key terms and definition

StatisticsMr. Jeffrey D. Del Mundo

Key Terms and Definitions

Statistics

It is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.

Data collection

It is the process and methods of gathering information by interview, questionnaire, experiments, observation and documentary analysis.

Data presentation

It takes the form of tables and graphs.

Example:

Frequency distribution table

Pie Chart

Histogram

Frequency Polygon

Frequency Ogive

Analysis

It is the manipulation of the data gathered using descriptive and inferential statistics.

(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions

Interpretation

It makes clear results of the analysis using statistical methods to see whether significant differences or relationships exist between variables.


Population

It is defined as a group of people, animals, places, things, or ideas.


Sample

It is a subgroup of the population.


Statistical investigation can be classified into two major functions:

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics


Descriptive Statistics

It is concerned with techniques that are used to describe or characterize the obtained data.

The most common summarizing values are the measures of central tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode) and the measures of variation (range, mean deviation and the standard deviation)


Descriptive Statistics

The most common summarizing values are the measures of central tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode) and the measures of variation (range, mean deviation and the standard deviation)


Inferential Statistics

It deals with prediction and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the statistician.

Some of the common statistical tools of inferential statistics are the t-test, z-test, chi-square, and Pearson r.


Data Point to statistical facts, principles,

opinions and variations of items of different sources.


Qualitative Data It consists of categories or attributes,

which have non-numerical characteristics.

Example:

- Eye color

- Gender

- Religion

- Level of Education

- Civil Status


Quantitative Data It consists of numbers

representing counts or measurement.

Example:

- Number of children

- Heights of Students

- Scores on a final exam

- Temperature


Discrete Data

Values are obtained by counting. Example:

- Number of children

- Number of patients with T.B.

- Number of males and females

- Number of computers working


Continuous Data Values are obtained by measuring Example:

- Distance

- Age

- Height

- Weight

- Temperature


LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

Nominal Data It is the lowest level of measurement. Nominal scales are used as measures of

identity. It has no quantitative value. The labels do not have an order (cannot

be ranked). Example

- Gender- Religion- Jersey Number


Ordinal Data

The next higher level of measurement.

The term “ordinal” implies that objects can be rank in order.

Example:

- Poor, Good, Excellent

- Letter grades in Mathematics

- Top 50 greatest movies of all time


Interval Represents a higher level of

measurement than ordinal scale. Numbers that reflect differences among

items. Interval Data are always numeric. It has no absolute zero point. Example:

- Celsius thermometer (Temperature)

- Scores in a test

- Ages (in years)(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions

Ratio

Represents the highest level of measurement.

Numeric It has absolute zero Example:

- Weight

- Height

- Area


Summation Notation

∑ capital letter sigma denotes summation of, the sum of

The symbol shall mean that we well add all values of x from 1 to n.


n

iiX

1

Examples:

Consider the grades obtained by five high school students 76, 84, 90, 85, and 74.

Find:

1.

2.

3.

4

2iiX

5

1iiX

5

3iiX

Examples:

Find:

1.

2.

3.

4.

24

2

)(i

iX

)(5

1i

ii YX

25

3

)(i

iX

X Y

5 15

8 9

12 6

15 6

22 4

ii

iYX

5

3

Qualitative or Quantitative(3 points each) for 2 minutes only

1. Height of students in SBCA2. Cellphone brands3. Color of the skin4. Favorite subject5. Length of hair 6. Distance from house to SBCA7. Taste of a Food8. Civil status9. Profession10.Speed of a car


Discrete or Continuous(3 points each) for 3 minutes only

1. Number of blue bags

2. Temperature in Manila

3. Height of students in BSIS-3B

4. Weight of professors in SBCA

5. Number of passengers

6. Pages of book in Mathematics

7. Length of hair

8. Number of school service in SBCA

9. Age of students in CAS

10.Number of athletes in iBED(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio (4 points each) for 4 minutes1. Height of the students2. Hair color of the students3. Letter grades for mathematics4. Temperatures in degrees Celsius5. Scores of the students in Math 6. Top 10 models in the Philippines7. Age of students in BSFM (in years)8. Length of hair9. Weight of the students10. Religion


X Y

5 3

4 3

4 2

6 5

4 3

4 3

3 2

6 4

5 5

7 6

Find:

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5.10.

6

1iiX

9

5iiX

4

1

)(i

ii YX

9

4

)(i

ii YX

7

3iiiYX

6

2

2)(i

iX

5

1

2)(i

iX

5

3

2)(i

iiYX

7

2

2)(i

ii YX

8

5

2)(i

ii YX

Qualitative or Quantitative

1. Height of students in SBCA2. Cellphone brands3. Color of the skin4. Favorite subject5. Length of hair 6. Distance from house to SBCA7. Taste of a Food8. Civil status9. Profession10.Speed of a car


Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative

Discrete or Continuous

1. Number of blue bags

2. Temperature in Manila

3. Height of students in BSIS-3B

4. Weight of professors in SBCA

5. Number of passengers

6. Pages of book in Mathematics

7. Length of hair

8. Number of school service in SBCA

9. Age of students in CAS

10.Number of athletes in iBED(Statistics) Key Terms and Definitions

Discrete Continuous Continuous Continuous Discrete Discrete Continuous Discrete Continuous Discrete

Level of Measurement

1. Height of the students2. Hair color of the students3. Letter grades for mathematics4. Temperatures in degrees Celsius5. Scores of the students in Math 6. Top 10 models in the Philippines7. Age of students in BSFM (in years)8. Length of hair9. Weight of the students10. Religion


- Ratio

- Nominal

- Ordinal

- Interval

- Interval

- Ordinal

- Interval

- Ratio

- Ratio

- Nominal

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