kimberley marine biota. historical data: polychaetes...

Kimberley marine biota. Historical data: polychaetes (Annelida)

Pat Hutchings1*, Chris Glasby2, Maria Capa1,4 and Alison Sampey3

1 Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010.

2 Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin NT 0801

3 Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC WA 6986

4 Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway

* Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT – We examined all the previously published records of polychaetes from the Kimberley Project Area as well as unpublished records from Australian museum records and updated any recent nomenclatural changes. Over 260 species from 43 families have been reported and we suggest that this number will increase considerably as more survey work is carried out in the area and additional habitats such as soft sediments are properly surveyed. At this stage many of these species appear to have wide distributions with few endemic species recorded, but we anticipate this will increase with taxonomic revisions incorporating both molecular and morphological techniques. We hope this paper will advertise the availability of this material to specialists for incorporation into their Australian revisions.

KEYWORDS: natural history collections, species inventory, Kimberley region, biodiversity, north west Australia, baseline

133–159 (2014) DOI: 10.18195/issn.0313-122x.84.2014.133-15984RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

SUPPLEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The importance of utilising natural history collection datasets to provide baseline biodiversity information for conservation and environmental management decisions is now recognised (Pyke and Ehrlich 2010). The Kimberley region of Australia is currently of great interest for its conservation value, with a number of proposed marine protected areas, and also for its oil and gas reserves, fishing and aquaculture activities, nature based tourism, and proposed development (Department of Environment and Conservation 2009). Consequently, baseline data to characterise the values and assets in the region are needed (Wood and Mills 2008).

The Western Australian Museum (WAM) and other Australian natural history institutions have undertaken marine biodiversity surveys of the species present in the Kimberley, but many of these data and their interpretations are either unpublished or published in specialist taxonomic literature, so not readily accessible to researchers and managers. To address this, WAM instigated an extensive data compilation of major taxa known from the Kimberley region. Wilson (2014) has

reviewed the habitat and historical background of the Kimberley Project Area. Here, we document what is currently known about shallow water polychaete diversity within the Kimberley Project Area.

POLYCHAETES (ANNELIDA)

Polychaetes are a major component of the marine benthos in terms of number of both individuals and species. They range in length from less than 1 mm to over 1 m. Polychaetes are currently classified into more than 80 families with over 15,000 species known worldwide and many remaining to be described. They vary considerably in morphology and life style, including many different types of feeding strategies (carnivores, deposit and filter feeders, herbivores, parasitic or commensal). They exhibit a considerable range of reproductive strategies including both sexual and asexual. Some species live only a few weeks, while others live for several years. They may breed almost continuously, or have a restricted breeding season. Some survive spawning and others do not. They live in a wide variety of marine habitats from the supra-littoral to the deep sea: some live in sediments, others bore

134 P. HUTCHINGS, C. GLASBY, M. CAPA AND A. SAMPEY

into hard substrates or are firmly attached to them, while others move freely over the substrate, swim in the water column or are commensal on a range of animals. Some are tubiculous, living in muddy/sandy or calcareous tubes. For all these reasons polychaetes have been widely used as surrogates for the entire benthic community. Because they occupy all levels within the food chain a diverse polychaete assemblage provides a good indication of a healthy environment. In addition, some taxa (e.g. some species of Capitellidae, such as Capitella spp.) are good indicators of polluted environments. As well as marine species, others occur in estuarine areas and freshwater habitats, and some terrestrial species live in damp environments (Beesley et al. 2000; Rouse and Pleijel 2001).

HISTORY

Historical collections of polychaetes from the Kimberley coast are scarce. In the late 1800s and early 1900s two expeditions collected in Western Australia: the German S.M.S. Gazelle between 1874 and 1876 and the south west Australian Hamburg expedition led by Michaelsen and Hartmeyer in 1905. The former did not extend north of the Dampier Archipelago and the latter only reached north to Shark Bay. Apparently, the only European expedition that sampled the Kimberley coast was the Swedish Mjöberg Scientific Expedition (1910–1911), for which the polychaetes were reported by Johansson (1918) and Augener (1922). All the polychaetes described by Augener came from a small area off Cape Jaubert in the southern Kimberley. No further notable collecting of polychaetes occurred until 1975 when Hartmann-Schröder and Hartmann collected at several sites around Broome and Derby as part of their Australia-wide investigation of intertidal polychaetes and ostracods. All the specimens studied by Augener (1922) and Hartmann-Schröder (1979) – over 260 specimen lots – were deposited in the Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universität

Hamburg, Germany (HZM), except for some paratypes, which are housed at WAM.

The first extensive survey of polychaetes along the Kimberley coast was made in 1988 (Hutchings 1989). Polychaetes were collected from 29 locations with 121 species identified (Table 1). Many of the species collected during this survey were new and have been described subsequently (Hutchings and Glasby 1990; Hutchings and Reid 1990, 1991; Pillai 2009; Murray et al. 2010). Polychaetes were also collected during a 1991 survey of 21 locations along the coast between Broome and Wyndham (referred to as the KIRE 91), by WAM where 54 taxa were identified, to either species or family level by Hanley (1992). Hanley recorded the greatest diversity within the Polynoidae with 20 species identified, including three new species. Other common families were the Nereididae and Terebellidae. Hanley was particularly interested in polynoids commensal with holothurians, crinoids, alcyonarians and gorgonians and with one species commensal in tubes of terebellids. In a second survey to the southern Kimberley in 1994, polychaetes associated with intertidal hard substrates and mangroves were collected. Specimens from both surveys are lodged at the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT). Hanley (1995) provides a list of the polychaete families collected with the polynoids and the eunicids identified to species. Both of these reports suggest a high diversity of polychaetes with new species as well as widely distributed ones commonly found in similar habitats throughout northern Australia, although many of these widely distributed species need to be carefully re-examined to confirm their identifications.

Additional surveys were carried out by MAGNT and also by WAM in the 1980s and in 2008, but polychaetes were not specifically targeted and no species lists were compiled. These included an initial 1984 survey of Ashmore, Cartier and Hibernia Reefs by MAGNT (Russell 2005), followed by those in 1987 and 1992, yielding many polychaete specimens now housed at MAGNT.

Survey year No. locations No. species No. families Reference

1988 29 121 13 Hutchings 1989*

1991 21 54+ 21 Hanley 1992

1994 10 50+ 22 Hanley 1995

TABLE 1 Number of locations, species and families of the polychaetes sampled during main survey expeditions in the region and presented as reports. *Number of species not presented in the report so the number was extracted from the database.

KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: POLYCHAETES 135

All the records discussed above are incorporated into the present study.

Previous research in the region on other taxonomic groups such as fishes (Hutchins 1999), echinoderms (Marsh and Marshall 1983) and corals (Veron and Marsh 1988) revealed some general patterns of the fauna in the region. Firstly, species richness and composition were different inshore compared to offshore. Secondly, more endemic species occur inshore compared to more widespread species offshore: we have tested this using data collected by Hanley for the distribution of commensal species of polynoids.

AIMS

1. Collate records of shallow water (<30 m) polychaete species in the Kimberley Project Area that are verified by specimens lodged in Australian museum collections (1880s – 2009) to provide a baseline diversity dataset;

2. identify collection and taxonomic bias and gaps;

3. test whether there are proportionally more wide ranging species (e.g. Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific) occurring offshore compared to inshore – i.e. species that inhabit clear oligotrophic waters versus endemic or Indo-Australian species that would have higher tolerances to the silty turbid waters occurring along the coast; and

4. explore cross shelf differences in species richness and composition for commensal Polynoid species.

METHODS

The Kimberley Project Area encompasses an area west and north of the Kimberley coast (from south of Broome northward and eastward to the Western Australia–Northern Territory border) extending beyond the 1000 m bathymetric contour, with the coastline forming a natural inshore boundary, as shown in Figure 1 (see Sampey et al. 2014, for a full explanation of the study area).

For the purpose of this synthesis we are using the classical concept and family membership of the polychaetes (e.g. Fauchald 1977, Rouse and Pleijel 2001). Largely based on molecular data, the clitellates (leeches and oligochaetes), sipunculans, and siboglinids have been moved recently into the polychaetes, but these groups are even less well known from the region. So, while clitellates and sipunculans are widespread and probably diverse in the Kimberley, they are poorly known and will not be considered any further in this review.

The methodology follows that outlined by Sampey et al. (2014). Briefly, polychaete species data were sourced from the collection databases of WAM (July 2010), MAGNT (August 2009) and AM (August 2009), as well as the species reported on WAM survey expeditions of 1988, 1991 and 1994 along the Kimberley coast (Hutchings 1989; Hanley 1992, 1995).

Species names represent a hypothesis that is subject to change as new informat ion (morphology, genetic, behaviour, distribution ranges) is discovered (Gaston and Mound 1993); at this stage al l species l isted herein are recognised only on the basis of morphological characters (i.e. morphospecies). The species names and taxonomic placement of the records in the dataset were checked in an attempt to present the currently accepted name and to resolve synonymies and old combinations, but the specimens were not re-examined for this study (Sampey et al. 2014). Species names were checked using online databases (Appeltans et al. 2010; ABRS 2011) to identify the currently accepted taxonomic name, and based either on recently published data or research currently being undertaken. However, this does mean that the species names are more up-to-date for some families, and this reflects the current knowledge of Australian polychaetes.

SPATIAL INFORMATION, COLLECTION DETAILS AND MAPPING

As described in Sampey et al. (2014), data from all sources were collated into a single database. Location and collecting details were checked and verified. The locations of the specimen records were visualised using ARCGIS v9, ArcMap v9.3. Maps of species richness and sampling effort were generated for each main location. Since species richness patterns are highly dependent on sampling effort, we calculated the number of collecting events at a location to provide an indication of relative sampling effort. A collecting event was defined by the season and year of collecting, and the full list of locations, latitude and longitude and other relevant collection information is provided for all taxonomic groups in Table 4 in Sampey et al. (2014).

Throughout this paper ‘inshore‘ refers to locations along the coast, and the numerous islands and reefs found shoreward of the 50 m depth contour (Figure 1). ‘Offshore‘ refers to the shelf edge atolls, which arise from deeper waters (200–400 m) along the continental margin.


BIOGEOGRAPHIC AND HABITAT CODING

Species were coded for their known habitat and biogeographic range (Sampey et al. 2014). If a species did not conform to a single code then appropriate combinations were used.

The following biogeographic codes were used:

• Western Australian endemic (WA). Currently known only from Western Australian waters, often from the type locality only; may eventually prove to be a Northern Australian endemic with more collecting effort.

• Northern Australian endemic (NA). Found throughout tropical Australian waters.

• Southern Australian endemic (SA). Found throughout temperate Australian waters and its presence in the Kimberley is the northern extent of its known range; although this may represent a lack of data and should be treated with caution.

• Australian endemic (A). Found throughout tropical and temperate Australian waters.

• Indo-Australian (IA). Found throughout Australian and Indonesian waters, may extend to the Philippines.

• Indo-West Pacific (IWP). Found throughout the Red Sea, Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

• Indo-Pacific (IP). Found throughout the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and throughout the Pacific Ocean.

• West Pacific (WP). Found throughout the Western Pacific, although presence in Kimberley indicates its occurrence in at least the eastern Indian Ocean.

• Central Pacific (CP)*. Found throughout the Central Pacific.

• Tropicopolitan (T)*. Found throughout all tropical oceans.

• Circumglobal (C)*. Found throughout all oceans in both tropical and temperate waters.

Codes indicated by an asterisk (*) are the most problematic and need to be treated with caution; this is especially true for families for which no recent Australian revision has been undertaken. Our knowledge of the distribution and habitat of the polychaete fauna of the Pacific, South East Asia and the Indian Ocean is poor and dominated by widespread species. However, we expect with additional studies, many of these species will be found to consist of several morphologically similar species each with discrete non-overlapping ranges.

Within its distribution range, a species may be restricted to certain habitat types. We provided an indication of the habitats sampled in the Kimberly

region to date by coding species for their preferred habitat, if known, as follows:

• Intertidal (i). Found in the intertidal zone, which is extremely large as a result of the large tidal range.

• Subtidal (s). Found in the subtidal or sublittoral zone.

• Hard substrate (H). Found associated with hard substrates (e.g. rock, coral, rubble).

• Soft substrate (S). Found associated with soft substrates (e.g. sand, mud).

• Estuarine (E). Found in estuarine or brackish waters.

• Epizoic (EZ). Always found in an external association with a particular species of animal.

• Unknown (U).

DATA ANALYSES

To explore composition differences across the shelf, the total number of commensal polynoid species was calculated for each location (reef, island, or atoll) and then visualised using non-metric multi dimensional scaling (nMDS) using the Bray-Curtis distance measure.

RESULTS

NUMBER OF SPECIMENS IN COLLECTIONS

A total of 1,046 registered specimen lots of polychaete species were included in this dataset (excluding lots in overseas museums) (Table 2a). A 'lot' represents between one and many individuals from the same site. The number of lots included was variable across families, ranging from one for 11 families, which usually coincided with that family not being identified to species (e.g. Maldanidae species), to 210 for the Polynoidae, the most consistently collected and identified family in the Project Area (Tables 2 and 3). The number of specimen lots housed in the various institutions was also variable (413 species, 40%, AM; 588 species, 56%, MAGNT; and 45 species, 4%, WAM; Table 2).

Many lots were excluded from the present dataset (814 species, 44%; Table 2b). This was primarily due to incomplete identification or where the records are not consistent with any recognisable nomenclature. This material needs to be re-examined. Three lots were collected in waters deeper than 30 m. A further 125 lots of polychaetes are available in WAM, but these were not included in the dataset due to late cataloguing of samples.

The oldest Kimberley polychaete record housed in


collections of Australian museums was Myzostoma stochoeides Atkins, 1927, taken off crinoids collected by H.L. Clark at Cape Villaret in 1929 and housed in the AM collections. A number of species, including Perkinsyllis augeneri (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979) collected by Hartmann-Schröder at Broome in 1975, are located in the collections of WAM. The oldest MAGNT Kimberley specimen was Platynereis uniseris Hutchings and Reid, 1991 collected from Ashmore Reef in 1983. This reflects the dearth of collecting in the Kimberley region from the early 1900s to the late 1970s.

Up to 2009, 30 new polychaete species have been described from the Kimberley, belonging to eight families (Capitellidae, Glyceridae, Nereididae, Phyllodocidae, Pilargidae, Serpulidae, Syllidae, and Terebellidae). In addition, several new species and genera of Polynoidae in the MAGNT collection have been flagged as new by R. Hanley, but have yet to be formerly described (Table 3). Work is underway by M. Capa and C. Watson (MAGNT) describing new species of Sabellidae and Chrysopetalidae, respectively. It is anticipated that future collecting events in the Project Area will yield many more new species and records of polychaetes for the area.

SPECIES RICHNESS AND COLLECTING EFFORT

A total of 261 taxa belonging to 43 families of polychaetes were recorded in our dataset (Table 3). Sixteen families have not yet been sorted to morphospecies: Euphrosinidae, Lumbrineridae, Nephtyidae, Sphaerodoridae, Maldanidae, Opheliidae, Orbiniidae, Paraonidae, Questidae, Scalibregmatidae, Chaetopteridae, Magelonidae, Poecilochaetidae, Spionidae, Ampharetidae, and Flabelligeridae (Table 3). In part this reflects the lack of expertise in these families worldwide, although some are currently being investigated, and this paper may help to alert the worldwide polychaete community to the availability of this material for study.

Polychaete data are available for 69 locations in the Project Area (Table 4, Figures 1–3). Species richness ranged from 80 (at Broome) to one (at 12 inshore and one offshore location; Table 4, Figure 2). Collecting effort was highly variable, with nine collecting events occurring at Broome, but only one at 48 other locations (Table 4, Figure 3). The number of polychaete families collected at any one location was also highly variable with 29 families collected at Broome compared to only one family at 16 other locations (Table 4). The presence or absence of polychaete families reported at a location very much depends on the habitats sampled and the collector. More polychaete species have been reported from

inshore (232 species) than offshore (82 species; Tables 3, 6 and 7). However, collecting effort is substantially different for these areas of the shelf, with more collecting inshore compared to offshore or midshelf (25 versus 13 locations, respectively). At the time of writing, no collecting had occurred at Browse Island (midshelf) for polychaetes. The eastern Kimberley has not been sampled for polychaetes, nor have Seringapatam or Imperieuse Reef (Rowley Shoals) (Figure 1). The Polynoidae is likely to have had a more even collecting effort than others (see Discussion) and of the 33 species total, 27 are reported from inshore sites, 21 from offshore sites and 15 occurred in both. There is a weak inshore versus offshore difference in species composition (MDS plot, Figure 4), which may be explained partially because many species recorded here are commensal on echinoderms, which show a similar inshore versus offshore difference in both richness and composition (Sampey and Marsh 2015).

BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HABITATS

The majority of polychaete species were widespread (in all categories C, CP, IA, IP, IWP, T, WP) both inshore (111 species, 49%) and offshore (45 species, 54%) (Table 5).

The proportion of endemics (those in categories WA, A, NA and SA) inshore (87 species, 38%) was more than twice the proportion of endemics offshore (12 species, 14%) (Table 5). The proportion of Indo-Australian species was also higher inshore (20 species, 9%) versus offshore (5 species, 6%) (Table 5). The dominance of widely distributed species is also reflected in the Polynoidae. In this family one, and possibly up to four, species are narrow range endemics (Australaugeneria michaelseni Pettibone, 1969). Three new undescribed taxa identified by Hanley (Table 3, Figure 1, 2), and another three polynoid species occur in the Kimberley as well as in other parts of Australia. Twenty five species of polynoids found in the Kimberley also occur throughout the Indo-West Pacific region.

A high proportion of the species were associated with hard substrates: 70 species (31%) inshore versus 19 species (23%) offshore. However, some species were associated with soft substrates (41 species, 18% inshore versus 4 species, 5% offshore, Table 6). Three species were estuarine (Table 6). Most species had an unknown substrate preference (72 species, 34% inshore versus 27 species, 32% offshore; Table 6). However, it should be noted that many families not represented are those that live exclusively buried in soft sediments, which were not sampled.


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FIGURE 2 Species richness of polychaetes for each main location. Map projection: GDA94, Scale: 1:6, 250,000.

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FIGURE 1 Location of records of polychaete species in the Kimberley Project Area of Western Australia. The Project Area boundary is marked in grey. Map projection: GDA94, Scale: 1:6, 250,000.


DISCUSSION

These results demonstrate that the polychaete fauna of the Project Area remains largely under sampled and undescribed. Collection gaps are methodological since the sampling effort has been concentrated mostly in shallow water hard substrates. Sampling across the shelf, including soft sediments between reefs, certainly would reveal a highly diverse polychaete assemblage. The data are also biased towards larger species, and fine sorting of soft sediments and washings from broken up hard substrates would yield additional species. Further, existing collections reflect surveys that were inventory focussed and somewhat biased toward certain families, which were the interest of the particular workers undertaking the collecting (e.g. Polynoidae).

Identification efforts have been greatest on certain families (e.g. Nereididae, Terebellidae, Polynoidae), which have been the subject of recent taxonomic research. Within the WAM, AM and MAGNT collections there are unidentified polychaetes, some sorted to family and included in this study, others not. This highlights the lack

of funding for taxonomic research and the lack of taxonomic expertise in particular polychaete families. Nevertheless, some of this material (e.g. Sabellidae, Sabellariidae, Oweniidae) is currently being examined with new species to be described. We also anticipate that some of these specimens will be found to represent species endemic to the areas.

It is premature to make any generalisations about the polychaete fauna of the Project Area as so much is still unknown. Our discussion focuses on what is known from the limited families studied to date and highlights some collection and taxonomic gaps, which will provide a basis to focus future research.

SPECIES RICHNESS PATTERNS

The 261 taxa listed in our dataset represent a low species richness estimate of polychaetes for the Project Area if compared to other tropical areas (Hutchings personal observation). Causes for this low diversity are the limited collecting effort mentioned above together with the superficial identification of specimens of particular families.

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

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!(

!(

!(

!(

50 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

1000

m

50 m

30 m

30 m

DERBYBROOME

WYNDHAM

128°0'E

128°0'E

125°0'E

125°0'E

122°0'E

122°0'E

119°0'E

119°0'E

12°0

'S

12°0

'S

15°0

'S

15°0

'S

18°0

'S

18°0

'S

±

KIMBERLEY

0 50 100 150 200

kilometres

No. of Collecting Events

!( 1!( 2!( 3 - 5

!( 6 - 10!( 11 - 20!( 21+

Polychaetes

FIGURE 3 Number of collecting events for polychaetes at each main collecting location. This was based on a count of the season code and provides an indication of sampling effort. Map projection: GDA94, Scale: 1:6, 250,000.


Included families AM MAGNT WAM Total Excluded families AM MAGNT WAM Total

Acoetidae 2 2 Acoetidae 1 1

Ampharetidae 1 1 Amphinomidae 25 4 29

Amphinomidae 1 5 6 Aphroditidae 1 1 2

Aphroditidae 4 2 1 7 Arenicolidae 2 2

Capitellidae 1 1 Capitellidae 33 33

Chaetopteridae 19 19 Chrysopetalidae 3 53 56

Chrysopetalidae 29 5 34 Cirratulidae 27 27

Cirratulidae 1 1 Dorvilleidae 5 5

Dorvilleidae 1 1 Eunicidae 1 96 2 99

Eunicidae 2 28 30 Euphrosinidae 3 3

Euphrosinidae 1 1 Glyceridae 16 1 17

Flabelligeridae 5 5 Hesionidae 23 1 24

Glyceridae 11 1 12 Lumbrineridae 26 26

Goniadidae 4 1 5 Myzostomidae 1 1

Hesionidae 11 11 Nereididae 2 80 13 95

Lumbrineridae 2 2 Oenonidae 16 16

Magelonidae 1 1 Onuphidae 2 2 3 7

Maldanidae 9 9 Oweniidae 4 1 5

Myzostomidae 1 12 13 Pectinariidae 1 1

Nephtyidae 7 7 Phyllodocidae 26 26

Nereididae 70 54 16 140 Pilargidae 3 3

Oenonidae 1 1 Polynoidae 30 71 2 103

Onuphidae 3 4 7 Sabellariidae 4 1 5

Opheliidae 26 26 Sabellidae 6 32 1 39

Orbiniidae 14 14 Serpulidae 24 14 2 40

Oweniidae 9 9 Sigalionidae 7 7

Paraonidae 2 2 Syllidae 12 84 96

Pectinariidae 1 1 2 Terebellidae 1 45 46

Phyllodocidae 10 1 11 Total 82 697 35 814

Pilargiidae 1 1

Poecilochaetidae 2 2

Polynoidae 4 206 210

Questidae 1 1

Sabellariidae 1 1 2

Sabellidae 31 8 39

Scalibregmatidae 3 3

Serpulidae 96 45 1 142

Sigalionidae 1 2 3

Sphaerodoridae 1 1

Spionidae 14 14

Syllidae 75 11 6 92

Terebellidae 88 64 3 155

Trichobranchidae 1 1

Total 413 588 45 1046

TABLE 2 Number of registered specimen lots of Kimberley polychaetes housed in Australian natural history collections. Included are those lots identified to species or able to be distinguished as a separate species. Excluded lots are those that were incompletely identified or from deepwater (>30 m) locations.


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Fam

ily:

Am

ph

inom

idae

Chl

oeia

flav

a (P

alla

s, 1

766)

IPU

s●

Eur

ytho

e co

mpl

anat

a (P

alla

s, 1

766)

**T

Us

●●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Pse

udeu

ryth

oe o

culif

era

(Aug

ener

, 191

3)*

Ish●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Fam

ily:

Dor

vill

eid

aeD

orvi

llea

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Eu

nic

idae

Eun

ice

afra

Pet

ers,

185

4IP

Uis

●E

unic

e af

ra p

unct

ata

Pete

rs, 1

854*

TU

s●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Eun

ice

ante

nnat

a Sa

vign

y in

Lam

arck

, 181

8*

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Eun

ice

aphr

odit

ois

(Pal

las,

178

8)E

unic

e cf

. joh

nson

i Har

tman

, 195

4●

Eun

ice

long

icir

ris

Gru

be, 1

869*

IWP

Us

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Eun

ice

paup

era

Gru

be, 1

878

Eun

ice

sici

liens

is (G

rube

, 184

0)*

NA

Us

●●

Aug

ener

(192

2)E

unic

e to

rres

iens

is M

cInt

osh,

188

5E

unic

e tu

bife

x C

ross

land

, 190

4**

IWP

Uis

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e, A

ugen

er (1

922)

Lysi

dice

nin

etta

Aud

ouin

and

Miln

e E

dw

ard

s, 1

833*

*C

Us

●●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Lysi

dice

rob

usta

Sti

mps

on, 1

856*

IWP

Us

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Mar

phys

a m

ossa

mbi

ca (P

eter

s, 1

854)

Nem

aton

erei

s sp

. nov

. ●

●N

emat

oner

eis

unic

orni

s (G

rube

, 184

0)*

CU

is●

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

alol

a si

cilie

nsis

(Gru

be, 1

840)

●

Fam

ily:

Eu

ph

rosi

nid

aeE

uphr

osin

idae

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Lu

mb

rin

erid

aeLu

mbr

iner

is s

p.*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eLu

mbr

iner

idae

spp

. ●

Fam

ily:

Oen

onid

aeA

rabe

lla ir

icol

or (M

onta

gu, 1

804)

*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Ara

bello

neri

s br

oom

ensi

s H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

TABL

E 3

Spe

cies

of

poly

chae

tes

reco

rded

fro

m t

he P

roje

ct A

rea.

Cod

es a

re d

efine

d in

Bio

geog

raph

ic a

nd H

abita

t C

odin

g, a

bove

. The

sup

ersc

ript

asso

ciat

ed w

ith t

he E

Z ha

bita

t co

de in

dica

tes

the

anim

al w

ith w

hich

the

pol

ycha

ete

spec

ies

is a

ssoc

iate

d; s

oft

cora

ls1 ,

crin

oids

2 , o

phiu

roid

s3 , h

olot

huria

n Stic

hopu

s4 .


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Dri

lone

reis

qua

drio

cula

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Oen

one

fulg

ida

Savi

gny

in L

amar

ck, 1

818*

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Oen

one

sp.

Fam

ily:

Dor

vill

eid

aeSc

hist

omer

ingo

s ne

glec

ta (F

auve

l, 19

23)*

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Fam

ily:

On

up

hid

ae●

Dio

patr

a cu

prea

cup

rea

(Bos

c, 1

802)

*W

AU

s●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Dio

patr

a de

ntat

a K

inbe

rg, 1

865*

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Dio

patr

a lil

liput

iana

Pax

ton,

199

3D

iopa

tra

mac

ulat

a Pa

xton

, 199

3N

AU

s●

Fam

ily:

Aco

etid

aeP

olyo

dont

es a

trom

argi

natu

s H

orst

, 191

7IA

Us

●P

olyo

dont

es s

ibog

ae H

orst

, 191

7IA

Us

●

Fam

ily:

Ap

hro

dit

idae

Aph

rodi

ta a

ustr

alis

Bai

rd, 1

865

IWP

Us

●A

phro

dita

kul

mar

is H

utch

ings

and

McR

ae, 1

993

AU

s●

Laet

mon

ice

mol

ucca

na (H

orst

, 191

6)IA

Us

●P

alm

yra

auri

fera

Sav

igny

in L

amar

ck, 1

818

IPH

s●

Pon

toge

nia

areo

cera

s (H

asw

ell,

1883

)A

Hs

●

Fam

ily:

Ch

ryso

pet

alid

aeA

rich

lidon

han

nelo

reae

Wat

son

Rus

sell,

199

8IP

Hs

●B

haw

ania

am

boin

ensi

s H

orst

, 191

7IW

PH

is●

Bha

wan

ia r

ivet

i (G

ravi

er, 1

908)

IPH

is●

Bha

wan

ia s

p. A

*IP

Hs

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eC

hrys

opet

alum

rem

anei

Per

kins

, 198

5●

Chr

ysop

etal

um s

p. 1

1 W

atso

n, m

sIP

Hs

●C

hrys

opet

alum

sp.

5 W

atso

n, m

sIP

Hs

●C

hrys

opet

alum

sp.

7 W

atso

n, m

sIP

Hs

●P

alea

notu

s sp

. 8 W

atso

n, m

sIP

Hs

●Tr

epto

pale

par

omol

os W

atso

n, 2

010

IPH

s●

●Tr

epto

pale

sp.

3 W

atso

n, m

sIP

Hs

●

Fam

ily:

Gly

ceri

dae

Gly

cera

der

beye

nsis

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Der

byG

lyce

ra la

ncad

ivae

Sch

mar

da,

186

1*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Gly

cera

mac

into

shi G

rube

, 187

7IW

PU

is●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Gly

cera

trid

acty

la S

chm

ard

a, 1

861

CU

is●

Hem

ipod

ia s

impl

ex (G

rube

, 185

7)C

Uis

●

Fam

ily:

Gon

iad

idae

Gly

cind

e bo

nhou

rei G

ravi

er, 1

904

IWP

Us

●G

lyci

nde

nipp

onic

a Im

ajim

a, 1

967*

IWP

Us

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eG

onia

da e

mer

ita

Aud

ouin

and

Miln

e E

dw

ard

s, 1

834*

●G

onia

da p

auci

dens

Gru

be, 1

878

●

Fam

ily:

Hes

ion

idae

Hes

ione

spl

endi

da S

avig

ny in

Lam

arck

, 181

8**

IWP

Us

●●

Aug

ener

(192

2)Le

ocra

tes

chin

ensi

s K

inbe

rg, 1

866*

*IW

PU

s●

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Leoc

rati

des

sp.

●Si

gam

bra

pett

ibon

ea H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e

Fam

ily:

Myz

osto

mid

aeW

A●

Myz

osto

ma

ambi

guum

von

Gra

ff, 1

887

IWP

EZ

2●

Myz

osto

ma

cirr

icos

tatu

m Jä

gers

ten,

193

7IW

PE

Z2

●M

yzos

tom

a na

nsen

i von

Gra

ff, 1

887

IWP

EZ

2●

●M

yzos

tom

a po

lycy

clus

Atk

ins,

192

7T

EZ

2●

●M

yzos

tom

a st

ocho

eide

s Atk

ins,

192

7IW

PE

Z2

●

Fam

ily:

Nep

hty

idae

Nep

htyi

dae

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Ner

eid

idae

Cer

aton

erei

s au

stra

lis H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 198

5A

Us

●●

Cer

aton

erei

s m

irab

ilis

Kin

berg

, 186

6C

Us

●●

Cer

aton

erei

s pe

rkin

si H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 198

5A

Us

●●

Com

pose

tia

sp.

●Le

onna

tes

crin

itus

Hut

chin

gs a

nd R

eid

, 199

1N

AU

is●

Leon

nate

s in

dicu

s K

inbe

rg, 1

866

IWP

Hs

●M

icro

nere

is b

anse

i (H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9)A

Us

●N

amal

ycas

tis

abiu

ma

(Gru

be, 1

872)

TU

is●

Nea

nthe

s bo

ngco

i Pill

ai, 1

965

IAU

s /E

●N

eant

hes

daw

ydov

i (Fa

uvel

, 193

7)IA

Us

●N

eant

hes

cf. n

anha

iens

is W

u, S

un a

nd Y

ang,

198

1●

Nea

nthe

s pa

chyc

haet

a (F

auve

l, 19

18)

IPH

s●

●N

eant

hes

unifa

scia

ta W

illey

, 190

5IW

PH

s●

Ner

eis

cock

burn

ensi

s Aug

ener

, 191

3SA

Hs

●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Ner

eis

denh

amen

sis A

ugen

er, 1

913

IAH

s●

Ner

eis

jack

soni

Kin

berg

, 186

6*●

Aug

ener

(192

2)N

erei

s se

mpe

rian

a (G

rube

, 187

8)*

Aug

ener

(192

2)N

erei

s (N

eant

hes)

sp.

*H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eN

icon

sp.

●

Par

aleo

nnat

es b

olus

(Hut

chin

gs a

nd R

eid

, 199

1)IA

Si●

Per

iner

eis

broo

men

sis

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

IASi

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

erin

erei

s ai

buhi

tens

is (G

rube

, 187

8)●

Per

iner

eis

helle

ri (G

rube

, 187

8)**

IWP

Uis

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

erin

erei

s ni

grop

unct

ata

(Hor

st, 1

889)

**IW

PU

is●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Per

iner

eis

nunt

ia (S

avig

ny in

Lam

arck

, 181

8)IP

Si●

Per

iner

eis

obfu

scat

a (G

rube

, 187

8)IA

H/

Si●

Per

iner

eis

sing

apor

iens

is (G

rube

, 187

8)IP

Uis

●P

erin

erei

s su

luan

a (H

orst

, 192

4)IW

PH

s●

Per

iner

eis

vanc

auri

ca (E

hler

s, 1

868)

**IW

PH

/Si

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

laty

nere

is p

olys

calm

a C

ham

berl

in, 1

919

IWP

Us

●●

Pla

tyne

reis

uni

seri

s H

utch

ings

and

Rei

d, 1

991

AU

is●

●P

seud

oner

eis

anom

ala

Gra

vier

, 190

1IW

PH

s●

●P

seud

oner

eis

rott

nest

iana

Aug

ener

, 191

3*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pse

udon

erei

s sp

p.

●Q

uadr

icir

ra b

anse

i Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eR

ullie

rine

reis

sp.

●

Sim

plis

etia

aeq

uise

tis

(Aug

ener

, 191

3)SA

E●

Sim

plis

etia

ery

thra

eens

is (F

auve

l, 19

18)

IWP

Ss●

Solo

mon

oner

eis

mar

auen

sis

Gib

bs, 1

971

WP

Si●

Web

ster

iner

eis

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Ph

yllo

doc

idae

Ana

itid

es m

adei

rens

is (L

ange

rhan

s, 1

879)

*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Ana

itid

es s

p.

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eE

teon

e sp

. ●

Eul

alia

mic

roph

yllo

ides

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979

WA

UH

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eE

umid

a sp

. ●

Gen

etyl

lis c

asta

nea

Mar

anze

ller,

1879

*●

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eN

otop

hyllu

m s

plen

dens

(Sch

mar

da,

186

1)*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eN

otop

hyllu

m c

f. sp

lend

ens

(Sch

mar

da,

186

1)●

Phy

llodo

ce (A

nait

ides

) dup

lex

McI

ntos

h, 1

885*

IWP

Uis

●A

ugen

er (1

922)


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Phy

llodo

ce m

alm

gren

i? G

ravi

er, 1

900

Pro

tom

ysit

ides

usc

hako

vi H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pro

tom

ysti

des?

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Pil

argi

dae

Siga

mbr

a pe

ttib

onea

e H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9N

AU

is

Fam

ily:

Pol

ynoi

dae

●A

ustr

alau

gene

ria

mic

hael

seni

Pet

tibo

ne, 1

969

WA

Us

●A

ustr

alau

gene

ria

pott

si P

etti

bone

, 196

9IW

PU

s●

●A

ustr

alau

gene

ria

ruti

lans

(Gru

be, 1

878)

IAE

Z1

Gas

trol

epid

ia c

lavi

gera

Sch

mar

da,

186

1IW

PE

Z4

●●

Gau

dich

audi

us c

imex

(Qua

tref

ages

, 186

5)IW

PU

s●

●ge

n. n

ov. s

p. n

ov. 1

Han

ley,

unp

ublis

hed

gen.

nov

. sp.

nov

. 2 H

anle

y, u

npub

lishe

d●

gen.

nov

. sp.

nov

. 4 H

anle

y, u

npub

lishe

d●

Hal

osyd

nops

is p

ilosa

(Hor

st, 1

917)

IWP

Us

●H

arm

otho

e ch

arlo

ttae

Hut

chin

gs a

nd M

urra

y, 1

984

SASs

●H

arm

otho

e di

ctyo

phor

a (G

rube

, 187

8)**

IAH

s●

Aug

ener

(192

2)H

arm

otho

e pr

aecl

ara

(Has

wel

l, 18

83)

SASs

●H

arm

otho

e ve

sicu

dent

a H

anle

y an

d B

urke

, 199

1W

PU

s●

●H

erm

enia

aca

ntho

lepi

s (G

rube

, 187

6)IW

PU

s●

Hol

olep

idel

la c

omm

ensa

lis W

illey

, 190

5*IP

EZ

3●

Aug

ener

(192

2)H

olol

epid

ella

nig

ropu

ncta

ta (H

orst

, 191

5)Ip

hion

e m

uric

ata

(Sav

igny

in L

amar

ck, 1

818)

**IW

PH

s●

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Iphi

one

ovat

a K

inbe

rg, 1

856

WP

Us

●●

Lagi

sca

hirs

uta

Rul

lier,

1972

IPH

s●

●Le

pida

sthe

nia

spp.

●

●Le

pido

notu

s ad

sper

sus

(Gru

be, 1

878)

IAU

s●

Lepi

dono

tus

cari

nula

tus

(Gru

be, 1

870)

IWP

Us

●●

Lepi

dono

tus

cris

tatu

s (G

rube

, 187

5)IW

PU

s●

●Le

pido

notu

s gl

aucu

s (P

eter

s, 1

854)

IWP

Us

●Le

pido

notu

s (T

horm

ora)

juke

si B

aird

, 186

5*A

Sis●

Aug

ener

(192

2)Le

pido

notu

s oc

ulat

us B

aird

, 186

5*H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eLe

pido

notu

s st

ella

tus

Bai

rd, 1

865*

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Lepi

dono

tus

york

ianu

s Aug

ener

, 192

2**

Par

adyt

e cr

inoi

dico

la (P

otts

, 191

0)IP

EZ

2●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Par

adyt

e te

ntac

ulat

a (H

orst

, 191

5)IA

Us

●●

Par

alep

idon

otus

am

pulli

feru

s (G

rube

, 187

8)IP

Us

●●

Par

alep

idon

otus

ery

thro

mar

is?

Han

ley,

199

1IW

PU

s●

●P

aral

epid

onot

us in

dicu

s (K

inbe

rg, 1

856)

IPU

s●

Scal

iset

osus

mjo

berg

i Aug

ener

, 192

2*IA

Hs

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Suba

dyte

pap

illife

ra (H

orst

, 191

5)T

horm

ora

juke

sii B

aird

, 186

5IP

Uis

●●

Ver

ruca

pelm

a ni

gric

ans

(Hor

st, 1

915)

IWP

Us

●●

Ver

ruca

pelm

a re

tusa

Han

ley

and

Bur

ke, 1

991

WP

Us

●●

Fam

ily:

Sig

alio

nid

ae●

Eup

holo

e ph

ilipp

ensi

s M

cInt

osh,

188

5IA

Us

Eut

hale

ness

a di

gita

ta (M

cInt

osh,

188

5)IP

His

●

Fam

ily:

Sp

hae

rod

orid

ae●

Spha

erod

orid

ae s

p.

Fam

ily:

Syl

lid

ae●

Alc

yono

sylli

s ph

ili G

lasb

y an

d W

atso

n, 2

001

IAE

Z1

●A

utol

ytus

sp.

A*

NA

Us

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eA

utol

ytus

sp.

B*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) D

erby

Bra

nchi

osyl

lis b

arin

gabo

oree

n Sa

n M

arti

n et

al.,

200

8●

Bra

nchi

osyl

lis e

xilis

(Gra

vier

, 190

0)IP

Us

●B

ranc

hios

yllis

ocu

lata

Ehl

ers,

188

7T

Us

●B

ranc

hios

yllis

orb

iniif

orm

is S

an M

arti

n et

al.,

200

8N

AU

s●

Bra

nia

arti

cula

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 198

2SA

Uis

●B

rani

a cl

avat

a (C

lapa

rèd

e, 1

863)

*A

Hs

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eB

revi

cirr

osyl

lis a

ncor

i (Sa

n M

arti

n an

d H

utch

ings

, 200

6)●

Ehl

ersi

a sp

. ●

●E

urys

yllis

tube

rcul

ata

Ehl

ers,

186

4C

Us

Exo

gone

afr

ican

a H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

4IP

His

●E

xogo

ne b

revi

ante

nnat

a H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 195

9C

Us

●E

xogo

ne d

ispa

r (W

ebst

er, 1

879)

CU

s●

Exo

gone

exm

outh

ensi

s H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 198

0C

Uis

●E

xogo

ne g

ambi

ae L

aner

a et

al.,

199

4C

U●

Exo

gone

nai

dina

Oer

sted

, 184

5*A

Sis●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Exo

gone

het

eros

etoi

des

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

*●

Exo

gone

lour

ei B

erke

ley

and

Ber

kele

y, 1

938

IPU

●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Exo

gona

sim

plex

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

960*

NA

His

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eE

xogo

na v

erug

era

afri

cana

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

976*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eH

aplo

sylli

s sp

ongi

cola

(Gru

be, 1

855)

*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Lang

erha

nsia

bro

omen

sis

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979

Odo

ntos

yllis

aus

tral

iens

is H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9**

AU

s●

Odo

ntos

yllis

lang

erha

nsia

eset

osa

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

*A

Si●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Opi

stho

dont

a m

oren

a L

ange

rhan

s, 1

879

CU

●O

pist

hosy

llis

brun

nea

Lan

gerh

ans,

187

9**

CU

s●

Opi

stho

sylli

s ja

poni

ca Im

ajim

a, 1

966

IWP

Us

●O

pist

hosy

llis

long

icir

rata

Mon

ro, 1

939

IPU

s●

Opi

stho

sylli

s vi

ridi

s L

ange

rhan

s, 1

879

CU

s●

Par

aehl

ersi

a eh

lers

iaef

orm

is (A

ugen

er, 1

913)

AU

s●

Par

asph

aero

sylli

s in

dica

Mon

ro, 1

937

IWP

Us

●P

erki

nsyl

lis a

ugen

eri (

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979)

ASis

●Pe

rkin

sylli

s ha

rtm

anns

chro

eder

ae (S

an M

artin

and

Hut

chin

gs, 2

006)

AU

is●

Pio

nosy

llis

auge

neri

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

●●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pla

kosy

llis

sp.

WA

●P

rosp

haer

osyl

lis n

atha

ni S

an M

arti

n an

d L

opez

, 199

8W

PU

Pro

spha

eros

yllis

pap

illos

issi

ma

(Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979)

ASi

●P

rosp

haer

osyl

lis s

expa

pilla

ta (H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9)A

Si●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pse

udoe

xogo

ne?

sp.

●●

Rho

palo

sylli

s ha

mul

ifera

Aug

ener

, 191

3A

Us

Salv

ator

ia k

oori

necl

avat

a Sa

n M

arti

n, 2

005

AU

●Sp

haer

osyl

lis c

apen

sis

dens

opap

illat

a H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*A

Si●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Spha

eros

yllis

cen

troa

mer

ican

a H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 195

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Spha

eros

yllis

den

sopa

pilla

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9●

Spha

eros

yllis

eri

nace

us C

lapa

rèd

e, 1

863*

IPU

is●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Spha

eros

yllis

hir

suta

Ehl

ers,

189

7●

Spha

eros

yllis

hys

trix

Cla

parè

de,

186

4*SA

H/

Si●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Spha

eros

yllis

late

ropa

pilla

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 198

6●

Spha

eros

yllis

long

ipap

illat

a H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) D

erby

Spha

eros

yllis

mul

tipa

pilla

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Spha

eros

yllis

opi

stho

cula

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Spha

eros

yllis

pap

illos

issi

ma

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eSp

haer

osyl

lis s

expa

pilla

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Sylli

s gr

acili

s au

stra

liens

is H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Sylli

s (T

ypos

yllis

) var

iega

ta G

rube

, 186

0*●

Aug

ener

(192

2)Sy

llis

sp.

Typo

sylli

s (L

ange

rhan

sia)

bro

omen

sis

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

CU

s●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Typo

sylli

s (L

ange

rhan

sia)

cor

nuta

(Rat

hke,

184

3)*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eTr

ypan

osyl

lis z

ebra

(Gru

be, 1

860)

●Ty

posy

llis

(Lan

gerh

ansi

a) s

p.*

AH

s●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Typo

sylli

s (T

ypos

yllis

) hya

lina

(Gru

be, 1

863)

*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Typo

sylli

s (T

ypos

yllis

) lut

ea H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 196

0*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Typo

sylli

s (T

ypos

yllis

) cra

ssic

irra

ta T

read

wel

l, 19

25*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eTy

posy

llis

(Typ

osyl

lis) r

ayge

orge

i Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eTy

posy

llis (

Typo

sylli

s) fi

liden

tata

gan

thea

umen

sis H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*W

A●

Typo

sylli

s (T

ypos

yllis

) pha

robr

oom

ensi

s H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Typo

sylli

s (T

ypos

yllis

) gla

ndul

osa

(Aug

ener

, 191

3)*

WA

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eTy

posy

llis

(Typ

osyl

lis) p

hary

nxci

rcum

fusa

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Xen

osyl

lis s

cabr

oide

s Sa

n M

arti

n et

al.,

200

8W

A●

Fam

ily:

Ow

enii

dae

●O

wen

ia fu

sifo

rmis

Del

le C

hiaj

e, 1

844*

NA

SsH

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e, A

ugen

er (1

922)

Ow

enia

mir

raw

a Fo

rd a

nd H

utch

ings

, 200

5●

Fam

ily:

Sab

ella

riid

ae●

Idan

thyr

sus

aust

ralie

nsis

(Has

wel

l, 18

83)

AH

is

Idan

thyr

sus

arm

atus

Kin

berg

, 186

7*A

Hs

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eLy

gdam

is s

p.

●

Fam

ily:

Sab

elli

dae

●A

mph

igle

na le

nae

Cap

a an

d R

ouse

, 200

7W

AH

i

Bis

pira

man

icat

a (G

rube

, 187

8)W

PH

/Ss

●●

Bis

pira

por

ifera

(Gru

be, 1

878)

WP

H/

Ss●

Bis

pira

ser

rata

Cap

a, 2

008

NA

Si●

Bra

nchi

omm

a ni

grom

acul

ata

(Bai

rd, 1

865)

*A

His

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eB

ranc

hiom

ma

spp.

●

Cho

ne a

ustr

alie

nsis

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

*W

ASs

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eM

egal

omm

a in

terr

upta

Cap

a an

d M

urra

y, 2

009

NA

Hs

●N

otau

lax

spp.

A

Hi

●●

Per

kins

iana

ano

dina

Cap

a, 2

007

WA

Hs

Pot

amill

a ne

glec

ta (S

ars,

185

1)*

NA

Hs

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

seud

opot

amill

a sp

. 2 (s

ensu

Cap

a, 2

007)

●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Sabe

llast

arte

indi

ca (S

avig

ny, 1

820)

*N

AH

s●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Sabe

llast

arte

sp.

nov

. 2 (s

ensu

Cap

a et

. al.

2010

)●

Styl

omm

a ju

ani C

apa,

200

8W

AU

●St

ylom

ma

palm

atum

(Qua

tref

ages

, 186

6)C

PH

s●

Fam

ily:

Ser

pu

lid

ae●

?Ser

pula

sp.

Pill

ai, 2

009

Hyd

roid

es a

dam

afor

mis

Pill

ai, 2

009

WA

Hs

●H

ydro

ides

alb

icep

s (E

hren

berg

and

Gru

be, 1

869)

IWP

His

●H

ydro

ides

exa

ltat

us (M

aren

zelle

r, 18

84)*

*IW

PH

is●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Hyd

roid

es e

xter

nisp

ina

Stra

ugha

n, 1

967

NA

His

●●

Hyd

roid

es k

imbe

rley

ensi

s Pi

llai,

2009

WA

Hs

Hyd

roid

es m

alle

olas

pina

Str

augh

an, 1

967

NA

His

●H

ydro

ides

min

ax (G

rube

, 187

8)IW

PH

is●

Hyd

roid

es p

seud

exal

tatu

s Pi

llai,

2009

WA

Hi

●H

ydro

ides

rec

ta S

trau

ghan

, 196

7N

AH

i●

Hyd

roid

es s

impl

iden

tatu

s Pi

llai,

2009

WA

Hs

●H

ydro

ides

spi

culit

ubus

Pill

ai, 2

009

WA

Hs

●H

ydro

ides

spi

ratu

bus

Pilla

i, 20

09W

AH

i●

Hyd

roid

es tu

berc

ulat

us Im

ajim

a, 1

976

WA

Hs

●K

imbe

rley

a hu

tchi

ngsa

e Pi

llai,

2009

WA

Hs

●P

omat

olei

os k

raus

sii (

Bai

rd, 1

865)

**IP

His/

E●

Pom

atos

tegu

s ac

tino

cero

s (M

örch

, 186

3)T

His

●●

Pro

tula

bis

pira

lis (S

avig

ny, 1

820)

IWP

Hs

●P

rotu

la p

allia

ta (W

illey

, 190

5)IW

PH

s●

?Pro

tula

pal

liata

(Will

ey, 1

905)

*W

AH

s●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pse

udop

rotu

la k

imbe

rley

ensi

s Pi

llai,

2009

●Sa

lmac

ina

sp.

●●

Serp

ula

ampl

iloba

ta P

illai

, 200

9W

AH

s●

Serp

ula

hart

man

ae R

eish

, 196

8IW

PH

is●

●Se

rpul

a ju

kesi

i Bai

rd, 1

865

IAH

is

Serp

ula

nudi

radi

ata

Pilla

i, 20

09W

AH

is●

●Se

rpul

a va

sife

ra H

asw

ell,

1884

AH

is●

Serp

ula

verm

icul

aris

Lin

ne, 1

767*

IWP

His

●●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Serp

ula

wat

soni

Will

ey, 1

905

●Sp

iras

erpu

la s

nelli

i Pill

ai a

nd te

n H

ove,

199

4IA

His

●Sp

irob

ranc

hus

baile

ybro

ckae

Pill

ai, 2

009

WA

Hi

●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Spir

obra

nchu

s co

rnic

ulat

us (G

rube

, 186

2)IW

PH

is●

●Sp

irob

ranc

hus

poly

trem

a (P

hilip

pi, 1

844)

CH

is●

Spir

obra

nchu

s ri

char

dsm

ithi

Pill

ai, 2

009

IAH

s●

Spir

obra

nchu

s te

trac

eros

(Sch

mar

da,

186

1)T

Hs

●V

erm

iliop

sis

cylin

dric

a Pi

llai,

2009

WA

His

●V

erm

iliop

sis

glan

dige

ra G

ravi

er, 1

908

IPH

s●

Fam

ily:

Cap

itel

lid

ae●

Das

ybra

nchu

s ca

ducu

s (G

rube

, 184

6)*

WA

SiH

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eH

eter

omas

tus

cf. fi

lifor

mis

Cla

parè

de,

186

4*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Not

omas

tus

(Clis

tom

astu

s) b

room

ensi

s H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Not

omas

tus

broo

men

sis

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979

●Sc

ypho

proc

tus

orna

tus

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e

Fam

ily:

Mal

dan

idae

●M

ald

anid

ae s

pp.

●

Fam

ily:

Op

hel

iid

ae●

Arm

andi

a in

term

edia

Fau

vel,

1901

*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Arm

andi

a la

nceo

lata

Will

ey, 1

905*

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Arm

andi

a br

oom

ensi

s H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eO

phel

ina

acum

inat

a H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pol

yoph

thal

mus

pic

tus

(Duj

ard

in, 1

839)

*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Oph

eliid

ae s

pp.

●

Fam

ily:

Orb

inii

dae

●N

aine

ris

laev

igat

a (G

rube

, 184

0)*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eSc

olop

los

(Sco

lopl

os) d

iffici

lis D

ay, 1

977*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eO

rbin

iidae

spp

. ●

Fam

ily:

Par

aon

idae

●Pa

raon

idae

sp.

Fam

ily:

Qu

esti

dae

●Q

uest

idae

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Sca

lib

regm

atid

aeH

ybos

cole

x ve

rruc

osa

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Scal

ibre

gmat

idae

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Ch

aeto

pte

rid

ae●

Cha

etop

teri

dae

spp

. ●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Phy

loch

aeto

pter

us c

f. vi

trar

ius

(Ehl

ers,

190

8)*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

hylo

chae

topt

erus

sp.

*H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e

Fam

ily:

Mag

elon

idae

Mag

elon

idae

sp.

Fam

ily:

Poe

cilo

chae

tid

ae●

Poec

iloch

aeti

dae

sp.

●

Fam

ily:

Sp

ion

idae

Dis

pio

unci

nata

Har

tman

, 195

1*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pol

ydor

a (P

olyd

ora)

arm

ata

Lan

gerh

ans,

188

1*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pol

ydor

a (P

olyd

ora)

cili

ata

(Joh

nsto

n, 1

838)

*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Pri

onos

pio

(Pri

onos

pio)

falla

x Sö

der

strö

m, 1

920*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

rion

ospi

o (P

rion

ospi

o) la

nceo

lata

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

979*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eSc

olel

epis

(Sco

lele

pis)

bal

ihai

ensi

s H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Spio

nid

ae s

pp.

●

Fam

ily:

Am

ph

aret

idae

●A

mph

aret

idae

sp.

A

mph

icte

is p

hilip

pina

rum

Gru

be, 1

878*

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Isol

da c

f. pu

lche

lla M

ülle

r, 18

58*

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Fam

ily:

Cir

ratu

lid

ae●

?Cir

rifo

rmia

sp.

*H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eD

odec

acer

ia s

p.

●

Fam

ily:

Fla

bel

lige

rid

ae●

Flab

ellig

erid

ae s

pp.

●

Fam

ily:

Pec

tin

arii

dae

●A

mph

icte

ne fa

vona

Hut

chin

gs a

nd P

eart

, 200

2A

Si /H

s●

Pec

tina

ria

(Pec

tina

ria)

cf.

anti

poda

Sch

mar

da,

186

1*●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Fam

ily:

Ter

ebel

lid

ae●

Am

phit

riti

des

ithy

a H

utch

ings

and

Gla

sby,

198

8A

Ss

Eup

olym

nia

koor

angi

a H

utch

ings

and

Gla

sby,

198

8A

Ss●

●E

upol

ymni

a cf

. neb

ulos

a (M

onta

gu, 1

818)

*N

ASs

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eE

uthe

lepu

s m

arch

inba

r H

utch

ings

, 199

7●

Eut

hele

pus

serr

atus

Hut

chin

gs a

nd G

lasb

y, 1

986

ASs

●H

auch

iella

sp.

●

Lana

ssa

sp.

●


Taxa

Biog

eogr

aphi

c

code

Habi

tat

code

Insh

ore

Offs

hore

Publ

icat

ions

and

loca

tion

Lani

ce b

idew

a H

utch

ings

and

Gla

sby,

198

8A

Ss●

Lani

ce c

onch

ilega

(Pal

las,

176

6)*

NA

Ss●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Lani

ce s

inat

a H

utch

ings

and

Gla

sby,

199

0●

Lani

cola

loba

ta H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 198

6A

Sis●

Loim

ia in

gens

(Gru

be, 1

878)

IASs

●●

Loim

ia m

edus

a (S

avig

ny, 1

817)

*N

ASs

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e, A

ugen

er (1

922)

Loim

ia o

chra

cea

(Gru

be, 1

878)

●Ly

silla

sp.

●

Nic

olea

am

nis

Hut

chin

gs a

nd M

urra

y, 1

984

ASs

●N

icol

ea v

enus

tula

(Mon

tagu

, 181

8)*

ASs

●●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome

Phi

sidi

a ec

huca

Hut

chin

gs a

nd G

lasb

y, 1

988

●P

ista

ant

hela

Hut

chin

gs a

nd G

lasb

y, 1

990

NA

Ss

Pis

ta a

ustr

alis

Hut

chin

gs a

nd G

lasb

y, 1

988

ASs

●P

ista

cur

tiun

cata

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

981

ASs

●P

ista

kim

berl

iens

is H

utch

ings

and

Gla

sby,

199

0N

ASs

●●

Pis

ta v

iola

cea

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er, 1

984

ASs

●P

olyc

irru

s br

oom

ensi

s H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 197

9*●

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eP

olyc

irru

s sp

. ●

Pse

udop

rocl

ea a

ustr

alis

Hut

chin

gs a

nd G

lasb

y, 1

990

ASs

●St

rebl

osom

a ac

ymat

um H

utch

ings

and

Rai

ner,

1979

ASs

●St

rebl

osom

a dy

tiko

s H

utch

ings

and

Gla

sby,

199

0N

ASs

●Te

rebe

lla m

acul

ata

Hut

chin

gs a

nd G

lasb

y, 1

988

NA

Ss●

Tere

bella

pap

pus

Hut

chin

gs a

nd M

urra

y, 1

984

ASs

●Te

rebe

lla p

tero

chae

ta S

chm

ard

a, 1

861*

ASis

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

eTe

rebe

lla ta

ntab

iddy

cree

kens

is H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

, 198

0●

The

lepu

s ex

tens

us H

utch

ings

and

Gla

sby,

198

7A

Ss●

The

lepu

s pl

agio

stom

a (S

chm

ard

a, 1

861)

*IA

Ss●

Har

tman

n-Sc

hröd

er (1

979)

Bro

ome,

Aug

ener

(192

2)T

hele

pus

robu

stus

(Gru

be, 1

878)

●T

hele

pus

thor

acic

us (G

rube

, 187

0)*

●A

ugen

er (1

922)

Fam

ily:

Tri

chob

ran

chid

aeTe

rebe

llide

s w

oola

wa

Hut

chin

gs a

nd P

eart

, 200

0A

Ss●

Fam

ily:

Ste

rnas

pid

aeSt

erna

spis

scu

ata

(Ran

zani

, 181

7)*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e

Fam

ily:

Sac

coci

rrid

aeSa

ccoc

irru

s sp

.*

●H

artm

ann-

Schr

öder

(197

9) B

room

e

*

His

toric

al r

ecor

ds n

ot d

epos

ited

in A

ustr

alia

n m

useu

m c

olle

ctio

ns.

**

His

toric

al r

ecor

ds b

ut a

lso

pres

ent

in A

ustr

alia

n m

useu

m c

olle

ctio

ns.


TABL

E 4

Spe

cies

ric

hnes

s an

d nu

mbe

r of

col

lect

ing

even

ts a

t ea

ch lo

catio

n.

Loca

tion

Colle

ctin

g

year

rang

e

Species richness

No. coll. events

No. familiesAcoetidaeAmpharetidaeAmphinomidaeAphroditidaeCapitellidaeChaetopteridaeChrysopetalidaeCirratulidaeDorvilleidaeEunicidaeEuphrosinidaeFlabelligeridaeGlyceridaeGoniadidaeHesionidaeLumbrineridaeMagelonidaeMaldanidaeMyzostomidaeNephtyidaeNereididaeOenonidaeOnuphidaeOpheliidaeOrbiniidaeOweniidaeParaonidaePectinariidaePhyllodocidaePilargidaePoecilochaetidaePolynoidaeQuestidaeSabellariidaeSabellidaeScalibregmatidaeSerpulidaeSigalionidaeSphaerodoridaeSpionidaeSyllidaeTerebellidaeTrichobranchidae

Ad

mir

al Is

land

1994

11

1●

Ad

mir

alty

Gul

f19

782

12

●●

Alb

ert I

slan

ds

1988

101

4●

●●

●

Ash

mor

e R

eefO

A19

83–2

002

478

17●

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●●

●●●

Bea

gle

Ree

f19

919

15

●●

●●

●

Bed

ford

Isla

nd19

941

11

●

Ber

noui

lli Is

land

1988

201

5●

●●

●●

Bro

ome

1932

–198

780

929

●●

●●

●●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●●

●●●●

Buf

fon

Isla

nd19

8819

15

●●

●●

●

Caf

fare

lli Is

land

1994

21

1●

Cap

e L

eveq

ue19

72–1

987

103

7●

●●

●●

●●

Cap

e V

illar

et19

291

11

●

Car

eeni

ng B

ay19

8810

15

●●

●●

●

Car

tier

Isla

ndO

A19

9234

112

●●

●●

●●

●●●

●●

●

Cas

sini

Isla

nd19

88–1

991

223

8●

●●

●●

●●●

Chu

rchi

ll R

eef

1991

31

2●

●

Cle

rke

Ree

fOA

1982

–198

34

23

●●

●

Coc

kato

o Is

land

1991

71

5●

●●

●●

Con

dill

ac Is

land

1988

–199

116

25

●●

●●

●

Cor

neill

e Is

land

1988

91

5●

●●

●●

Cor

onat

ion

Isla

nd19

887

13

●●

●

Der

by19

754

23

●●

●


Loca

tion

Colle

ctin

g

year

rang

e

Species richness

No. coll. events


Des

cart

es Is

land

1988

71

4●

●●●

Ent

ranc

e Is

land

1988

31

2●

●

Fene

lon

Isla

nd19

8824

27

●●

●●

●●●

Geo

rge

Wat

er19

901

11

●

Gre

gory

Isla

nd19

946

12

●●

Hal

e Is

land

1991

21

2●

●

Her

itag

e R

eef

1991

21

2●

●

Hey

woo

d Is

land

1988

11

1●

Hib

erni

a R

eefO

A19

9211

16

●●

●●●

●

Hun

ter

Riv

er19

881

11

●

Irvi

ne Is

land

1988

–199

412

23

●●

●

Jack

son

Isla

nd19

886

12

●●

Jone

s Is

land

1991

121

7●

●●

●●

●●

Jung

ulu

Isla

nd19

886

14

●●

●●

Kin

g G

eorg

e R

iver

1991

41

1●

Kur

i Bay

1991

51

4●

●●

●

Lac

eped

e Is

land

s19

82–1

991

72

5●

●●

●●

Laf

onta

ine

Isla

nd19

8823

16

●●

●●

●●

Leo

nie

Isla

nd19

944

12

●●

Les

ueur

Isla

nd19

916

13

●●

●

Lon

g R

eef

1980

–199

126

38

●●

●●

●●

●●

Lor

d Is

land

1991

–199

415

27

●●

●●

●●

●

Luc

as Is

land

1988

511

9●

●●

●●

●●

●●


Loca

tion

Colle

ctin

g

year

rang

e

Species richness

No. coll. events


Mar

et Is

land

s19

49–1

988

52

3●

●●

Mer

mai

d R

eefO

A19

821

11

●

Mis

sion

Bay

1991

71

4●

●●

●

Mon

taliv

et Is

land

s19

88–1

991

362

7●

●●

●●

●●

Mon

tgom

ery

Ree

f19

89–1

994

52

3●

●●

Nap

ier

Bro

ome

Bay

1986

–199

111

24

●●

●●

Parr

y H

arbo

ur19

911

11●

Port

Geo

rge

IV19

8811

14

●●

●●

Port

War

rend

er19

762

11

●

Prud

hoe

Isla

nds

1988

61

2●

●

Quo

ndon

g Po

int

1975

11

1●

Rob

roy

Ree

fs19

88–1

991

72

4●

●●

●

Scor

pion

Isla

nd19

9111

14

●●

●●

Scot

t Ree

fOA

1984

–190

86

23

●●

●

Shir

ley

Isla

nd19

8812

14

●●

●●

Slat

e Is

land

s19

881

11

●

Sund

ay Is

land

1991

–199

418

28

●●

●●

●●

●●

Tallo

n Is

land

1994

11

1●

Tran

quil

Bay

1991

11

1●

Van

sitt

art B

ay19

91–

2006

32

2●

●

Wai

lgw

in Is

land

1988

121

5●

●●

●●

Wild

cat R

eefs

1988

21

2●

●

Will

ie C

reek

1975

–198

45

23

●●

●

Yank

awin

garr

i Isl

and

1991

11

1●


TABLE 5 Species richness and number of collecting events at each location.

Biogeographic Code Inshore Offshore- 30 27

A 40 7

WA 20 2

NA 21 3

SA 6

C 15 3

CP 1

IA 20 5

IP 25 10

IWP 37 20

T 7 3

WP 6 4

Total 228 84

TABLE 6 Number of species with each habitat code.

Habitat Code Inshore Offshore- 30 27

E 1

EZ 8 7

Hi 5 1

Hi/Si 3

His 20 6

His/E 1

Hs 38 10

Hs/Si 1 1

Hs/Ss 2 1

Si 10

Sis 5

Ss 26 4

U 6

Uis 18 4

Us 53 23

Us/E 1

Total 228 84

Inshore sites (intertidal and shallow subtidal and hard substrate habitats) typically have between 1 and 20 species present, with a few sites having much higher numbers. The offshore sites appear to have higher numbers, but we stress that only three offshore sites have been sampled for polychaetes. At all sites only limited collecting of particular habitats was undertaken and it is premature to discuss patterns of species richness within all the polychaetes. Only ten of the sampled sites have more than 20 species recorded, which is undoubtedly a gross underestimate of the diversity of polychaetes.

For a description of richness and distribution patterns, we suggest it is more informative to look at individual polychaete families, for example the terebellids, but again sampling was limited to the inshore regions (Hutchings and Glasby 1990). Of all the polychaete families for which we have morphospecies data, the Polynoidae currently yield the most reliable information on species richness and distribution patterns. This is because the collecting effort for this family has been greater with more sites sampled than for any other family, as Hanley collected at both inshore (1991, 1994) and offshore (1987, 1992) sites, concentrating almost exclusively on polynoids, and all material was identified. The limited conclusions, which that can be drawn from the data highlight the need for additional sampling, increasing the number of locations and habitats as individual polychaete families or species tend to have specific habitat requirements.

Species richness patterns across locations for the most part reflect the variable collection effort and cannot be interpreted as an accurate measure of species richness at any one location, especially when it is the result of a single collecting event. However, the presentation of the data in this way allows an assessment of which locations in the Kimberley have been surveyed for polychaetes, and provide an indication of the available data. Current integrative studies, incorporating genetic data with the morphological information, are demonstrating that some of the species previously considered widespread are in fact a complex of sibling species, increasing the diversity of known polychaete fauna in Australia and the Kimberley (see for example Capa et al. 2010).

The dominance of widespread species and conversely the lack of narrow range endemics in the Kimberley region reflects, in part, the collection and identification biases discussed above. Additional sampling will be required to confirm whether taxa recorded from regions contiguous with the Kimberley (i.e. southern Western Australia and Northern Territory) are also present in the Kimberley. Examples to date include the sabellariid


FIGURE 4 A MDS plot of the distribution of polynoids within the region.

Idanthyrsus willora (Hutchings et al. 2012), and sabellids belonging to the genera Amphicorina, Euchone and Pseudobranchiomma amongst others (Capa personal observation). Considering just the 24 terebellids identified to species, 15 are widespread Australian species, seven are restricted to Northern Australia and two are Indo-Australian. Of the 26 Nereididae species with distributional data, five are widespread Australian species, none appear to be restricted to northern Australia and 21 are widespread in the Indo-Pacific. A few nereidid species, Neanthes pachychaeta (Fauvel), Perinereis suluana (Horst) and Perinereis nuntia Savigny in Lamarck, appear to be common in the Kimberley and Indo-Australian region, but are rarely, if ever, encountered in northern Australia (Glasby personal observation).

The discussion above partly ref lects the specialist interests of Russell Hanley, former curator of polychaetes at MAGNT who was particularly interested in commensal species, rather than the abundance of this family across the Kimberley region [in coral reef areas polynoids are infrequently collected (Hutchings personal observation)]. In contrast, Hutchings (1989) made extensive collections of all polychaetes, especially those associated with dead coral substrates, and targeted intertidal collecting was also done when feasible given tidal and safety issues, and subtidal soft sediments were not collected. Also, facilities

for sorting in the field meant that small individuals were often overlooked. However, it should be noted that no comprehensive sampling of all habitats present in the Project Area has been undertaken to date, and this attempt to synthesise the existing data is to facilitate more comprehensive surveys of the area, which are expected, given the recognised limitations in previous sampling, to reveal a very diverse and abundant polychaete fauna.

REGIONAL BIOGEOGRAPHIC COMPARISON

At this stage it is premature to discuss the regional biogeography for the polychaetes as sampling across locations has been too variable.

Some widespread polychaetes are being shown to represent suites of cryptic species (Carlton 2009; Capa et al. 2013). For example, some current work on nereidids has shown that using both morphological and molecular data to redefine species boundaries considerably reduces the distributional ranges (Glasby et al. 2013). We suspect many of the species listed in Table 3 will be found to represent suites of species, in which case diversity estimates for the region will increase. In addition, some of the names of so-called widespread species in Table 3 will almost certainly change as revisions of these species occurs and it is likely some will be found to represent undescribed species.


FUTURE DIRECTIONS

As revisions of individual famil ies are undertaken the specimens in historical collections need to be re-examined and their identifications confirmed. Additional habitats need to be sampled, especially soft sediments and those from deeper water, together with environmental information such as sediment characteristics.

While polychaete collections were historically preserved in formalin, contemporary collection practice now routinely preserves material in ethanol to enable subsequent genetic studies, which are changing our taxonomic concepts – see for example Capa et al. (2010, 2013) and Wei et al. (2013). Such studies are expected to continue and the contemporary surveys underway (2009–2014) in the Project Area are undertaking such practices.

A current focus of some conservation research has been utilisation of museum data in large scale biogeographic analyses. To date the Kimberley species data have been available for use in only a very general manner, with most information on assemblages in different areas, or bioregional comparisons being derived from some well known taxa such as fishes. Polychaetes could be a useful taxon to include, but as already identified from our data, the sampling and taxonomic biases limit their value. However, it would be possible to focus on certain families, which have been both elucidated and are also well surveyed in other areas such as terebellids and nereidids. Currently C. Glasby and P. Hutchings are collaborating on such a project to utilise these families in identifying biogeographic regions and comparing them with those already identified using sediment and demersal fish data.

Finally, this historical review of the current status of polychaete knowledge in the Kimberley region can be used to identify where additional survey work is necessary to obtain a comprehensive picture of polychaete distributions in the region.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank our taxonomic colleagues whose substantial collections and identifications of the Kimberley polychaete fauna formed the basis of this dataset. The unpublished data of Russell Hanley on the polynoids that are housed in MAGNT have been particularly helpful. We also thank the Collection Managers in each of the museums for supplying the databases. We express our thanks to Stacey Osborne and Albert Miles for databasing the unregistered Kimberley material in WAM collections and for checking taxonomic and spatial information in this dataset and to Stacy Osborne for assistance in formatting tables for this paper. Also thanks to the reviewers who provided helpful comments.

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