key issue #2 – where are migrants distributed?. about 5% of the world’s population are migrants....
TRANSCRIPT
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Key Issue #2 –
Where are Migrants Distributed?
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• About 5% of the world’s population are migrants.
• The country with the largest amount of migrants is the US.
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Global Migration Patterns
• 1) 3 largest flows of migrants: Asia to Europe, Latin America to US, from Asia to US.
• 2) Substantial in-migration: Europe to North America, Asia to Oceania.
• 3) Lower levels of in-migration: Latin America to Oceania, Africa to Europe, North America, and Oceania.
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• These patterns reflects the importance of migration from LDC’s to MDC’s.
• Migrants head from poor countries to wealthy countries with brighter job prospects.
• 10% of the US population consists of migrants
• The highest % of migrants are in the Middle East b/c of oil. – Kuwait – 70%, United Arab Emirates – 90%
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The 2 shades of red represent in-migration,
the 3 shades of blue represent out-migration.
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IMMIGRATION TO THE US• US is the 3rd most populous country.
– 65+ million immigrants since 1820.
• We’ve had 2 major waves of immigration• 1st wave - Mid-1800’s-early 1900’s
– 90% from Europe
• 2nd wave - 1970’s to present– 90% from Latin America and Asia
• Origins of migrants have varied, reasons are the same: rapid pop growth and limited economic advancement at home (leaving stage 2 countries).
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European Immigration to the US
• The US offered the greatest opportunity for economic success historically and today.
• In order, Germany, Italy, the UK, Ireland, and Russia are the European countries which have sent the most migrants to the US.
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1st Peak: 1607-1840• A steady stream to the colonies and the US.
• 90% before 1840 were from Britain.
• During 1840’s and 50’s, the # of immigrants surged. 4 million during the decade, which doubled the previous 250 years.
• Jumped from 20,000/year to 250,000/year.
• Mostly Irish and German. Economic migrants at first. Germany later becomes cultural.
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2nd Peak: 1880’s
• Dropped in the 1860’s b/c of our Civil War.
• Peaked in the 1880’s.
• ½ million annually migrated.
• More Germans, Irish… now Swedes and Norwegians as the Ind Rev diffused to their area and their populations boomed.
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3rd Peak: 1900-1915• Economic problems in the 1890’s discouraged
immigration.
• Nearly 1 million per year during 1900-1915. • 1907 = 1.3 million, the most per year ever
• New countries now… Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary. Southern/Eastern Europeans came b/c they were now entering stage 2.
• At peak of immigration, 13 million US residents (or 14%) were foreign born.
• This peak came to an end b/c of WWI.
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• Europeans once made up 90% of all immigrants to the US.
• In the 1960’s, just 30%.
• Today, only 10%.
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The Enclosure Movement
• To promote more efficient agriculture, some governments forced the consolidation of small farms into larger ones in the late 1700’s.
• The avg farm (due to inheritances) had become too small to be profitable.
• In England, we call this the “Enclosure Movement”.
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Harby, England…
A typical
Pre-Enclosure
Movement
Village
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Property
Lines in
Harby
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• Farmers had 2 choices: move to cities and work in factories or move out of the country.
• The Enclosure Movement forced millions to migrate to the US.
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Effect of European Migration
• As do all migrants, Europeans brought their culture with them.
• Christianity is the world’s largest religion
• More than ½ of world’s people speak an Indo-European language.
• Europe’s culture and political structures have also diffused. i.e. clothing styles, foods, etc
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Negative Effects of European Migration• European migration…
– planted seeds of conflict by migrating into regions with indigenous populations
– imposed political domination over others– injected culture– extracted resources instead of building upon them– bringing in slave labor– drawing arbitrary boundary lines– discriminating among local ethnic groups.
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RECENT IMMIGRATION
• Immigration dropped sharply in the 1930’s and 40’s (Great Depression and WWII)
• For the only time in our history, we had more emigrants than immigrants.
• Immigration steadily increased in the 1950’s, 60’s, and 70’s.
• We broke records in the 80’s and 90’s.
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Immigration From Asia
• Late 1800’s and early 1900’s – 3 primary countries: China, Japan, and Turkey.
• 1990’s: China, Philippines, and Vietnam
• Overall in the 1900’s, the largest #’s came from China and India (stage 2 countries, #1 and #2 in overall population totals).
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Per year during 1990’s
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Immigration from Latin America• Mexico passed Germany as the country that
has sent the most immigrants to the US.– From Latin America… 1) Mexico, 2) Dominican
Republic, 3) El Salvador
• Our primary sources have changed from Europe to now Latin America and Asia, but reasons remain the same – poor economic conditions.
• Europeans encountered a booming, sparsely settled country with unclaimed land. New immigrants encounter a country with a finite amount of space.
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Per year during 1990’s
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Destinations of Immigrants in the US
• 1/4th to California, 1/4th to NY and NJ, 1/4th to FL, TX, and Illinois, with the other 1/4th scattered around the other 44 states.– These 6 states have the nation’s busiest airports
• Immigrants used to arrive by boat and lived near coastal areas… now arrive by plane and car.
• Chain migration – migration of people to a specific place b/c relatives or members of the same nationality settled there.
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Undocumented Immigration to the US
• The demand to enter the US is higher than the quotas, so some people sneak in. This, of course, is illegal.
• More than 95% of illegal immigrants are Mexican.
• 2 ways people come illegally…– Enter with a work or student visa and not leave– Slip across border
• Can buy forged documents. If caught, are sent home and then can come straight back.
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• The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act tried to reduce the # of immigrants.
• If you could prove you had lived in the US continuously from 1982-87 you could apply for residency and become a citizen after 5 years.– Few applied b/c they didn’t want to be deported– Cracked down on getting jobs by immigrants
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Crossing the US-Mexican Border• Is heavily patrolled, but is very long (2000+
miles) and crosses urban areas and rural areas.• Parts are fenced, but many parts are not.• Hardest part for potential immigrants is reaching
the border, not crossing it.
• The US has a difficult dilemma… if allowed to stay, this could encourage more to come, threatening unemployment. Most illegal immigrants, however, take low paying jobs most citizens don’t want.
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U.S. Mexico
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A “Day of the Dead” mass conducted cross-border
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Tijuana Border Crossing
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Patches in the wall at Nogales, AZ
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Immigration reform has been a major issue in US politics for the last few years. Above are leaders of the Democratic Party.
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Border patrol between El Paso and Juarez, Mexico.
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Border Patrol Sectors
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