kiev, ukraine, 7 nov 2013 eu policies for increasing the ... · eu policies for increasing the...
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EU policies for increasing the energy performance of buildings
Bogdan ATANASIU Buildings Performance Institute Europe [email protected]
Kiev, Ukraine, 7 Nov 2013
Buildings in the European Union
Important cultural, historic, and economic value • 501 million inhabitants living in ~ 160 million homes • Architectural protection of historic buildings • Large market for the construction sector, appliances and
equipment • Business opportunities, especially for SMEs
Status:
•28 countries in the EU
•42% of the energy consumption
•35% of EU greenhouse gases emissions
•9% of EU GDP
•7-8 % of EU employment
Several studies indicate large potential for significant and cost -effective energy savings between 22% (by 2020) and by 46% (by 2030) compared to 2005.
Building stock 2010: old & inefficient
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0,5
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1,5
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2,5
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3,5
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5
DE
FR
UK
IT
ES
PL
NL
SE
CH
RO
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E P
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EL
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CZ
DK
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O
FI
BG
SK
IE
LT
SI
LV
CY EE
LU
MT
Bill
ion
m2
Floor Space per country
Residential Non Residential
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
CZ
BG
PL
SI
SK
RO
HU
LV
LT
EE
UK
DK
SE
FR
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IE
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GR
Cen
tal &
Eas
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h &
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uth
Pre 1960 1961-1990 1991-2010
Age profile of residential floor space
Final energy consumption in the building sector for the EU27
Source: Europe’s buildings under the microscope, BPIE 2011, available at: www.bpie.eu
EU Policy: long-term framework
- Low-carbon Economy 2050 Roadmap:
- Roadmap for a Resource-Efficient Europe 2050:
- buildings among the 3 key sectors (together with food and transport)
- High efficiency potential: influence 42% of the final energy consumption, 35% of the CO₂ emissions, >50% of all extracted materials and 30% of water consumption.
- Energy 2050 Roadmap: “energy efficiency potential in buildings is key”
GHG reduction vs. 1990 2005 2030 2050
Power -7% -54 to -68% -93 to -99%
Industry -20% -34 to -40% -83 to -87%
Transport 30% +20 to -9% -54 to -67%
Residential and services -12% -37 to -53% -88 to-91%
Agriculture -20% -36 to -37% -42 to -49%
Residential sector
annual change [%]
’90-
‘00
’00-
‘10
’10-
‘20
’20-
‘30
’30-
‘40
’40-
‘50
Final energy demand [ktoe] 0,8 0,7 -1,0 -1,3 -1,6 -2,1
Heating and cooling 0.7 0.5 -1,4 -1,7 -2,2 -3,2
Appliances & lighting 2,0 1,6 1,4 0,4 0,8 0,7
Short- & medium- term objectives
EU Commission to report by 30 June 2014 whether the EU is on track to reach its 20% energy efficiency goal and to take appropriate measures!
~25%
~75%
Actual building stock
Renovate deeper and
faster!
new buildings 2012-2050
Reaching for zero!
2050 building stock
Nearly climate neutral! Nearly zero-energy!
One aim, two big challenges by 2050!
A complex policy framework for energy in buildings
Energy Efficiency Directive
2012/27/EU
20% energy savings by
2020
MS Periodical National Energy
Efficiency Action Plans
(NEEAPs)
Eco-design Directive
2009/125/EC
Energy-related products
Specific delegated acts
Minimum requirements
Product regulations
Labeling Directive
2010/30/EU)
Energy-related products
Specific delegated acts
Labeling
Complement eco-design
Energy Performance of
Buildings Directive
2010/31/EU
Buildings
Renewable Energy
Directive
2009/28/EU
20% RES share in gross final consumption
by 2020
MS Periodical National
Renewable Energy Action
Plans (NREAPs)
Source: European Commission
Energy Efficiency Directive (EED): Targets & savings
• Clearly defines EU energy efficiency target by 1474 Mtoe primary energy (1078Mtoe final energy) in 2020
• By 30 April 2013: Indicative national targets for 2020 (primary or final, savings or consumption or energy intensity)
• By 30 April 2014: EU MSs have to elaborate long-term renovation plans (Art 4):
– Overview of national building stock
– Identify cost-effective approaches
– Estimates of savings
– Policies and measures
• Exemplary role of public sector (Art 5 &6):
– Must purchase only products, services & buildings with high EE performance
– Must renovate 3%/yr of buildings owned and occupied by central government
– By 31 December 2013: EU MSs to set up an inventory of government buildings By 1 January 2014: EU MSs to start the renovation of central government buildings (or alternative approaches)
EED: main requirements related to buildings
Available at www.bpie.eu
How to Design an Effective Renovation Strategy
Buildings data from the EU countries: www.buildingsdata.eu www.entranze.eu www.tabula.eu
Energy Performance of
Buildings Directive (EPBD, 31/2010/EU)
- MSs: Minimum energy performance requirements - Cost-optimal methodology (common framework) - Requirements for technical building systems
Energy performance & Cost optimality
Existing Buildings
- All the buildings undergoing major renovation should implement energy efficiency measures
- Minimum requirements for buildings and components
New Buildings
Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
- By 31 Dec. 2018 public admin. buildings - By 31 Dec. 2020 all buildings - National plans for nZEB
Energy performance certification
- Implement EPC schemes - Recommendation for cost-optimal improvements - Independent control systems
HVAC inspection - Regular inspections (heating > 20kW, AC>12kW) - Independent control systems
Financial incentives & Market barriers
- MSs: to prepare lists of measures and instruments - Take into account cost-optim. for these measures
Energy Performance Certificates (Art. 11-13)
• All EU MS established a certification system for building energy performance
EPCs: • issued for buildings or building units which are constructed, sold or rented out
• Issued for public buildings with a total useful floor area over 500m2 (over
250m2 from 2015) and frequently visited by the public; to be shown on the building
• obligation to include ’recommendations for the cost-optimal or cost-effective improvement of the energy performance
• provide information on the actual impact of heating and cooling, on its primary energy consumption and on its CO2 emissions.
• may provide an estimate for the range of payback periods or cost-benefits over its economic lifecycle.
• The MSs should establish an independent control mechanism.
• The validity period of an EPC is no more than 10 years.
Promotion Administration/
registration system Compliance/enforcement
AT Regional promotion Regional databases No practical/functional enforcement
BE (Fl) Regional promotion Regional database Enforcement system with penalties
CZ Low attention on promotion No database No practical/functional enforcement
DK Promotion aimed at professionals
Central database No practical/functional enforcement
FR Low attention on promotion, but professionals informed
No database No practical/functional enforcement
DE National promotion campaign by energy agency
No database No practical/functional enforcement
HU National promotion campaign No database No practical/functional enforcement
IE National promotion campaign by energy agency
Central database Enforcement system with penalties
NL National promotion campaign Central database No practical/functional enforcement
PL Low attention on promotion No database No practical/functional enforcement
PT Promotion by energy agency dedicated to stakeholders
Central database Enforcement system with penalties
ES Low attention on promotion No database No practical/functional enforcement
Improvement desirable Room for improvement Good
Energy Performance Certificates: BPIE analysis 2010 Available at www.bpie.eu
Cost-optimal methodology (Article 5, EPBD)
- Delegated Regulation EU 244/2012 of 16 Jan 2012 published by the EU Commission in March 2012 on: a comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements
- Implementation guidelines published by the EU Comm in April 2012. - MSs: national calculations based on framework methodology: by March
2013 – 20 MS reported already to the EU Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/buildings/implementation_en.htm
Aims: - To set energy performance requirements, also by considering the
economic aspects as a driver for improving technical building codes - To shift focus from upfront investment costs to global life cycle costs
(including energy costs)
1. Select/define reference buildings/systems
2. Establish sets of buildings measures (energy efficiency and RES)
3. Calculate the thermal performance of elements and the energy performance of the whole building (for both new and existing)
4. Calculate the life cycle costs using net present valuation Cost optimal set of measures for optimising energy performance of a reference building in a given MS, in kWh/(m²/a)
5. Compare results with current building codes and if necessary adjust them!
• Cost optimum for micro or macro level (the latter including carbon costs) • RES options to be considered
Steps of cost-optimality
Cost-optimality in brief
Investment+ maintenance + running costs G
lob
al c
ost
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Net global costs
Energy costs savings
Cost-effective solutions
Cost-optimal solutions
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Cost-optimal
level
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Glo
ba
l co
sts
pe
r m
² liv
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sp
ace
[€
/m
²]
BWK+Sol
BWK+WRG
BWK+Sol+WRG
WPE
WPE+Sol
WPE+WRG
WPE+Sol+WRG
HPK
HPK+Sol
HPK+WRG
HPK+Sol+WRG
40% 70% of PE-limit EnEV 2009 55%
SFH
D at a po int s
t hermal p ro t ect ion
1. EnEV 2007 HT ' M ax
2. EnEV 2009 HT ' M ax
3. EnEV 2009 U-Werte Ref
4. EnEV 2009 85% U Ref
5. EnEV 2009 70% U Ref
6. EnEV 2009 55% U Ref
Primary energy demand EnEV [kWh/(m²a)]
PE-l
imit
valu
e E
nEV
2009 n
Implementing the cost-optimal methodology in EU: Results for Germany (SFH, financial perspective)
Cost-optimal level SFH: approx. 54 kWh/(m²a)
Current requirements of EnEV 2009 do not yet achieve the cost-optimal level
Tightening by about 25 % (SFH) possible
54
More info at : http://www.bpie.eu
Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings - nZEB (Art. 9)
• A ‘nearly zero-energy building’ […] has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required (for HVAC, DHW and lighting) should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including on-site or nearby RES (EPBD)
nZEB is defined at national level, hence the approaches vary largely and there is a need for sustainable approaches!
EPBD recast nZEB: • All new buildings, by 31 December 2020
• All new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities, after 31 December 2018
• EU MS have to elaborate nZEB plans
RES Directive: EU MS have to introduce minimum requirements for RES for new buildings and renovation, by 31 December 2014
BPIE studies on nZEB implementation in the EU
• BPIE nZEB studies for Poland, Romania and Bulgaria 2012
• For SFH, MFH and office buildings
• Evaluation on simulated improvement options towards nZEB levels for new buildings
• Proposing affordable but ambitious nZEB definitions (aprox. 50-80kWh/m2/yr, >40% RES, <3-7 kg CO2/m2/yr)
• Proposing policy implementation roadmaps by 2020
2011
2012
• BPIE nZEB study 2011
• Analysing main implementation challenges
• Proposing principles for nZEB
• Testing principles
• Policy recommendations
Available at: www.bpie.eu
Examples of nZEB in the EU
Country 2015/2016 2020
Denmark Res: 30+1000/A 20 (kWh/m2/yr) Non-Res: 41+1000/A 25 (kWh/m2/yr) C.F. El(DH): 2.5 (0.8) 1.8 (0.6)
Belgium (Brx) H/C: <15 (kWh/m2/yr) Res P.E.: <45 (kWh/m2/yr) Non-Res P.E.: < (90-2.5*C) (kWh/m2/yr)
Legend: A=the heated gross floor area; C=Volume/area
France RT 2012: 50 (40 - 65) (kWh/m2/yr) energy positive building
UK ‘Zero carbon homes’ ‘Zero carbon non-res’ 10 - 14 (kg CO2/m2/yr) 39 - 46 (kWh/m2/yr)
Roads to nZEB
Source: REHVA, Fraunhofer-IBP
Roads to nZEB- Germany
Cost-optimality as a tool for evaluating nZEB
Renovation of existing buildings & buildings’ technical systems
• Art.7: For buildings undergoing major renovation (more than 25% of
envelope or costs) MSs to ensure that the building or the renovated part thereof is upgraded in order to meet minimum energy performance requirements.
• Art. 7: For buildings undergoing major renovation: consideration and taking into account of high-efficiency alternative systems (i.e. RES, CHP, DH, heat pumps).
• Art. 8: To set requirements for technical building systems from existing buildings in respect of the overall energy performance, the proper installation, and the appropriate dimensioning, adjustment and control.
Financial incentives and market barriers (Art 10)
Main requirements
• MSs to draw up a list of existing and proposed measures and instruments including those of a financial nature: • update this list every three years
• to be communicated to the EU Comm (also through NEEAPs)
• shall take account of the cost-optimal levels of energy performance when
providing incentives for the construction or major renovation of buildings
• MS shall consider the most relevant financing and other instruments such to catalyse the energy performance of buildings and the transition to nearly zero- energy buildings
• MS have to undertake measures to overcome market barriers
Main challenges for effective financing of renovation
• Longer payback, high transaction costs • Impact of the economic crisis • Public authorities have limited budget • Not well tailored and not enugh ambitious programs • Split incentive issue
and • Technical challenges: quality of renovations, lack of experience
and skills, less ambitious building codes and Social challenges: awareness, occupancy impact on real performance of buildings
Financing deep energy renovation
EU financing: Cohesion Funds, European Investment Bank, Carbon financing
Economic instruments in the
EU MS
-Grants
-Subsidies
-Funds Preferential
loans
Tax & VAT incentives
Regulations & min.
requirements White
certificates
TPF/ESCO
Energy and climate Levies
Energy audits
Varied economic instruments in EU MS:
BPIE 2012 study on existing financing measures in the EU available at: http://www.bpie.eu
ENTRANZE IEE project: www.entranze.eu
Example 1: Germany-KfW programmes
Example 1: KfW impact 2012 Benefits so far:
• By 2010: financed renovation of aprox. 9 million pre-1979 housing units
• 1 Euro invested generated 4-5 euro back to public budget (by tax income, social security contributions etc.)
• Results 2006-2009:
• 1 mn homes renovated
• 400.000 low-energy new homes
• Heating costs avoided: aprox 1mn euro/yr
• 1,2MtCO2/yr avoided (72MtCO2 on lifetime)
• Aprox 300.000 jobs/yr created or secured
• Energy performance 2002-2009:
• New buildings from 120 to 60 kWh/m2/yr
• Existing/renovation: reduction to around 80 kWh/m2/yr
Lessons learned:
• Open to all investor groups
• Focus on long term loans
• Distributional network
• Created a brand for energy efficiency • Higher energy efficiency is rewarded
Ex 2: Lithuania – JESSICA holding fund
• A tool to support the implementation of Programme for the Modernisation of Multi-Apartment Houses: • to modernise by 2020 at least 70 % of 24.000 multi-apartment houses
before 1993 saving at least 30% of the heating energy and fuel expenses as comparing to 2004
• Budget: EUR 227 mn. (EUR 100 mn National + EUR127 mn. ERDF) • Financing scheme:
• Fixed interest rate at 3% p.a. • Maturity up to 20 years • 2 years grace period (during construction) • No collateral or guarantees required; • 15% JESSICA loan write-off if certain energy efficiency level achieved
(upon completion) 110-145 kWh/m2 (Class “D”) • 100% grant for preparation of renovation documentation reimbursed
(paid from national funds) • 100% of reimbursement of installments to low income families; • 15 % additional support from Climate Change Special programme for
energy efficiency measures implementation JESSICA loan write-off if not less than 40 % energy savings are achieved
• Results 2012: more than EUR14mn credits and EUR22,4mn planned
investments, energy savings of around 50%
Example 4: District 1, Bucharest, Romania
Signatory of Covenant of Mayors
All residential block of flats of District 1 of Bucharest will be renovated
850 block of flats = around 45,000 apartments/families
All rehabilitated buildings <100 kWh/m2/yr
Costs: 376.2 mil Euros, co-financed by European Investment Bank
Time frame: 2009-2014
BEFORE
AFTER
CO2 emissions: >35%
Heating Consumption:
>50%
Investing in buildings delivers benefits
Investments are required but benefits outweigh them (EED – €20 billion saved annually until 2020)
-60
-30
0
30
Bill
ion
Eu
ro '0
8 EED costs
EED avoided costs
• increased costs for investment in energy efficiency- €24 billion annually
• reduced costs for investment in energy generation and distribution - €6 billion annually
• reduced fuel expenditure - €38 billion annually
• increased EU GDP of € 34 billion in 2020
+
• increased net employment of 400 000 in 2020
Source: European Commission
• Frame the national/regional context: Identify the needs, opportunities, challenges
and benefits
• Identify targets and itineraries, set milestones:
– Define long-term strategies and goals
– Set short- and medium- term binding objectives
• Elaborate specific legislation based on energy performance (e.g. dynamic building
regulations)
• Eliminate market barriers
• Train and educate workforce (compliance matters)
• Information and awareness
• Elaborate economic/financial/fiscal support schemes for trigger the buildings
market and including the macro-economic benefits
• Monitor implementation and continuously adapt policies based evaluation and
on large public consultation
Lessons learned: EU policies for buildings
Big change and challenge:
Low-energy buildings are complex systems and need holistic
approaches:
• Need for integrated design methods, integrated skills
• Need for new marketing, e.g. selling buildings with services
Low energy buildings: Are bright, hot and cool!
Having market ‘sex-appeal’! …Low-energy buildings are not only efficient but also more
comfortable, sustainable, healthier, coming with new design and life style…an evolutionary step forward!
Final destination:
Transformation of buildings market!
