kindt • goldsby • osborne - york college of...

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1 http://goose ycp edu/ cmathur/bimtitra html http://www.ycp.edu/admissions/catalog/ycc_aainfo_p3.html #gradingPolicy http://goose.ycp.edu/~cmathur/bimtitra.html Kuby IMMUNOLOGY Sixth Edition Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne Chapter 2: Cells and Organs of the Immune System Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Review questions Compare and contrast lymphocytes and macrophages, discussing both morphological and functional aspects of their role in immunity immunity . Compare the structure and function of the thymus and lymph node, IN DETAIL!! In addition, label the structures, describe the cells present and their activities. questions Compare the primary and secondary immune response to the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Is it possible for a clinical test to have high Is it possible for a clinical test to have high sensitivity but low specificity? Explain.

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Page 1: Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne - York College of Pennsylvaniafaculty.ycp.edu/~cmathur/lect_ch2_6thedtion [Compatibility Mode].pdf · 4 Hematopoiesis How to study hematopoiesis? •

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http://goose ycp edu/ cmathur/bimtitra html

http://www.ycp.edu/admissions/catalog/ycc_aainfo_p3.html#gradingPolicy

http://goose.ycp.edu/~cmathur/bimtitra.html

Kuby IMMUNOLOGYSixth Edition

Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne

Chapter 2:Cells and Organs

of the Immune System

Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company

Review questions

• Compare and contrast lymphocytes and macrophages, discussing both morphological and functional aspects of their role in immunityimmunity.

• Compare the structure and function of the thymus and lymph node, IN DETAIL!! In addition, label the structures, describe the cells present and their activities.

questions

• Compare the primary and secondary immune response to the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

• Is it possible for a clinical test to have high• Is it possible for a clinical test to have high sensitivity but low specificity?  Explain.

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CELLS AND ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Leukocytes

Immune organs

• Primary organs: development and maturation• Thymus• Bone marrow• Secondary organs: Ag trapping and• Secondary organs: Ag trapping and presentation

• Lymph nodes• Spleen

Primary vs. secondary

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LeukocytesLeukocytes

• Adaptive: lymphocytes

• Others: accessories– Activation

C ki– Cytokines

Hematopoiesis

• Formation and development of red and white blood cells

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HematopoiesisHow to study hematopoiesis?

• HIM environment: hematopoietic‐inducing microenvironment

• Is a matrix of stromal cellsF t ll– Fat cells

– Endothelial cells

– Fibroblasts

– Macrophages

In vitro: Cell Culture SEM of cultured cells

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Hematopoietic Cytokines

• Detected by cell culture

• Survival, proliferation, differentiation, maturation

S ifi d l ll• Specific receptors develop on target cells

• CSF and EPO

Transcription factors

How to study genetic factors?

• Knock‐out mice

• Specific gene inactivated

• Determine how it affects immune response

Maintaining steady state:hematopoietic homeostasis

• Cell life ranges from days to years• Control cytokine production by bone marrow stromal cells

• Control cytokine production by activated T’sControl cytokine production by activated T s and macrophages

• Regulate expression of receptors for cytokines in stem cells and progenitor cells

• Removal by programmed cell death

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Apoptosis

Normal/Apoptosis

Genes

B cell regulation by apoptosis

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Stem cellenrichment

Results measured

reconstitutionStem cell uses

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Transplants

• Autologous

• Syngeneic

• Allogeneic

• Graft vs. Host  Disease (GVHD)

Blood cell counts

Cells of the immune system Activation: Cell cycle

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Lymphocyte types

B‐lymphocytes

• Review

• APC class II MHC

• C’receptor (CD 35 & 21)

• IgG receptor (CD32)

• Recognize Th (CD40)

• B7 attach to TH

T‐lymphocytes

• Review

• TCR

• CD4

• CD8

• CD28 (receptor for B7 on APC)

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T‐helper cells

• Th‐1 response

• Inflammation: activates T cells and macs

• Th‐2 response

• Activates B cells and immune responses dependent on Abs

Cytotoxic T cells

• CD8

• Types of cells attacked

• MHC class I restricted

Natural Killer Cells

• Large granular lymphocytes

• Cytotoxic

• 5‐10% of human lymphocytes

• ADCC (antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity) through CD16 attachment to Fc region of Ab

Monocyte

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Macrophage SEM macrophage

Types of macrophages

• P. 36

• Alveolar (lung)

• Histiocytes (connective tissue)

• Kupffer cells (liver)

• Mesangial (kidney)

• Microglial (brain)

• Osteoclasts (bone)

Functions

• Sustained, repeated phagocytosis

• Process and present Ag (form and dosage)

• Amplify response by releasing mediators

• Control inflammation

• Repair tissue by removing dead and dying tissue

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MAC Activation

• Causes– Phagocytosis

– Cytokines: gamma interferon from Tcell

– endotoxins

• ResultsResults– Better APC activity

– More phagocytosis.

– Greater killing

– More inflammation

Exogenous processing

antimicrobialsCh 3

Oxygen‐dependent

• Respiratory burst

• Catalase: O2              O`2 (superoxide anion) 

• Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)

ch3

• Arginine + O2 + NADPH = NO (nitric oxide)

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Oxygen‐independent

• Lysozyme

• Defensins (cell‐membrane disruption)

• TNF‐alpha (tumor necrosis factor)

Factors

ch3

PMN Eosinophil

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BasophilDendritic lineage

Follicular dendritic cell: NOT APCHuman Lymphoid System

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Immune organs

• Primary: development and maturation

• Thymus

• Bone marrow

• Secondary: Ag trapping and presentation

• Lymph nodes

• Spleen

ORGANS

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary: cutaneous ‐associated

• Immunocompetence

Thymusbilobed

Thymus

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T cells

• Self‐MHC restricted: keep T cells that only respond to MHC’s that match self

• Self‐tolerant: destroy T‐cells that match both self MHC and self antigensself MHC and self antigens

Age changes

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Lymphatic system

• Definition (know these)– Plasma

– Interstitial fluid

– Lymphatic vessels

– Thoracic duct

Secondary lymph organs contain:

• Primary follicle

• Secondary follicle– Germinal center

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Secondary lymphoid follicleLymph node diagram

Human Lymphoid System

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details

Spleen overview Spleen detail

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tonsils adenoids

Peyer’s patch M cells

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Antigen transportevolution