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KEYSTONE Official Publication of The Pennsylvania Junior Classical League Fall 2017
Latin So Far Zavier Fackler, Butler
Butler’s leaders are al-
ways outstanding people
who take on their roles
and responsibilities with
pride, and this year is no
exception. We are all
looking forward to seeing
the outcome of this
“political” race. Another
great aspect of Latin this
year, and every year, is
just the class itself. Being
surrounded by so many
wonderful people with
such great personalities
makes Latin all the more
welcoming. The Latin
program seems to attract
and contain some of the
best and brightest stu-
dents. There never seems
to be a bad apple in the
bunch. Among the amaz-
Latin this year has been
a wonderful experience.
Leaving the class at the
end of the school year is
upsetting, but coming
back makes it worth the
wait. So far, we have
flown through the re-
view of nouns, verbs,
and word endings like it
was nothing. Anything
forgotten over the sum-
mer has been reinstalled
in everyone’s minds. It
is always so refreshing
to get back into the
swing of things when it
comes to Latin. Also
with elections approach-
ing, there are many great
candidates to possibly
run the Butler Area Jun-
ior Classical League.
Falling into a New Season of JCL
ing students, the teachers
are fantastic too. They
are truly passionate
about Latin and educat-
ing their students about
the language and culture.
They always find ways
to keep things interest-
ing. As a fun way to re-
view the other day, we
got to play charades.
You can only imagine
how amusing that was
when someone got the
verb esse (to be)! We
have not been back to
school for long, but I can
already tell that this year
will be a great year for
Latin. I cannot wait to
see what is in store!
Romans were Astrological
Geniuses?
2
Friendly Competition 3
The Coin of Alexander 4
Conrad Weiser JCL Raises
Money for Kabala School
in Africa
5
Ludi Romani 6
Women’s Hairstyles in
Ancient Rome
9
The Language of Science 10
Remembering Our Roots:
More Fun Than You’d
Expect!
11
Not Your Grandma’s
Cookie
13
From The Editor’s Desk 15
Inside this issue:
From Magistra Hay, PAJCL Chair -
Salvete Omnes! I don't want to take much space from student submissions, so I will keep this short. PA-
JCL's new website is www.pajcl.net! By the time you read this issue, we will have had our final meeting with the
designer! My goal is to launch it on November 1, if not sooner. We are very excited that the website will also
include a database for membership and convention registration! Sponsors, please look for an email from me by the
end of October with directions on how to complete your 2017-2018 membership registration. I hope that you all
will look for OfficialPAJCL on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Gratias maximas for your patience as we work
to put the finishing touches on the new website and get our social media accounts up and running!
Page 2
Romans were Astrological Geniuses? Nate Corle, Bedford
Did the Romans
know that the names of
their gods and goddesses
would become the names
of the planets in our solar
system? Jupiter, Saturn,
Mars, Venus, and Mer-
cury were given their
names thousands of
years ago because they
were the only planets
that the Romans could
see through their tele-
scopes. The other planets
were not visible to the
Romans. So why are the
rest of the planets in our
solar system named after
Roman gods? The as-
tronomers that discov-
ered the other planets
followed the tradition as
a tribute to the great Ro-
man Empire. In addition
to the planets, most of
the moons, and some as-
teroids, were named after
creatures, gods, and god-
desses found in Roman
mythology. The gods
and goddesses behind
our planets’ names are
Mercury, the winged
messenger; Venus, the
PAJCL KEYSTONE
Goddess of Love; Mars,
the God of War; Jupiter,
the King of Gods; Sat-
urn, the former God of
Agriculture; Uranus, the
former God of the Sky;
Neptune, the Lord of the
Sea; and, Pluto, the Lord
of the Underworld. Ter-
ra, the Goddess of the
Earth, is one of the few
Roman gods and god-
desses that does not have
a planet named after her.
This is because in many
languages, including Lat-
in, “earth” is a variation
of the word “terra,”
meaning “ground” or
“soil.” Were the Ro-
mans astrological geni-
uses? Certainly! They
were inspired by their
gods when naming the
stars, and astronomers
continue to pay hom-
age to their Roman pre-
decessors when classi-
fying celestial bodies.
The impact that the Ro-
Ad astra Mary Flaherty,
Page 3
Friendly Competition Jiwoo Cheon, North Allegheny
The clock was started,
and the seconds ticked
down. All feet hustled
into excitement, and all
hands leaped into action,
stacking bright red Solo
cups on top of one anoth-
er. The first pyramids
were constructed then
torn down, these steps
repeated until subsequent
pyramids formed down
the line of cheering stu-
dents.
The cup stacking was
only the beginning of the
NAJCL Minute to Win it
games. Held at the Sep-
tember general meeting,
the games were intended
to break the ice between
members, new and old
alike, and introduce the
fun-loving spirit of JCL.
Five teams, created ran-
domly to encourage min-
gling with unfamiliar
faces, would compete in
four challenges. At the
end of each challenge,
the last place team would
be eliminated until only
one team remained.
While the fierce compe-
tition ensued, members
of the eliminated teams
could leisurely color Ro-
man themed coloring
pages.
Soon, the last pyramid
was torn down. By a nar-
row margin, the final
team to finish was deter-
mined and eliminated.
The remaining four hast-
ily reorganized them-
selves for the next chal-
lenge: M&M transfer.
The students would
again form a line, but
this time, they would
transfer M&M candies
down a row of plates
with only a straw. Some
seemed put off by the
thought of sucking up
M&Ms with a straw, but
all hesitation was shoved
aside when the clock was
once again started.
M&Ms flew across the
plates, illicitly assisted
by hands at times, until
the time ran up. Aston-
ishingly, there was a tie
between the last two
teams, so 30 seconds
were added to the clock.
After the frantic last
stretch, the team to be
eliminated was decided.
Next was the cookie face
challenge. The competi-
tors were to place a Nila
wafer on their foreheads
and get it into their
mouths without using
their hands. Dropped
cookies meant instant
disqualification. If four
of the team’s members
succeeded, then the team
PAJCL KEYSTONE
was safe. One group
completed the challenge
outrageously swiftly in a
matter of seconds, while
the other three struggled
about evenly. Yet again
it was a close match, but
the final two teams were
declared.
The fourth and final
challenge was the Gordi-
an Knot. Due to a higher
member turnout than ex-
pected (always excited to
welcome more JCLers,
though!), the teams were
much too large for this
closely knit task, but we
proceeded nonetheless.
The number of tangled
arms definitely made the
challenge more difficult,
but also more interesting
to watch. The two final-
ist teams seemed to be
evenly matched at first,
but once one of them
gained an edge, the lead
only grew and that team
triumphed.
Victory was shortly cel-
ebrated, though, for the
games had been a lie all
along. In fact, a fifth
challenge was intro-
duced that would raise a
single victor from the
winning team. The chal-
lenge was none other
than a rock paper scissor
showdown. Former
teammates turned into
enemies. Fists slapped
against palms intensely.
Shouts of delight and
dismay echoed through-
out the cafeteria. One
by one, the losers were
beat out, until only one
remained. The single
victor, a lone 8th grader,
entirely foreign to the
club, bewilderedly re-
ceived her fabulous
Final Round of the Minute-to-Win-It games at the
September meeting: Gordian Knot
Page 4
power after killing two
of his competitors in bat-
tle. After Septimius died,
he passed the throne to
his two sons Geta and
Caracalla… who then
proceeded to try to kill
each other. Caracalla
succeeded, but was as-
sassinated by his praeto-
rian prefect Macrinus,
who then took the throne
for about a year, only to
be killed by a 15-year-
old Elagabalus who quite
literally deserves his
own paragraph.
Elagabalus was raised in
the eastern provinces,
primarily in Syria, where
he was extensively ex-
posed to various Eastern
religions which he would
come to practice over
Greco-Roman polythe-
ism. He worshipped one
god in particular: Ela-
gabal, an Eastern sun
god. When he came to
be emperor through the
support of his mother
and a legion, Elagabalus
placed worship of Ela-
gabal over all other gods.
Soon, he began to live a
life of decadence and
debauchery and flaunt
traditional Roman social
norms, marrying a vestal
virgin before divorcing
her, forcing the Roman
Fall 2017
Under the hot
Tuscan sun, I squinted in
disbelief at a small green
disk that I unearthed in
the dirt after three days
of digging at a Roman
archaeological site near
Populonia, Italy. It was a
bronze coin!
It was amazing to
see this treasure, previ-
ously lost to the ages,
resurface in the Mediter-
ranean air where it had
been minted. The coin
was encrusted by dirt
and weathered by time,
but I could distinguish
one word defiantly pro-
truding from the grime:
Aequitas, Equality. Upon
further research and
cleaning, I found that the
Roman Emperor Alexan-
der Severus, who took
the throne in AD 222,
was portrayed on this
coin.
But let’s look at the his-
torical context for these
events. Alexander Seve-
rus was a member of the
Severan dynasty (as his
name would suggest)
and this entire dynasty
was forged in blood and
iron. A little less than
three decades prior, Se-
verus’ granduncle, Sep-
timius Severus, seized
This is the bronze coin that portrayed the Emperor Alex-
ander Severus, found by the photographer digging in a
Roman archaeological site near Populonia, Italy.
senate to prostrate them-
selves before his Eastern
gods, and engaging in
numerous extramarital
affairs. This disregard
for everything Roman
angered many (as ex-
pected) and soon Elagab-
alus was forced to adopt
his cousin, Alexander –
of copper coin fame – as
his co-Augustus. Elagab-
alus, being the vindictive
boy-emperor he was,
then tried to immediately
strip Alexander’s author-
ity from him. This an-
gered the Praetorian
Guard, who demanded to
see Alexander and Ela-
gabalus in person. Ela-
gabalus, knowing that
anyone disobeying the
Praetorians will probably
end up dead, complied –
and ended up dead by
the end of the day with
his cousin Alexander on
the throne.
Here we can finally un-
derstand Alexander’s
proclamation of Aequi-
tas. By proclaiming
“equality” on widely dis-
tributed coins, he sought
to denounce injustices
suffered by common
people under his
cousin’s rule and gain
the commoners’ support
for his reign. It was iron-
ic that the more valuable
coins of the period
meant the wealthy bore
messages focused in-
stead on the Emperor’s
imperial power and loy-
alty to his soldiers, rather
than democratic ideals.
The Coin of Alexander Anthony Zhu, Harriton
Page 5 PAJCL KEYSTONE
On Saturday, September
30, the Reading Movies
11 & IMAX Theatre
hosted a Popcorn Pep
Rally. The school club or
team who brought the
most people to see a
movie and voted for its
club would win $500. In
addition, each person
who voted enjoyed a free
popcorn as he watched
the movie. Kimberly
Lam, an active
CWJCL’er, learned of
the contest through her
cousin and CW alumnus,
Timmy Tieu who works
at the movie theatre.
Kim told our advisor,
Ms. Rurode about this
opportunity. Last Febru-
ary Conrad Weiser HS
Media Center began a
partnership with Dr. Sam
Kargbo to help refurbish
the Kabala Secondary
School located in north-
eastern Sierra Leone. We
have donated books and
desktop computers to the
school. However, over
the summer the Media
Center librarian men-
tioned to Ms. Rurode
that funds were needed
to cover shipping costs to
send all the donated
items. Ms. Rurode
thought that JCL could
raise some money to
cover these costs and
perhaps pay for scholar-
ships for students at-
tending the Kabala
School.
The week before Sep-
tember 30, JCL cam-
paigned and advertised
to the entire student
body to go the movies
on Saturday and vote
for JCL as their favorite
club. If we won the
money it would be do-
nated to the Kabala
School. Students in the
Latin III class filmed a
short video which was
shown throughout the
school to explain the
campaign and encourage
students to participate.
On Monday we learned
that JCL had won the
$500! Several students
met Dr. Sam today and
presented him with the
check for $500. Even
though our school is
small, we were able to
come together for this
great cause. $500 will pay
the yearly tuition for 30
students to attend the Ka-
bala School. CWJCL is
proud to help another
school expand its re-
sources and learning op-
Conrad Weiser JCL Raises Money for Kabala School in Africa
Rachel Kesselring, Conrad Weiser
Conrad Weiser JCL decorates for Homecoming!
Page 6
Ludi Romani Elizabeth Rinehart, Downingtown West
PAJCL KEYSTONE
dangerous games did not
have religious im-
portance, but rather
served as violent enter-
tainment. Ludi Romani
also featured theatre
heavily inspired by
Greek theatre. Ludi
Romani featured a
bloody sacrifice for Jupi-
ter followed by a feast.
During the bloody sacri-
fice a heifer (a young
female cow that has not
had a calf) was required
for Jupiter. The priest
Ludi Romani
(Roman Games) are ex-
actly what they translate
to: The Roman Games.
They were an annual cel-
ebration of Jupiter held
from September 12-19.
Later Ludi Romani were
extended from Septem-
ber 5-19th, then again to
add September 4th to
honor Julius Caesar. Ludi
Romani is the oldest fes-
tival, founded by Tar-
quinius Priscus in 366
BC. The dangerous
games included chariot
races in the Circus Maxi-
mus, which commonly
led to death, and gladia-
tor fights with both man
vs man combat and man
vs animal combat. Gladi-
ators typically were
criminals, prisoners, or
slaves. Later, females
also would be trained to
fight. During Nero’s
reign (from December
37AD- June 38AD) Nero
had “exotic” Ethiopian
women fight too. These
sprinkled wine and sa-
cred bread over the heif-
er before killing it by
cutting its throat. The
heifer was then disem-
boweled and its most
vital organs were burned
at the altar. The rest of
the animal was eaten
during the feast. The
Epulum Jovis, on the
13th of September, was
a banquet held in Jupi-
ter’s honor. The final
days of the Ludi Roma-
ni were celebrated with
Directions: Decipher the 5 Latin words below that have been Scrambled
Word Jumble! Genevieve Barge, Ellis
Answers: Atrium, Vestibulum, Tablinum, Culina, Cubiculum
Page 7 PAJCL KEYSTONE
Ice Cream and Initiation Steph da Costa, Upper Dublin
Nothing beats eating ice
cream with good friends.
Our Latin club has capital-
ized on this realization and
we have held an ice cream
social for as long as I can
remember, which is about 3
years. In past years, the ice
cream social was the first
meeting of our club and
freshmen would decide
whether or not they wanted
to join by how the meeting
went (spoiler alert: they
always joined). This year
was extra special as our ice
cream social doubled at the
freshman initiation. We
filled our bowls with ice
cream and M&Ms, gummy
bears, mini chocolate chips,
and various toppings as the
cafeteria filled with the joy-
ful sounds that usually
come with a club’s first
meeting: people dis-
cussing their classes
and weekend plans and
the excited chatter that
comes with people eat-
ing together. As the
bowls were emptied, we
began to initiate the
freshmen. We had them
stand in a circle and
“Charon,” the boatman
The new UDJCL members!
who brings souls to the
Underworld, handed
them ambrosia, the food
of the gods. Charon was
played by our club pres-
ident, Natalie David,
and the ambrosia was
actually Starbursts be-
cause we are lowly
mortals. The freshmen
also drank the “blood of
Caesar”, which was ac-
tually fruit punch, as
Caesar died a long
time ago. The fresh-
men then proceeded
to recite the JCL
creed and were offi-
cially initiated as
members of the
UDJCL. Overall, it
was a very enjoyable
experience and I look
forward to spending
Roman Gods Jordana Avigad, North Allegheny
Solution on page 13
Page 8 PAJCL KEYSTONE
Look where you are
A man undefeatable
You’re now trapped in a jar
What do you see?
A world spinning without you
Was once hard to believe
What do you hear?
A never-ending silence
But now can you face fear?
What’s on your mind?
Wars you’ve fought from the long past
Now you’re on the wrong side
Ares, what went wrong?
You’ve been bested
There’s no wars in your jar
Just your head to spin
You say you’re strong
But you’re ideally so weak
Mere mortals know you’re wrong
What about death?
And what else would excite you?
Jar of Ares Carlo Andreassi, Butler
If they didn’t lose breath?
What about life?
And what makes it so useless?
Just a pawn for your crime
Every moment
You witnessed a tragedy
Could you sleep while knowing?
Ares, what went wrong?
You’ve been bested
There’s no wars in your jar
Just your head to spin
To you, the resolution is conflict
To repeat the mistakes we’ve made
To you, a war is only a object
And not mortal flesh trapped, enslaved
We all have a jar, just like you
Most don’t learn
Only few of us do
Ares, what went wrong?
You’ve been bested
Explanation: Ares, the god of war, is also described as the god of warlike frenzy. Although he was immor-
tal, he was defeated in battle by Heracles, a mortal. He was then stuffed in a jar by two giants afterwards,
Cerberus Veronica Pimenova, Seneca Valley
Page 9
al. As a bride or Vestal
Virgin, the seni crines
was the preferred style.
The bride’s hair was nor-
mally parted with a hasta
recurva or hasta caeliba-
ris which was a bent iron
spearhead or flower
crown. Even though all
females wore their hair
long, there was a differ-
ence between the hair-
styles of young girls
when compared to ma-
ture women. Young girls
wore their hair flowing
loosely down their
backs, while women
braided and wrapped
their hair. Much like to-
day, dying your hair was
Throughout time,
people have expressed
themselves through ap-
pearance. In Ancient
Rome, a woman used her
hair to express her indi-
viduality and her role in
society. A woman’s hair-
style could be deter-
mined by her age, social
status, wealth, and pro-
fession. When used sym-
bolically, hair marked
rites of passage such as
funerals and weddings.
For Romans, hair was
considered to be very
suggestive and was one
of the determining fac-
tors of the allure of a
woman. Consequently, it
became natural for wom-
en to spend time on their
hair to look more attrac-
tive. Romans preferred
complicated, unique
hairstyles as it indicated
elegance, style, and
wealth. The natural style
was associated with bar-
barians, who were
thought to have neither
money nor culture to cre-
ate elegant hairstyles.
Simply letting your hair
down was one of the
hairstyles of prostitutes.
During different ceremo-
nies, women had certain
hairstyles they would
wear. Loosened hair was
common during a funer-
popular among women.
Different ingredients
were used to make each
color dye. For example,
to dye your hair in Ro-
man times, you had to
use a mixture of animal
fat and beechwood ash-
es. When dying it black,
it was suggested to use
leeches that rotted in red
wine for forty days. And
so, Roman women took
great pride in their well-
coiffed hairstyles, silent-
ly conveying many
things. By her hair, a
woman could show off
to others, and in turn, she
could determine the indi-
viduality and social sta-
Fall 2017
Women’s Hairstyles in Ancient Rome Emera Gregor, Bedford
seni crines Traditional Roman Flower Crown
Page 10 PAJCL KEYSTONE
The Language of Science Aidan Bova, Harriton
Ever since I start-
ed showing interest in
science when I was little,
I have wondered why
scientific names are al-
ways in Latin or Greek.
Whether it is in botany,
medicine, biology, anat-
omy, or other fields, the
names of most every-
thing regularly have
some sort of Latin name
or root. Although most
early scientific discovery
began only after the
downfall of the Romans
and the time of the great
Greek philosophers and
thinkers, science has
always crossed lan-
guage. Most scientists
of the time had familiar-
ity with the Latin lan-
guage and because of
this common basis, it
was deemed the lan-
guage of science. Since
Latin is not a language
actively spoken in any
region, it acts as a pas-
sageway across lan-
guages, making science
constant throughout all
communities and cul-
tures.
Additionally, in
order to keep consisten-
cy with older scientific
terms and theories, sci-
entists exploring new
branches of science
have held true to nam-
ing things in Latin. Carl
Linnaeus, a biologist
whose books and papers
are the starting point of
binomial nomenclature,
recognized Latin as the
language of science and
continued the trend by
publishing his new ma-
terial in Latin. Scientists
like Linnaeus, who also
sought to keep their work
in practice with other no-
table scientific names of
the day, purposely contin-
ued with this style of no-
menclature, maintaining
Latin as the official lan-
guage of science. Even
today, science stays loyal
to its Latin roots in order
to keep science universal
across all languages.
12 laws
12 rules
12 tables
The societal foundation
For every Roman citizen
Rich or poor
2000 years ago
And still relevant
The basis of our law today
Keeping us at peace
And keeping us in line
12 Tables Cameron Crawford, Downingtown West
The punishment is cruel
For breaking such laws
So be a good citizen
And follow the rules
Rome
The new age of the past
An advanced government
Similar to ours
We thank you Rome
For your 12 tables
Page 11 Fall 2017
Remembering Our Roots: More Fun Than You’d Expect!
Hunter Kloss, Ellis
“Why do you learn Lat-
in? It’s a dead language,
it doesn’t matter!” Every
Latin student has heard
this whine from a class-
mate or friend at least
once in their life. Alas,
how little they know.
Roman (and Greek) cul-
ture has influenced our
modern society more
than the ordinary person
could imagine. Whether
it be the name of our
third month (March, de-
rived from Mars, the Ro-
man god of war) or a
popular book series, Lat-
in is crucial to modern
society. Two book series
that are incredibly popu-
lar are the Percy Jackson
and Harry Potter series.
The Percy Jackson books
are multiple series based
off Greek, Roman, and
other types of mythologi-
cal deities. Any of the
books written by Rick
Riordan are sure to spark
a tween or teen’s imagi-
nation and set them
down a course of com-
plete nerdiness for life
(but hey, we’re learning
Latin, that’s already
plenty nerdy). Harry Pot-
ter, a little indie series
you may not have heard
of, features more subtle
references to mythology,
such as a character
named Cassandra who is
a Seer. This nods to Cas-
sandra of Troy, who had
the gift of prophecy but
was cursed so no one
would believe her. Other
references to Greek and
Roman culture follow
similar, mythology-
based paths. For exam-
ple, multiple movies
have been made about
Hercules, the god who
had many arduous ad-
ventures. A Wonder
Woman movie just came
out, featuring an Amazo-
nian (Greek) princess.
Video games based
around mythology and
Greco-Roman culture do
exceptionally, garnering
as much as twelve spin-
offs and sequels. So, the
next time you hear some-
one complain about
Latin’s apparent useless-
ness, maybe see what
books, movies, or video
games they’re interested
in. Or, just remind them
of the modern calendar,
and give a short lesson
This is a pencil sketch of Medusa, who was a
Greek mythological monster and one of the
Gorgon sisters. As depicted, Medusa had
snakes in place of hair and had the face of a
hideous woman. Anyone who looked into her
Medusa Amanda Yang, Upper Dublin
The mythics they told of
a land far away
Creatures behold
Mythical creatures, gods
and powers unknown
Everything astray
Lands of gold
Gods dethroned
Anything can happen
Once your there then...
Your not
The Romans they
learned and fought
Through the the pain
through the the tears
They made morals and
conquered fears
Let us show you the
way
Don't wander life
astray
Swords forged from the
fists of gods
Beauty and love granted
by gods
Peace and tranquility
formed by gods
All the gods shall show
the way
The creatures being our
teachers
Morals and teachings
told
Told through the beauty
of literature
The Mythics Cole Pfenningwerth, Seneca Valley
Page 12
with a process called 3D
Laser Profilometry sci-
entists can analyze the
surface and determine
the tools that were used
to engrave a message.
Finding this graffiti is
important because it tells
people a lot about what
the Romans did, how
they spent their time, and
where. It also showed
that they were a literate
society and by using this
method, anyone could
voice their thoughts, not
just politicians and pub-
When parading
around the streets of any
city, one often finds writ-
ing or drawings on many
different landmarks. The
act is known as graffiti,
and while it is illegal
now, many Romans used
it to express themselves.
Back then, because there
was no newspaper or tel-
evision, people often
wrote what they thought
on different surfaces,
whether it be someone’s
home, a staircase, or
even a shop. The graffiti
they partook in included
political slogans, poems,
puzzles, and sometimes
just statements. For ex-
ample, a piece of graffiti
that was found in gladia-
tor barracks simply stat-
ed, “I made bread.” In
addition, the practice al-
so was used for decora-
tion and sometimes by
school children practic-
ing their letters. Luckily,
modern technology has
been able to decipher the
graffiti and make it more
readable. In addition,
lic figures, but also
slaves and poor people.
Graffiti also documented
changes in society, one
example being when
Emperor Nero was in
power, there were mes-
sages found both mock-
ing him as well as prais-
ing him. Over 11,000
graffiti samples were
found in Pompeii, due to
the eruption of Vesuvius,
which preserved the
messages. Because the
artwork is still prevalent
today, it serves as anoth-
Fall 2017
The Importance of Graffiti in Rome Hunter McIlvian, Tredyffrin Easttown
Page 13
This cookie is simple to make but delicious to eat. This recipe is a favorite of Roman dinner parties for
their secunda mensa (dessert). Notice how the recipe uses honey, not sugar. Ancient Romans used honey
as their prime sweetener, as cane sugar was not introduced to Europe until the 11th century A.D when the
Crusaders invaded the Middle East. The techniques have been changed for a modern kitchen, but the taste
remains the same! Edite et gaudite!
PAJCL KEYSTONE
Not Your Grandma’s Cookie Natalie David, Upper Dublin
2 1/2 cups flour
1 teaspoon baking powder
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon baking soda
1/4 cup and 2 tablespoons of olive oil
1/2 cup honey
1/2 cup sesame seeds
2 eggs
Instructions:
In a bowl, combine flour, baking powder, salt, and baking soda. Set aside.
In another bowl, combine olive oil, honey, and eggs with an electric mixer until well combined. Gradually
beat in the flour mixture. Cover and chill the dough for about 1 hour or until firm.
Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Grease two baking sheets. Form chilled dough into 1-inch balls (or fun
shapes) and place dough on prepared baking sheets.
Flatten each ball slightly on the sheets. Sprinkle sesame seeds onto each cookie. Bake 10 minutes or until
golden brown. Be sure not to overcook or they will be dry.
Word Search Solution
Page 14 Fall 2017
Tempus Fugit Isabella Bobo, Owen J. Roberts
With modern technolo-
gy, we can count and
keep track of every na-
nosecond of every day.
We know every minute
is 60 seconds, every hour
is 60 minutes, and every
day is 24 hours. And
while the Romans also
measured every day to
last 24 hours, that’s pret-
ty much where the simi-
larities end.
Surprisingly, Roman
hours were rarely actual-
ly an hour long. The Ro-
mans split their days into
halves; there were 12
hours dedicated to day-
light and 12 dedicated to
darkness, no matter the
time of year. There had
to be 12 hours from dusk
to dawn and 12 hours
from dawn to dusk.
Therefore, around the
summer solstice, when
there is sunlight for
about 15 hours around
the Mediterranean, an
hour would last approxi-
mately 75 modern
minutes. Moreover, dur-
ing this same time, hours
during the night would
be cut short and last ap-
proximately 45 modern
minutes. The opposite
was true during the win-
ter solstice.
Keeping track of an
hour that didn’t have a
set, recurring time every
day seems insanely im-
probable; but the Ro-
mans did find a logical
pattern they followed.
Each hour bore a name,
well really an ordinal
number, from prima
(first) to duodecima
(twelfth) and were ac-
companied by either diei
(of the day) or noctis (of
the night) depending on
which half of the day
was being measured.
The first hour of the day
would then be hora pri-
ma diei, the second
would be hora secunda
diei, and so on.
The Romans also di-
vided their hours of the
day and night into 4 sub-
sections each called
vigiliae, or “watches”.
Each vigilia would con-
sist of three Roman
hours; For example the
prima vigilia noctis (the
first watch of the night)
would consist of the pri-
ma, secunda, and tertia
hora noctis. And the pat-
tern is followed for the
remaining 9 hours dedi-
cated to darkness and the
12 for daylight.
While this method
seems unorthodox to us,
it was very logical and
accepted by the Roman
people. However it is a
little ironic the very pop-
ular phrase “time
flies” (or Tempus Fugit)
originated from the Ro-
Mt. Vesuvius Ava Katzenell, Seneca Valley
Dormant for years,
Peace circling,
It was burning inside.
Holding back for the
sake of the others,
The peace,
It held the internal pain;
Its steaming lava boiled,
Boiled for what seemed
like eternity,
Until the eruption.
For the sake of the others,
It hid its pain.
The people thought it was,
“Fine.”
It was not “fine.”
2017-2018 Executive Board Amanda Yang, President: [email protected]
Leah Wang, Vice-President of Membership:
Nicole Bauer, Vice President of Public Relations:
Helen Luffy, Parliamentarian: [email protected]
Ashlee Shields, Secretary: [email protected]
Allison Chang, Editor: [email protected]
Patricia Hay, Chairperson:
Brooke McLane-Higginson, Executive Board Co-Chair:
Karin Suzadail, Constitutional Advisor Co-Chair:
PAJCL Website: The new PAJCL website will be up Novem-
ber 2017!
School Convention Total Fall
Bedford 125 250 125
Butler 125 250 125
Conrad Weiser 125 250 125
Downingtown West 125 250 125
The Ellis School 125 250 125
Harriton 125 250 125
North Allegheny 125 250 125
Owen J. Roberts 125 125 250
Seneca Valley 125 125 250
Tredyffrin-Easttown 125 125 250
Upper Dublin 125 125 250
Page 15
From the Editor’s Desk
Fall 2017
Hello everyone!
Thank you for all of your
submissions to the Key-stone! The quality of the
articles, artwork, and
puzzles was impressive. I
hope you find the con-
tents interesting and en-
gaging as well.
In addition, please make
sure to continue to sup-
port both your local and state JCL chapters by
sending me your Keystone submissions. The
next deadline for the winter issue is Friday, Janu-
ary 12th. Thanks for making my first PAJCL
Keystone issue such an enjoyable experience!
Hopefully you all are excited for the new season
of JCL and what is in store for the upcoming
convention! I look forward to working with eve-
ryone again soon.
Ex animo,
Allison Chang
PAJCL Editor
Keystone Points!
KEYSTONE
Pompeiian Street Dunya Markovic, Tredyffrin Easttown