Key Challenges and Opportunities for Reducing Vulnerability

1.Diversification - No Framework for Implementingand Evaluating Payments for Ecosystem Services – Wildlife Conservation2. Lack of Integrated Land-Use Planning3. Over Exploitation of Natural Resources4. Poor Animal and Crop Health5. Poor Market Engagement

SRT 2 Satellite Site – S. Kenya and N. Tanzania

Preliminary Impact Pathways

Conceptual /Overall Hypothesis/Problem Statement:Pastoralists and farmers in S. Kenya and N. Tanzania face livelihood constraintsthat include: markets, crop-livestock integration, land holding vulnerability anduncoordinated land use, an unsupportive policy and institutional framework, andover exploitation of the natural resource base.

Reducing system vulnerability can be supported through: improved integratedland-use planning and policies to reduce vulnerability(land fragmentation, accessto markets, land degradation); stimulation of private sector involvement in livestockand crop production, markets and associated input services. This would halt naturalresource degradation and stabilize and improve livelihoods, both in termsof long term trends and short term vulnerability.

Aridity index Travel time

Forage deviation

Eadev2000ketzVery Good Deviation > 30Good 30 >= Deviation >10Normal 10 >= Devition > -10Poor -10 >= Deviation > - 30Scarce -30 >= Deviation > -50Drought -50 >= Deviation > -70Disasater -70 >= Deviation

N

90 0 90 180 270 360 450 Kilometers

2000 2001 2002 2003

2007200620052004

2008 2009 2010

Crop LivestockIntegration

Poor: variableproductivity of

crops- diseases

Limited Land and water

resources

Poor market integration - low producer prices

Farmers have access to

capital: Financialservices to

ensure access to quality inputs

Enhance access and uptake of inputs

-seed-- fertilizers

Enhance diversityof crops: forage

Farmers Implement sustainable agronomic:

land use practices, rotation, irrigation, soil fertility, erosion

Farmers fetch better prices for their crops

Enhance access to Capital: Financial

services to ensure access

to quality inputs

Improved technologies and

inputs

Accessible: utilization of knowledge information

Farmers have access

to real time crop prices

Improved (warehousing)

Storage capacity: effectiveness

Meso: The ability of integrated crop-livestock systems to reduce vulnerability is constrained by poor and variable crop productivity, limited access to land and water resources, and poor market integration and producer prices.  

Micro: Crop yields in integrated crop-livestock systems can be improved through enhanced access to financial services, increased availability of high quality inputs and diverse crop varieties, and the implementation of sustainable agronomic and land-use practices. 

Micro: Improved market integration and increased producer prices for poor households can be achieved through enhanced access to real time and long term crop pricing information, and enhanced warehousing and storage capacity and effectiveness.

Crop-livestock Integration

Insufficient access

to market infrastructure and exports

Limited capacityof markets to

absorb large volumes of stock during

droughts

Insufficient priceinformation

Lack of financialservices

Poor and Variable prices for Livestock

Small herd sizes

Improved Access to Markets

- proximity

Opportunity created for

exportmarket

Enhanced access to and use

of information on spatialtemporal

dynamics of prices

Access to enhanced

credit, savings,

insurance, futures

Access to consistent high quality

forage

Access to quality breed

Roads market

(physical) infrastructure

Drought off-take policy

implemented

Information collection:

dissemination system

Pastoral sensitive financial products

Forage banking landuse planning

Creation of disease free zone

Market Engagement

Establishment Livestock producer

association

Establishment of Vet services

Establishment Community

livestock breeding program

Meso: Access to markets (proximity), information on prices, access to financial services, higher producer prices, and larger (sufficient) herd sizes would enhance pastoral engagement in markets. 

Micro: Increased producer prices at market can be achieved through improved animal heath, enhanced access to consistent high quality forage, access to high quality high value breeds, and real time information on market prices.

Micro: Increased access to “pastoral friendly” financial services and effective livestock producer associations leads to increased market engagement.

Micro: Herd size (economies of scale?) limits pastoral involvement in markets. OR Increasing herd sizes beyond a minimum threshold would enable poor pastoralists to more effectively engage in market activities.

Market Engagement