key players in modern atomic theory · 2013-09-27 · henry moseley •in 1911, henry moseley...
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Key Players in Modern Atomic Theory
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Dead Guy #1 Dalton…1808 5 Postulates
One was incorrect…All atoms of the same element are identical! Should be written: All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons!
Dalton’s Atom Model
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Dead Guy #2 Thomson…1897
PLUM PUDDING MODEL!!
Plums = Electrons
Father of the ELECTRON!
Thomson’s Atom Model
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Dead Guy #3 Rutherford…1911
Gold Foil Experiment…AKA… Rutherford’s Shooting Gallery
Disproved Thomson’s Plum Pudding Theory
Father of: the POSITIVELY charged NUCLEUS; PROTONS; and
NEUTRONS
Rutherford’s Atom Model
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Dead Guy #4 Bohr…1912
Believed the ELECTRONS “orbited” the nucleus like “planets orbit the sun.”
NOT 100% accurate, but the EASIEST model to DRAW/EXPLAIN since it only deals in 2D.
Bohr Atom Model of Carbon
Magic Numbers: 2,8,18…
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BOHR MODEL PRACTICE
• DRAW Magnesium
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BOHR MODEL PRACTICE
• DRAW Chlorine
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Subatomic Particles Review
Lightest to heaviest…ELECTRON, PROTON, NEUTRONS
amu = atomic mass unit
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Counting Atoms!
• How Many Atoms are in EACH of the following chemical formulas??
• C6H12O6 =
• NaHCO3 =
• NaClO =
• Na2B4O7 =
• Mg(OH)2 =
• CH3COOH =
• 2NH4H2PO4 =
24
3
13
5
8
24
6
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Isotopes
ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT WITH DIFFERENT
NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS (THEREFORE HAVE
DIFFERENT MASSES).
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A: Mass Number #protons + # neutrons in the nucleus
Always larger than Z
Writing Isotope Symbols
X: element symbol Z: Atomic
number
#protons
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Writing Isotope Symbols
Na 11
23 Sodium-23
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Practice Isotope Problem
Write the isotope symbol for the chemical element that has 17 protons and 16 neutrons.
Cl or Chlorine-33 17
33
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Practice Isotope Problem #2
How many protons are in the isotope 54Cr? (Chromium-54)
24 (like every atom of
Chromium)
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#3 How many neutrons are in the isotope 42Ca?
22 neutrons
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#4 How many electrons are in the isotope 23Na?
11 electrons
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Workout!
• 1. The______________is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
• 2. The _________________is the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the ___________of an atom
• 3. The atoms of an element always have the same number of____________.
Atomic number
Mass Number
Nucleus
Protons!!!
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Average Atomic Mass…
Atomic Mass/Atomic Weight/Mass Number is ALWAYS listed as a decimal…
WHY??!!
It is an AVERAGE of ALL the KNOWN ISOTOPES of the element…this is WHY Dalton’s Postulate was INCORRECT!!
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Practice Filling in the Chart!
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When some types of compounds are formed atoms may gain or lose
electrons
ION: an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
**atoms with the same atomic
number (number of protons), but
different number of electrons
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QUICK SUMMARY TIME!
What is the difference
between ions and
isotopes? What is one
similarity? Difference: Ions deal in changing
ELECTRONS; Isotopes deals in
changing NEUTRONS
Similarity: PROTONS ALWAYS REMAIN
THE SAME!!!!
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IONS CATIONS
Typically formed by metals.
Naming Rule:
element ion
ANIONS
Typically formed by nonmetals.
Naming Rule:
root + “ide” ion
POSITIVE IONS NEGATIVE IONS
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Quick Check!
If a neutral Magnesium atom loses two
electrons, what will its overall charge be?
A. -2
B. +1
C. +2
D. -1 C
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Quick Check!
How many electrons are in an ion of K+1?
A. 39
B. 18
C. 19
D. 20
B
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Quick Check!
If a neutral oxygen atom gains two
electrons, what will its overall charge be?
A. -2
B. +1
C. +2
D. -1 A
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Quick Check!
How many electrons are in an ion of Br -1?
A. 35
B. 34
C. 36
D. 79
C
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History of the Periodic Table
• Mendeleev arranged
the elements in order of
increasing atomic
mass and noticed
that certain similarities
in element’s properties
appeared at regular
intervals
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Henry Moseley
• In 1911, Henry Moseley created a periodic
table that was arranged by increasing
atomic number.
How is the PT organized today?
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Quick Summary!
What is the main difference
between Mendeleev and
Moseley’s periodic table? What
are some similarities between
the two tables?
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Rows (periods): elements are put
in rows by increasing atomic
number Columns (groups): elements are
put into columns (groups) based on
how they react (chemical
properties)
How is the PT ORGANIZED??
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Elements in a group are like members of
a family-each is different, but all are
related by common characteristics.
Knowing an element’s group can help us
predict its properties and how it will
react.
Is like….
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Physical Properties: solids,
silvery appearance, soft,
shiny
Chemical Properties: undergo
chemical changes easily and
sometimes violently
(especially water)
MOST important fact: the
most reactive metal group
on the periodic table
•don’t occur in nature in their
elemental form
Have 1 VALENCE
ELECTRON
GROUP 1
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VERTICAL
COLUMNS
are called
GROUPS
or
FAMILIES
HORIZONTAL ROWS are
called PERIODS.
1
(1VE)
Alkali
Earth
Metals
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Physical Properties: solids,
metallic, harder, denser, and
stronger than alkali metals
Chemical Properties: second
most reactive metal group
MOST important fact: less
reactive than alkali metals, but
too reactive to be found in
elemental form
Have 2 VALENCE
ELECTRONS
GROUP 2
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VERTICAL
COLUMNS
are called
GROUPS
or
FAMILIES
HORIZONTAL ROWS are
called PERIODS.
1
(1VE) 2
(2VE)
Alkali
Earth
Metals Alkaline
Metals
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Physical Properties: very hard,
high boiling point, high
electrical conductivity,
malleable
Chemical Properties: less
reactive than group 1 and 2
metals
MOST important fact: occur in
nature in elemental form
Have 2-3 VALENCE
ELECTRONS
GROUPS 3-12
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VERTICAL
COLUMNS
are called
GROUPS
or
FAMILIES
HORIZONTAL ROWS are
called PERIODS.
1
(1VE) 2
(2VE)
3-12
(2-3VE)
Alkali
Earth
Metals Alkaline
Metals
Transition
Metals
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Physical Properties:
nonmetals, diatomic
molecules
Chemical Properties: very
reactive, especially with
alkali metals and alkaline
earth metals
MOST important fact: most
reactive group of nonmetals
Have 7 VALENCE
ELECTRONS
GROUP 17
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VERTICAL
COLUMNS
are called
GROUPS
or
FAMILIES
HORIZONTAL ROWS are
called PERIODS.
1
(1VE) 2
(2VE)
3-12
(2-3VE)
13
(3VE)
14
(4VE)
15
(5VE)
16
(6VE)
17
(7VE)
Alkali
Earth
Metals Alkaline
Metals
Transition
Metals
Halogens
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Physical Properties: gases at
room temperature, when
excited many of the noble
gases give off light
Chemical Properties: Do not
naturally react
MOST important fact: the
most stable group on the
periodic table (exist in
elemental form)
Have 2 or 8
VALENCE
ELECTRONS
GROUP 18
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VERTICAL
COLUMNS
are called
GROUPS
or
FAMILIES
HORIZONTAL ROWS are
called PERIODS.
1
(1VE) 2
(2VE)
3-12
(2-3VE)
13
(3VE)
14
(4VE)
15
(5VE)
16
(6VE)
17
(7VE)
18
(2 or 8
VE)
Alkali
Earth
Metals Alkaline
Metals
Transition
Metals
Halogens
Noble
Gases
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Has 1 Valence
Electron
HIGHLY Reactive!
Plays a part in 75%
of the known
compounds in the
UNIVERSE!
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