key points of this talk needs goals motivations self-determination theory & well-being
TRANSCRIPT
key points of this talk
needs
goals
motivations
self-determination theory & well-self-determination theory & well-beingbeing
personal background
to provide a specialist service both for the treatment of psychological difficulties and for helping people enhance their health and wellbeing.
to try to provide and encourage a whole person approach that uses what is best in conventional, complementary & self-help methods of health care
work through a small charity whose aims are:
for more details & a downloadable copy of this talk go to the ‘goodknowledge’ section of www.goodmedicine.org.uk click on ‘lectures
and leaflets’ and look under ‘wellbeing and health’ in ‘past lectures’
self-determination theory (SDT)
SDT is a general theory of motivation and personality that has evolved over the past three decades
SDT suggests humans, like plants or other animals, intrinsically ‘strive’ for need satisfaction & flourishing
social contexts can support or thwart this need striving with major effects for health & well-being
looking at well-being through the lens of self-determination theory
www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT
Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination
in human behavior. New York, Plenum.Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits:
Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry 11: 227-268.
key points of this talk
needs
goals
motivations
self-determination theory & well-self-determination theory & well-beingbeing
three key psychological needs
a basic need (whether physiological or psychological) is defined as an energizing state that, if satisfied, promotes health & well-being but, if not satisfied, contributes to pathology and ill-being
how these three basic psychological needs – autonomy, comp-etence & relatedness – can best be satisfied will vary with individual strengths, life stage, social context, and culture
personal goals that lead to satisfaction of these three basic needs will promote well-being, but individuals – due to broad societal conditioning and personal life history – may well strive for goals that do not satisfy these needs or enhance their well-being
Ryan, R. M. and E. L. Deci (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.
Am Psychol 55(1): 68-78.
three key psychological needs
autonomy – personal choice not compulsion by outside forces
competence – capable & effective not incompetent & inefficient
relatedness – regular emotional intimacy & shared activities not isolation & loneliness
Reis, H. T., K. M. Sheldon, et al. (2000). Daily well-being: the role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 26(4): 419-435.
Sheldon, K. M., A. J. Elliot, et al. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. J Pers Soc Psychol 80(2):
325-39.
autonomyautonomy
competencecompetence
relatednessrelatedness
what makes for a good day?
people whose needs for competence, autonomy & relatedness are more satisfied experience greater well-being than those whose needs are less satisfied
at the same time, for each individual, days when these basic needs are more satisfied are experienced as better than days when the needs are less satisfied
it’s not just the total amount of need satisfaction, it’s also the balance that optimises well-being
Sheldon, K. M., R. Ryan, et al. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Pers Soc Psychol
Bull 22(12): 1270-1279.Sheldon, K. M. and C. P. Niemiec (2006). It's not just the amount that counts: balanced need satisfaction also affects well-being. J Pers Soc
Psychol 91(2): 331-41.
autonomyautonomy
competencecompetence
relatednessrelatedness
key points of this talk
needs
goals
motivations
self-determination theory & well-self-determination theory & well-beingbeing
many research studies on goals
Kasser, T. and R. M. Ryan (1993). A dark side of the American dream: correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. J Pers Soc Psychol 65(2): 410-22.
Kasser, T. and R. M. Ryan (1996). Further examining the American dream: differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 22(3): 280-287.
Lapierre, S., L. Bouffard, et al. (1997). Personal goals and subjective well-being in later life. Int J Aging Hum Dev 45(4): 287-303.
Schmuck, P., T. Kasser, et al. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic goals: their structure and relationship to well-being in German and U.S. college students. Social Indicators Research 50(2): 225-241.
Kasser, T. and A. Ahuvia (2002). Materialistic values and well-being in business students. European Journal of Social Psychology 32(1): 137-146.
Larson
now for some active involvement
your personal choice of goals
emotional intimacy having many close & caring relationships
financial success having a job that pays very well and having a lot of nice possessions
fame/popularity being known &/or admired by many people
community contribution helping to make the world a better place
attractive image looking good & appearing attractive to others
personal growth being fulfilled & having a very meaningful life
which are your three top which are your three top choices?choices?
intrinsic goalsintrinsic goals prioritising intimacy, community & personal growth, tend to satisfy these three key psychological needs directly.
extrinsic goalsextrinsic goals prioritising money, status & image focus on achieving external rewards & praise – typically at the expense of key need satisfaction.
key needs – relatedness, autonomy & key needs – relatedness, autonomy & competencecompetence
prioritising extrinsic goals is associated with prioritising extrinsic goals is associated with increased anxiety, depression, narcissism & increased anxiety, depression, narcissism &
physical symptoms and decreased vitality, self-physical symptoms and decreased vitality, self-actualization & well-beingactualization & well-being
goals & their health implications
goals & wellbeing
goals are defined here as “projects you think about, plan for,
carry out and sometimes (though
not always) complete or succeed at”
Sheldon, K. M. et al. (2004). "The inde-pendent effects of goal contents & motives on well-being: it's both
what you pursue & why you pursue it."
Pers Soc Psychol Bull 30(4): 475-86
encourage
wellbeing
unrelated to
wellbeing
“intrinsic” goals
“extrinsic” goals
e.g. emotional intimacy having many close & caring
relationships; personal growth being fulfilled and
having a very meaningful life; community contribution helping to make the world a
better place
e.g. financial success having a job that pays very well and having a lot of nice
possessions; fame/popularity being
known and/or admired by many people; attractive image looking good and
appearing attractive to others
social context affects goal choice
Kasser, T., et al. (2002). Early family experiences and adult values: A 26-year, prospective longitudinal study. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28(6): 826-835.
Feeney, B. C. (2004). A secure base: responsive support of goal strivings and exploration in adult intimate relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol 87(5): 631-48.
Sheldon, K. M. and L. S. Krieger (2004). Does legal education have under-mining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values, and well-being. Behav Sci Law 22(2): 261-86.
Vansteenkiste, M., J. Simons, et al. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: the synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents & autonomy-supportive contexts. J Pers Soc Psychol 87(2): 246-60.
Sheldon, K. M. (2005). Positive value change during college: normative trends and individual differences. J Res Personal 39(2): 209-223.
Grouzet, F. M., T. Kasser, et al. (2005). The structure of goal contents across 15 cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol 89(5): 800-16.
social context affects choice!
laboratory peer
pressure
Larson
goal focus affects daily well-being
King, L. A., J. H. Richards, et al. (1998). Daily goals, life goals, and worst fears: means, ends, and subjective well-being. J Personality 66: 713-744.
Sheldon, K. M. & A. J. Elliot (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, & longitud-inal well-being: the self-concordance model. J Pers Soc Psychol 76(3): 482-97.
Hoppmann, C. A. & P. L. Klumb (2006). Daily goal pursuits predict cortisol secretion and mood states in employed parents with preschool children. Psychosom Med 68(6): 887-94.
encouraging a focus on personally encouraging a focus on personally relevant intrinsic goals increases day to relevant intrinsic goals increases day to
day well-being day well-being
intrinsic goal focus is promoted by intrinsic goal focus is promoted by providing explanation, a supportive providing explanation, a supportive
relationship & choice relationship & choice
key points of this talk
needs
goals
motivations
self-determination theory & well-self-determination theory & well-beingbeing
1) you strive for this goal because somebody else wants you to, or the situation seems to compel it.
2) you strive for this goal because you would feel ashamed, guilty, or anxious if you didn’t.
3) you strive for this goal because you really feel that it’s an important goal to have.
4) you strive for this goal because of the enjoyment or stimulation which the goal provides you.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 not at all completelybecause of this reason because of this
reason
Sheldon, K. M. & A. J. Elliot (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model. J Pers Soc Psychol
76(3): 482-97.
reasons for personal goal choice
motivations & wellbeing“controlled
” motivations
“autonomous”
motivationsidentified motivations =
because you really identify with this goal
intrinsic motivations = because of the enjoyment or stimulation this goal provides
you
extrinsic motivations = because someone else wants you to or
because the situation seems to compel it
introjected motivations = because you would feel ashamed,
guilty or anxious if you did not have this goal encourag
ewellbein
g
unrelated to
wellbeingfor more details on Ken Sheldon’s work
see:http://web.missouri.edu/~psycks
with no one looking, Konor would secretly sprinkle on a few sprouts
autonomous
motivationencourage
swell-being
Gary Larson
goals, motivations & wellbeing“intrinsic”
goals
“extrinsic” goals
“controlled”
motivations
“autonomous”
motivations
wellbeing
wellbeing
wellbeing
wellbeing
SDT relevant for many areas
well-beingwell-being (34 papers): happiness, well-being, needs, motivation, goals, life course changes.
educationeducation (79 papers): for both school & university. health carehealth care (36 papers & books): smoking, alcohol
& drug problems, diet, exercise, diabetes (freely down-loadable treatment questionnaires also provided).
other other (many papers!): 15 further subject areas that include friendship, parenting, couples, psychotherapy, sport, organizations, and political/ecological action.
www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT
SDT highly relevant for education & health SDT highly relevant for education & health carecare
self-determination & education
“it is nothing short of a miracle that modern
methods of instruction have not yet entirely
strangled the holy curiosity of inquiry”
Albert Einstein
motivation especially important
“comparisons between people whose motivation is authentic (literally, self-
authored or endorsed) and those who are merely externally controlled ... typically
reveal that the former ... have more interest, excitement, & confidence which
in turn is manifest both as enhanced performance, persistence, & creativity,
and as heightened vitality, self-esteem, & general well-being”Ryan, R. M. and E. L. Deci (2000). Self-determination theory and the
facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol 55(1): 68-78
a spectrum of motivationsbehaviour
motivation
regulatorystyle
perceived causality
regulatoryprocesses
non self-determined self-determined
impersonal external to internal internal
non-intentional,non-valuing,incompetent,lack of control
interest,enjoyment,
inherentsatisfaction
ranging from external compliance to internal synthesis
intrinsicregulation
intrinsic motivationamotivation
nonregulation
extrinsic motivation
external tointegrated
shifting from external to integratedbehaviour
motivation
regulatorystyle
perceived causality
regulatoryprocesses
non self-determined self-determined
externalsomewhatexternal
internal
compliance,external
rewards &punishments
congruence,awareness,synthesiswith self
integratedregulation
extrinsic motivation
externalregulation
identifiedregulation
introjectedregulation
somewhatinternal
self-control,ego involvement,internal rewards& punishments
personalimportance,consciousvaluing
crucial external to integrated shift
good rationale & clear achievement pathway provided (autonomy & competence)
within a supportive relationship that allows expression of feelings (relatedness)
genuine choice is offered (autonomy)
social context encourages this shift social context encourages this shift when ...when ...
key points of this talk
needs
goals
motivations
self-determination theory & well-self-determination theory & well-beingbeing
self-determination theory (SDT)
SDT is a general theory of motivation and personality that has evolved over the past three decades
SDT suggests humans, like plants or other animals, intrinsically ‘strive’ for need satisfaction & flourishing
social contexts can support or thwart this need striving with major effects for health & well-being
looking at well-being through the lens of self-determination theory
www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT
Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination
in human behavior. New York, Plenum.Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits:
Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry 11: 227-268.