kinesiology ch 4 anatomy body puzzle.ppt · oculi vertebral column back region kinesiology books...

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CHAPTER 4The Pieces of the Body Puzzle:

A Regional Approach

Kinesiology Books Publisher 1

Axial Skeleton • Head and neck Region • Back Region

Appendicular Skeleton• Pectoral Girdle• Scapulohumeral Region• Upper Limb• Pelvic Girdle• Lower Limb

TABLE OF CONTENTS


• Head and Neck Region• Back Region

AXIAL SKELETON


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Skull

THE HEAD AND NECK REGION


Facial Muscles


Frontal

SKULL: CALVARIA

• Formed by 5 curved flat bones

• Protect the brain and the brain stem

• May be fractured by blows to the skull

• E.g. As a result of hitting the skull on the ice when playing hockey

Temporal

Parietal

WRONG

Why Wear A Helmet?

• To prevent a concussion•Brain injury due to shaking or jarring of the head

•Brain bounces against the inside of the skull

• Approximately 20% of reported concussions occur in organized sports


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SKULL: FACIAL BONES

• Formed by 5 irregular bones

• Give it its individuality

• Provide protection for the eyes and air passages

• Allow chewing and entry of food

Nasal

Lacrimal

Maxilla

Mandible


FACIAL MUSCLES

Allow us to:

• Change expression

• Display emotion

• Form words

• Close eyes to keep them moist and prevent discomfort

• Close mouth to chew

Orbicularisoris

Orbicularisoculi

Vertebral Column

BACK REGION


Neck and Back Muscles

Ribs and Sternum

Abdominal Muscles

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

• Back bone

• Made up of 33 vertebrae arranged in a cylindrical column

• Interspersed with intervertebraldiscs

• Function:• Attachment for back muscles

• Protects the spinal cord and nerves

• Strong and flexible support; keeps body erect

• Absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs

7 cervical vertebrae

(neck)

12 thoracic vertebrae

(chest)

5 lumbar vertebrae

(lower back)

1 sacrum = 5 fused vertebrae

(midline region of buttocks)

1 coccyx = 3 or 4 fused vertebrae

(tail bone)


• Involves the inside of the disc (nucleus pulposus) bulging out

• Due to disruption of the annular fibres of the disc

• May lead to nerve irritation and pain

• Most commonly occur in the lower back

• Repeated flexion (e.g., crunches), poor sitting posture, poor lifting technique

Herniated Disk


RIBS AND STERNUM

• Typically 12 pairs of ribs

• Made up of bone and costal cartilage

• Curved and slightly twisted, ideal

• Functions: • Give strength to chest cage

and allow it to expand

• Protect chest area

1 to 7,True ribs(attach to vertebrae and sternum)

8 to 10, False ribs (attach to sternum indirectly)

11 and 12, Floating ribs(attached to vertebral column)

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RIBS AND STERNUM

• Sternum = midline breastbone

• 3 parts

• Provides direct attachments to clavicles and 1-7 rib pairs

Manubrium

SternalBody

Xiphoid Process


NECK AND BACK MUSCLES

• Head sits on the first cervical vertebra (C1) = atlas

• To maintain this position there are muscles posterior, lateral, and anterior to the neck or cervical region

• Permit a wide range of movement and allow you to hold up your head

Posterior

Anterior

Lateral

ATLAS


NECK AND BACK MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

• The most important pair = sternocleidomastoids

• Allow to:

• Flex head towards chest

• Get up from a supine position

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NECK AND BACK MUSCLES: POSTERIOR

• Large muscle mass = erector spinae

• Reaching in segments from sacrum (inferiorly) to skull (superiorly)

• Maintain erect position

• Anti-gravity muscles

• Stop working due to fainting

• Body falls face forward when not working


ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

• Plywood-like muscular wall

• Attach

• Posteriorly: vertebral column, ribs, and hip bone

• Anteriorly: linea alba (translates as white line)

• Trilaminar

• 3 layers positioned on top of each other

Linea Alba


Layer 1

External Oblique

Layer 2

Internal Oblique

Layer 3

Rectus Abdominis

Transversus abdominis

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ABDOMINAL MUSCLES: OBLIQUES

• Lateral bending and rotation of the trunk

• Extension of the abdomen during forced inspiration and pregnancy

• Contraction of the abdomen during forced expiration

• Help expel fecal contents from the rectum


ABDOMINAL MUSCLES: RECTUS ABDOMINI

• AKA: six-pack

• Used in sit-ups

• Powerful flexor of the anterior abdominal wall

• Also support the back; strengthening it is an important part of back therapy

• Pectoral Girdle• Scapulohumeral Region• Upper Limb• Pelvic Girdle

• Lower Limb

APPENDICULAR SKELETON


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PECTORAL GIRDLE


Bones Muscles

Joints


Pectoral Girdle

•Suspends the upper limb away from the chest wall

•Enables a great range of movement

Pectoral Girdle

•Suspends the upper limb away from the chest wall

•Enables a great range of movement


BONES

• Clavicle (collarbone)

• Articulates with sternum and scapula

• Only bone directly connecting upper and axial skeleton

• Scapula

• Has many muscle attachments to axial skeleton

Clavicle

Scapula

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MUSCLES

Anterior Group Posterior Group


MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

Pectoralis major

Two heads:

1) Clavicular head flexes and medially rotates shoulder joint

2) Sternal head extends from flexed position and medially rotates shoulder joint

1

2

Pectoralis minor

• Attachments

• Ribs 3-5

• Coracoid process of the scapula

• Depresses and stabilizes scapula

Serratus anterior

• Steadies and holds scapula forward against chest wall (protracts it)

• Actions:

• Rope climbing

• Butterfly stroke


MUSCLES: POSTERIOR

TRAPEZIUS

• Upper fibres

• From skull to scapula

• Elevate scapula

• Shrugging your shoulders

• Middle (transverse) fibres

• From ligamentum nuchae of cervical vertebrae to scapula

• Retract the scapula

• Lower fibres

• From C7 – T12 to scapula

• Depress the scapula

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MUSCLES: POSTERIOR

Latissmus dorsi

• From lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia to intertuberculargroove of the humerus

• Medially rotates, adducts, and extends humerus

Teres major

• Medially rotates and adducts humerus

Levator scapulae

• Rotates and elevates scapula

Rhomboid muscles

• Helps with scapula retraction and holding against thoracic wall


JOINTS

• Sternoclavicular

• Only joint connecting pectoral girdle (clavicle ) and axial skeleton (sternum)

• Synovial joint strengthened by intracapsular disc and extrinsic ligaments

• Absorbs forces along clavicle

• Acromioclavicular Joint

• Connects clavicle’s lateral end and scapula’s acromion process

• Permits shoulder separations (e.g., in hockey, baseball, and football )

Lateral Muscles

SCAPULOHUMERAL REGION


Superior and Posterior Muscles

Anterior Muscles

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MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

Subscapularis

• From anterior (costal) surface of scapula

• To lesser tubercle of humerus

• Adducts and medially rotates upper limb


MUSCLES: SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR

Supraspinatus

• From supraspinous fossa of posterior scapula above scapular spine to humeruspoint

• Initiates upper limb abduction joint

Infraspinatus and

teres minor

• From posterior scapula surface below scapular spine to greater tubercle of humerus

• Adduct and laterally rotate upper limb


MUSCLES: ROTATOR CUFFS

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• Shoulder joint is the most mobile and unstable joint

• Allows dynamic and powerful movements

• Requires to keep head of humeruscentralized in its socket

• Common injury = rotator cuffs tear

Rotator Cuffs Tear


MUSCLES: LATERAL

Deltoids

• Insert to deltoid tuberosity of humerus

• Act on shoulder, move upper limb

• Anterior fibres

• From clavicle

• Flex and medially rotate

• Middle fibres

• From acromion of scapula

• Abduct

• Posterior fibres

• From spine of scapula

• Extend and laterally rotate

UPPER LIMB


Bones

Muscles: Arm Forearm Hand

Joints

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Upper limb

Arm: shoulder to elbow+

Forearm: elbow to wrist+

Wrist+

Hand

Upper limb

Arm: shoulder to elbow+

Forearm: elbow to wrist+

Wrist+

Hand


BONES

Arm (shoulder to elbow)

• Humerus

Forearm (elbow to wrist)

• Joined by a sheet of fibrous tissue (interosseous membrane)

• Radius

• Ulna

BONES

Wrist (carpus)

• 2 rows x 4 bones

• 8 carpals

Distal row: • Trapezium

• Trapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate

Proximal row: • Scaphoid

• Lunate

• Triquetrum

• Pisiform


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BONES

SLTPITTCH:

Lateral To Medial

She Scaphoid

Likes Lunate

To Triquetrum

Play Pisiform

Try Trapezium

To Trapezoid

Catch Capitate

Her Hamate



BONES

Hand

• 5 metacarpals join distal wrist row

• 14 phalanges (i.e., digits) join metacarpals

• 3 phalanges per finger (proximal, middle, distal)

• 2 phalanges per thumb (proximal, distal)

Proximal

Middle

Distal

Proximal

Distal


MUSCLES

• Muscles of the upper limbs are primarily flexors or extensors

• Flexors = anterior

• Extensors =posterior

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ARM MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

Coracobrachialis

• From coracoid process of scapula to humerus shaft

• Arm (shoulder) flexion


ARM MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

Biceps brachii

• Long head

• Short head

• From scapula to radial tuberosity

• Elbow flexor and forearm supinator

Brachialis

• From anterior surface of humerusto ulna’s coronoid process

• Elbow flexor along with biceps


ARM MUSCLES: POSTERIOR

Triceps brachii

• Medial head

• Lateral head

• Long head

• Medial and lateral head: from humerus posterior shaft

• Long head: from scapula’s inferior glenoid tubercle

• To ulna’s olecranon process

• Elbow extensor

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FOREARM MUSCLES

• Act on elbow, wrist, and digits

• Flexor-pronator group

• Anterior

• Attached to humerus’ medial epicondyle

• Extensor-supinator group

• Posterior

• Attached to humerus’ lateral epicondyle


• Tennis elbow is a commonly named injury affecting the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

• Lateral epicondylitis: acute inflammatory reaction to mechanical trauma (e.g., backhand in tennis)that resolves within 2 weeks

• Lateral epicondylalgia: chronic pain that can last over a year

Tennis Elbow

HAND MUSCLES

• Thenar (palm) group

• Abducts thumb and its metacarpal

• Flexes and opposes thumb tip to four remaining digits

• Hypothenar (little palm) group

• Acts on little finger and its metacarpal

• Together they allow to cup hand as in holding a ball


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HAND MUSCLES

• Interossei muscles (between bones)

• Lumbrical muscles (earthworm)

• Collectively known as intrinsic (within) hand muscles

• Flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the fingers

• Position digits for fine movements



JOINTS

Shoulder (enohumeral) joint

• Between upper limb (humerushead) and scapula (glenoidfossa)

• Wide range of movements; compromise – lack of stability

• Large head articulating with shallow cup


JOINTS

Elbow joints

• Humeroradial

• Flexion-extension

• Humeroulnar


• Radioulnar

• Pronation-supination

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JOINTS

Wrist joints

• Radiocarpal

• Between distal radius and proximal row of carpals

• Flexion-extension and abduction-adduction

• Midcarpal, intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal

• Gliding joints between carpals

• Joint between trapezium and thumb metacarpal

• Opposition (thumb touching other fingertips)


JOINTS

Hand joints

• Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

• Knuckles

• Flexion-extension and abduction-adduction

• Allows to manipulate hands with dexterity

• Interphalangeal joints

• Between phalanges

• Proximal

• Distal



• Jammed finger = sprain of a ligament of the phalanges of the hand

• Common in volleyball and basketball

• Symptoms: pain, loss of range of motion, permanent disfigurement possible

• Treatment: • Initially – splint (immobilization), ice, compression, and

elevation• Later on – range of motion exercises

Jammed Finger

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Joints

PELVIC GIRDLE


MusclesBones


Pelvic Girdle

•Weight bearer

•Supports bladderand abdominal contents

•Sacrifices mobility for stability and strength

Pelvic Girdle

•Weight bearer

•Supports bladderand abdominal contents

•Sacrifices mobility for stability and strength


BONES

• Os coxae – paired hip bones

• Each made up of:

• Ilium

• Pubis

• Ischium

• On the lateral surface is acetabulum – cup-shaped groove for femur’s head

Ilium

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MUSCLES

• Permit a wide range of movement in the lower limb

• Hip = ball and socket joint

• Prime focus = stability and transfer of weight for walking

• More limited than at the shoulder joint


MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

Iliopsoas

• Formed by:

• Psoas major

• Iliacus

• Primary hip flexor

• Allows to bring:

• Thighs to chest

• Chest to knees

Psoas minor

• Weak hip flexor

• Missing 50% population

MUSCLES: POSTERIOR AND LATERAL

Gluteal muscles

• Gluteus maximus

• Largest and most superficial

• From ilium and sacrum to femur through illiotibial band

• Primary hip extensor

• Knee stabilizer in full extension

• Gluteus medius and minimus

• From ilium; lie deep and lateral to maximus

• Hip abductors

• Important for normal gait


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JOINTS

Pubic Symphysis

• Fibrocartilaginous

• Unites 2 pubic bones

• Can soften right before birth for a wider opening

Sacroiliac

• Fibrous and synovial

• Unites sacrum 2 iliabones

• Stabilises ligaments that tie the sacrum to the hip bone

LOWER LIMB


Bones

Muscles: Thigh Leg Foot

Joints


Lower Limb

Thigh: hip to knee+

Leg: knee to ankle+

Ankle+

Foot

Lower Limb

Thigh: hip to knee+

Leg: knee to ankle+

Ankle+

Foot

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Thigh

• Femur

• From hip to knee

• Largest bone

• Patella

• Kneecap

• Sesamoid bone

• In quadriceps muscles’ tendon


BONES

Leg

• Tibia

• Fibula

• From knee to ankle

• Interosseous membrane

• Holds together firmly

• Provides stability

• Muscle attachment area

• Medial malleolus

• Distal tibia end

• Lateral malleolus

• Distal fibia end


BONES

BONES

Ankle (tarsus)

• Made up of several 7 tarsals

Calcaneus

(heel bone)

Talus

Cuboid

1st (medial) cuneiform

2nd (intermediate) cuneiform

3rd (lateral) cuneiform


23

BONES

Mid

dle

Pro

xim

al D

ista

l

Pro

xim

al

Dis

tal

Foot

• 5 metatarsals

• 14 phalanges (i.e., toes / digits) join metatarsals

• 3 phalanges per toe (proximal, middle, distal)

• 2 phalanges per big toe (proximal, distal)


BONES

Hands (upper limb)

Carpus (wrist)

Carpals (8)

Metacarpals (5)

Phalanges (digits)

Thumb = 2 phalanges

“Clap your hands”

Feet (lower limb)

Tarsus (ankle)

Tarsals (7)

Metatarsals (5)

Phalanges (5 digits)

Big toe = 2 phalanges

“Tap your toes”



• Stress fracture = special type of fracture due to repeated low-magnitude forces (i.e., overtraining)

• Disruption of the continuity of the outer layer of cortical bone

• Painful especially during impact

• Common at tibia, metatarsals, femoral neck and pubis

• Unlike shin splints that occur at tibia: inflammation and pain without cortical bone disruption

Stress Fracture

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THIGH MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

Quadriceps femoris

• Quads = 4

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus intermedius

• Vastus medialis

• Rectus from illium

• Vastus from femur shaft

• To tibial tuberosity

• Knee extension

Sartorius

• From iliac spine to medial tibia

• Hip abduction and flexion and knee flexion


THIGH MUSCLES: MEDIAL

Adductors

• Pectineus

• Adductor longus

• Adductor brevis

• Adductor magnus

• Gracilis

• From pubis

• To femur

• Hip adduction (moving thigh towards midline)


Hamstrings

• Biceps femoris

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

• From ischial tuberosity(bony part one sits on)

• Biceps to fibula

• Semi- to tibia and

• Knee flexion

• Hip extension with gluteus maximus

THIGH MUSCLES: POSTERIOR

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• Jumper’s knee = pain affecting the infrapatellar ligament and/or patellar tendon

• Patellar tendonitis – acute

• Patellar tendonosis – chronic • More common• Due to muscular imbalances between the,

quadriceps and hamstrings muscles, poor landing and jumping technique, too much jumping

• Caused by repetitive eccentric knee actions

Jumper’s Knee

LEG MUSCLES: ANTERIOR

• From interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula (do not cross knee joint)

• To medial foot side and distal phalanges

• Ankle dorsiflexors

• Toes extensors

• Tibialis anterior

• Major anterior muscle

• Foot invertor


LEG MUSCLES: LATERAL

• Fibularis (peroneus) longus

• Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

• From lateral fibula surface

• To lateral foot surface

• Cross behind ankle

• Ankle plantar flexors

• Foot evertors

• Allow to adapt feet to uneven surfaces during running


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Superficial

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

• Plantaris

• Gastrocnemius from lateral and medial femoral epicondyles

• All join Achilles tendon to calcaneus

• Primary ankle plantar flexors of the ankle


LEG MUSCLES: POSTERIOR

Deep

• Flexor hallicus longus

• Flexor digitorum longus

• Tibialis posterior

• Popliteus

• From posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane

• To posterior foot surfaces

• Cross behind medial malleolus

• Popliteus from lateral femoral epicondyle to posterior surface of distal tibia

• Toes flexion

• Assist in ankle plantar flexion

• Popliteus unlocks knee in full extension


LEG MUSCLES: POSTERIOR

FOOT MUSCLES


• 4 layers of intrinsic foot muscles

• Together with the bones and ligaments, they permit digits

• Flexion

• Extension

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Allow feet walk / run on uneven ground

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JOINTS: HIP

Iliofemoral joint

• Between femur’s head and hip bone cup (acetabulum)


• Abduction-adduction

• Circumduction

• Most stable synovial joint

• Deepened socket

• Intrinsic and very strong extrinsic ligaments

• Unlike shoulder joint, dislocation is rare


JOINTS: KNEE

• Stable joint with incredible range of movement

• Flexion-extension (primary)

• Medial and lateral rotation in flexion

• Structural support

• Fibrocartilaginous discs

• Intrinsic ligaments

• Extrinsic ligaments

• Surrounding musculature


Lateral

meniscus

Anterior and posterior cruciate

ligaments

Medial

meniscus

Medial collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

JOINTS: ANKLE

Talocrural joint

• Many bones involved:

• Medial and lateral malleoli of tibia and fibula

• Talus

• Calcaneus

• Dorsiflexion

= most stable position

• Plantarflexion “En pointe” = least stable position


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JOINTS: FEET AND TOES

Transverse tarsal joint

• Between talus and calcaneus

• Inversion- eversion(enables adjusting to uneven ground during locomotion)

• Additional joints between tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges



• ACL tear = partial or complete sprain of the ACL

• ACL is weaker and more likely to tear than PCL

• Causes• Rapidly changing direction• Rapidly slowing down after running or landing• Collision

•• Complete tear requires replacement of the damaged

ACL with strong, healthy tissue usually taken from another area near your knee

ACL Tear


• Ankle sprain = among the most common sports injuries

• While running, walking, dancing, or just stepping off a curb

• Lateral ankle sprain is most common • Inversion • When stress is applied

• Reoccurrence most likely due to decreased proprioception (i.e., the ability to sense the position of a joint in space) following the initial sprain

Ankle Sprain

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• Human anatomy deals with the structures that make up the human body and how these various structures are related to one another

• Bones provide the structural framework necessary for support, muscles supply the power, and joints supply the mechanism that allows human movement to occur

• Our ability to move and perform an almost limitless number of skills can be enhanced with knowledge of anatomy

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER


kinesiology ch 4 anatomy body puzzle.ppt · oculi vertebral column back region kinesiology books...

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