keys, cotter and unit 5 key, cotter and knuckle knuckle ... · garments or cottonwaste, hence...
TRANSCRIPT
85
Keys, Cotter and
Knuckle Joints UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE
JOINTS
Structure
5.1 Introduction
Objectives
5.2 Key
5.3 Types of Key
5.4 Gib Head Key
5.5 Cotter and Cotter Joint
5.6 Sleeve Cotter Joint
5.7 Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
5.8 Joining of Rods
5.9 Knuckle Joint
5.10 Summary
5.11 Answers to SAQs
5.1 INTRODUCTION
There are many situations where two parts of machines are required to be restrained. For example two rods may be joined coaxially and when they are pulled apart they should not
separate i.e. should not have relative motion and continue to transmit force. Similarly if a
cylindrical part is fitted on another cylinder (the internal surface of one contacting the
external surface of the other) then there should be no slip along the circle of contact.
Such situations of no slip or no displacements are achieved through placing a third part or
two parts at the jointing regions. Such parts create positive interference with the jointing
parts and thus prevent any relative motion and thus help transmit the force. You will
remember that the rivets in a riveted joint had exactly the same role as they prevented the
slipping of one plate over the other (in lap joint) and moving away of one plate from
there (in butt joint). The rivets provided positive interference against the relative motion
of the plate.
Knuckle joint is yet another to join rods to carry axial force. It is named so because of its
freedom to move or rotate around the pin which joins two rods, a motion which naturally
exists at finger joints or knee. A knuckle joint is understood to be a hinged joint in which
projection in one part enters the recess is the other part and two are held together by
passing a pin through coaxial holes in two parts. This joint can not sustain compressive
force because of possible rotation about the pin. In this unit we will study other
interfering parts for geometrically different jointing parts.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to understand
• what is a key,
• what are the types of key,
• how to draw a key,
• the parts that are joined by key,
• how are the keys made,
• what is a cotter,
86
Machine Drawing • what are the types of cotter,
• how to draw cotter joint,
• how to make a pin joint,
• how is a knuckle joint constructed, and
• how is a knuckle joint drawn.
5.2 KEY
A shaft rotates in its bearings and transmits torque. A shaft always carry upon at some
other part like gear or pulley. That part of the gear or pulley which sits on the shaft by
surrounding the shaft on all its circumference is called the hub. The hub and the shaft are
provided with a positive interfering part which is called a key.
The key is a prismatic bar inserted between the shaft and the hub so that it passes through
both or one of them. It may be tapered or of uniform cross section. When placed in
position the shaft and mating part rotate as a single unit without any slipping. The torque
then can pass from shaft to mating part and vice versa. Apparently if the key is to pass
through one or both the mating parts a proper groove, called keyway must be made.
5.3 TYPES OF KEY
Several of the keys used in practice are shown in Figure 5.1. In these figures 1 is shaft
and 2 is surrounding hub of the mating part and 3 is the key. The length of the key is
perpendicular to the plane of the paper and often is equal to the length of the hub. Shaft is
much longer.
Figure 5.1 : Types of Key
Round key is a cylinder and requires a hole to pass. Half of the hole is in the shaft and
other half in the hub. It is used when load is low and shaft diameter is small. Making of
hole is not easy and costly if made separately in two halves in two parts. Since the
cylindrical holes do not have sharp corners they still represent a better choice. Taper
round keys produce tighter joint. The taper may be as gentle as 1 : 100.
Saddle key is shown in Figure 5.1(b). It sits on the curved surface of shaft and fits in the
rectangular slot of hub. No keyway in the staff is required and frictional force between
the seat of key and surface of the shaft is responsible for transmission of the torque.
Either for transmission of light torque or holding the mating part in position during
assembly such saddle key is used.
Key on Flat is similar to saddle key on three sides except at the bottom where it is flat.
It will of course require a flat narrow surface machined on the shaft, while it fits into the
keyway made in the hub. Such flat region machined on the surface of the shaft does not
affect the strength because much material is not removed no corners are created as will
happen if keyway is machined.
87
Keys, Cotter and
Knuckle Joints Flat key or rectangular key Figure 5.1(d) and square key Figure 5.1(f) are essentially
same and used universally between shaft and any mating part like gear and pulley.
Very large torque or power can be transmitted by both but square key is often preferred
for equal strength in shear and crushing.
Splines Figure 5.1(e) can be regarded as keys integral with the shaft. The shafts are
weakened by creating keyways whose depth could be as large as 1/4 of diameter of the
shaft. Hence, splines are created on the shaft surface fit into the grooves made in the
mating part. Splines are routinely used when mating parts are required to slide on the
shaft. Examples are change gear boxed in automobile. The cross section of the splines may be rectangular, triangular or involute. A spline normally has larger width (w) and
smaller height (h) as shown in Figure 5.1(e). There may be four, six or 10 splines and
both w and h reduce with increasing number of splines. w and h for permanent splined
connections are respectively 0.28d and 0.09d for four splines, 0.278d and 0.056d for six
splines and 0.17d and 0.05d for 10 splines. For sliding the dimensions increase.
The keys are normally prismatic with either rounded or flat ends. The flat key with
rounded ends is shown in Figure 5.2(a). No doubt it can also have flat ends as shown in
Figure 5.2(b). The keyways for flat or square keys are made with end mill, which will
end in semicircular ends. The keyways can also be made with discutters which can not be
used with rounded end keys. The rounded end keyways are shown in Figure 5.2(c).
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5.2
The jib headed key as shown in Figure 5.1(g) is in fact a rectangular cross section
prismatic bar with taper (1 : 100) along the length and having a jib head at largest cross
section. It is inserted in the keyslot and head helps both in insertion and extraction of the
key. The jibhead, being a projection on the shaft, presents a hazard of collecting loose
garments or cottonwaste, hence should be protected. It may be pointed out here that a
taper key is not preferred in precise machines because it causes varying information of
the moting hub.
Woodruff key as shown in Figure 5.1(h) is a segment of a disc whose rounded part enters
the corresponding shape cut in the shaft. The key provides the advantage of easy
assembly and disassembly but weakens the shaft due to deep groove. The key is cut from a disc of radius R = 0.4 D with w = 0.2 D. Its total depth is 95% of radius and radius is
0.4 D. Three fourths of depth is in shaft.
SAQ 1
On a shaft of diameter 200 mm a flanged-hub is to be placed. The diameter of the
hub is 300 mm while its length is 200 mm. The flange is 500 mm diameter with a
width of 50 mm. The shaft and flanged hub are shown in Figures 5.3(a) and (b).
Draw the necessary views connecting the shaft with different keys.
88
Machine Drawing
Figure 5.3
5.4 GIB HEAD KEY
For convenience of insertion and extraction one end of a sunk rectangular flat key is
sometimes provided with a jib head. Such keys normally have taper in height but have
uniform thickness. The taper is generally 1 : 100, only in the upper surface. The keys are
provided with heavy rotating mass for which accuracy of outer surface does not matter
much, like heavy pulleys.
The depth of the key at the end is taken as D/6 and width as D/4. The height and the
length of the gib head are respectively 0.3D and 0.25D. D in this case is the diameter of
the shaft. Figure 5.4(a) shows a gib key and Figure 5.8(b) shows it fitted with the shaft.
(a) (b)
Figure 5.4
SAQ 2
On a 35 mm diameter shaft carries a pulley of 900 mm diameter whose hub tapers
from 75 mm at the arm to 70 mm at the edge and is 80mm long. Four arms, elliptic in section taper from a1 = 26 mm to a = 20 mm and b1 = 12 mm to b = 30 mm.
Show the assembly of pulley with gib headed key and with part of the shaft whose
diameter increases to 45 mm from 35 mm suddenly with a radius of 5 mm at the
corner. The width of the pulley is 100 mm with a crown of 3 mm. Rim thickness at
edges, 8 mm.
89
Keys, Cotter and
Knuckle Joints 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT
A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform thickness but tapers in width. The taper may be
very small like 1 : 100 but may be as large as 1 : 30. The cotter passes through slots made
in two coaxial parts and thus prevent the relative motion between them. The cotter can
pass through two specially made ends of two coaxial bars which may be circular in
section or rectangular or it may pass through sleeve put on the plain ends of rod
(two cotters will be needed). We shall now see both types of joints. The cotter joints are
used only to transmit axial pull between two rods and they are not made to rotate.
5.6 SLEEVE COTTER JOINT
Two plain cylindrical ends are made to butt each other and a single sleeve covers both.
Two slots are made in the sleeve, each coinciding with the slot in the rod end. The rod
end may be enlarged to compensate for the slot.
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.5 shows a cotter, a rod with enlarged end and a sleeve. Two cotters are need to
join two rods. The internal diameter of the sleeve match with the external diameter of the
rod and the slot matches with the cotter. Figure 5.6 shows two rod ends pushed in a
sleeve with a slight clearance at butting ends to accommodate cotters. The two views of
sleeve cotter joint are drawn in Figure 5.7.
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7 : Two Views of Sleeve Cotter Joint
90
Machine Drawing 5.7 SOCKET AND SPIGOT COTTER JOINT
One end of a rod carries a socket while other end of another rod carries a spigot. The
socket is a hollow and spigot a solid cylinder with a collar. The socket also has a collar.
The spigot the socket and the cotter are shown in Figure 5.8.
Figure 5.8 : Cotter, Socket and Spigot
Figure 5.9 shows the spigot inserted into socket with their slots for receiving the
cotter aligned.
Figure 5.9 : Socket and Spigot Assembled
SAQ 3
Draw the elevation and side view of cotter joint from three parts shown in
Figure 5.8.
SAQ 4
A rectangular fork ahead of a square section bar carries slot for a cotter and a gib
as shown in Figure 5.10. A square bar carries a slot at its end similar to that in the
fork and also shown in the above Figure. Assemble the four parts and draw
elevation, plan and side view of the assembly.
Figure 5.10
91
Keys, Cotter and
Knuckle Joints 5.8 JOINING OF RODS
If a problem is put before us to create a joint between two round bars to carry axial load
and use a pin to join them then a number of solution may come up. Some are shown in
Figure here.
Figure 5.11 shows how two rods can be joined with the help of a pin which passes
through holes. The ends are finished flat through half the diameter to match to form a
perfect cylinder when flats are placed in contact. Draw this joint in two views by taking
diameter of rod as 25 mm and diameter of pin as 10 mm.
Figure 5.11 : A Pin-Joint between Two Circular Section Rods
Figure 5.12 : A Pin Joint between Two Plates
Figure 5.13 : Another Pin-Joint between Two Plates
Figure 5.14 : A Knuckle Joint Joining Two Rods
92
Machine Drawing Figures 5.12 and 5.13. show the joints between the plates. Note how the changes are
introduced from Figures 5.12 to 5.13. It is also suggested that the plate ends can be cut
along broken lines.
Example 5.1
Draw the joint shown in Figure 5.13 for plate 10 mm thick and two parts 1 (a) and
(b) each is 10 mm thick in plate1. The width of the plate is 25 mm and length can
be any thing. Redraw the two views of above drawing by cutting along broken
lines producing plates 15 mm wide. The pin diameter is 10 mm.
Figure 5.15 : Two View of the Joint of Figure 5.13
Figure 5.16 : Two Views of Modified Joint of Figure 5.13
5.9 KNUCLE JOINT
In earlier figures we developed a knuckle joint. That is a joint which connects two rods.
The parts that create the joint are made integral with the rods, i.e. they become the rod
ends. One is called fork which provides the recess and other is called eye which fits into
the recess. The ends are shaped properly to avoid sharp corners or sharp changes in the
radii. You must have noticed that in Figures 5.15 and 5.16 there is nothing to stop the pin
from sliding. Some restrictions like head in the pin and a stopper at the other end must be
provided. These can be seen in Figure 5.14 in which pin is marked 3. A collar with a hole
through which a taper pin or a split pin is pressed is used as a stopper. The collar is
marked 4 and taper pin as 5. Altogether there are five parts in a knuckle joint. These five
parts are shown separately in Figure 5.17.
93
Keys, Cotter and
Knuckle Joints
Figure 5.17 : Five Parts of a Knuckle Joint
It is interesting to note that all dimension in a knuckle joint are related to diameter ‘d’ of
the rod. These rotations are shown in Figure 5.18 in which the five parts are assembled to
form the join.
You must draw the top view and side view. Parts of Figure 5.17 are assembled to make a
knuckle joint in Figure 5.18.
Figure 5.18 : A Knuckle Joint
All Dimensions in Terms of Rod Diameter d
Example 5.2
For two rods of diameter 25 mm draw elevation and plan of a knuckle joint. Show
partial section of elevation. For inside and outside surfaces of fork take respective
radii of 14 and 32 mm.
Figure 5.19 : Elevation and Plan of a Knuckle Joint
94
Machine Drawing 5.10 SUMMARY
Various types of keys are used in practice out of which the square key is most common
for gears and pulleys. By drawings it has been shown how do the keys fit in the
assembly. The cotter is another element that produces temporary joints. Different types of
cotter joints and their elements have been shown in drawing. The reader should
reproduce each drawing.
5.11 ANSWERS TO SAQs
SAQ 1
Assume :
Square key – w = 50 mm, h = 50 mm
Saddle key – w = 60 mm, h = 25 mm
Key on flat – w = 60 mm, h = 25 mm
Splines – 4 rectangular, w = 56 mm, h = 18 mm
Woodruff – w = 40 mm, Radius of key = 80 mm, Keyway depth = 57 mm, Depth of the key = 76 mm
Round key – diameter = 50 mm
All the keys except woodruff will be equal to hub in length, i.e. 250 mm.
Figure 5.20 : Three Views of Shaft and Hub Assembly with a Square Key
Figure 5.21 : Shaft and Hub Assembly with a Woodruff Key
95
Keys, Cotter and
Knuckle Joints
Figure 5.22 : Shaft and Hub Assembly with Round Key
Figure 5.23 : Splined Shaft and Hub Assembly
The shaft and hub assembly has been drawn for following four cases :
Figure 5.20 : Shaft and hub assembly with square key.
Figure 5.21 : Shaft and hub assembly with woodruff key.
Figure 5.22 : Shaft and hub assembly with round key.
Figure 5.23 : Shaft and hub assembly for splines.
You are advised to draw similar assemblies for saddle key and key on flat.
SAQ 2
Gib key dimensions
356 mm, 0.6 0.6 35 21 mm
6 6
Dh H D= = = = = × =
35 359 mm, 12 mm
4 4 3 3
D Dw B= = = = = =
(a) A Rectangular Key with Gib Head
(b) Rectangular Key with Gib Head Fitted between a Shaft and a Pulley (Third Angle Projection)
Figure 5.24
96
Machine Drawing SAQ 3
The two views are drawn in Figure 5.25.
Figure 5.25 : Spigot Socket Cotter Joint Assembly Square
SAQ 4
Figure 5.26 shows three views of assembled gib and cotter joint.
Figure 5.26 : Gib and Cotter Joint with Fork End
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TOPICS OF “ENGINEERING GRAPHICS ” (Mechanical Portion)
( C ) ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FROM GIVEN ISOMETRIC VIEW
( D ) ISOMETRIC VIEW/PROJECTIONSFROM GIVEN ORTHOGRPHIC VIEWS
Without Sections With Sections
View i.e. drawing Projections
Topic no. Topic Content No. of Lectures 07
05
TYPES OF LINES USED IN
ENGINEERING DRAWING
APPLICATIONS OF LINES ON DRAWING
G2CUTTING PLANE
LINE (IN T.V)
CONTINUOUS THICK
A
A
G1CUTTING PLANE
LINE (IN F.V)G1
B CONTINUOUS THIN (WAVY)
B
C SHORT ZIGZAG THIN
C
DDD CONTINUOUS
THIN
D
ESHORT DASH
MEDIUM (DOTED LINE )
E
F LONG CHAIN THIN (CENTER
LINE)
F
40 30
2515
0
60
Trimmed and untrimmed drawing sheetsizes are commercially designatedas A0(Maximum size), A1, A2, A3, A4 & A 5 (Leastsize).
In Engineering Graphics’ term work, allthe 4 sheets willbe of A2 (approximately ½Imperial) size
The following two systems are adopted fordimensioning purposes on orthographicviewsaswell as onpictorial view.
Dimensioning Techniques
20
35
ALIGNED SYSTEM
(FOR A2 TO A5SHEET SIZE)
UNIDIRECTIONALSYSTEM
(FOR LARGE SIZED SHEETS)
35
20
ARROW HEADS(H x 3H) 3H
H
ORTHOGRAPHIC PREOJECTIONS
(MULTI VIEW REPRESENTATIONS i.e. F.V.,
T.V. & S.V. – L.H.S.V OR R.H.S.V) FROM
ISOMETRIC VIEW
PLANES OF PROJECTIONS
QUADRANTS
VISION DIRECTIONS
SCALING OF A DRAWING (Full Size 1:1,
Reduced 1:2or Enlarged 5:1 )
VIEWES
METHODS OF PROJECTIONS WITH
THEIR SYMBOLS
(AS PER BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING.)
SCALING OF A DRAWING
RECOMMENDED SCALES
1. FULL SCALE e.g. 1: 1
In certain cases the engineering components maybe very large or very small for drawing purposes,hence the corresponding scale may be preferredfrom the following
3. ENLARGED SCALE e.g. 50:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1, 2:1
2. REDUCED SCALE e.g. 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:5,
1:10, 1:20,
1:15, 1:100,
1:200, 1:500,
1:1000, 1:2000,
1:5000,
1:10000
SYMBOLS USED ON ENGINEERING DRAWING SHEET
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
THIRD ANGLE METHOD OF
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
M/c. PARTS ARE NEVER ASSUMED IN SECONDOR IN FOURTH QUADRANT, AS THE VIEWSMAY OVERLAP ON ONE ANOTHER ABOVE XYOR BELOW XY RESPECTIVELY.
HP
VP
PP
ISOMETRIC VIEW
OF
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS (FOR L.H.S.V.)
Z1X
Y
Y
X
OBJECT IN FIRST
QUADRANT (FOR L.H.S.V.)
Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.Pwith their respective hinges, consideringV.P asfixed plane.
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D,While L.H.S.V is within H & D.
It may benoted that :-(a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y
directional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1directional view) is on P.P
c) The symbol for Ist angle methodof projectionsis placedasshownon fig. 2(c)
Fig. 2(c)
X Y
H.P
T.V.
L
V.P
F.V.L.H.S.V.
D
P.P
H
AIM: Fig. 2(a) shows the Pictorial(ISOMETRIC) view of a cutblock. Draw its followingorthographic views using Ist anglemethodof projections.
I. Front View
II. Top View
III. R. H. S.View
X
Fig 2(b)
P.P
Z2
V.P
H.P
Z2
Fig 2(a)
X
Y
YY
Note : I st angle means, the blockis assumedin
front of V. P, above H.P and inside P.P,
as in fig. 2(b) where the F.V. is
projected on V.P, seenin X direction,
T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y
direction & R.H.S.V. is projected on
P.P, seenin Z2 direction
It may be noted that :-
a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Ydirectional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z2directional view) is on P.P
Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P withtheir respective hinges, considering plane V.P asfixed plane.
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, WhileR.H.S.V is within H & D.
c) The symbol for Ist angle methodof projections isplaced as shown on fig. 2(c)
Fig. 2(c)
H.P
T.V.
L
F.V.
V.P
X YR.H.S.V.
D
P.P
H
AIM: Fig. 3(a) shows the Pictorial
(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block.
Draw its following orthographic views
using III rd angle methodof projections.
I. Front View
II. Top View
III. Left Hand Side View
H.P
P.P
X
Y
Z1
X
Y
V.P
Fig 3(b)
Y
Z1X
Fig 3(a)
Plane H.P turned up(above V.P)
Plane P.P turned side way(towards left side of plane V.P)
Note : III rd angle means, the blockis
assumed behind V.P, below H.P and
inside P.P, as in fig. 3(b) where the F.V.
is projected on V.P, seenin X direction,
T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y
direction & L.H.S.V. is projected on
P.P, seenin Z1 direction
c) The symbol for III rd angle methodof projectionsis placed as shown on fig. 3(c)
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, WhileL.H.S.V is within H & D.
Fig. 3(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P withtheir respective hinges, considering plane V.P asfixed plane.
It may be noted that :-
a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Ydirectional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1directional view) is on P.P
T.V.
4
D6
L.H.S.V
2
F.V.
L
X Y
Fig. 3(c)
AIM: Fig. 4(a) shows the Pictorial
(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block.
Draw its following orthographic
views using III rd angle method of
projections.
I. Front View
II. Top View
III. Right Hand Side View
X
Y
X
Y
H P.P
Z2
Fig. 4(b)
Planes H.P, V.P & P.P are assumed as transparent
Y
Z2Fig. 4(a)
X
H.P
V.P
Note : III rd angle means, the blockis assumed
behind V.P, below H.P and inside P.P, as
in fig. 4(b) where the F.V. is projected
on V.P, seen in X direction, T.V. is
projected on H.P, seenin Y direction &
R.H.S.V. is projected on P.P, seenin Z2
direction.
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D,While R.H.S.V is within H & D.
c) The symbol for III rd angle method of projectionsis placed as shownon fig. 4(c)
Fig. 4(c) shows turning of the planes H.P&P.P withtheir respective hinges, considering planeV.P as fixed plane.
It may benoted that :-a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y
directional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z2directional view) is on P.P
YX
H.P
T.V.D
V.P
F.V.
L
Fig. 4(c)
P.P
R.H.S.V.
H
Step by step procedure
Suggested to prepare
Orthographic views (First angle
method) for The simple
component Shown pictorially in
figure
20
60
R40
ISOMETRIC VIEW X
R40
20
100
80ø40
80
20
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEWR.H.S.V
SCALE: 1:1
SYMBOL IS NOT MARKED
20 20
FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF ASIMPLE OBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS)SHOW ITS THREE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Use First Angle Method
1. Front View
2. Top View
3. L.H.S.ViewA
B
a
b
3
c
2
1
F.V
T.V
L.H.S.V.
B
a
bc
32
1
b
3
A
FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF ANOBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS) SHOW ITSTHREE ORTHO GRAPHIC VIEWS
Use Third Angle Method
1. Front View
2. Top View
3. L.H.S.View
1. Front View
2. Top View
3. L.H.S.ViewA
a
b
3 c
2
1
FRONT VIEWL.H.S VIEW
TOP VIEW
A
ab
3
c
2 1
Aim : Figure shows isometricview, of a simple machinecomponent.
Draw its following Orthographicviews, & dimension them.1. Front View2. Top View3. R.H.S. View
Use First Angle Method of projection
Figure, is the isometric view
X
Figure
L = 75+25=100H = 10+30=40D=50
10
10
F.V.
25 75
40
T.V.ORTHOGRAPHIC
VIEWS
F.V L=100H=40
T.V L=100D=50
S.V D=50H=40
30
10
25 SQ
15 SQ
Ø30,Depth 1040 SQ
ISOMETRIC
ORTHO. VIEWS
25 Sq
4015
453535
15 Sq
40 Sq
Ø30
5
10
30
10
510
R.H.S.V.
F.V.
T.V.
Figure shows the isometricview of a vertical shaft support.
Draw its all the three views,using first angle method ofprojections.
Give the necessary dimensionsasper aligned system.
Exercise :-
ISOMETRIC VIEW Ø40
Ø64
24
50
1414
48
70
24
10
Ø40
50
Ø64
30
140
L.H.S.VFRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
Isometric view of a rod support is
given.
Draw its all the three orthographic views, using first angle method of
projections.
Give all the dimensions.
Exercise :-
ISOMETRIC VIEW
16 20
R22
40
X
TOP VIEW
R22
2040
10
FRONT VIEWRIGHT SIDE
VIEW
1402080
SCALE: 1:1
303066
26
30
10
20R20
R8
30
ISOMETRIC
ORTHO. VIEWS
4530 8
20 25
16
R8
R2030
20
10
100
SECTIONING OF A
MACHINE COMPONENT
BY ANY ONE SECTION
PLA NE ,OUT OF THREE
FOLLOWING MENTIONED
SECTION PLANES
(1)BY A VERTICAL SECTION PLANE(PARALLEL TO PRINCIPLE V.P.)
Hence ,
(a)The real or true shape of the section is
observed in its F.V.
(b)Section plane will be seen as a cutting
plane line (similar to center line ,thick at
ends) with corresponding horizontal vision
direction arrows at the center of thick ends in
its T.V. & S.V.
(2)BY A HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANE
Hence,
(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in
its T.V.
(b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a
cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at
ends) with the corresponding vertically downward
vision direction arrows at the center of the thick
ends in its F.V. and in S.V.
(3) BY A SECTION PLANE , NORMAL TOBOTH H.P. AND V.P.(i.e. parallel to profile plane or side view plane)
Hence,
(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in
its S.V.
(b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a
cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at
ends) with the corresponding vertically downward
vision direction arrows at the center of the thick
ends in its F.V. and in T.V.
50
15
15
Figure shows isometric viewof amachine component. Drawits
(1)Front view, Top view & L.H.SView, using 3rd angle methodof projections.
(2)Sectional Front view, Topview & L.H.S.V., using 3rd
angle method of projections.
10
50 50
604030
1525
5
30
50
15
Front View
Top View
L.H.S.View
1.Ortho. Views (No sectioning)
A
B
Retained split of the machine parts
It will be nearer to V.P.in 1st angle method &against the verticalplane in 3rd anglemethod.
50 50
604030
1525
5
10
30
Top View
Sectional Front View - ABL.H.S. View
A B
A
B
2.(With sectioning)
2020
60
A
A
X
Figure shows the pictorialview of a machine component.Draw its following views asper First angle method ofprojections
(1) Front view from X direction.
(2) Sectional top view-AA(3) L.H.S. View
20
Sketch shows the assumed cut model (retained part ofthe machine component / split against the observer) dueto horizontal section plane passing through AB.
X
120
6028
Ø30, 7deep Ø20
2020
14
F.V.
Sectional T.V.
L.H.S.V.
A AA A
20
60
30
XA
BFigure shows the pictorial view
of a machine components.Draw its following views,using 3 rd angle method ofprojections.
(1) Front view from arrow X
(2) Top View
(3) Sectional R.H.S.V - AB
B
A
Retained split of the machine parts
Retained split, will benearer to V.P. in 1st
angle method &against the verticalplane in 3rd anglemethod.
No hatching inthis area as notcontained in thesection plane
80
2020 20
60
90
40
A
A
AF.V.
T.V.
SEC.R.H.S.V
HALF SECTION
SPECIALSECIONS
A
C
B
HALF SECTIONAL F.V.- AB HALF SECTIONALLEFT S.V.-BC
TOP VIEW
REMOVED & REVOLVED SECTIONS
SPECIAL SECTIONS
REMOVEDSECTION
REVOLVEDSECTION
REMOVEDSECTION
REVOLVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTIONS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
ANINTRODUCTION
Orthographic Projections
• Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings that work together to give an accurate overall representation of an object.
Defining the Six Principal
Views or Orthographic
Views
Which Views to Present?
General Guidelines• Pick a Front View that is most descriptive
of object • Normally the longest dimension is chosen
as the width (or depth)• Most common combination of views is to
use: – Front, Top, and Side View
Glass Box Approach
• Place the object in a glass box
• Freeze the view from each direction (each of the six sides of the box) and unfold the box
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Third-angle Projection
First-angle Projection
First and Third Angle Projections
• First Angle• Third Angle
Conventional Orthographic Views
Height
Depth
Width
Front View
Top View/Plan
Right Side View
Lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it isimportant that the appropriate line type is used.
Line Thickness
For most engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and thin line. The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.
A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines.
A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short centre lines, dimensions and projections.
Line Styles
Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:
Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to indicate centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle, cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry.
Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall thickness and holes..
• Visible lines takes precedence over all other lines
• Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take precedence over center lines
• Center lines have lowest precedence
Precedence of Lines
0.6 mm
0.3 mm
0.6 mm
For Example:
1. Visible2. Hidden3. Center
Dimensioning
A dimensioned drawing should provide all the information necessary for a finished product or part to be manufactured. An example dimension is shown below.
Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Two projection lines indicate where the dimension starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch the object and are drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning.All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written as 0.35
Types of Dimensioning
• Parallel Dimensioning• Parallel dimensioning consists of several
dimensions originating from one projection line.
•Superimposed Running Dimensions
•Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is indicated by a small circle at the intersection of the first dimension and the
projection line.
•Chain Dimensioning
•Combined DimensionsA combined dimension uses both chain and parallel dimensioning.
Dimensioning of circles
• (a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method dimensions the circle between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite points. The second method dimensions the circle internally.
• (b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was placed inside the circle.
Dimensioning Radii
• All radial dimensions are proceeded by the capital R.
(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing.
(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.
Tolerancing
• It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures displayed on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the manufacturing process. A tolerance value shows the manufacturing department the maximum permissible variation from the dimension.
• Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can appear either as:
• a general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e. a note specifying that the General Tolerance +/- 0.5 mm.
• or a tolerance specific to that dimension
Drawing layout
All engineering drawings should feature a title block.
The title block should include:
Title:- title of the drawingName:- name of the person who produced the drawingChecked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually checkedVersion:- many drawings are amended, each revision must be notedDate:- the date the drawing was produced or last amendedNotes:- any note relevant to the drawingScale:- the scale of the drawingCompany name:- name of the companyProjection:- the projection system used to create the drawing
“ASPECTS OF WOOD JOINTS “
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining together pieces of wood, to create furniture, structures, toys, and other items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness, etc. -derive from the properties of the joining materials and from how they are used in the joints. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys, although some concepts overlap.
Designing and building furniture you have to consider a lot of different aspects. Apart from the appearance of the whole furniture and the dimensions you have to know how to construct the derails. These details have to be part of your drawing, so you have to think about them before you actually go the workshop and start the production or project.
Chaser
Clamp
Hand Saw and many more
WORK BENCH
It should have a proper work bench in order to work comfortable and safe.
The designer has to consider some aspects:
Strength
Appearance
Cost
Difficulty
Assembly
Quality
Disassembly
Material
Customer
Safety Sector
Anti-Vibration Glove, Right
Disposable N95 Dust Masks, Box of 20
Mag-Safe Bifocal Safety Glasses
Face Shield with Racheting Headgear
Good fit
Big gluing area
Direction of the wood
Interlocking
In the mitter joint we can see that there is only end grain joined together.
This joint is actually has a very big gluing and interlocking area.
The width of the fingers should be about 1/3 to ½ the thickness of the wood.
Simple and strong, the mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, usually when the pieces are at an angle close to 90°.
It can be used to fix shelfes in a rack.
A dado is cut across, or perpendicular to, the grain and is thus differentiated from a groove which is cut with, or parallel to, the grain.
TYPES OF COUPLING
Content• What is coupling?• Types of Coupling
1)Rigid Coupling(A)Sleeve or Muff Coupling(B)Clamp or Split muff or compression
coupling(C)Flange Coupling
<1> Unprotected Type<2> Protected Type
2)Flexible Coupling(A)Bushed pin type flange coupling(B)Universal Coupling(C)Oldham’s Coupling
What is coupling?• A coupling is a
device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power.
• It is used to connect two shafts which are perfectly in axial alignment. These couplings do not allow any relative rotation between the two shafts.
Types of Rigid coupling1)Sleeve or Muff Coupling2)Clamp or Split Muff or
Compression Coupling3)Flange Coupling
(a) Unprotected type(b) Protected type
Sleeve or Muff Coupling• This is the simplest form
of rigid coupling. It is made up of cast iron and very simple to design and manufacture. It consists of hollow cylinder(muff) whose inner diameter is same as diameter of shaft as shown in figure.
Split Muff Coupling• In this coupling, the
muff or sleeve is made into two halves parts of cast iron and they are joined together by means of mild steel studs or bolts and nuts as shown in figure.
Flange Coupling1) Unprotected Type
Flange Coupling:
This coupling is having two separate cast iron flanges as shown in figure an unprotected type flange coupling. Each flange is mounted on the shafts end and keyed to it. The two flanges are coupled together by help of bolts and nuts.
The projected portion of one of the flange and corresponding recess on other flange are help to bring the shafts into line and maintain alignment
2) Protected type flange coupling:a flange is provided with shroud which shelters the bolt heads and nuts as shown in figure is called protected type flange coupling. This coupling prevents catching clothes of workman.
• This coupling is used to protect the driving and driven machine members against harmful effects produce due to misalignment of shafts, vibration, sudden shock load or shaft expansion.
Types of Flexible Coupling
1)Bush pin type flange coupling
2)Oldham’s coupling3)Universal coupling or
Hooke’s joint
Bush Pin Type Coupling • This is the modified form of
flange coupling. This type f coupling has a pins and it work as a coupling bolts. The rubber or leather bushes are used over the pins. The coupling is having two halves are dissimilar in construction as shown in figure. The pins are rigidly fastened by nuts to one of the flange and kept loose in the other flange.
• This coupling is used to connect the small parallel misalignment and axial displacement. In this coupling rubber bush absorbs shock and vibration during its operation. This type of coupling is mostly used to couple an electric motor and machine.
Oldham‒sやCoupling• It consists of two flanges with
slots and a central floating disc as shown in figure. The disc having two tongues at right angles. The one tongue is fitted into the slot of first flange and allows horizontal sliding relative motion with the other tongue is fitted into the slot of the second flange and allows for vertical sliding relative motion.
• This right angle motions of tongues on the slots will accommodate lateral misalignment of shafts when they rotate.
• Oldham’s coupling is used in connecting two parallel shafts but not in alignment, and their axis are at small distance apart.
Universal Coupling• Universal coupling consists
of two similar forks keyed on the ends of the two shafts as shown in the figure. These two forks are assembled to a central block by pin. A central block having two arms at right angle to each other. Universal coupling is used to connect two shafts whose axis intersect.
• Universal coupling is also used to connect two shafts, where the angle between two shaft may be varied when they rotate. The universal coupling is widely used in automobile and machine tools.
References
Elements Of Mechanical Engineering
-
H. G. Katariya
J. P. Hadiya
S. M. Bhatt
Books India Publications
Prepared By
Sheth preet sanketkumar
M. E. 3, batch - c
170050119548