Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

• 3% of world are international migrants (mostly in U.S)

• Global Migration Patternso Net-out migration – Asia, Latin Amer., Africao Net-in migration – N. America, Europe, Oceaniao 3 largest migration streams/flows:

① Asia to Europe② Asia to N. America③ Latin America to N. America

o LDC’s to MDC’so 12% of U.S, 25% of Australia, 50% of Middle East are

immigrants

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

• U.S Immigration Patternso 3 Migration Eras:

① Colonial Immigration from England & Africa (1600-1840)o Approx. 2 million Europeans (mostly voluntary) – 90% from

Great Britaino Approx. 650,000 Africans (mostly forced as slaves) – illegal in

1808 but 250,000 came b/t 1808-1861

② 19th Century European Immigration (1840-1930)o 65 mil Europeans (40 mil to U.S., rest to Canada, Australia, NZ,

southern Africa, & S. America)o Largest # from Germany, Italy, U.K., Ireland, & Russiao Many from Poland but often counted as German or Russian

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

• U.S Immigration Patternso 3 Migration Eras:

② 19th Century European Immigration (1840-1930)o 1st Peak (1840’s & 50’s) – up to 250,000 per year, mostly from

Northern & Western Europe (Ireland & Germany), economic & political factors (Ex. Potato famine in Ireland)

o 2nd Peak (1870’s -90’s) – 500,000 per year, had declined during Civil War, mostly from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway & Sweden), Industrial Revolution led to Stage 2 of DT (pop. growth, migration for better opportunities)

o 3rd Peak (1900’s-20’s) – decline in 1890’s due to economic problems, 1 million per year, mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary), Stage 2 transition

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

• U.S Immigration Patternso 3 Migration Eras:

③ Recent Immigration from LDC’so Dropped during Great Depression & WWII (1930’s & 40’s)o Increasing since 1950’s o From Asia – 1 mil. From China & Japan 1900-1950, 7 mil from

Asia 1950-2000 (mostly from China, Hong Kong, Philippines, India, & Vietnam), many also to Canada (British Columbia)

o From Latin America – 2 mil from 1820-1960, 13 mil from 1960-2005, approx. 400,000 per year in 2000’s, mostly from Mexico, many from Dominican Republic & El Salvador, Stage 2 of DT & poor economic situations

• U.S. has changed over time – no longer sparsely settled, no longer large amounts of unclaimed land (closing of the frontier), not booming economically

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

• Impact of Immigration on the U.S.o Legacy of European Migration (basically ended in 1914 at

start of WWI)① Demographic Transition

o Stage 2 fueled by Industrial Rev. (tech. & healthcare)o Promoted efficient agriculture – people pushed off family farms (larger

farms & more machinery)o People sought factory jobs in cities or moved to U.S. for farmlando Europe now in Stage 3 & 4 – no need for U.S. “safety valve”

② Diffusion of Cultureo Language (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch)o Religion (Christianity)o Art, music, literature, philosophy, government, ethicso N. & S. America and Australia similar to European culture (sparsely

populated before colonialism)o Conflict in Africa & Asia due to colonialism (domination, discrimination,

drawing of problematic boundaries, etc.)

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

• Impact of Immigration on the U.S.o Undocumented Immigration

• Desire for immigration > allowed quotas• Estimates from 9.3 to 11.1 million in 2005 (5+ mil from Mexico, 2+

mil from Latin Amer., 1 mil from Asia, ½ mil from Europe/Canada, ½ mil other)

• ½ adult males, ½ women or children• About 7.2 million employed (5% of workforce) – farming, cleaning,

construction, food service• Reasons:

o Enter legally as tourists or students & don’t leaveo Slip across border

• U.S.-Mexico border is 2,000 miles long (many unpatrolled sections)• Often purchase forged documents• 1.3 million are caught per year and often deported

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

• Impact of Immigration on the U.S.o Destination of Immigrants in U.S.• ½ in 4 states – NY, CA (1/4), TX, FL• Cluster in coastal or border states or in cities with busy

international airports• Mexican immigrants to CA, TX, IL, or border states• Caribbean to FL (Cubans) or NY (Puerto Ricans)• China & India to NY & CA• Other Asians to CA• Factors:

① Proximity② Clustering near similar immigrants (chain migration)③ Job availability