho£n°Ww F∂

]pXpXXzhpambn, ""Rm≥ Nn¥n°p∂p, AXpsIm≠v Rm≥ Pohn°p∂p'' F∂

{]Jym]\hpambn, XWpØpd™ ssZhimkv{X{]⁄bv°v Xo ]nSn∏n®ncp∂

Imeambncp∂p AXv. At∏mgmWv tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv "Bflmhns‚ Dƒshfn®

amhWw hnizmknsb \bnt°≠Xv' F∂ ]pXp[mcWbpambn t{]jnX

temItØ°ndßnbXv.

tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv, "tbip{InkvXp Xs‚ c£nXmhmsW∂pw, Ah≥ Xs‚

]m]ßsf√mw tamNn®pXs∂∂pw' {]Jym]n®p. {InkvXym\nbmsWt∂m

{InkvXob cmPyamsWt∂m D≈ A`nam\Øn¬ Igsºm∂pans√∂pw bYm¿

∞Øn¬ Ahs\ A\pKan°pIbmWv Bhiysa∂pw Cw•≠nse P\ßtfmSv

At±lw D]tZin®p.

AXptI´ A[nImcnh¿§w ASßnbncp∂n√. 1650˛¬ Cw•≠nse

\ymbm[n]≥ t^mIvkn\v 6 amksØ Pbn¬in£ hn[n®p. F∂m¬

\ymbm[n]\mb s_∂‰nt\mSp ""Xm¶ƒ ssZhsØ ̀ btØmSpw hndbtemSpw

A\pKan°Ww'' (tremble in the fear of God) F∂v tImSXnbn¬sh®pXs∂t^mIvkv D]tZin®p.

""\nßfmWv hndsIm≈p∂h¿, \n߃ hndb∑mcmWv'' (you folk are thetremblers, you are the quakers) F∂p ]d™p PUvPn t^mIvkns‚ D]tZiwNncn®pX≈n. t^mIvkpw A\pbmbnIfpw AhcpsS tbmKßfn¬ Nnet∏m

sgms° hnImcmthiØm¬ hndsIm≈p∂ hnhcw PUvPn°v Adnhp≈

Xmbncp∂p.

""Aßs\ At¥ymIybn¬h®v tbiphns‚ injy∑m¿°v {InkvXym\nIƒ

F∂ t]cp≠mbXpt]mse'' Cw•≠nse Um¿_nbn¬h®v tPm¿Pv

]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠nse

Izbv°¿ kaqlØns‚

\mbI\mbncp∂ tPm¿÷v

t^mIvkv,. Izbv°¿

tbmKßfn¬ A\y`mjbpƒs∏

sSbp≈ Bflhc߃

{]Imin∏n°s∏´ncp∂pht{X.

tPm¿÷v t^mIvkv

Izb

vt°gvk

v

17 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

t^mIvkns‚ A\pbmbnIƒ°v "Izbvt°gvkv' F∂p t]cp≠mbn.

CsXms°bmsW¶nepw Izbvt°gvkv AhscØs∂ hnfn®ncp∂Xv

"kvt\lnXcpsS kaqlw' F∂mWv (Society of friends) . ""Fs‚ Iev]\If\pkcn®m¬ \nßsfs‚ kvt\lnX∑mcmIpw'' F∂ I¿Ømhns‚ hm°pIƒ°\p

krXambmWv Ahcot]cp kzoIcn®Xv.

Cw•≠ns‚ sXcphoYnbn¬ Bbnc߃ XSn®pIqSnb ]cky tbmK

ßfn¬ tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv {]kwKn®p. ""{InkvXp CXm C{Xbpw \mƒ Ip¿∫m\

{Iaßfntem, ]ckymcm[\ ]pkvXIßfntem _‘\ÿ\mbn InS∂ncp∂p.

C\nbnt∏mƒ AhnSp∂p \nßfpsS {]hmNI\pw ]ptcmlnX\pw cmPmhp

ambnØocs´. Ahs\ A\pkcn°pI''

"Bflmhns‚ Dƒ{]Imi'Øn\p Izbv°¿ kaqlw sImSpØ AanX

{]m[m\yw Ahsc ]e Ipg∏Ønte°pw sIm≠pNmSn®n´pap≠v. 1656˛¬

Cw•≠nse Izbv°¿ kaqlØns‚ \mbI\mbncp∂ Pbnwkv s\bve¿

(James Naylor) Dƒt{]cWbm¬ {_nÃfnte°v Hcp hnPbPmY \bn®p. BPmY tlmi∂m hnfnIƒsIm≠v apJcnXambncp∂p. s\bvedns‚ Cu

"CXnlmkbm{X' Bflmhns‚ \SØn∏ns\ Aev]w IqsS Pm{KXtbmsS

ho£n°phm≥ Izbv°¿ kaqlsØ t{]cn∏n®p. ]n∂oSv Bflmhns‚ \S

Øn∏pw ssZhhN\Øn\\p krXambncn°Ww F∂ Db¿∂ ssZhimkv{X

[mcWbnte°v Izbv°¿ kaqlw \SØs∏´p.

hyhÿm]nXamb aXkwLØn¬ \n∂v Izbv°¿ \nc¥cambn ]oV\w

G¬t°≠nh∂t∏mƒ A∂v Cw•≠ns‚ `cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂ Henh¿

t{Imwsh√ns\ I≠v tPm¿Pv t^mIvkv aXkzmX{¥yØn\mbn At]£n®p.

t{Imwsh¬ Imcyambn AXnt\mSp {]XnIcn®ns√¶nepw Ahsc∏‰n At±lw

\¬Inb ]cma¿iw Izbvt°gvkns\ Xo¿®bmbpw kt¥mjn∏nt°≠XmWv.

""kΩm\ßfmtem ]ZhnIfmtem {]ikvXn ]{Xßfmtem Hcn°epw

kzm[o\n°phm≥ IgnbmØ kaqlw'' F∂mWv Izbvt°gvkns\∏‰n

t{Imwsh¬ km£ys∏SpØnbXv.

hnip≤n°pw th¿]mSn\pw th≠n \nesIm≠hcmsW¶n¬IqsS kaql

Øn¬ \n∂v H‰s∏´p Pohn°p∂Xn\p Izbvt°gvkv Xømdmbn√. Cw•≠nse

F√m hyhÿm]nX kwhn[m\ßtfmSpw hnS]d™v Hcp ip≤{InkvXob

kaqlw sI´n∏Sp°p∂Xn\p XømsdSpØ ]yqcn‰≥knt\mSv (Puritans)AhcpsS aX auenI hmZØns‚ t]cn¬ Izbvt°gvkv FXn¿Øp \n∂p.

\hs]s¥t°mkvXv {]ÿm\hpw ]yqcn‰≥kns‚ aXauenIhmZsØ°mƒ,

Izbvt°gvkns‚ "kaqltØmsSm∂n®p≈ PohnX'Øn\mWv {]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂Xv.

kmaqlyXn∑ItfmSpw Izbvt°gvkv k‘nbn√mkacw {]Jym]n®p. Atacn

°bnse Hcp {][m\s∏´ Izbv°¿ Bbncp∂ tPm¨ hqƒam≥ (JohnWoolman) ASnahym]mcØns\Xnsc i‡ambn i_vZapb¿Øn. ZnhkwBdpaWn°qdn¬ IqSpX¬ Hcp sXmgnemfnsbs°m≠v ]WnsbSp∏n°m≥

]mSn√ F∂ A`n{]mb°mc\mbncp∂p hqƒam≥. \o≠ aWn°qdpIfnse

ITn\m≤zm\w ]et∏mgpw sXmgnemfnIsf aZy]m\Øn\p t{]cn∏n°p∂p F∂v

At±lw hmZn®p. 6 aWn°q¿ tPmen sNbvXm¬ IpSpw_k‘mcWØn\m

hiyambXv sXmgnemfn°v e`yamIp∂ kwhn[m\ap≠mIWw. sXmgn¬ kabw

\nPs∏SpØnbm¬ sXmgnen√mbvabpsS {]iv\ßfpw ]cnlcn°m\mIpsa∂v

hqƒam≥ hmZn®p. Npcp°Øn¬ a\pjys‚ BfloIhpw kmaqlyhpamb

{]iv\ßsf°pdn®v XnI®pw t_m[ap≈hcmbncp∂p Izbvt°gvkv.

18tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

sam≠m\nÃpIfpsS D]tZiØn¬

]mfn®Iƒ D≠mbncp∂p F∂Xp t\cp

Xs∂. {]hN\߃°v XncphN\

tØmSp Xpeyamb ssZh\nizmkyX

bps≠∂ hnizmkamWv Ahsc apJy

[mcbn¬ \n∂pw AI‰n\n¿Øm≥ Hcp

{][m\ ImcWw. F∂m¬ F√m

sam≠m\nÃpIfpw Aßs\ hnizkn

®ncp∂n√.

Im¿tØPnse _nj∏mbncp∂

sX¿Øpey≥ {]K¤\mb Hcp sam≠m

\nÃmbncp∂p. k`mNcn{XImc\mb

tUhnUv F^v. ssd‰v ]dbp∂Xv,

"sam≠m\nÃpIsf aX Xo{hhmZnIƒ

F∂phscsbms° hnfn°msa¶nepw

Zpcp]tZi°m¿ F∂p hnfn°m\mhn√'

F∂mWv. Ahsc ]pdØm°pI hgn

k`bv°v AXns‚ BflnI apt∂‰

Øn¬ hfsc \jvS߃ ̀ hn®p F∂pw

At±lØn\v A`n{]mbap≠v.

sam≠m\nkØns\Xnsc ssZh

imkv{X]camb A{Ia߃ \SØnb

hcn¬ A{KKW\ob≥ AKÃn≥

Xs∂. At±lØns‚ "hncma hmZw'

(Cessation Theory) ]cnip≤mflhc߃°p t\sc k` hmXn¬ sIm´nbS

bv°p∂Xn\p ImcWambn `hn®p.

H∂mw \q‰mt≠msS k`bn¬ ]cnip≤m

flhcßfpsS {]Xn^e\w AkvXan®p

F∂XmWv hncmahmZØns‚ s]mcpƒ.

]n¬°mesØ ssZhimkv{X⁄cpw

ss__nƒ hymJymXm°fpw AKÃn

s‚bpw {IntkmÃØns‚bpw hmZ߃

a’cn®p≤cn®p.

\q‰m≠pIƒ Ign™t∏mƒ Bfl

hcßsf°pdn®p≈ ]T\߃ IqSp

X¬ A]ISIcamb Hcp ÿnXnbnte

°p \oßn. hncmahmZtØbpw ISØn

sh´ps°m≠v ]Ømw \q‰m≠nep≠mb

tdma≥ dn®z¬ (Ritual Romanum)

A\y`mjsb `qX_m[bpsS {]Ya

ASbmfambn hymJym\n®p. {]Xy£

\nebn¬ ]cnip≤mflhc߃ {]Z¿in

∏n°phm≥ AtXmsS k`mwK߃

aSn®pXpSßn.

CXn\nSbnepw Bflhc߃ {]Z¿

in∏n®ncp∂ Nne sNdnb {Kq∏pIƒ

D≠mbncp∂ncn°Ww. a≤yImeL´

Ønse Aßs\bps≈mcp DW¿Δv

kwLambncp∂p sem√m¿Svkv (Lollards).tPm¨ hn¢n^ns‚ A\pbmbnIƒ

Bbncp∂ C°q´¿ B t]cn¬ Adnb

s∏Sm≥ ImcWw, a‰p≈h¿°v tIƒ

°m\pw Xncn®dnbm\pw IgnbmØ

i_vZ߃ Ah¿ \nc¥cw ]pds∏Sphn

®ncp∂psh∂XmWv. (sem√m¿Svkv

F∂m¬ ]peºp∂h¿ F∂mWv

A¿∞w).

\hoIcWImew h∂t∏mƒ am¿ ń≥

eqYdpw tPm¨ Im¬hn\pw a‰pw ]cn

ip≤mflhcßfpsS ]p\xÿm]\Øn

\mbn hmZn®psh∂mWv ]ecptSbpw

[mcW. eqY¿ A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkm

cn®psh∂pt]mepw tkmΔ¿ (Sauer)tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. (AXn\v At±

lØn\p sXfnhpIsfm∂pw \ncØm\n

√mbncp∂p.) F∂m¬ ]cnip≤mflhc

߃ {]ISamtI≠Xns‚ BhiyIX

sb \hoIcW t\Xm°ƒ ]et∏mgpw

X≈n∏d™psh∂XmWv hmkvXhw.

]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠n¬ {^m≥knse

Imankm¿Svkv (Camisards) F∂ DW¿ΔvkwLmwK߃°nSbn¬ t•mtkmem

enb Dƒs∏sSbp≈ Bflhc߃

{]Z¿in°s∏´Xmbn Ncn{Xap≠v.

Ncn{XImc\mb sl≥dn Fw. t_¿Uv

C°mcysØ°pdn®v ]dbp∂Xp Cß

s\bmWv.

""_mehr≤ kv{Xo]pcpj hyXym

kw IqSmsX Cu kwLØn¬s∏´ ]e

15˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂pw...

19 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

cnepw BflhnhiX ]S¿∂p]nSn®n

cp∂p. G‰hpw sNdnb Ip´nIƒ

t]mepw Akm[mcWamb \nebn¬

]cnip≤mflhc߃ {]Z¿in∏n®p.

inipXzw hnSmØ Ip´nIƒ Bflhnh

iXbnembt∏mƒ XncphN\w G‰hpw

ip≤amb `mjbn¬ DcphnSpIbpw

Zo¿Lambn {]`mjn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

t_m[tØmsS Hcn°epw C°mcy߃

Ah¿°p sNøm≥ Ignbpambncp∂n√''

(Steve Durasoff Bright Wind of the Spirit,1972, Page 38).

]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ Izbv°¿

kaqlØns‚ \mbI\mbncp∂ tPm¿Pv

t^mIvkv \bn® "ImØncn∏v tbmK

ß'fn¬ (Waiting meetings) A\y`mjbpw {]hN\ßfpsams° Zriyambn

cp∂pht{X! kuayXtbmsS btlm

hsb ImØncp∂ Izbv°¿ kaqlmw

KßfpsS ta¬ ]et∏mgpw ]cnip≤m

flmhv h∂ndßn. AXns\°pdn®v

Ah¿ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv,

""RßfpsS \mhpIƒ sI´gn™v,

R߃ hmbv Xpd∂p Bflmhv D®cn

∏m≥ \¬InbXpt]mse ]pXp`mj

Ifn¬ kwkmcn®p'' F∂mWv.

]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ saYUnÃv

k`bpsS ÿm]I\mb tPm¨ sh…n

bpsS tbmKßfnepw Bflhc߃

{]Z¿in∏n°s∏´ncp∂p. Hcp saYUnÃv

{]kwKI\mbncp∂ tXmakv hm¬jv

Xs‚ Ubdnbn¬ Hcp Znhkw Cßs\

Ipdn®p: ""C∂p cmhnse F\n°dn

hn√mØ Hcp ̀ mj I¿Ømhv F\n°p

\¬In. AXv D®cn°ptºmƒ Fs‚

Bflmhv ssZhk∂n[nbnte°p

Db¿Øs∏Sp∂Xpt]mse F\n°p

tXm∂p∂p'' (Steve Durasoff, Bright Windof the Spirit 1972, Page 39).

{^©v hnπhw Hcp ]pXnb A≤ymbw

]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yØn

emWv BtKmfk`bv°v Bflhcß

fpsS ImcyØn¬ Hcp ho≠phnNmcap

≠mIp∂Xv. AXn\p ImcWambnØo¿

∂XmIs´, {^©v hnπhhpw.

1798˛¬ P\d¬ _m¿Ønbdns‚

t\XrXzØn¬ {^©p ]´mfw tdmante

°p am¿®p sNøpIbpw t]m∏ns\ \mSp

ISØpIbpw sNbvXt∏mƒ "A¥yIme

ambn' F∂ tXm∂¬ ssZhimkv{X

⁄∑mcpsSbnSbn¬ i‡ambn. Aß

s\sb¶n¬ "A¥yImeØv kIe

PUØnt∑epw Fs‚ Bflmhns\

]Icpw' F∂ ssZhnI hmKvZØw \nd

thdphm≥ kabambn F∂ Dƒt_m

≤yhpw Ah¿°nSbnep≠mbn. "A¥y

Imeambn' F∂ tXm∂¬ thZ]pkvX

IØns‚ hnIeamb hymJym\Øn

te°v At\Isc \bn®psh¶nepw (B

hymJym\ßfn¬ an°Xpw C∂pw \Ωp

sSbnSbn¬ hym]cn°p∂p≠v) Bflm

hns‚ alm]I¿®sb∏‰nbp≈ A`n

hmRvO hf¿Øp∂Xn\v Cu Dƒ°m

gvN ImcWambn ̀ hn®p.

ImØncn∏v

A¥yImeambn F∂ [mcW

tbmsS thZ]pkvXI hymJym\Øn

te¿s∏´hcn¬ {]apJ¿ {_n´ojpIm

cmb eqbnkv th, tPm¨ s\¬k¨

Um¿_n, FUvth¿Uv C¿hnßv F∂n

hcpw, Atacn°°mcmb sP.F. kokv,

Nmƒkv tlmUvPv, _©an≥ hm¿^o

¬Uv F∂nhcpambncp∂p. Chcn¬

Atacn°°m¿ "A¥yIme kw`h

߃' Is≠Øn bpKm¥y imkv{X

]T\Øn¬ apgpInbt∏mƒ {_n´ojp

Im¿ ]cnip≤mflhcßfpsS Hcp

]p\x{]Imi\Øn\mbn ImØncp∂p.

20tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

1830˛¬ Nne {_n´ojv {]kwKI¿°v,

kvtIm v́e‚nse t]m¿ v́ •mkvt°m F∂

sNdnb ]´WØnse Hcp kzX{¥

k`bn¬ \S∂ A\y`mjm`mjWØn

s‚bpw A¤pXßfpsSbpw A\p`h

ßsf∏‰n hniZamb ]T\߃ \S

ØnbXns‚ ^eambn, XßfpsS

A\p`h߃ bmYm¿YyamsW∂v t_m

≤yambn. F∂m¬, X߃ ImØncn

°p∂ s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ s]m´nsbm

gp°mbn AXns\ IW°m°m≥ Ah¿

Xømdmbn√. Npcp°Øn¬ ImØncn∏v

\o≠pt]mbn.

1831˛¬ doK‚ v kvIzbdnse C¿hnßv

hmekns‚ k`bn¬ ]cnip≤mflm

hns‚ Hcp ]I¿®bp≠mbn. "tacn

Imw_v s_¬' F∂ kv{Xo Bflmhn¬

\nd™v A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkmcn®p.

Cu A\y`mjm`mjWw Nne amkß

fnte°v \o≠p\n∂psh¶nepw C¿hnwKv

hmekns\ ZpxJn∏n® Hcp hkvXpX,

X\n°v A\y`mjm hcw e`n®n√ F∂

XmWv. At∏mƒØs∂, AXn\mbn

At±lw {]m¿∞n°pIbpw k`sb

BflnI A\p`hßfneqsS \SØp

Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£ s]s´∂m

bncp∂p F√mw Ipg™padn™Xv.

e≠\nse k`m {]kv_n‰dn, Zpcp]

tZiamtcm]n®v ]mÿ C¿hnwKns\

]pdØm°n. {InkvXp hn⁄m\ob

Ønse Nne hnjb߃sh®mWv

Zpcp]tZi Btcm]Wap≠mbsX¶n

epw, IcpXn°q´nbp≈ Hcp in£W

\S]Snbmbncp∂p AsX∂v At±l

Øns‚ kaImeoI¿°p t_m≤yambn.

{]kv_nt‰dnb≥ k` hn´v ]mÿ

C¿hnwKv"ImØenIv As∏mkvXenI

k`' F∂ Hcp ]pXnb {]ÿm\w Bcw

`n®p. "As∏mkvXenI ImesØ F√m

Ir]mhcßfpw ]p\xÿm]n°s∏´ncn

°p∂p' F∂Xmbncp∂p AhcpsS

{][m\ D]tZiw.

ImØncn∏v: c≠mw L´w

C¿hnwKn\p≠mb AkpJIcamb

A\p`hw, ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ Hcp

]pXpagbv°mbn ImØncn°p∂hcpsS

{]Xo£bv°v aßteev]n®n√. kphn

tij hnlnX {_n´ojv kaqlØn¬

hcm≥ t]mIp∂ B ]cnip≤mfl ]I¿

®sb∏‰n IqSpX¬ DZmØamb {]kwK

߃ \S°pIbpw, IqSpX¬ i‡amb

teJ\߃ {]Xy£s∏SpIbpw

sNbvXp. 1857˛se, Nmƒkv kv]¿Ps‚

"]cnip≤mfli‡n' (The Power of theHoly Spirit) F∂ {]kwKw, hneywB¿Xdns‚ "A·n\mhpIƒ' (TheTongue of Fire) F∂ ]pkvXIw, Ch]cnip≤mfl\ndhns\ Hcp "c≠mw

A\p`h'ambn hniZoIcn®p.

Atacn°bn¬

{_n´\n¬\n∂v Cu {]Xymi Ata

cn°bnte°v ]S¿∂p ]nSn°m≥ kab

saSpØn√. Hcp ]t£ Cw•≠nteXn

t\°mƒ i‡ambncp∂p Atacn°

bnse s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ {]Xo£.

hcm≥ t]mIp∂ B A\p`hsØ

tPm¨ sh…n "kºq¿Æ hnip≤o

IcWw' F∂p hnfn®t∏mƒ sh…n

bpsS klNc\mb tPm¨ ^vsf®¿

Dƒs∏sSbp≈h¿ AXns\ "]cnip≤m

flkv\m\w' F∂pXs∂ hnfn®p.

tlmfns\kv {]ÿm\w

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØ

cm¿≤w bp‡nNn¥Iƒ aXhnizmk

Øns‚ ASnØdbnf°m≥ I®sI´n

bndßnb Imeambncp∂p. t{]m´Ã‚ v

ssZhimkv{X⁄cn¬ ]ecpw hnizmk

sØ Dt]£n®v bp‡nsb sXcs™Sp

Øp Ign™ncp∂p. F∂m¬ CtX Ime

21 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

bfhn¬ ssZhhN\Øns‚ B[nImcn

IXbpw ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ i‡nbpw

{]Ncn∏n® Nmƒkv ^n∂n, Un.F¬.

aqUn XpSßnb ssZhZmk≥amcpsS

t\XrXzØn¬ BwKteb temIØv

Bflob DW¿ΔpIƒ s]m´n∏pds∏´p.

aqUn {]K¤\mb Hcp {]kwK

I\mbncp∂psh¶nepw BZyImeØv

"]cnip≤mfl\ndhv' {]m]n®ncp∂n√

F∂v At±lw Xs∂ ]dbp∂p. aqUn

]cnip≤mflmhn\m¬ \ndbs∏´v Bg

tadnb Bflob A\p`hßfnte°v

\SØs∏Sp∂Xn\mbn Nn°mtKm

N¿®nse c≠v kv{XoIƒ {]m¿∞n®p

sImt≠bncp∂p. BZysams° Cu

]pXnb A\p`htØmSv hnapJX Im´n

sb¶nepw ]ns∂∏ns∂ X\n°pth≠n

{]m¿∞n°phm≥ {^o saYUnÃv k`mw

Kßfmbncp∂ Cu kv{XoItfmSv At±

lw Xs∂ Bhiys∏´p. XnI®pw bmZr

OnIambn 1871˛¬ Hcp {]m¿∞\mtbmK

Øn¬sh®v At±lw ]cnip≤mflmhn

\m¬ \nd™p. B kabØv Xm≥ Xd

bn¬ hogpIbpw Znhyamb A\p`qXn

bn¬ apgpIpIbpw, B apdn ssZhnI

tXP n\m¬ {]IminXambnØocp

Ibpw sNbvXXmbn At±lw Xs∂

km£ys∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

]nt‰ h¿jw apX¬ D∂Xamb

Bflob PohnXw \bn°phm\m{Kln

°p∂h¿°pth≠n aqUn {]tXyI

tbmK߃ kwLSn∏n°phm≥ XpSßn.

akm®psk‰vknse t\m¿Øv ^o¬

Un¬h®v \S∂ Cu ktΩf\ßfn¬

]s¶SpØ ]ecpw hy‡n]cambn

"s]s¥t°mkvX'\p`hØn\pSaIfm

bn. (]n∂oSv At±lw thZ]T\Øn

te°v {i≤Xncn®p. 1889 ˛¬ aqUn

ss__nƒ C≥Ãn‰yq v́ ÿm]n®Xns‚

{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ hym]rX\mbncp∂p

sh¶nepw 1899˛ ¬ Xs‚ acWtijhpw

]cnip≤mfl kv\m\sØ∏‰nbp≈

¢m pIƒ "aqUn ss__nƒ C≥Ãn

‰yq´n'¬ \S∂ph∂ncp∂p).

1867˛¬ s{]m´Ã‚p k`IfpsS

hnizmkXymKØn¬ a\waSpØ

\yqtbm¿°nse ]Xnaq∂p saYUnÃv

ip{iqjI¿ hnizmkØn\pw hnip≤n

°pwth≠n \nesIm≈phm≥ B{Kln

°p∂ F√mhtcbpw £Wn®psIm≠v

Hcp "Iymºv ao‰nwKv' kwLSn∏n®p. A`n

\h tlmfns\ v kwLßfpsSbpw

AXv P∑w \¬Inb s]s¥t°mkvXv

{]ÿm\Øns‚bpw Bcw`ambncp∂p

B"Iymºv ao‰nwKv'. Ccp]Xp h¿j߃

Cßs\bp≈ ao‰nwKpIƒ XpS¿®bmbn

1905se shbn¬kv DW¿Δn\p \mbI\mbn

cp∂Xv Ct±lamWv. Ncn{XImc∑m¿ B

DW¿Δns\ Hcp s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δmbn

IW°m°p∂ns√¶nepw, s]s¥t°mkvXp

{]ÿm\sØ AXpeyambn kzm[o\n® Hcp

DW¿Δmbncp∂p shbn¬knse DW¿Δv

Chm≥ tdm_¿ v́kv

22tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

\S∂p. hyhÿm]nX k`ItfmSp th¿

s]´ \nch[n tlmfns\kv kwL߃

DSseSp°phm≥ CXv apJm¥cambn.

s]s¥t°mkvXv F∂ hm°v

tlmfns\ v tbmKßfn¬ [mcmfambn

D]tbmKn®ncp∂p. Hcn°¬ "N¿®v Hm v̂

\m dn≥' AhcpsS HutZymKnI\ma

Øn¬ "s]s¥t°mkvXv' F∂v IqSn

tN¿Øncp∂p. (F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv s]s¥

t°mkvXv {]ÿm\w i‡n {]m]n®

t∏mƒ \m dn≥ {Kq∏v AXns\Xncm

bmWv \nesIm≠Xv.)

tlmfn\ v {]ÿm\°m¿, c£n°

s∏´Xn\ptijw Ir]bpsS Hcp c≠mw

A\p`hambn hnip≤oIcWsØ a\

 nem°n. AhcpsS tbmKßfn¬ Nne

t∏msgms° tcmKim¥nbpw A\y`mjm

`mjWhpwt]mep≈ ]cnip≤mflhc

ßfpsS {]Z¿i\w Zriyambn. F¶nepw

c£n°s∏´Xn\ptijap≈ hnip≤o

IcWm\p`hØns‚ {]Xy£ e£W

amtbm at‰m AXns\ IW°m°m≥ A

h¿ ]cn{ian®n√. (]cnip≤mflkv\m

\p`hsØbpw DbcØn¬\n∂p≈

i‡ntbbpw _‘s∏SpØn Hcp D]

tZiw ÿm]n®Xv aqUn N¿®nse Hcp

ip{iqjI≥ Bbncp∂ Chm≥PenÃv

B¿.F.t‰mdnbmWv).

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ah

km\ ZiIØn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXv

Bflhc߃ tlmfn\ v tbmKßfn

emsI hym]Iamb \nebn¬ {]Z¿in

°s∏´p. 1896˛¬ t\m¿Øv Itcmeo\m

bnse jnbd¿ kvIqƒ lukn¬h®v

\S∂ Hcp DW¿ΔptbmKØn¬ ]ecpw

]cnip≤mflkv\m\w {]m]n°pIbpw

A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkmcn°pIbpw

sNbvXncp∂p. 1900˛¬ sS∂knbn¬

\S∂ Hcp ao‰nwKn¬ \mev]Xp t]¿

Bflkv\m\w {]m]n®v A\y`mjI

fn¬ kwkmcn®p. (Stanley H. Frodsham,With Signs Following, 1946, Page9,10,16,17)Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠v

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠v Bcw`n°p∂

Xn\p apºpXs∂ Cu \q‰m≠nse

s]s¥t°mkvXv {]h¿Ø\Øn\p

]mXsbmcp°s∏´ncp∂psh∂p a\ n

embt√m. "t{K‰v Athbv°\nwKv'

XpS¿∂ntßm´p≈ DW¿ΔpIfnsem

s° ]cnip≤mflhc߃ {]Z¿in∏n°

s∏´ncp∂psh¶nepw \h s]s¥t°m

kvXv {]ÿm\Øn\p hgnacp∂n´ aq∂p

khntij i‡nIƒ Ign™ \q‰m

≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤ØnemWv DSseSp

ØXv.

1901˛¬ \hs]s¥t°mkvXn\p Bcw`w

Ipdn® t‰m∏n° ss__nƒ kvIqfns‚

ÿm]I\pw {]n≥kn∏epambncp∂

Nmƒkv t^mIvkv ]¿lmw (1873˛1929)

Nmƒkv ]¿lmw

24

23 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Akqkm DW¿Δns‚

\mbI\mbncp∂ hneyw

tPmk v̂ skbvaq¿

1906˛¬ Akqkm

sXcphn¬ Bcw ǹ®

DW¿ΔptbmK߃ aq∂p

h¿jw \o≠p\n∂p.

hneyw sP. skbvaq¿

24tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

H∂v : A¥yImeambn F∂ [mcW

]pe¿Øn Bflhc߃°mbn

ImØncn°m≥ P\ßsf {]t_m[n

∏n® bmYmÿnXnI t\XrXzw.

c≠v: sIkvhn°v I¨h≥js‚

]›mØeØnep≠mb D∂X hnizmk

PohnXØn\mbp≈ A`nhmRvO.

(Atacn°bn¬ aqUnbpw ̂ n∂nbpw Cu

A`nhmRvObv°v Xo ]nSn∏n®p).

aq∂v : hnip≤oIcWsØ c≠mw

A\p{Klambn hymJym\n® tlmfn

\kv aqhvsa‚ v

B≠dpXn tbmKØn¬ kw`hn®

Bfl]I¿®

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠nse s]s¥

t°mkvXv {]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®p≈

]T\ßsfms° 1901 P\phcn H∂n\p

I≥kmkv kn‰nbnse t‰m∏n°bn¬

Nmƒkv ]¿lmw \SØnb _tY¬

ss__nƒ tImsfPnse hnZym¿∞n\n

bmb B·kv Hmkvam≥ A\y`mj

]dbp∂ kw`htØmSpIqSnbmWv

Bcw`n°p∂Xv. B h¿jw (1900˛¬)

AhcpsS tImtfPnse hnZym¿∞nIƒ

]cnip≤mflmhns\∏‰n \SØnb Hcp

]T\Øn¬ A\y`mjm`mjWw

]cnip≤mfl kv\m\Øns‚ {]Xy£

ASbmfamsW∂ \nKa\Øn¬ Ah¿

FØnt®¿∂ncp∂p. B≠dpXn tbmK

Øn¬ ]Xns\´p hb p≈ B·kv

AhfpsS A≤ym]It\mSpw kl

hnZym¿∞nItfmSpw ""Rm≥ A\y`mj

bn¬ kwkmcn®psIm≠v ]cnip≤mfl

kv\m\w {]m]nt°≠Xn\v Fs‚ Xe

bn¬ ssIhbv°pI'' F∂v Bhiy

s∏´p. Ah¿ B·kns‚ Xebn¬

ssIh®p {]m¿∞n®p. s]s´∂pXs∂

Ahƒ A\y`mjbn¬ kwkmcn®p

XpSßn.

BZyZnhkw B·kv ssN\okv

`mjbmWv kwkmcn®Xv. Cw•ojv Ah

fpsS \mhn¬ h∂tXbn√. F¥mWp

\ns‚ A\p`hw F∂p kl]mTnIƒ

AhtfmSp tNmZn®p. AXn\hƒ adp]Sn

]d™Xpw ssN\okn¬ Xs∂.

Cw•ojv am{Xadnbmhp∂ s]¨Ip´n

bmbncp∂p B·kv. Imcy߃ FgpXn

ImWn°m≥ kl]mTnIƒ AhtfmSm

hiys∏´p. AhnsS A¤pXw ho≠pw

Bh¿Øn°s∏´p. ssN\okv `mjbn

emWv Ahƒ FgpXnbXpw. (A∂p

]{X߃ B·kv Hmkvams‚ "ssN

\okv FgpØpIƒ' tªms°SpØp

{]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂p).

c≠mw Znhkw an v Hmkvam≥

s_mloanb¬ `mj kwkmcn®p

XpSßn. {ItaW Hmtcm Znhkhpw Ign

™t∏mƒ AhfpsS kl]mTnItfm

tcmcqØcmbn A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkm

cn®pXpSßn. `mjIƒ°v hymJym\

ap≠mbn (F∂m¬ a‰p≈h¿ A\y`mj

Ifn¬ kwkmcn°p∂Xp I≠v an v

Hmkvam≥ A¤pXs∏´p. ImcWw

Ahƒ Nn¥n®Xv Cu hcw Ahƒ°p

am{Xw \¬Is∏´XmsW∂mWv)

Akqkm sXcphv

t‰m∏o°bnse ss__nƒ kv°q

fn¬ Nmƒkv ]¿lmans‚ t\XrXz

Øn¬ Bcw`n® DW¿Δv a‰nSßfnte

°pw hym]n°phm≥ At±lw Nne

tbmK߃ \SØn. As∏mkvXenIv

s^bvØv aqhvsa‚ v F∂mbncp∂p At±

lØns‚ {]ÿm\Øns‚ t]cv .

F∂m¬ Hcp henb apt∂‰ambn AXv

hf¿∂Xv ªm°v tlmfn\ v {Kq∏n¬

s∏´ Hcp bph {]`mjI\mbncp∂

hneyw sP. skbvaq¿, ]¿lmans‚

ss__nƒ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn°ms\Ønb

tXmsSbmWv.

22 t]Pn¬ \n∂pw...˛mw

25 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

1901̨ ¬ Nmƒkv ]¿lmans‚ ss__nƒ

kvIqfn¬ BZyambn A\ỳ mjIfn¬

kwkmcn®psIm≠v \hs]s¥t°mkvXp

Ncn{XØns‚ H∂mw Xmfnte°v Ibdn°qSnb

B·kv Hmkvam≥. 1870̨ ¬ P\n®v, 1937̨ ¬

acn® Hmkvams‚ Cu Nn{Xw AhcpsS

acWØn\p Aev]\mfpIƒ°p

apsºSpØXmWv.

B·kv Hmkvam≥

skbvaqdns‚ cwK{]thiw Hcp

]pXps]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{XØn\p

\mμnbmbn. ]cnip≤mflkv\m\w

{]m]n® skbvaq¿ 1906˛¬ temkv

B©eknse Hcp ªm°v tlmfn\ v

k`bn¬ {]kwKn°ms\Øn. henb

Hcp DW¿Δns‚ XpS°ambncp∂p AXv.

B tbmKßsf XpS¿∂v skbvaq¿

Akqkm kv{So‰nemcw`n® {]tXyI

DW¿Δv ktΩf\߃ aq∂p h¿jw

\o≠p \n∂p. ]cnip≤mflmhns‚

]n≥ag AhnsS Xnan¿Øp s]bvXp.

]Xn\mbnc°W°n\p P\߃

Akqkm kv{So‰ntes°mgpIn.

skbvaq¿ F∂ IdpØ {]kwKI≥

P\kap{ZØn\p Xs∂ am¿§Z¿in

bmbn.

Cw•≠nse ]WvUnX\pw Ipeo

\\pw ssZhimkv{X⁄\pamb ]mÿ

C¿hnwKv hmekn\p Ignbm™Xv

Atacn°bnse \ot{Km hwiP\mb

Hcp km[cW°mc≥ hneyw skbvaq¿

ssZhIr]bm¬ t\SnsbSpØp. Hcp

]cn[nhsc B IdpØ bph{]kwK

I\mWv B[p\nI s]s¥t°mkvXv

{]ÿm\Øns‚ XesXm´∏≥.

312, Akqkm sXcphv

1906-̨ ¬ hneyw sP.

skbvaq-dns‚ tbmK

߃ apJm-¥cw

DW¿Δv Bcw-̀ n®

temkvG©-e-kn-se 312

Akqkm kv{So‰v sI´n-

Sw. ]mÿ skbvaq¿

BWv sI ń-S-Øns‚

t]m¿®n¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv

26tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

BZyIme DW¿ΔpIfnseBflhc{]IS\߃

{InkvXph¿jØns‚ F√m \q‰m

≠pIfnepw k`bv°p≈n¬ DW¿Δns‚

Im‰p hoinbn´p≠v. F∂m¬ AsXm

s° an°t∏mgpw hy‡nIfntem sN

dnb kaqlßfnsems°bmbn HXpßn

t∏mbn. {]tXyIn®pw a≤yImeL´Øn

se DW¿ΔpIsfms° AImeØn¬

ASn®a¿Øs∏´p. {]tWXm°fpsS

Hm¿Ωt]mepw Ncn{X]pkvXIØn¬

\n∂v ambn°s∏´pt]mbn. tPm¨

hn¢n^v (GItZiw 1329˛84) apXep≈

\hoIcW hoc≥amsc∏‰ntb \ap°v

Ncn{Xap≈p. (Ct±lamWv em‰n≥ ̀ mj

bn¬\n∂pw Cw•ojnte°v ss__nƒ

X¿÷a sNbvXXv) . ]Xns\´mw

\q‰m≠n¬ tPm\mYm≥ FUvth¿Uvkn

eqsS Bcw`n® "t{K‰v Athbv°\nwKv'

A∂sØ bqtdm˛Atacn°≥ ss{I

kvXhtemIsØ Cf°nadn°pI

Xs∂ sNbvXp. Atacn°bnse

akm®psk‰v tÉn¬ t\m¿Ømw]vS¨

2

]´WØn¬ 1735se th\¬°meØv

Bcw`n® B DW¿Δv Hcp ZiIØn

\Iw sh≈°mcpsS temIsØ√mw

]S¿∂ncp∂p.

t{Kbv‰v Athbv°\nwKn\ptijw

_lp]pcpjmcsØ sXm´pW¿Øp∂

henb DW¿ΔpIƒ [mcmfap≠mbn.

18˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yØn¬ Zriy

amb "sk°‚ v Athbv°\nwKv' 1800 ̨

1801 h¿jßfnep≠mb "t{Kbv‰v dnssh

h¬', 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤amcw

`n°ptºmƒ BwKteb temIsØbpw

IS∂v Gjy≥ cmPyßfnte°pIqsS

hym]n® 1860Ifnse DW¿Δv, ^n∂n,

aqUn XpSßnb {]K¤ kphntijI

cpsS tbmKßtfmS\p_‘ambn 19˛mw

\q‰ms≠mSphn¬ \S∂ henb DW¿Δv,

shbn’nse DW¿Δv.... Aßs\ c≠p

\q‰m≠n\nSbv°v t]scSpØp]dbm

hp∂ henb DW¿ΔpIƒ ]eXp≠mbn.

27 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Cu DW¿ΔpImeßfnsems°

Bflmhns‚ hc߃ {]IS\mflI

amb \nebn¬ {]Z¿in∏n°s∏´n´ps≠

∂Xv Hcp Ncn{XbmYm¿∞yamWv. {]Xy

£Ønes√¶n¬Øs∂ DW¿Δns‚

cNn°s∏´ Ncn{Xw AXn\p kqN\Iƒ

\¬Ip∂p≠v.

t{Kbv‰v Athbv°\nwKns‚ Ncn

{Xw ]Tn®m¬ AXv hym]n®nSsØms°

_p≤nbnsemXp°phm≥ IgnbmØ

Bflhc{]IS\߃ D≠mbn´ps≠

∂p ImWmw. BflhcßfpsS Cu {]I

S\mflIXsb∏‰n 18˛mw \q‰m≠nse

DW¿Δns‚ \mbIcmb tPm¨

sh…nbpw tPm¿Pv ssh‰v^o¬Upw

XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp kw`mjWw tPm¨

sh…nbpsS tP¿Wenep≠v.

1739 Pqsse 6, sh≈n

""C∂v D®Xncn™v an. ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv

e≠\n¬ \n∂p h∂p. RßtfmsSm

cpan®v _m]v‰nÃv an¬knte°pt]mbn.

AhnsS "hnizkn°p∂hscms°bpw

]cnip≤mflmhns\ {]m]n°Ww' F∂

hnjbsØ∏‰n ssh‰v^o¬Uv {]kw

Kn®p. t{imXm°ƒ \√ hnizmknIfpw

kphntij Xm¬]cyap≈hcpambncp

∂n´pIqsS Ahcn¬ AXphsc ]cnip

≤mflmhv C√mbncp∂p F∂ a´nemWv

At±lw {]kwKn®Xv.

Pqsse 7, i\n

ssZhmfl {]h¿Ø\w D≈n¬ D≠m

Ip∂hcn¬ NnecpsS imcocnI {]IS\

ßsf∏‰n ssh‰v̂ o¬Upambn kwkmcn

°phm≥ C∂v F\n°v Ahkcw

e`n®p. AXn\t±lØn\p bp‡n]c

hnip≤oIcWsØ \oXnIcWØn\ptijap≈ c≠mw A\p`hambn

Nn{XoIcn® tPm¨ shkvfn, s]s¥t°mkvXenkØns‚

apXpapØ—\msW∂mWv Ncn{XImc\mb sPbnwkv U¨

{]kvXmhn®ncn°p∂Xv. Xs‚ lrZbw bp‡yXoXambn

DtØPn∏n°s∏Smdps≠∂v shkvfn ]dbpambncp∂p. ssZhoI

{]h¿Ø\߃°v ]cn[nhbv°phm≥ ]mSns√∂pw AhnSptØ°v CjvSap≈

coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°m≥ \mw A\phZn°Wsa∂pw shkvfn ]d™p.

tPm¨ shkvfn ̨ s]s¥t°mkvXenkØns‚ apXpapØ—≥

28tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

amb Hcp hniZoIcWw \¬Im\mbn

s√¶nepw A∂p sshIn´sØ tbmK

Øn¬ Bfl]I¿®bp≠mbt∏mƒ

Nne hnizmknIfn¬ Zriyamb imcocnI

{]IS\߃ ImWphm≥ F\n°p

Ign™p. Hcmƒ h√msX hndbv°p∂p

≠mbncp∂p. a‰v c≠p t]¿ kzicoc

ßsf \nb{¥n°phm\mhmsX Nen®p

sIm≠ncp∂p. ASpsØmcmfmIs´,

D®Øn¬ IcbpIbpw D®cn°m\m

ImØ Zo\i_vZ߃ ]pds∏Sphn°p

Ibpw sNbvXp. B kabw apX¬

ssZhnI {]h¿Ø\߃°v ]cn[nhbv

°phm≥ ]mSns√∂pw AhnSptØ°v

CjvSap≈ coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°p

hm≥ \mw A\phZn°Wsa∂pw F\n

°p a\ nembn.'' (The Jourmal of JohnWesley P. 76).

sh…nbpsS tbmKßfnsems°

]n¬°meßfn¬ i‡amb Bfl

]I¿®bp≠mbn. AXv {]IS\mflI

ambncp∂pXm\pw.

s]s¥t°mkvXenkØns‚ Ign

™ \q‰m≠pIfnse h‡mhmbmWv

tPm¨ sh…nsb Ncn{XImc\mb

Pbnwkv U¨ hntijn∏n°p∂Xv.

""Xs‚ lrZbw bp‡yXoXambn

DtØPn∏n°s∏Smdps≠∂v sh…n ]d

bpambncp∂p. hnizmknItfmSv Bflm

hns‚ A¥¿km£yØn\mbn ImØn

cn°m≥ At±lw Bhiys∏´p. hnip

≤oIcWsØ "\oXoIcWØn\ptij

ap≈ Ir]bpsS c≠ma\p`hambn'

Nn{XoIcn®Xpw sh…nbmWv. (s]s¥

t°mkvX¿ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ c≠m-a-

\p-`-h-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pw-t]mse)

tPm¨ sh…nsb s]s¥t°mkvX

enkØns‚ apXpapØ—\mbn Nn{Xo

Icn°p∂Xn¬ Hcp A]mIXbpan√...''

(James Dun, The Pentecostals- History ofChristianity P. 618)

t\m¿Ømw]vSWnse DW¿Δv A\p

`hßfnepw Bflhc߃ {]Z¿in∏n

°s∏´ncp∂psh∂v tPm\mYm≥ FtUz

¿Uvkns‚ ""{So‰okv Hm¨ Zn dnenPn

bkv A^£≥kv'' hy‡am°p∂p≠v.

tlmf≠n¬ \S∂ Hcp DW¿ΔptbmK

sØ∏‰n 1749˛¬ h∂ dnt∏m¿´v ]d

bp∂Xv, "B kw`h߃ hnhcn®m¬

AXv As∏mkvXe{]hrØn 2˛mw

A≤ymbØns‚ X\nbmh¿Ø\am

bncn°p'sa∂mWv. (John Gillies,Historical Collections-1845).

19˛mw \q‰m≠nse DW¿ΔpIƒ°v

\Sp\mbIXzw hln® Un. F¬.

aqUnbpw Nmƒkv ^n∂nbpw a‰pw ]cn

ip≤mflhcßfpsS i‡nbdn™hcm

bncp∂p. ^n∂n ssZhmfli‡nbn¬

\ndbs∏Sp∂ A\p`hsØ∏‰n ]d

™Xv, ""Xm≥ sshZypX XcwKßfm¬

{Xkn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xpt]mse tXm∂p

∂p''sh∂mWv. ]et∏mgpw Bfli‡n

bpsS Cu {]hmlsØ Xmßphm≥

Ignbm™n´v ""ssZhta Aev]kab

tØ°v AßbpsS i‡amb Ic߃

F∂n¬ \n∂pw ]n≥hent°Wta.

As√¶n¬ Rm≥ acn®p t]mIpw'' F∂

t±lw hne]n®n´p≠t{X. (SteveDurasoff, Bright Wind of the Spirit,Page 50)

aqUnbpsS tbmKßfnepw Bfl

hcßfpsS i‡amb {]Z¿i\w D≠m

bXmbn s]s¥t°mkvXv Ncn{XImc

\mb Ãm≥en t{^mUv jmw {]kvXmhn

®n´p≠v. 1873˛¬ t{Kbv‰v {_n´Wnse

ssh. Fw. kn. F.bn¬ kwLSn∏n°

s∏´ Hcp tbmKØn¬ aqUnbpsS

{]kwKw Ign™t∏mƒ t{imXm°fmb

29 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

bphm°ƒ A\y`mjIfn¬ kwkmcn

°pIbpw {]hNn°pIbpw sNbvXncp

∂psh∂v At±lw ]dbp∂p. AtX

h¿jw \yq Cw•≠n¬ \S∂ DW¿Δp

tbmKßfnepw A\y`mjm`mjWw

Dƒs∏sSbp≈ Bflhc{]IS\߃

km[mcWambncp∂psh∂pw t{^mUv

jmw {]kvXmhn®n´p≠v. (Stanly H.Frodsham, With Signs Following, Page9,10).

]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ BwKteb

temIØn¬ Bcw`n® DW¿Δv Gjy≥

cmPyßfnte°pw hym]n®ncp∂p. A∂

sØ DW¿Δp tbmKßfn¬, BwKteb

temIØv D≠mbXns\°mƒ hym]I

ambn a‰v cmPyßfn¬ ]cnip≤mflhc

߃ {]ISambn F∂XmWv hmkvXhw.

C¥ybn¬Øs∂, 1860˛¬ Xncps\¬

thenbnepw, 1870 Ifn¬ a≤yXncphnXmw

Iqdnepw Acpf∏s‚ t\XrXzØn¬

\S∂ DW¿Δp-tbm-K-߃, ]Øp h¿j-

߃°p-tijw tUhnUv s^≥, IqSm-c-

∏-≈n¬ sXmΩ≥, hnZzm≥Ip´n F∂n-h-

cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ a≤yXncphnXmw

Iqdn¬Øs∂ \S∂ tbmK߃, AtX

h¿jßfn¬Xs∂ ep[nbm\bnepw a‰v

Nne DØtc¥y≥ \Kcßfnepw \S∂

DW¿ΔptbmK߃ ChnsSsbms°

s]s¥t°mkvXv hym]mcap≠mbXmbn

tcJIƒ D≠v.

sh¬jv DW¿Δns\ Hcp s]s¥

t°mkvXv DW¿Δmbn IW°m°m≥

s]s¥t°mkvXp hntcm[w ]pe¿Øp

∂ kphntijhnlnX¿°pw, ISpØ

bmYmÿnXnIcpw Atacn°≥ ]£

hmZnIfpamb s]s¥t°mkvXv Ncn{X

Imc≥am¿°pw _p≤nap´p≠v. shbn¬

kn¬ DW¿Øs∏´ P\X A\y`mjm

`mjWØn\p {]m[m\yw sImSpØn√

F∂XmWv AXn\p ImcWambn c≠p

Iq´cpw ]dbp∂Xv.

F∂m¬ A\y`mjm`mjWw {]IS

a√mbncp∂psh¶n¬°qsS, sh¬jv

DW¿Δn\p Hcp s]s¥t°mkvXv am\w

D≠mbncp∂psh∂XmWv kXyw.

Cw•≠nse DW¿Δns‚ \mbI\mbncp∂ tPm¿Pv

ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv Bflhc߃ {]ISambncn°p

sa∂v hnizkn® hy‡nbmWv. At±lw Xs∂

Bflhc߃ {]ISn∏n®ncp∂ BfpamWv.

Hcn°¬, kz¥ ]´WØn¬ ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv

\SØnb {]kwKw 15 t]sc

{̀ m¥≥amcm°nsb∂v CShI°m¿ _nj∏nt\mSp

]cmXnt_m[n∏n®p. {]kwKthfIfn¬ "Hm !!!

F∂ i_vZtØmsS At±lw {]ISn∏n®

BflmÀmZw Xs‚ t{imXm°sf

tPm¿Pv ssh‰v̂ o¬Uv

kz¿§obm\p`qXnIfnte°v \bn°m≥ ]cym]vXambncp∂p. A∂sØ {]kn≤

\S\mbncp∂ tUhnUv Kmcn°v Hcn°¬ Cßs\ ]d™p, ""anÿ

ssh‰v̂ o¬Uns\t∏mse "Hm ! ! !' F∂p ]dbm≥ F\n°p Ign™ncps∂¶n¬

\qdp kz¿Æ\mWbßsf¶nepw AXn\p {]Xn^ew In´ntbs\.''

30tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

shbn¬kn¬ DW¿ΔpImeØv Icnkv

am‰nIv {]Xn`mkw Zriyambncp∂p

sh∂p Xs∂bmWv s]s¥t°mkvXn

Xc DW¿ΔpNcn{XImc\mb FUzn≥

Hm¿ ]dbp∂Xv. ""shfn∏mSpw Bfl

hnhiXbpw Z¿i\hpw XpSßn Bfl

hcßsfms°Øs∂ shbn¬kv DW¿

Δn¬ {]Z¿in∏n°s∏´ncp∂p. F∂m¬

A\y-̀ m-jm-̀ m-jWw (t•mt m emenb)

dnt∏m¿´p sNøs∏´ncp∂n√. (J. EdwinOrr, The flaming Tongue, ch. 24, ThePentecostal Aftermath).

C∏d™XpsIm≠v sh¬jv DW¿

Δv s]s¥t°mkvXv hncp≤ambncp∂p

sh∂√ A¿∞w. hmkvXhØn¬

shbn¬knepw bqtdm∏nepw temIØn

emIam\hpambn ]S¿∂p ]nSn® Cu

alm DW¿ΔpXs∂bmWv s]s¥t°m

kvXpW¿Δnt\mSv G‰hpw ASpØp

\n¬°p∂Xv. sh¬jv DW¿Δns‚

]›mØeØn¬ Hcp Bflob DW¿®

bn¬ \n∂psIm≠v ]›na bqtdm]y≥

P\Xbv°v s]s¥t°mkvXv ktμi

sØ Dƒs°m≈phm≥ {]bmkap≠m

bn√. Nne bqtdm]y≥ cmPyßfnem

hs´ P\d¬ Athbv°\nwKns\

s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δp hngpßpI

Xs∂ sNbvXp.

shbn¬knse Bflob DW¿Δp

apJm¥cw ]mcºcy k`Ifnse AwK

kwJybv°v F¥psIm≠v ]n¬°me

ßfn¬ (FÆØn¬) hf¿®bp≠mbn√

F∂ tNmZyØn\p FUzn≥ Hmdns‚

adp]Sn ""]pXpXmbn cq]wsIm≠

s]s¥t°mkvXv {]Xn`mkØnte°v

P\߃ tNm¿∂pt]mbn'' F∂mWv.(Edwin Orr, Evangelical Awakenings inIndia, Page 55).

]d™ph∂Xv H∂mw \q‰m≠n\p

tijw ss{IkvXhk`bnep≠mb

G‰hpw henb DW¿Δmb "t{Kbv‰v

Ashbv°\nwKv' apX¬ Ctßm´p≈

F√m DW¿Δp kw`hßfnepw ]cn

ip≤mflhc߃ {]Xy£amb \ne

bn¬ {]ISambncp∂psh∂mWv. AXp

sIm≠p Xs∂ B DW¿ΔpIƒ Ccp

]Xmw \q‰m≠nse i‡amb s]s¥

t°mkvXv {]hmlØn\p apt∂mSn

bmbn ]cnKWnt°≠XmWv. DW¿Δp

Ncn{XcN\bn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXv hn`m

KØn¬ Xs∂ ]ecpw C°mcyw hy‡

am°nbn´n√.

Hcp \h s]s¥t°mkvXv DW¿Δn

\mbp≈ Hcp°w 1901 se BZy A\y

`mjm {ihWØns‚ Ncn{XØn\p

\q‰m≠pIƒ°p ap≥]p XpSßnb

XXzNn¥I\pw ssZhimkv{X⁄\pambncp∂

tPm\mYm≥ FtUz¿Uvkv 1735˛¬ Atacn°bnse

akm®psk‰kv tÉn¬, t\m¿Ømw]v‰¨ ]´

WØn¬ \SØnb Hcp {]kwKØnemWv "t{K‰v

Ath°\nwKv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂

DW¿Δv s]m´n∏pds∏Sp∂Xv. DW¿Δv F∂Xv

Ir]bpsS X\Xmb Hcp {]h¿Ø\amsW∂pw

AXn¬ am\koIhpw imcocIhpamb hnImtcm

ØP\Øns‚ {]Z¿i\ap≠mbncn°psa∂pw

hnizkn® Bfmbncp∂p FtUz¿Uvkv.

tPm\mYm≥ FtUz¿Uvkv

31 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

XmWv. a≤yImeL´Ønse H‰s∏´

DW¿ΔpkwLßfneqsS, \hoIcW

ØneqsS, ]yqcn‰≥ ˛ sk∏tdj\nÃv

Nn¥mKXnIfneqsS, Hcp c≠ma\p`

hambn hnip≤oIcWsØ Nn{XoIcn®

sh…nbneqsS, s{Kbv‰v Ashbv°\nwKv,

sk°‚ v Athbv°\nwKv, t{Kbv‰v

dnsshh¬ XpSßnb DW¿Δp kw`h

ßfneqsS, `‡n {]ÿm\ØneqsS,

Nmƒkv ̂ n∂nbneqsS, Un. F¬. aqUn

bneqsS, sIkznIv I¨h≥j\pIfn

eqsS, tlmfn\ v {]ÿm\ØneqsS

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Ønse

P\d¬ Ashbv°\nwKneqsS Nhn´p

]SnIƒ Ibdn AXp {]Xy£amIphm≥

Ime saSpØpsht∂bp≈q. F∂m¬

Cu Imeßfnsems°, {]tXyIn®v

Ign™Ime DW¿Δp kw`hßfnsem

s° BflhcßfpsS {]Z¿i\w Zriy

ambn´p≠v F∂Xv Hcp bmYm¿∞yamWv.

]et∏mgpw A\y`mjm`mjWw \S∂n

´pap≠v. F∂m¬ AXv {]ÿm\h¬

°cn°s∏´ns√t∂bp≈q.

32tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

s]s¥t°mkvXv C¥ybn¬]cnip≤mflhcßfpsS {]IS\w

]e DW¿ΔptbmKßfnepw {]Z¿inX

ambncp∂psh¶nepw Cu \q‰m≠nse

s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δns‚ Bcw`

ambn ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂Xv 1901 P\p

hcn H∂n\p s‰m∏o°bn¬ Nmƒkv

]¿lmans‚ s_tY¬ ss__nƒ

kvIqfn¬h®v B·kv Hmkvam\m¬

A\p`hamb A\y`mjm`mjWsØ

bmWv. AXpt]mse Ign™ \q‰m≠n

s‚ DØcm¿≤Ønepw Cu \q‰m≠ns‚

BZyh¿jßfnepw C¥ybn¬ \S∂

DW¿ΔptbmKßfn¬ BflhcßfpsS

{]ISamb {]Z¿i\w ]ebnSßfnep

ap≠mbn F¶nepw C¥ybnse s]s¥

t°mkvXpW¿Δns‚ Bcw`ambn IW

°m°s∏Sp∂Xv 1905˛¬ ap‡nanj\n¬

D≠mb ]cnip≤mfl]I¿®sbbmWv.

DW¿ΔpImeßfnse Bflhc

{]IS\߃ H‰s∏´hbmbncp∂p. Ah

]pdwtemIw {i≤n°Ø° \nebn¬

i‡ntbdnbX√mbncp∂Xn\mepw

kwLSnXcq]w ssIhcn°Ø°\ne

bn¬ Zo¿Lambn \ne\n¬°m™Xn

\mepamWv "ap‡nbnse DW¿Δv' \h

s]s¥t°mkvXv Ncn{XØns‚ {]mcw`

]pdßfn¬ Ibdn°qSnbXv

ap‡nanj\nse ]cnip≤mfl

DW¿Δns‚ {]tXyIX AXns‚ `mc

Xob ASnÿm\amWv. Akqkm kv{So

‰nse s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δv Bcw`n

°p∂Xn\p apºmWv ap‡nanj\n¬

s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δp s]m´n]pd

s∏´Xv. 1905 Pq¨ 29\p ]pe¿s® aq∂c

bv°v anj≥luknse Hcp ko\nb¿

s]¨Ip´nbnemWv DW¿Δns‚

Bcw`w. ]nt‰∂v cmhnse cam`mbn

tbml∂ms‚ kphntijw F´mw

A≤ymbw Bkv]Zam°n thZ]mT

¢m pIƒ \SØptºmƒ tIƒhn°mcn

te°v DW¿Δp hym]n®ncp∂p. s]¨

Ip´nIfpsS D®Ønep≈ Ic®nen\pw

{]m¿∞\bv°panSbn¬ cmam`mbnbpsS

thZ]mT¢m pIƒ apßnt∏mbn.

3

33 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

A\y`mjm`mjWw Dƒs∏sSbp≈

F√m BflhcßfpsSbpw {]Z¿i\w

ap‡n DW¿ΔptbmKßfn¬ D≠mbn

cp∂p.

Bw•n°≥ a\ p≈ cam`mbn Cu

A\y`mjsbbpw _lfsØbpw

Fßs\bmWv t\m°nI≠Xv? ""Rm\m

Zyw AXns\∏‰n hfsc t_m[hXnbm

bncp∂p. F∂m¬ ssZhØns‚ {]h¿

Ø\Øn¬ GsX¶nepw \nebn¬ ssI

ISØm≥ Rm≥ B{Kln®n√.'' (Pan-ditha Ramabai H.S. Dyer, P II).

ap‡n DW¿Δn¬ `mK`m°mbh¿

a≤yC¥ybnepw DØcC¥ybnepw

DW¿Δv hmlIcmbn k©cn®p.

F∂m¬, ]n¬°mesØ s]s¥t°m

kvXvhym]\Øn\v AhcpsS {]h¿

Ø\w klmbamsb¶n¬°qsS, ap‡n

bnse BfpIƒ XßsfØs∂

s]s¥t°mkvXcmbn IcpXpItbm

kwLSnX \nebn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXn

s‚ hf¿®bv°v D]IcWßfmhqItbm

sNbvXn√.

C¥ybn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXn\v Hcp

kwLSnX`mhw \¬Ip∂Xv hntZianj

\dnam¿ Xs∂bmWv. Akqkm kv{So‰n

se DW¿ΔptbmKßfn¬ Bfl

kv\m\w {]m]n® ]ecpw s]s¥t°m

kvXv anj\dnamcmbn C¥ybnte°p

t]m∂ncp∂p. ̀ mcXØnse kwLSnX

s]s¥t°mkvXv {]ÿm\߃°v

Gsd IS∏mSp≈Xv Xo¿®bmbpw B

anj\dnamtcmSmWv.

]WvUnX cam`mbnbpsS ap‡n

anj\n¬h®v 1905˛¬ ]cnip≤mfl

kv\m\w {]m]n® Atacn°≥ anj\dn

h\nX an∂n Aw{_mwkns\ Hgn®p

\n¿Ønbm¬ s]s¥t°mkvXns‚

ktμihpambn C¥ybnte°v BZysa

Ønb anj\dn F.Pn. Km¿ BsW∂p

tXm∂p∂p. 1906 Pq¨ ]Xn\mdn\p Km¿

Bflkv\m\w {]m]n®p. Akqkm

kv{So‰nse DW¿Δp\mbI\mbncp∂

hneyw sP. skbvaq¿ F∂ IdpØ

h¿§°mc\mb ]mÃdpsS tbmK

ßfn¬ ]s¶SpØv ]cnip≤mfl

kv\m\w {]m]n°p∂ BZysØ sh≈

°mc≥ ]mÿ Bbncp∂p F.Pn. Km¿.

]WvUnX cam`mbn \bn® ap‡n

anj\nse DW¿Δp tbmKØn¬

h®mWv 1905˛¬ C¥ybnse

s]s¥t°mkvXpW¿Δp

s]m ń∏pds∏Sp∂Xv.

]WvUnX cam`mbn

F.Pn. Km¿

34tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Akqkm sXcphn¬h®pXs∂

C¥ybnte°v anj\dnbmbn t]mIm≥

Km¿ Xocpam\saSpØp. 1907˛¬

At±lw I¬°ØbnseØn. AhnsS

anj\dnamcpsS Hcp I¨h≥j\n¬

]cnip≤mflkv\m\sØ°pdn®v {]kw

Kn®tijw ]WvUnX cam`mbnbpsS

ap‡nanj\nte°pw ]ns∂ t_mws_

bnte°pw bm{X sNbvXv s]s¥t°m

kvXns‚ {]NmcI\mbn 1912˛\p apºv

Km¿ s]s¥t°mkvXv ZqXpambn an°

Gjy≥ cmPyßfpw kμ¿in®ncp∂p.

Akqkm kv{So‰n¬\n∂pw sXs°

C¥ybn¬ FØnb BZy anj\dn

tXmakv _mc‰v (t\m¿sΔ) BsW

∂mWv tcJIƒ. bqtdm∏ns‚ s]s¥

t°mkvXv As∏mkvXe≥ F∂dnb

s∏Sp∂ _mc‰v kzoU\nepw, Cw•

≠nepw, P¿Ω\nbnepsa√mw BZyambn

s]s¥t°mkvXv ktμisaØn®

alXvhy‡nbmWv. 1907˛¬ At±lw a‰v

cmPyßfnse∂t]mse C¥ybnepw

FØn. a{Zmkv {]hniybnse Ip\qcn¬

anj\dnam¿°mbn s]s¥t°mkvXv

DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \SØnb _mc‰n\v

Gsd BfpIsf injycm°phm≥ Ign

™p. Cu tbmKßfn¬ ]cnip≤mfl

kv\m\w {]m]n® ankv _u¨kn¬,

BƒUv hn¶nƒ F∂o {_Zd¨ anj

\dnamcmWv ]n∂oSv sX°≥ XncphnXmw

Iqdn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXns‚ ktμihp

ambn FØnbXv.

CXnt\mSSpØ ImeØmWv P¿Ω≥

hwiP\mb tPm¿Pv _¿Kv Atacn°

bn¬\n∂p s]s¥t°mkvXv ktμihp

ambn _mw•qcnseØp∂Xv. X\n°p

apºp h∂ anj\dnam¿ ]m›mXy anj

\dnamcpsS CSbntem, BwKteb ̀ mj

ssIhiambhcpsSbnSbntem, Xß

{InkvXy≥jq¨ta°¿

tXmakv _mc‰v

fpsS {]h¿Ø\w HXp°n\n¿Ønb

t∏mƒ _¿Kv kztZiobcmb P\ß

fpsS CSbnte°p s]s¥t°mkvXv

ktμihpambn bm{X sNbvXp.

\m´pIm¿°nSbn¬ s]s¥t°mkvXv

IqSnhchpIƒ Bcw`n°phm≥

Ign™bmƒ F∂ khntijXbpw

_¿§n\p≠v.

1907˛¬ C¥ybnseØnb as‰mcp

Atacn°≥ anj\dnbmbncp∂p

{InÃy≥ jq¨ta°¿. {InÃy≥ B≥Uv

anj\dn Asse≥kv (CMA) kwLØns‚ anj\dnbmbmWv At±lw

C¥ybn¬ h∂Xv. ]cnip≤mflkv\m\

Øn\mbn ImØncnt°≠Xv AXymh

35 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

iyamsW∂v At±lw P\ßtfmSp

i‡nbmbn {]t_m[n∏n®p. F∂m¬

A∂v At±lw ]cnip≤mflkv\m\w

{]m]n®ncp∂n√. 1908˛¬ At±lw

]cnip≤mflmhn\m¬ \ndbpIbpw

tcmKim¥nbpƒs∏sS ]e Bflhc

ßtfmsS Xs‚ ip{iqj XpScpIbpw

sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv Akwªokv Hm^v

tKmUn¬ tN¿∂ jq¨ta°¿ 1917˛¬

F.Pn. anj\dnbmbn ho≠pw C¥y

bnseØn. 1918˛¬ klmc≥]qcn¬

C¥y≥ Akwªokv Hm^v tKmUv

kwLSnX cq]w {]m]n®t∏mƒ jq¨

tabv°¿ Bbncp∂p AXns‚

sNb¿am≥.

an∂n Aw{_mkns\t∏mse C¥y

bn¬ anj\dnbmbn hkn°pw Imew

Bflkv\m\w {]m]n® Cw•ojpImcn

bmWv Beokv Cuhven≥ eqkv. 1896˛¬

BWv kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dnbmbn

Ah¿ C¥ybnseØp∂Xv. AkowKm

dn¬ t{]jnXhrØnbnencn°ptºmƒ

]cnip≤mflkv\m\sØ°pdn® v

hmbn®dn™ Beokv AXn\mbn

ImØncn°pIbpw 1910˛¬ AXv

{]m]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv c≠p

h¿j߃ Xs‚ t{]jnX hb¬ {]tZ

ißfn¬ Beokv s]s¥t°mkvXv

{]NmcIbmbn Pohn®p. F∂m¬

AkpJ_m[nXbmbXns\ØpS¿∂v

kn. Fw. Fkv. t\XrXzw Ahsc

XncnsI hnfn®p. 1914˛¬ Beokv kn.

Fw. Fkv. hn´v Akwªokv Hm^v

tKmUn¬ tN¿∂p.

1915˛¬ F.Pn. Beokn\p Hm¿Un

t\j≥ \¬Insb¶nepw BtcmKy

]camb ImcWßfm¬ Ah¿°p C¥y

bn¬ aSßnhcm\mbn√.

1910˛\ptijw C¥ybn¬ s]s¥

t°mkvXv anj\dnamcpsS Hcp {]hmlw

Xs∂ D≠mbn. F∂pXs∂b√ kztZin

Ifmb ]ecpw s]s¥t°mkvXv ip{iq

jbv°v {]m]vXcmbn Fgpt∂¬°p

Ibpw sNbvXp.

an∂n F v̂. A{_mwkv

1887˛¬ C¥ybnseØnb Atacn°≥

anj\dnbmbncp∂ an∂n A{_mwkv

1905˛¬ ap‡n anj\nse DW¿Δp

tbmKØn¬ h®v Bflkv\m\w {]m]n®p.

Beokv Cuhven≥ eqkv

1896̨ ¬ kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dnbmbn C¥y

bnseØnb Beokv 1910 emWv

Bflkv\m\w {]m]n°p∂Xv.

36tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

tIcfØns‚ BflnIDW¿Δp Ncn{Xw

tbip{InkvXphns‚ injy\mbn

cp∂ tXmakv As∏mkvXe≥ F.Un.

52˛¬ tIcfw kμ¿in®v ss{IkvXh

k` ÿm]n®psh∂mWv Gsd {]Nmcw

e`n®n´p≈ sFXnlyw. Ncn{X]cambn

CXv sXfnbn°s∏SpItbm \ntj[n°

s∏SpItbm sNbvXn´n√. F∂m¬

Bdmw \q‰mt≠msS tIcfØn¬ hyh

ÿm]nXamb coXnbn¬ {InkvXym

\nXzw hf¿∂ncp∂psh∂v A°meØv

C¥y kμ¿in® CuPn]v‰pImc\mb

"tImkvtamkv' cNn® "{InkvXy≥ t‰m

t∏m{Km^n' (Christian Topography) F∂{KŸØn¬ \n∂pw a\ nemIp∂p.

Xmt{]ms_bn≥ (kntem¨), ae_m¿,

Ieym¨ (sIm√w) F∂o ÿeßfn¬

ss{IkvXh k`Isf Z¿in®ncp∂Xmbn

Cu {KŸØn¬ At±lw tcJs∏Sp

Ønbn´p≠v.

C°meØv sXs° C¥ybnse k`

4

hym]vXnbnepw kapZmb \nebnepw

hfsc ]ptcmKan®ncp∂p. (sI.sI.

Ipcphnf, `mcXØnse ss{IkvXh

k`Iƒ, t]Pv 7) F∂m¬ tIcf k`

bn¬ DW¿Δns‚ Ncn{Xw Xncbm≥

A{X BgØnte°v apßnbndßnbn´pw

Imcyan√. 19˛mw \q‰m≠phsc, IrXy

ambn ]d™m¬ 1850˛Iƒ hsc ae¶c

k`bn¬ Hcp DW¿ΔpNcn{Xan√.

k`bpsS BZnaImebhn¬ kphn

tij Imcyßfn¬ AXv hfsc {i≤

]Xn∏n®ncp∂ncn°Ww. As√¶n¬

ss{IkvXh k`bv°v Ggmw \q‰mt≠m

sS C{X henb {]Nmcap≠mIbn√mbn

cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]Xn\memw \q‰m≠n¬

t]m¿´pKokpIm¿ C¥ybn¬ h∂

t∏mƒ k`IfpsS ÿnXn {]mtbW

£tbm≥apJambncp∂p. CXn\p c≠p

ImcW߃ Ncn{XImc\mb sI.sI.

Ipcphnf Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p≠v.

37 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

""A∂v C¥ybnse k`Iƒ°v

t]¿jy≥ (s\kvtXmdnb≥) k`Ifp

ambmWv _‘ap≠mbncp∂Xv.... Bdmw

\q‰m≠n¬ D¤hn®v ASpØ ImeØn

\p≈n¬ hfsc i‡n {]m]n® apk¬

am≥ km{amPyw a≤yGjybnep≈

ss{IkvXh cmPyßsf ]nSn®S°n

bXns‚ ^eambn C¥ybv°v

]ekvXo≥ kndnb apXemb cmPyßfp

ambp≠mbncp∂ _‘w apdn™pt]m

bn..... ]ckv]cap≈ {InkvXob Iq´m

bvabpw t{]m’ml\hpw Bibhn\n

ab kuIcyhpw Csæn AXv

kwbp‡ {InkvXob hnImksØ inYn

eoIcn°p∂ Hcp {]Xn_‘ambn ]cn

Wan°mhp∂XmWv. tIcf ss{IkvXh

k`bpsS Ncn{XØn¬ Cu ]cam¿∞w

{]kv]jvSambn ImWp∂p.

ae¶c k`IfpsS Bflnb A[x

]X\Øn\p as‰mcp ImcWhpw D≠v.

Ggmw \q‰mt≠mSpIqsS tIcfØn¬

\mSphmWncp∂ cmPm°∑m¿ {InkvXym

\nIƒ°p Nne ÿm\am\ßfpw ]Zhn

Ifpw Iev]n®p \¬InbXmbn ]db

s∏Sp∂p. cmPZØamb Cu ÿm\

am\mZnIƒ A∂sØ ss{IkvXh kap

ZmbØn¬ Hcp PmXobt_m[sØ D±o

`hn∏n®p. X߃ kh¿Æ lnμp°sf

t∏mse Hcp {]tXyI PmXnbmsW∂v

Ahcn¬ Nne¿ `mhn®p. {InkvXym\n

Ifn¬ Nne¿ Ass{IkvXhsct∏mse

PmXnhyXymkwt]mepw A\pjvTn®p

XpSßn. a\pjy\pw a\pjy\pw XΩn¬

Cßs\bp≈ PmXnhyXymk߃

A\pjvTn°p∂ Hcp ss{IkvXh k`

bn¬ ss{IkvXhmZ¿iw A\pkcn

®p≈ PohnXcoXnIƒ {]tbmKØn¬

hcpØpI km≤ya√t√m.'' (sI.sI.

Ipcphnf, tIcfØnse Bflob

DW¿Δv, t]Pv 31˛̨ 33).

{InkvXym\nXzØns‚ kØbmb

kmtlmZcysØ ]cnXyPn® ae¶ck`

AXv kpdnbm\n°mcmIs´, ItØmen

°cmIs´ Hcp "PmXn' F∂ \nebn

emWv XßsfØs∂ I≠ncp∂Xv.

ssZhØns‚ ]cnip≤mflmhn\p {]h¿

Ø\thZn Hcp°m≥ Cßs\sbmcp

hyhÿm]nX kwLØn\p IgnbmXn

cp∂Xn¬ AXniban√t√m. BNmc

ßfpw Fgp∂≈Øpw s]cp∂mfpIfpw

am{Xambncp∂p AhcpsS aX{]Z¿i\w.

{InkvXym\nXzØns‚ A¥xkØ

bdnbm≥ Ah¿°p XncphN\Øns‚

km∂n≤yhpan√mbncp∂p.

]Xn\©pw ]Xn\mdpw \q‰m≠p

Ifn¬ thZ]pkvXI kmao]yw kr

jvSn® hnπhØn¬ bqtdm∏nemsI

\hoIcWw Xnf®ps]mßnbt∏mgpw

]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠nse "t{Kbv‰v Ath

bv°\nwKv' BwKteb temIsØ IogS

°nbt∏mgpw CsXm∂padnbmsX ae¶c

k` XßfpsS "htcWy]Zhn'bpsS

hymPkwXr]vXnbn¬ apgpIn DdßpI

bmbncp∂p.

DW¿Δpw XncphN\hpw

GXpW¿Δpw thZ]pkvXIØns‚

hniZamb ]T\ØneqsS am{Xta kw`

hyamIp∂p≈p. DW¿Δp Ncn{XImc

\mb FUvhn≥ Hm¿ ]dbp∂Xv, Hcp

BflnI DW¿Δv, ]cnip≤mflmhv

{InkvXphns‚ k`sb ]pXnb\nba

{InkvXym\nXzØns‚ kam\m\p`h

ßfnte°v \bn°p∂ {]Xn`mkamsW

∂mWv. (Edwin Orr, EvangelicalAwakenings, Page1). ]pXnb\nba{In kvXym\nXzØns‚ {]tXyIXIfdn

bm≥ XncphN\Øns‚ shfn®w

IqSntb Xocq.

F∂m¬ kpdnbm\n k`IfpsS

38tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

G‰hpw henb {]iv\w, 19˛mw \q‰m

≠phsc AXn\p thZ]pkvXIhpambn

henb _‘sam∂pan√mbncp∂psh∂

XmWv. amXr`mjbn¬ Hcp thZ]pkv

XI X¿÷at]mepw A∂phsc \S∂n

´n√mbncp∂p. sshZnI`mjbmb kpdn

bm\nbn¬ thZ]pkvXIw hmbn®dnbp

hm≥ Ignhp≠mbncp∂Xv ]´°mcpsS

Hcp \yq\]£Øn\p am{Xambncp∂p.

A‘ImcbpKØn¬ bqtdm]y≥ k`bv

°p≠mbncp∂ AtX ZptcymKw!!

F∂m¬, ]´°m¿°p am{Xw hmbn°m

\mhp∂ kpdnbm\n thZ]pkvXIw

t]mepw A∂v ae¶c k`bn¬ kpe`

a√mbncp∂psh∂XmWv G‰hpw henb

Zpc¥ambn ̀ hn®Xv.

1806˛¬ t¢mUnbkv _p°m\≥

(Claudius Buchanan) F∂ t{]m´Ã‚ vanj\dn XncphnXmwIq¿ kμ¿in®

t∏mƒ A∂sØ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv

H∂ma≥ Xs‚ ssIhiap≠mbncp∂

kpdnbm\n thZ]pkvXIw At±lsØ

G¬∏n®p. _p°m\≥ AXns‚ \qdv

tIm∏nIƒ Cw•≠n¬ A®Sn∏n®v

XncphnXmwIqdnte°b®p sImSpØp.

1818-̨ ¬ ]pXn-b-\n-baw am{X-ambn kpdn-

bm-\n-bn¬ A®-Sn-∏n®v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-

Øp. F∂m¬ CsXms° kpdnbm\nbn

embncp∂Xn\m¬ km[mcW°m¿°v

AXpsIm≠p≈ {]tbmP\w e`n®n√.

CXn\nSbn¬ Zoh∂mtkymkv

sa{Xmt∏meoØm \mep kphntij

߃ kpdnbm\nbn¬\n∂p ]cn

`mjs∏SpØn _p°m\≥ kmbv∏ns\

G¬∏n®p. AXv kmbn∏v t_mws_

bn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn A®Sn∏n®v ae¶c

k`bv°p \¬In. henb \nehmcw

]pe¿Øp∂Xs√¶n¬t∏mepw ae¶c

k`bv°p In´p∂ BZysØ aebmf

thZ]pkvXIambncp∂p AXv. s_bven

bpsS ]pXnb\nba ]cn`mj ]pdØnd

ßp∂Xv 1829emWv. apgpthZ]pkvXIw

1841epw. ae¶ck`bn¬ \hoIcWØn

s‚ hnØp]mInbXv Cu thZ]pkvXI

X¿÷aIfmsW∂p ]dbp∂Xn¬

AXniban√. ]n∂oSv Kp≠¿´ns‚ ae

bmf thZ]pkvXIw {]kn≤oIrXam

sb¶nepw a≤yXncphnXmwIqdpImcs\

Gsd kzm[o\n®Xv s_bvenbpsS thZ

]pkvXI X¿÷aXs∂bmbncp∂p.

thZ]pkvXI ]T\Øns‚bpw anj

\dnamcn¬\n∂p e`n® A`yk\Øn

s‚bpw ̂ eambn kpdnbm\n k`bn¬

henb \hoIcWw kwPmXambn. k`

bpsS D]tZiw thZ]pkvXIØneSn

ÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈Xmbncn°W

sa∂Xmbncp∂p Cu \hoIcWØns‚

k¿Δ {][m\amb XXzw. A{_lmw

aev]m\pw amXyqkv am¿ AØt\

jykv sa{Xmt∏meoØbpw thZ]pkvX

Im\pkrXßfmb D]tZi߃ k`

bn¬ {]Ncn∏n®p.

ae¶cbn¬ DW¿Δp hym]n°p∂p

ae¶cbn¬ DW¿Δv ]cØp∂Xn

\p amXyqkv am¿ AØt\jykv hln®

]¶v \n oaamWv. RmbdmgvN Znhkß

fn¬ ]≈nbmcm[\°ptijw {]m¿∞

\mtbmK߃ IqSp∂Xn\pw thZ]mT

߃, {]kwK߃, Ch \SØp∂

Xn\pw sa{Xmt∏meoØm Iev]\Iƒ

aqew CShI°msc t{]m’mln∏n®p

t]m∂p. AXpIqSmsX Xangv\m´n¬

\n∂pw a‰pw kphntij {]h¿ØIsc

tIcfØnte°v £Wn®v tbmK߃

\SØp∂Xn\p At±lw Ahsc

t{]m’mln∏n®p. Xncph\¥]pcØv

e≠≥ anj≥ k`bnse tamih’ew

imkv{Xnbmsc a≤yXncphnXmwIqdn¬

]ebnSØpw Xmakn∏n®v ss{IkvXh

39 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

kwKoXcoXnIƒ k`mP\ßsf A`y

kn∏n°p∂Xn\v G¿∏mSp sNbvXXv

sa{Xmt∏meoØm Xs∂bmbncp∂p.

19˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ XncphnXmw

Iqdnse Bflnb DW¿ΔpIƒ°v

\Sp\mbIXzw hln®hcn¬ an°

t]cpw Xangv\m´n¬ \n∂pw IpSntbdn

bhcmsW∂Xv hnNn{Xambn tXm∂mw.

1864˛¬ X©mhqcn¬ \ns∂Øn

ae¶ck`Ifn¬ k©cn®v, IYmKm\

ßfneqsSbpw, {]kwKßfneqsSbpw,

kphntijtbmK߃ \SØnb

AΩmƒ thZ\mbIhpw Iq´cpw P\ß

fn¬ kphntijtØmSp Xm¬]cyw

hf¿Ønb Hcp t{]£nXkwLambn

cp∂p. 1870˛Ifn¬ Xangv\m´n¬ \n∂p≈

thZm≤ym]I\mb tPm¨ {InkvXy≥

Acpf∏\mWv ae¶ck`sb hym]I

amb \nebn¬ DW¿Δnte°p \bn®

as‰mcp Xangv\m´pImc≥. ]n¬°me

DW¿Δp\mbI≥amcmb hnZzm≥Ip´n

b®≥, tUhnUv XpSßnbhcpw Xangv

\m´n¬ \n∂pXs∂ D≈hcmbncp∂p.

(1930˛¬ ]qhØqcn¬ \S∂ s]s¥

t°mkvXpW¿Δn\p t\XrXzw hln®

X¶øm AXnibhpw Xangv\m´pImc≥

Xs∂bmbncp∂p.)

1859˛¬ Atacn°bnepw {_n´\nepw

\S∂ DW¿ΔpNcn{Xw hmbn®dn™

Acpf∏≥ B coXnbn¬ Xs‚ \mSn

t\bpw DW¿ØWta F∂p {]m¿∞n

®psIm≠ncn°pIbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬

B DW¿Δv X∂neqsSXs∂ {]kcn∏n

°phm\mWv ssZhØn\p {]kmZw

tXm∂nbXv. 1860 am¿®v \men\p Acpf

∏s‚ ÿeamb Xncps\¬thenbnse

{InkvXy≥t]´bn¬ DW¿Δp s]m´n

]pds∏´p.

""DW¿Δv {]Xo£n®ncp∂ Hcp

P\XbpsS CSbntem, Ah¿°mbn

kphntijw sIm≠ph∂ anj\dnam

cpsS km∂n≤yØntem Bbncp∂n√

CØhW AXp s]m´n]pds∏´Xv F∂

XmWv {]m[m\ytadp∂ hkvXpX. Cu

DW¿Δv tbmKßfn¬ BZy\q‰m≠nse

t∏mse A\y`mjbpw Z¿i\ßfpw

{]hN\ßfpw F√mw D≠v.'' (IndianWatch Man, October 1860, Quoted from,Evangelical Awakenings in India, J. EdwinOrr, Page 33).

GsdØmaknbmsX Acpf∏≥

DW¿Δv ktμihpambn XncphnXmw

IqdnseØn. Acpf∏\pw, kn.Fw.

Fkv. {]h¿ØI\mbncp∂ tUhnUv

s^∂pw a≤yXncphnXmwIqdn¬ \S

Ønb tbmK߃ ]e h¿j߃ \o≠

DW¿Δv {]Xn`mkØn\p \mμnbmbn.

Hcp Znhkw sNß∂q¿ am¿

tØmΩm ]≈nbnseØnb tUhnUv

s^≥ I≠Xv, Ccp\qtdmfw hcp∂

hnizmknIƒ ap´n≥ta¬ \n∂p {]m¿

∞n°p∂Xpw Bflhnhicmbn B\

μn°p∂XpamWv. an° tbmKßfnepw

BfpIƒ XßfpsS ]m]ßsftbm¿Øv

hfsc h\yamb \nebn¬ s]m´n

°c™p. Iq´mb Ic®nepw {]m¿∞\

Ifpw Cu tbmKßfpsS {]tXyIX

Ifmbncp∂p.

Acpf∏s‚ tbmKßfnep≠mb

DW¿Δv a≤yXncphnXmwIq¿ DS\ofw

]S¿∂p]nSn®p. A∂sØ {][m\

s∏s´mcp DW¿ΔptI{μambncp∂p

]qhØq¿. sP.Fw. kv]o®venbmbncp∂p

AhnsS DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \bn®Xv.

as‰mcpW¿Δv tI{μambncp∂

tIm´bØv, kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dn

sl≥{Sn t_°¿ \SØnb tbmKß

fpsS ^eambn 1875 P\phcnbn¬ Hcp

40tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

Znhkw Xs∂ A™q‰nF¨]Øn

H≥]Xp t]¿ kv\m\s∏´v k`tbmSp

tN¿∂p.

Gsd°gnbpw apºv kn.Fw.Fkv,

]´°mc\mbncp∂ hnZzm≥Ip´nb®≥

(bqkvXqkv tbmk v̂) ae¶c k`bnse

Cu DW¿Δns‚ \mbIXzw ssIbn

seSpØp. Hcp Xangv {_m“WIpSpw_

Øn¬\n∂pw {InkvXpaXw kzoIcn®v

DW¿Δp{]kwKI\mbnØo¿∂ hnZzm≥

Ip´nbpsS tbmKßfn¬ A\nXc

km[mcWamb \nebn¬ Bflhc

߃ {]Z¿in∏n°s∏´ncp∂p. At±l

Øns‚ kl{]h¿ØI\mbncp∂

IqSmc∏≈n¬ sXmΩ≥, 1875 sabvamkw

15 apX¬, Bdp h¿jØn\papºv tbip

{InkvXphns‚ c≠masØ hchp

≠mIpsa∂p {]hNn®p.

Bbnc°W°n\v A\pbmbnIƒ

hnZzm≥Ip´n°p≠mbn. Z¿i\ßsfbpw

shfn∏mSpIsfbpw thZ]pkvXI shfn

®Øn¬ hnebncpØm\p≈ hnthN\m

t_m[w Ah¿°n√msX t]mbn. Bw•n

°≥ k` Cu Zpcp]tZitØmSp FXn¿

Øp \n∂t∏mƒ hnZzm≥Ip´n "I∂o‰v

DW¿Δpk`' F∂ t]cn¬ kz¥amb

Hcp {]ÿm\w Bcw`n®p. sXmΩs‚

{]hN\w hy¿∞ambtXmsS B k`

A[x]X\Øn¬ sNs∂Øn.

CsXms°bmsW¶nepw thZ]p

kvXI ]T\Øn\p≈ A`qX]q¿Δ

amb B{Klw k`m P\߃°nSbn¬

Cu DW¿ΔpImeØp≠mbn. 1874˛¬

am{Xw XncphN\Øns‚ hnev]\bn¬

Fgp]Xp iXam\w h¿≤\hp≠mbn.

ssZhhN\w km[mcW P\߃°nS

bn¬ Cdßns®∂Xv ]n¬°mesØ

DW¿ΔpIsf A¿∞hØm°n F∂

Xn\p kwiban√. ]n∂oSp≠mb DW¿

ΔpIfn¬ `mK`m°pIfmbh¿ Xncp

hN\ kXyßtfmSv IqSpX¬ [\mflI

ambn {]XnIcn°phm\pw ssZhhN\

Ønse D]tZi߃ PohnXØn¬

Gs‰Sp°phm\pw XømdmbXv Cu Xncp

hN\ kmao]yw aqeamWv.

1888˛¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse

am¿tØmΩm k`°m¿°nSbn¬ Fcnth

dnb DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \SØnb

hy‡nbmWv e£vWcmb¿ F∂bmƒ.

CtX Imebfhn¬ _mdnwKv KuƒUv

(Baringold) Im¿Wn (Kearney) F∂oanj\dnamcpw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ h∂v

DW¿ΔptbmK߃ \SØnbXmbn

Ncn{Xap≠v. 1892-˛¬ thm°¿ kmbv]v

XncphnXmwIqdn¬h∂p. kn.Fw. Fkv.

anj\dnamcmbncp∂ sP. F®v .

_ntjm∏v, B¿®v Uo°≥ tPm¨

sIbven F∂nhcpsS £Wa\pkcn

®mWv thm°¿ kmbv]v FØnbXv.

kmbv]ns‚ tbmKßfn¬ hnImc{]IS

\߃ Gsd t{]m’mln∏n°s∏´n√m

sb¶nepw ]nt‰ h¿jw Bcw`n®

ae¶cbnse {][m\s∏´ Hcp DW¿

Δn\v B tbmK߃ hgnsbmcp°n.

Acpf∏s‚bpw hnZzm≥Ip´nbpsS

bpw DW¿ΔpIƒ°ptijw ae¶cbn¬

i‡amb Hcp DW¿Δp≠mIp∂Xv

Xangv\m´n¬ \n∂p≈ hn. Un. tUhnUv

(Xangv tUhnUv F∂mWv Ct±lw Adn

bs∏´ncp∂Xv) F¬.Fw. thUvkv

h¿Øv F∂o ssZh`rXy≥amcneqsS

bmWv. dh. tPm¿Pv {K^v F∂ anj

\dntbmsSm∏w kntem¨, Hmkvt{S

enb, {_n´≥ XpSßnb ÿeßfn¬

k©cn®v {]h¿Øn®n´p≈ tUhnUv

Hcn°¬ sIkvhn°v I¨h≥j\nepw

{]kwKI\mbncp∂p. (DW¿Δns\∏‰n

Xangv tUhnUv cNn® Hcp eLpteJ

DKm≠bn¬ anj\dnbmbncp∂ Pn.F¬.

41 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

]n¬InwKvSWv e`n®p. AXn¬\n∂pw

DW¿Δp{]m]n® B anj\dnbmWv 1895

apX¬ 1897 hsc DKm≠bn¬ AXni

‡amb DW¿Δv \bn®Xv. 1897˛¬

At±lw h[n°s∏´p.)

B¿®v Uo°≥ DΩ≥ amΩs‚bpw

C©bv°¬ kn. Nmt°mbpsSbpw

£Wa\pkcn®mWv tUhnUpw thUv

kvh¿Øpw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ h∂Xv.

a≤yXncphnXmwIqdnepS\ofw Ah¿ \S

Ønb tbmK߃ ]n∂oSv \S∂ s]s¥

t°mkvXv DW¿ΔptbmKßsft∏mepw

AXnibn°p∂Xmbncp∂p.

""]m]߃ ]ckyambn G‰p]d

bpI, XΩn¬ XΩn¬ am∏p tNmZn°pI,

Xs∂Øm≥ s\©ØSn®v D®Øn¬

Ic™p {]m¿∞n°pI F∂o k{ºZmb

ßfpw AtXmsSm∏w km£n]d®nepw

Cu tbmKßfn¬ km[mcWambn. Ch¿

CShIIƒtXmdpw k©cn®v DW¿Δp

tbmK߃ \SØnbXns‚ ^eambn

G‰hpw sNdnb Ip´nIƒ apX¬ {]mbw

sN∂h¿ hsc Bflc£sb∏‰n

Nn ¥n®pXpSßn. C°meØv Xev°me

c£, ]cnip≤mflkv\m\w F∂o c≠p

hnjbßsf∏‰n P\kmam\yw Imcy

ambn BtemNn∏m\pw AXn¬\n∂pw

]e hmZ{]XnhmZ߃ D¤hn∏m\pw

CSbmbn... C∂p temI{]kn≤ambn

Øo¿∂ncn°p∂ amcma¨ I¨h≥

j≥ tUhnUns‚bpw th¿Uvkvh¿Øn

s‚bpw D’mlØm¬ AhcpsS

ImeØv Bcw`n°s∏´n´p≈XmsW

∂p≈ hkvXpX Cu AhkcØn¬

{]tXyIw kvacWobamWv. kn.]n.

^oent∏mkv Iioimbmbncp∂p Cu

I¨h≥js‚ apJy kwLmSI≥.''

(sI.sI. Ipcphnf, tIcfØnse

Bflob DW¿Δv, t]Pv 49, 50).

{_Zd¨ {]ÿm\w Bcw`n°p∂p

Xangv tUhnUns‚ tbmK߃

kpdnbm\n k`sb G‰hpw kºpjvS

am°n F∂Xpt]mseXs∂, thZ

]pkvXIØn¬ P\Øn\p ]pXnb

Xm¬]cyhpw Adnhpw \¬IpIbpw

sNbvXp. AXv am¿tØmΩm k`bpsS

]mcºcy hnizmkßsf thZ]pkvXI

shfn®Øn¬ hniIe\w sNøp∂Xn\v

Ahsc t{]cn∏n®p. CXpaqew

am¿tØmΩm. kn.Fw.Fkv. k`mhn`mK

ßfn¬ \n∂pw At\I¿ th¿]mSv

hnizmknIfmbn amdn.

am¿tØmΩm°mcmb ]ecpw th¿

]mSp hnizmkØnte°mI¿jn°s∏Sm

\p≈ as‰mcp {][m\ apJm¥cw

sIkvhn°v kaqlØns‚ anj\dn

bmbn XncphnXmwIqdnseØnb s{KKv

k¨ kmbv]ns‚ {]kwK ]cyS\ß

fmWv. 1897-˛¬ At±lw amcma¨

I¨h≥j≥ {]kwKI\mbncp∂p.

sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsSbpw am¿tØmΩm

k`mP\ßfpsSbpw kvt\lmZc߃

°p ]m{Xo`qX\mb kmbv]v ]nt‰h¿jw

ae¶ck`Ifnse√mw {]kwKtbmK

߃ kwLSn∏n®p.

Imcy߃ Xncn™padn™Xv

hfsc s]s´∂mbncp∂p. XncphnXmw

Iqdn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ kabw Ip∂w

IpfØv {_Zd¨ anj\dnbmbncp∂

hn. \mK¬ kmbv]pambn s{KKvk¨

]cnNbs∏´p. (\mK¬ _mk¬ anj

\dnbmbmWv BZyw tIcfØnseØp

∂Xv. ]n∂oSv th¿]mSp hnizmkw

kzoIcn®v _mk¬ anj≥ hn´p)

th¿]mSv D]tZißfn¬ BIrjvS\mb

s{KKvk¨ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ XncnsI

h∂v ]e ÿeßfnepw Cu ]pXnb

D]tZiw {]Ncn∏n®p.

42tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

hnizmk kv\m\sØ∏‰nbp≈

t_m≤yw shfns∏SpØnbXn\m¬ s{KKv

k\v sIkvhn°v kwLhpambp≈

_‘w hntOZnt°≠nh∂p. Xs‚

ss__nƒ ¢m pIfn¬ ]s¶SpØ

Ipº\mSv ]pØ≥]pcbv°¬ amΩ≥

I»oim Ip∂wIpfØpt]mbn lm≥

Uven t_¿Uv kmbv]ns‚ Iogn¬

kv\m\ta‰tXmsS s{KKvk\p am¿tØm

Ωm k`bnte°p≈ hmXnepw sIm´nbS

bv°s∏´p. F∂m¬ CXv ]pXnsbmc

≤ymbØn\p XpS°ambncp∂p. tIcf

Øn¬ {_Zd¨ {]ÿm\w i‡n

{]m]n°phm≥ AXv ImcWambn.

s{KKvk¨ kmbv]v ]pXnb hnizm

kw ]n≥]‰nbXv am¿tØmΩm k`bv°v

hensbmcmLmXambncp∂p. IqSmsX

ss«lnI ]mcºcysØ∏‰nbpw a‰pw

kpdnbm\n k`bpambn \S∂ tI n¬

am¿tØmΩm k` ]cmbPs∏´Xp aqew

`uXnIambpw ]e {]Xnk‘nIƒ

k`bv°v t\cntS≠nh∂p. `uXnI

\jvSw £oWwhcpØnb k`sb

Bflnbamsb¶nepw ]nSn®p \n¿tØ

≠Xv k`mt\XrXzØns‚ NpaXe

bmbn. CØcpWØnemWv am¿tØm

Ωm sa{Xmt∏meoØm kpdnbm\n

k`bpsS tbmKßfn¬ {]kwKn°m≥

Xncps\¬thenbn¬\n∂pw thm°¿

kmbv]ns\ hcpØp∂Xv. (t\csØ

kn.Fw.Fkv.ImcmWv At±lsØ

tIcfØn¬ sIm≠ph∂Xv.)

hfsc {]K¤\mb Hcp {]kwKI

\mbncp∂p thm°¿ kmbv] v .

am¿tØmΩm k`tbmSp hnLSn®v

At\Iw "hnip≤kwL'߃ hnImc

{]m[m\yap≈ DW¿ΔptbmK߃

\SØnbncp∂ A°meØv, Xs‚

tbmKßfn¬ tIƒhn°mcpsS hnImc

{]IS\߃ AXncp IhnbmsX

\nb{¥n°phm≥ At±lw {i≤n®n

cp∂p. F¶nepw ]cnip≤flmhns‚

{]h¿Ø\sØ XS™p\n¿Øphm≥

At±lw ]cn{ian®n√.

amcma¨ I¨h≥js‚ Hcp Znh

ksØ {]kwKkabw At±lØn\p

≠mb A\p`hw kl{]h¿ØI\mb

F.‰n. B¿®n_mƒUn\p thm°¿

kmbv]v C{]ImcsagpXp∂p: ""Rm≥

kwkmcn®psIm≠ncn°ptºmƒ ]Xn

t\gmbncw hcp∂ t{imXm°ƒ s]s´∂v

Hcpan®v D®Øn¬ {]m¿∞n°m≥ XpS

ßn. Hmtcm \nanjw Ignbpt¥mdpw

i_vZw DbcpIbmWv. F¥p sNøW

sa∂p Rm≥ AhnSptØmSv BtemN\

tNmZn®p. CXv Cßs\ Xs∂ XpScs´,

XmaknbmsX Ah¿ \ni_vZcmIp

sa∂p AhnSp∂p adp]Sn ]d™p''(Amy Carmichael, A.W. Walker ofTinnelvelly, age 391. Quoted from Evange-lical Awakenings in India, Page 100).

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠p XpSßptºmƒ

Xs∂ Acpf∏s‚bpw Xangv tUhnUn

s‚bpw Hs° \nebn¬ ]cnip≤mfl

hym]mcØn\p {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂

Hcp DW¿Δv \bn°m≥ ssZhw ]p©

aÆn¬ amΩ≥ D]tZinsb sXcs™

SpØp. 1905˛¬ Bbncp∂p Cu DW¿

Δns‚ Bcw`w. D]tZin BZytbmKw

\SØp∂Xv Ihnbqcp\SpØv Ing°≥

apØqdnemWv. AXns\ØpS¿∂v sh¨

aWnbn¬ \S∂ tbmKØn¬ ]cnip≤m

flhcßfpsS hy‡amb {]Z¿i\

ßfpw D≠mbn.

""{]kvXpX tbmKØn¬sh®v ]e

cpw A¤pXIcamb ImgvNIƒ I≠p.

Ah¿°p≠mb Bflkt¥mjw

sIm≠v \rØw sNøpIbpw XpS¿®

43 tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

bmbn tbmKw ]sØm≥]Xv Znhkw Zo¿

Ln®p \n¬°pIbpw sNbvXp.'' (tIcf

Ønse Bflob DW¿Δv, t]Pv 58).

]n∂oSv tIcfØnse kpdnbm\n

k`bpsS CSbn¬ \S∂ {]ikvXamb

DW¿Δv Ccp]XpIfpsS Bcw`Øn¬

apØmw]m°¬ km[p sIm®pIp™p

]tZin \bn®XmWv. F∂m¬ At∏mtg

bv°pw s]s¥t°mkvXv DW¿Δp

tbmK߃ tIcfØn¬ ]ebnSØpw

hym]Iambncp∂p. sIm®pIp™p

]tZinbpsS tbmKØn¬ ]s¶SpØ

]ecpw ]n∂oSv s]s¥t°mkvXv hnizm

knIfmbnØo¿∂p.

44tIcfs]s¥t°mkvXp Ncn{Xw

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