kingdom of saudi arabia - kfupm.edu.sa strate…technology areas 4 ... this process concluded that...

Strategic Priorities for Water Technology Program

Biotechnology Energy

Petrochemicals Math and Physics

Water

Advanced Materials

ECP

Information Technology

Environment

Oil and Gas

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMinistry of Economy and Planning

http://www.mep.gov.sa

Nanotechnology

Space and Aeronautics

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology


King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Ministry of Economy and Planning

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Strategic Priorities for Water Technology ProgramStrategic Priorities for Water Technology Program�


Executive Summary 4

Introduction 6

Background 6

Scope 7

Plan Development Process 8

Strategic Context 10

KSA Water Technology R&D Needs 10

Stakeholders Roles 11

Analysis of Comparable Water R&D Institutes 1�

Analysis of Water Technologies Publications and Patents 1�

SWOT Analysis for Water Technology Program �0

Higher Strategy ��

Vision ��

Mission ��

Values ��

Program Strategic Goals ��

Technology Areas �4

Selection Process �4

Selected Technology Areas �4

Program Structure �7

Program Objectives �7

Performance Indicators �8

Program Project Categories �8

Contents


Contents

Operational Plans �0

Project Level �0

Program Level �1

Technology Transfer Plan �1

Quality Management Plan ��

Human Resources Plan ��

Communications Management Plan ��

Risk Management Plan ��

Implementation of the Plan �4

Appendix A: Plan Development Process �6

Stakeholder Participant �6

Planning Development Methodology �7

Portfolio Management �9

Strategic Priorities for Water Technology ProgramStrategic Priorities for Water Technology Program4


Executive summary

The National Policy for Science

and Technology, approved by the

Council of Ministers in 1423 H

(2002 G), defined 11 programs

for localization and development

of strategic technologies that are

essential for the future development

of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

(KSA). This plan is for one of these

programs, the Water Technology

Program.

The main motivation of the program is to promote and support Saudi economic,

social, security, developmental and other national interests through localizing

(including initial transfer) and developing properly selected strategic and

advanced technologies in the water area.

The impetus for the water technology program stems from the specific needs

of the Kingdom. The Kingdom faces a number of water resources limitations.

It also stems from the role that water plays in the Kingdom's development

plans, as well as the importance of water issues and policies internationally.

This plan is based on input from the users and stakeholders of water technology

in the Kingdom, including government agencies, industry and universities that

have a role in water technology. The plan was derived from a process that:

identified the key needs of the Kingdom for water technology research

assessed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the

program.

analyzed KSA water technology publications and patents and reviewed

the works of some international research institutes.

defined a vision and mission for the Kingdom’s water technology

program.

defined the key technologies and other program areas needed to address

the Kingdom’s needs in water technology research.


Executive summary

This process concluded that improved KSA water

technologies are needed to:

Provide adequate water supplies for human, agricultural

and industrial use.

Support national self-reliance in water-related

research and development and reduce dependence on

foreign technology.

Improve the price/value efficiency of water production

and treatment.

Develop a domestic water technology industry that

will contribute to national economic performance and

will provide employment opportunities.

In addition to the technical needs, the planning process

identified several areas where policies need to be

changed or barriers removed to facilitate development

and localization of water technologies. These include:

Policies to facilitate R&D collaboration between

KACST, universities, government agencies and industry.

Expanded human resources for water technology

R&D.

Improved knowledge of international technology

developments.

Expanded international collaboration, including

cooperation between Saudi Arabia government agencies,

and world agencies.

Studies of the social aspects of water technology.

Small business contracting preferences to support

innovative small companies.

The technology areas of highest priority are the

following:

Water Desalination:

- Thermal Desalination.

- Membrane Desalination.

- Hybrid Desalination.

Drinking Water Treatment:

- Membrane Treatment.

- Chemical Treatment.

- Ionic Exchange.

- Disinfection.

- Filtration.

Wastewater Treatment:

- Biological Treatment.

- Biological Membrane Treatment.

- Chemophysical Treatment.

- Advanced Treatment.

Water Resources Management:

- Water Conservation.

- Water Reuse and Recycling.

- Groundwater Recharge.

- Rain Harvest.

- Cloud Seeding.

The water technology program will be directed by a

Program Manager who will be responsible for the overall

execution of the plan. The Water Technology Advisory

Committee, with stakeholder membership, will oversee

the implementation of the plan. It will establish and

review performance metrics and provide advice on

the portfolio of projects. The Committee will advise the

Program Manager and will report to the National S&T

Plan Supervisory Committee, which will oversee all of

the Strategic Technology Programs.



Introduction

BackgroundKing Abdulaziz City for Science and

Technology (KACST) was directed

by its charter of 1986 to “propose a

national policy for the development

of science and technology and

to devise the strategy and plans

necessary to implement them.” In

accordance with this charter, KACST

launched a comprehensive effort in

collaboration with the Ministry of

Economy and Planning (MoEP), to

develop a long-term national policy

Under the framework of this policy, KACST and MoEP, in collaboration with

relevant stakeholders, developed the national plan for science, technology and

innovation (STI). The plan outlined the focus and future direction of science,

technology, and innovation in the Kingdom, with special consideration of

the role of KACST, universities, government, industry, and society. The plan

encompasses eight major programs, depicted in figure 1, as follows:

1. Strategic and advanced technologies.

2. Scientific research and technical development capabilities.

3. Transfer, development, and localizing technology.

4. Science, technology, and society.

5. Scientific and technical human resources.

6. Diversifying financial support resources.

7. Science, technology, and innovation system.

8. Institutional structures for science, technology, and innovation.

on science and technology. In July

2002, the Council of Ministers

approved the national policy for

science and technology, entitled

“The Comprehensive, Long-Term,

National Science and Technology

Policy.”


Introduction

Figure 1: Science and Technology Plan

In the "Strategic and Advanced Technologies" area, KACST

is responsible for 5-year strategic and implementation

plans for 11 technologies:

1. Water

2. Oil & Gas

3. Petrochemicals

4. Nanotechnology

5. Biotechnology

6. Information Technology

7. Electronics, Communication, & Photonics

8. Space and Aeronautics

9. Energy

10. Environment

11. Advanced Materials

Each plan establishes a mission and vision, identifies

stakeholders and users, and determines the highest

priority technical areas for the Kingdom.

ScopeThe scope of the water program includes all water

technology research and development within the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The program involves KACST,

universities, industry, and government stakeholders.

KACST has overall responsibility for the development

and execution of the program.

The program's sphere of activity involves water-related

fields of technology that are significant to the Kingdom's

interests as expressed in the National Policy for

NST

IPRe

gula

tions

Science,

Technology, &

the Society

Administration

of NSTIP

Finan

cial

Resource

s

Human

Resources

StrategicTechnologies

Technologies Transfer&

LocalizationR & DCapabilities

Society

Private Sector

Research & Educational Institutes

Ministries andGovernmental Institutes

NationalScience,

Technology, &Innovation Plan

(NSTIP)



Introduction

Science and Technology. The program will also maintain a perspective on

worldwide developments and movements in the water technology field. For

implementation, the program will concentrate on areas of application and

projects that represent optimal utilization of resources with realistic chances

of successful outcomes. The program scope includes technology transfer and

localization, and R&D needed to follow-on to or enhance the localization.

Although program products may include contributions to knowledge, the

emphasis is on applied R&D rather than basic research. The program's

technology areas and research and development (R&D) projects are outlined

in this plan. The program's main deliverables are water technologies and the

establishment of international collaborative networks to enhance the research

capacity within the Kingdom.

Plan Development ProcessThe development of this plan began with identifying the stakeholders and

users of water technology research and innovation in the Kingdom, creating

vision and mission statements, and conducting background research on the

current position of the Kingdom in water technology and on the role of other

water technology research institutes around the world. Figure 2 illustrates

the elements of this process.


Stakeholders Needs Analysis / SWOT Analysis

Vision / Mission / Values

Projects

Cascading

Targets

Measures

Objectives

Perspectives / Themes

Program Core Plans

Scope / Time / Cost /

Quality / Integration

Projects Portfolio

Core & Support Plans

Support PlansHR / Commu / Risk / Procu

Preliminary Analysis

Higher Strategy

StrategicManagement /

PerformanceEvaluation

(Balanced Scorecard)

Program Management

Portfolio Management

Project Management

Methods - Examples:

• Workshops

• Interviews

• Group Analysis

• SWOT Analysis

• Gap Analysis

Tools - Examples:

• Brainstorming

• Questionaires

• Mind Maps

• Decision-making Tech

Tools & Techniques

Defined in Portfolio &

Program Management

Standards (PM)

Stra

tegi

c A

lignm

ent

Fram

ewor

k

Figure 2: Roadmap Development Methodology

Introduction



KSA Water Technology R&D NeedsThe workshops conducted during

the development of this plan

identified a wide number of water

technology research and innovation

needs for the Kingdom. These

included needs from the water

technology sector, water industry,

several government agencies, and

universities. Improved KSA water

technologies are needed to:

Strategic Context

Provide adequate water supplies for human, agricultural and industrial use

Support national self-reliance in water-related research and development

and reduce dependence on foreign technology.

Improve the price/value efficiency of water production and treatment.

Develop a domestic water technology industry that will contribute to national

economic performance and will provide employment opportunities.

Because water is so vital to the Kingdom, having a strong technological

capability in domestic water industry is both a national security and economic

imperative.

A number of areas were identified where policies need to be changed or

barriers removed to facilitate the development and localization of water

technologies. These include:

Policies to facilitate R&D collaboration between KACST, government

agencies, universities, and industry.

Expanded human resources for water technology R&D.

Improved knowledge of international technology developments.

Expanded international collaboration, including cooperation between

Saudi universities and world universities.

Small business contracting preferences to support innovative small

companies.


Strategic Context

Stakeholders RolesThe stakeholders for the water technology program

include KACST, universities, various independent

specialized research institutes, and other government

agencies.

Table 1: Stakeholders and their roles

Stakeholders Role

KACST

Program management and coordination, including developing an integrated program management system

Program technical development

Conducting infrastructure research and studies

Providing qualified human resources, including researchers and experts

Providing financial resources

Providing equipments and laboratories

Universities

Create new basic and applied scientific knowledge

Train students in science and engineering

Host and participate in Technology Innovation Centers

Participate in collaborative projects

Independent or Government Specialized Research Centers

Creating new applied scientific knowledge

Participating in collaborative projects

Ministries and Government Agencies

Operational and implementation projects

Provide input to program on government R&D needs

Reduce regulatory and procedural barriers to R&D and innovation

Support R&D in universities and industry

Private Sector

Develop and commercialize products & processes resulting from the program.

Communicate company needs to program

Support and participate in collaborative R&D projects.

Support and participate in the Technology Innovation Centers

Strategic Priorities for Water Technology ProgramStrategic Priorities for Water Technology Program1�


Strategic Context

Analysis of Comparable Water R&D InstitutesAs part of the background work for this plan, the planning

team reviewed several other water research laboratories

around the world, which were selected to include a mix

of government-supported laboratories with functions

similar to those of the KACST’s water program. These

included:

The National Water Research Institute, Canada.

The Japan Water Research Center.

The National Hydraulic Research Institute of

Malaysia.

The Institute for Water Research, South Africa.

The U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of

Reclamation, and Sandia National Laboratories.

Various water related R&D activities in Australia.

These institutes are working on a range of technical areas

similar to those considered for this plan, including:

Thermal desalination.

Membrane desalination.

Hybrid desalination.

Membrane treatment.

Chemical treatment.

Ionic exchange.

Disinfection.

Filtration.

Biological treatment.

Biological membrane treatment.

Chemophysical treatment.

Advanced treatment.

Water conservation.

Water reuse and recycling.

Groundwater recharge.

Rain harvest.

Cloud seeding.

A full description of these laboratories’ programs can be

found in a separate document.1

Analysis of Water Technologies Publications and PatentsThe overall field, “water technologies”, as well as sub-

topics, were defined in close consultation with KACST

researchers and other KSA stakeholders who provided

detailed lists of keyword terms that were used to develop

search queries for publication and patent databases.�

Water technologies R&D is a multidisciplinary field that

spans many research areas, including environmental

engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering,

geosciences, microbiology, meteorology, and materials

sciences. The KSA water technologies program identifies

four major application sub-topics: water desalination,

drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, and

water resources management. The scope of this analysis

was restricted to only recent publication (2005-2007)

and patent (2002-2006) activity in the four KACST-

defined fields.

There is general agreement that publications and patents

strongly correlate with scientific research capacity, although

publication and patent counts alone do not fully represent

the quality or scope of research. Nonetheless, publication

and patent activity have long been used as indicators

for knowledge creation and research output.� Several

indicators, including forward citations (the frequency

1 Strategic Review: Information Technology. Report prepared by SRI International for KACST.

2 ISI Web of Science and Delphion were queried for scientific publication and U.S. patent application data, respectively. The ISI Web of Science is a database of articles

in major scientific journals from around the world. Delphion is a searchable database of global patent activity, including the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).

The USPTO is one of the world’s major granters of patents. Because the U.S. market is large, most important inventions from around the world are patented there.

� Seminal research in the use of publications as a measure of scientific productivity includes A.J. Lotka, “The frequency distribution of scientific productivity,” Journal

of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol 16 (1926); D. Price, Little Science, Big Science, (New York: Columbia university Press, 1963); J.R. Cole and S Cole, Social

Stratification in Science, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973); J. Gaston, The reward system in British and American science, (New York: John Wiley (1978);

and M.F. Fox, “Publication productivity among scientists: a critical review,” Social Studies of Science, vol 13, 1983.


Strategic Context

4 Throughout this report, “water technologies” is defined by the keyword and sub-topic definitions provided by KACST.

5 A publication is assigned to a country if any of the publication’s author’s affiliations are located in that country. Because publications often have multiple authors, a

single publication may be assigned to multiple countries. Aggregate figures, such as total global publication output, count each publication only once, but adding up

sub-totals may yield a result larger than the reported total due to multiple counting.

at which publications and patents are cited by others),

a measure of impact, and co-authoring relationships,

an indicator of scientific collaboration, are presented

below. Together, these indicators provide measures of

collaboration, globalization and impact of science and

technology research in fields related to the KSA water

technologies program.

Global Water Technologies Publication Activity

Between 2005 and 2007, there were 10587 articles

published worldwide related to KSA research priorities

in wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, water

resources management, and water desalination.4

The United States was the world’s largest producer of

related articles, generating 2240 articles over this period.

The People’s Republic of China was a distant second,

producing 924 articles followed by Spain and Germany

with 589 and 574 articles respectively. Figure 3 shows the

number of publications produced by selected countries

over this period.� Saudi Arabia was tied for the 48th largest

producer of water technologies publications, producing 31

articles. Overall, Saudi Arabia produces a small fraction

of the world’s water technologies publications.

Figure 3: Water Technologies Publications (2005 - 2007)

UK�16 USA

��40

Italy��0

Mexico

Spain�89

Peoples R. China9�4

Canada49�

South Korea�77

Germany�74

Israel

Brazil

Australia�80France

4�6

Greece

India4��Taiwan

Japan496

SwedenSaudiArabia

Turkey�46

Belgium



Strategic Context

7 Benchmark countries include global leaders in terms of total water technologies publication output in addition to a list of specific countries provided by KACST.

As shown in table 2, wastewater treatment accounts for the majority of water

technologies related publications worldwide (4,551) followed by drinking

water treatment (2,666), water resources management (2,624) and water

desalination (746). Desalination publications account for almost half of Saudi

Arabia’s water technologies publication output and Saudi Arabia is ranked

24th in the production of desalination technology publications.

Sub-Topic Publications

Wastewater Treatment 4��1

Drinking Water Treatment �666

Water Resources Management �6�4

Water Desalination 746

Table 2: Water Technologies Sub-Topics 2005 - 2007)

Benchmark Countries

Average publication impact is calculated as the number of citations of articles

from a particular country divided by the total number of articles published by

authors from that country. For instance, a country that published 50 articles

that were cited 100 times would have an average publication impact of two.

Between 2005 and 2007, Switzerland had the highest average publication

impact

of all countries at 4.96 followed by Germany (3.40), France (2.63), and the

Netherlands (2.55). The average publication impact for Saudi Arabia was

0.55 with 17 citations of 31 articles. Table 3 presents publication and citation

counts for benchmark countries. 6


Strategic Context

Sub-Topic Publications

Wastewater Treatment 4��1

Drinking Water Treatment �666

Water Resources Management �6�4

Water Desalination 746

Table 3: Water Technologies Publication Impact (2005 - 2007)

Country Publications Total Citations Average Publication Impact

Switzerland 176 87� 4.96

Germany �74 1,949 3.40

France 4�6 1,201 2.63

Netherlands �87 7�� 2.55

USA 2,240 5,614 2.51

UK 46� 1,137 2.46

Argentina �� 1�0 2.31

Spain �89 1,284 2.18

Sweden 176 �77 2.14

Australia �80 76� 2.01

Saudi Arabia �1 17 0.55

Water Technologies Research Organizations

Water technologies R&D publications are produced

at thousands of research institutions in nearly 130

countries. As shown in table 4, the three institutions

producing the largest number of publications related

to water technologies R&D are the Chinese Academy

of Sciences (192), the United States Environmental

Protection Agency (107), and the University of Florida

(92). The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the number

one producer of wastewater treatment and water

resources management, publications while the US EPA

is the number one producer of drinking water treatment

publications. Kuwait University is the leading producer

of water desalination publications.



Strategic Context

Institution TotalAverage Impact

Wastewater Treatment

Drinking Water

Treatment

Water Resources

ManagementDesalination

Chinese Acad Sci 19� 1.35 88 46 64 4

US EPA 11� 2.38 19 86 1�

Univ Florida 9� 1.83 �6 �9 �6 7

Univ Texas 9� 1.99 �4 �7 40 4

Indian Inst Technol 88 2.26 �� 10

Swiss Federal InstituteAquatic Science & Technology

87 5.40 4� �9 1�

CSIC 87 2.87 �� 1� ��

USDA ARS 8� 1.99 �1 �1 4�

Tsing Hua University 77 0.97 41 �� 6 11

Harbin Inst Technol 74 0.74 �9 1� � 1

Table 4: Global Water Technologies Research Organizations (2005 - 2007)

International Collaboration and Publication Impact

For countries with a similar level of publication activity,

those countries with a high level of international

collaboration also tend to produce publications with

a high level of impact. In this study, international

collaboration is calculated as the average number of

countries represented per publication, based on authors’

addresses. Figure 4 plots a country’s level of international

collaboration (horizontal axis) against the average

impact of its publications (vertical axis). Countries such

as Switzerland and Germany, which show significant

international collaborative activity, also tend to produce

papers with a higher average impact.


Strategic Context

Figure 4: Water Technologies Collaboration and Publication Impact (2005 - 2007)

Average Level of International Collaboration

Ave

rage

Im

pact

USA

TurkeyCanada

Netherlands

India

Switzerland

Peoples R. China

Saudi Arabia

Japan

UK

France

Spain

Italy

Sweden

Germany

Australia

USA

Peoples R. China

Spain

Germany

Japan

Canada

UK

France

India

Australia

Italy

Turkey

Netherlands

Sweden

Switzerland

Mexico

South Africa

Thailand

Agentina

Saudi Arabia 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

6

�

4

�

�

1

0

Thailand

Mexico

South Africa

Argentina

KSA Collaboration Activity

As shown in table 5, authors affiliated with KSA

institutions collaborated on more than one article with

authors from Egypt (3 publications). KSA-affiliated

authors collaborated on individual publications with

authors from: India, Pakistan, Sweden, and the United

Kingdom.

Country Numbers of Publications

Egypt �

India 1

Pakistan 1

Sweden 1

United Kingdom 1

Table 5: KSA Publication Collaborators (2005 - 2007)



Strategic Context

Table 6: Water Technologies Journals (2005 - 2007)

Journal Publications

Des

alin

atio

n

DESALINATION 408

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 4�

FILTRATION & SEPARATION 11

JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 10

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH 9

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY 8

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 7

RENEWABLE ENERGY 6

SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY �

WATER RESEARCH �

Dri

nkin

g W

ater

Tre

atm

ent

WATER RESEARCH 194

DESALINATION 1��

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1�8

JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION ��

JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA 48

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 4�

CHEMOSPHERE 4�

JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 41

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 40

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY �6

Was

tew

ater

Tre

atm

ent

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY �97

WATER RESEARCH �96

DESALINATION ��1

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 184

CHEMOSPHERE 168

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1�6

WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 119

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 10�

PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY 10�

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 96

Water Technologies Journals

Table 6 presents journals with a significant level of publication activity related to KSA water technologies sub-fields

from 2005-2007.


Strategic Context

Journal Publications

Wat

er R

esou

rces

Man

agem

ent

DESALINATION 1�4

JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 67

AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT 6�

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 64

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES 48

HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 47

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 41

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION �6

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH �1

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES �9

Water Technologies Patent Activity

Between 2002 and 2006, there were 795 water

technologies-related patent applications filed with

the United States Patent Office (USPTO). As shown in

tabl e 7, the majority of these (509) listed at least one

inventor from the United States. Other countries with

a significant number of inventors include: Japan (59

applications), Germany (40 applications), and Canada

(32 applications).

CountryWater

DesalinationDrinking Water

TreatmentWastewater Treatment

Water Resources Management

Total

United States �� 174 ��6 �09

Japan 11 7 �8 1� �9

Germany 6 10 � �1 40

Canada � � 16 1� ��

Republic of Korea 0 1 16 9 ��

Taiwan � 1 6 1� �4

France � � � 1� ��

Israel � � � 11 18

United Kingdom 0 7 � 7 17

China 1 1 � 6 11

Table 7: Water Technologies Patents (2002 - 2006)

Strategic Priorities for Water Technology ProgramStrategic Priorities for Water Technology Program�0


Strategic Context

While the majority of the water technologies related patent applications

are defined as individually owned patent applications (518 applications)

by the United States Patent Office, some corporations are designated as

the patent assignee on a number of applications. These organizations have

demonstrated their involvement in water technology innovation and could be

future targets for collaborative outreach efforts. As shown in table 8, General

Electric Company is listed as the patent assignee on six water technologies

applications, followed by Aqua-Aerobic Systems Inc. (4 applications), Eastman

Kodak Company (4 applications), and CH2M Hill Inc. (3 applications).

USTPO Assignee No. of Patents Apps.

Individually Owned Patents �18

General Electric Company 6

Aqua-Aerobic Systems Inc. 4

Eastman Kodak Company 4

CH2M Hill Inc. �

Table 8: Leading Water Technologies Patent Assignees (2002 - 2006)

SWOT Analysis for Water Technology ProgramThis section presents a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and

threats) analysis of the Saudi Arabian Water Technology Program. In a SWOT

analysis strengths and weaknesses are defined as internal to the organization

while opportunities and threats are defined as external to the organization.

For the purpose of this analysis, the “organization” is the water technologies

program, including KACST, universities, and other government agencies.


Strategic Context

Table 9: SWOT Analysis

Helpful Harmful

Internal Strengths:

High national priority given to water-related

issues (e.g. First among Strategic Technologies)

Availability of local multi-discipline expertise

Availability of a viable national water

industry

Weaknesses:

Lack of experience with technology

localization

Low equipment and laboratory readiness

Inadequate technical human resources

External Opportunities:

Increasing need for water resources due to

expanding population and industry

Availability of energy at favorable prices

Availability of vast shorelines

Need for advanced technology to address

remote areas water necessities

Threats:

Decreasing ground water levels

High rate of technological change &

obsolescence in the field

Price and quality competition from

international products

Strategic Priorities for Water Technology ProgramStrategic Priorities for Water Technology Program��


Higher Strategy

Vision KACST’s vision for the water

technologies plan is to achieve

a distinguished international

position in developing, acquiring,

and localizing water technologies

through the development of a

comprehensive knowledge and

economic infrastructure.

Mission To develop and localize water

technologies in the Kingdom

by building qualified human

resources and integrating local

and international partners. This

will enhance performance, reduce

costs and provide investment

opportunities. The program aims at

increasing national water security

and economic growth, as well as

contributing to society at-large.

ValuesTo achieve excellence, the program will develop an internal culture through

sound leadership and commitment to its operational teams that is rooted in

the following values:

Integrity.

Sincere drive for excellence & proficiency.

Creativity and innovation.

Teamwork and collaboration.

Loyalty.

Program Strategic Goals

The strategic goals of the program are:

Developing advanced local technologies for water desalination and

treatment at economical and competitive costs.

Developing lab bench-scale prototypes for technology products in the

selected areas.

Acquiring equipment and facilities in KACST Institutes for each strategic

project to support prototype development.

Establishing specialized work teams in desalination and treatment

technologies related to approved projects.


Higher Strategy

Integrating the efforts of related organizations, which

is a program management prerequisite for success.

Enhancing the performance of key public and private

sector players.

Reducing costs of water desalination, purification

and sewage treatment.

Providing new investment opportunities to the private

sector.

Promoting the role of science and technology in the

water sector.

Developing high-quality human resources



Technology Areas

The extent of dependence on the technology locally and regionally.

Ease of design and manufacturing.

Ease of use.

Potential for further technology development.

Future competitiveness.

Economy of energy consumption.

Availability of qualified human resources.

Low operation and maintenance costs.

Contribution to environmental protection.

Low cost of technology development.

Ability to form strategic partnerships as required.

Ability to attract investors.

High technology sustainability.

Selected Technology AreasThe technology areas selected were those that best met the criteria and have

the greatest potential for developing the scientific and technical capacity of

the Kingdom as well as meeting the urgent water needs. The following are the

selected technology areas:

Water Desalination:

Thermal Desalination:

Selection ProcessTechnology areas were selected

according to criteria that were

defined by the stakeholders in

alignment with the strategic goals

of the water technology program

and in keeping with the key needs

of the Kingdom. The primary

selection criteria were:


Technology Areas

- Developing high temperature scale control anti

scalants.

- Development of high temperature corrosion

resistant materials for evaporators.

- Development an innovative intake system.

- Improving performance of heat transfer surfaces of

thermal desalination process.

- Development of new design for thermal desalination

plants (multi stage flash, multi effect distillation , electro

dialysis).

- Developing commercially viable solar assisted

desalination plants.

Membrane Desalination:

- Develop a feedwater recovery system for membrane

desalination.

- Develop a process to reduce/ recover energy.

- Development of membranes with high resistance to

organic and inorganic fouling.

- Development of anti corrosion membrane materials.

Hybrid Desalination:

- Develop a cost effective hybrid multi-stage flash and

multi-effect evaporation system.

- Develop a cost effective hybrid multi-stage flash and

reverse osmosis system.

- Develop a cost effective hybrid reverse osmosis and

electrodialysis system.


nanomembrane system.


solar energy system.

Drinking Water Treatment:

Membrane Treatment:

- Development of reverse osmosis pretreatment

processes.

- Development of micro, ultra, and nano filtration

membrane material and processes.

Chemical Treatment:

- Development of local chemicals for hardness

removal.

- Exploring the use local material for production of

activated carbon.

Ionic Exchange:

- Synthesis organic or inorganic ion-exchange

materials.

- Process improvements.

Disinfection:

- Developing disinfection processes using chlorine

dioxide, ozonation, and UV.

Filtration:

- Exploring and use of local naturally occurring filtration

material.

- Developing filtration processes.

- Process efficiency improvement.

Wastewater Treatment:

Biological Treatment:

- Activated sludge process improvement.

- Development of biological biofilter processes.


Biological Membrane Treatment:

- Development of anaerobic membrane bioreactor

processes.

- Development of efficient aeration system.

- Development of membrane material.




Technology Areas

Chemophysical Treatment:

- Development of coagulation chemicals.

- Exploring the development of innovative electro-

coagulation and electro-oxidation processes.

- Improvement of process design.

Advanced Treatment:

- Development of biological nitrogen and phosphorus

removal.

- Development of chemical/physical nitrogen and

phosphorus removal processes.

Water Resources Management: Water conservation.

Water reuse and recycling.

Groundwater recharge.

Rain harvest.

Cloud seeding.


Program Structure

Work on the aforementioned technology areas is achieved through a program

structure that starts with identifying specific implementation objectives

within three major program domains/perspectives; namely infrastructure,

core operations and value delivery. Performance indicators (and target levels)

are defined for each objective and then projects are identified to satisfy the

indicators. Stakeholders participated throughout the objectives, indicators

and projects definition process (Balanced Scorecard development process).

Program ObjectivesTo achieve the program's strategic goals, the following implementation-

oriented objectives were defined by the stakeholders:

Infrastructure

Develop human resources.

Develop organizational culture.

Develop effective financial management.

Develop work processes and systems.

Provide laboratories and equipment.

Develop knowledge management system.

Core Operations

Select technologies.

The R&D in each of the technology

areas will be conducted within the

parameters of a specific program

structure. The governance of the

research work will be based on (1)

program objectives, (2) performance

indicators, and (3) project categories.

The process of selection projects

began by considering the program

objectives and then performance

indicators and target levels for

each objective. Projects were then

selected to meet the targets.



Establish strategic partnerships.

Develop technologies:

- Conduct fundamental research.

- Conduct applied research.

- Build pilot plants.

Localize technology:

- Conduct localization research & studies.

- Build localization pilot plants.

Transfer technology:

- Assess ready technologies.

Value Delivery

Work with the incubators.

Work with the Technology Innovation Centers.

Work with the program beneficiaries:

- Provide cost/value efficiency.

- Provide job opportunities.

- Provide investment opportunities.

- Support environmental protection.

- Use national resources effectively.

Support National Goals:

- National self-reliance and security.

- Continuous development.

- Economic growth.

Performance IndicatorsSeveral performance indicators will be used to gauge

the progress of the broad program functions. Major

performance indicators include:

Percentage of HR requirements fulfilled.

Program return on investment.

Level of strategic objectives fulfillment by projects

and work processes.

Size of used knowledge assets (documented and

acquired).

Level of strategic objectives fulfillment by selected

technologies.

Percentage of activated strategic partnerships to total

required.

Number of innovations leading to new applications

through fundamental research.

Percentage of applied research resulting in prototypes,

pilot plants or applied solutions.

Percentage of pilot plants leading to production line

or solution.

Percentage of applied research resulting in localized

technologies.

Percentage of by-product technologies resulting from

localized technologies.

Percentage of localization pilot plants leading to

production line or solution.

Percentage of ready technologies leading to

production lines or solutions.

Number of ready technologies passed on to

localization and development.

Percentage of technologies, prototypes and pilot

plants adopted by incubators from total offered.

percentage of pre-incubation and production

prototypes developed with Technology Innovation

Centers (TIC) to total offered.

Program Project CategoriesTo fulfill the program objectives and achieve satisfactory

levels in the performance indicators for each objective,

initial program projects were identified by stakeholders

that can be divided into the three main categories outlined

below. These projects will be subject to evaluation

during implementation and possible cancellation or

replacement, if not satisfactory (portfolio management):

Infrastructure Projects: these are projects to plan,

establish, and manage the infrastructure required for

the success and efficiency of the program including its

Program Structure


Program Structure

human capital, knowledge capital, organizational capital, financial capital,

and other systems / resources.

Research & Development Projects: stakeholder’s representatives were

divided into groups representing each of the technology areas according to

their personal research activity and expertise. They considered worldwide

technological trends as well as local needs, resources and conditions in

suggesting these projects. The link to national goals and needs is achieved

through the alignment of the technology areas with those goals and needs.

These are projects to develop new knowledge and technology in each of the

selected technology areas.

Value Delivery Projects: these are projects to assist the program in

delivering value to beneficiaries or in working with incubators and Technology

Innovation Centers (TIC's).



Operational Plans

Project LevelTo maintain a high success rate in achieving the Program's projects, the

following actions will be taken:

1. Achieving the required maturity level at the program level by managing

and delivering projects according to internationally recognized project

management standards.

2. Establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) structure with

multiple tiers including the program level, organization level (stakeholders /

implementers), and the project level (PMO's).

3. Developing an effective process/methodology for project management to

be used by all projects. This process could be customized as necessary by

individual projects, but this will provide a standard level of excellence across

projects. The unified process will cover all core project functions including

scope, time, cost and quality management as well as project facilitating

functions such as human resources, risk, communication and vendor

management.

4. Training and developing the skills of project managers and supporting

them with implementing PM functions.

5. Ensuring that the Knowledge Management function identified among the

Program's infrastructure objectives (mentioned above) takes into account

learning and building knowledge assets across projects, both sequentially

and in parallel, and in both technical and project management domains.

As highlighted in other sections,

the Water Technologies Program

encompasses a large number of

projects including water-related

research and development projects,

infrastructure projects and value

delivery projects. Success of the

program is dependent on success

in accomplishing these projects.

At the program level, high-level

functions are carried out, but the

most important role of the program

is to support the individual projects.

This section discusses the actions

that will be undertaken at the project

and program level.


Operational Plans

6. Providing resource utilization efficiencies, such as

pooling human resources, facilities, equipment, labs and

automated tools among projects.

Program LevelAt the program level, a fundamental question that will

guide decisions and actions is "why is a program level

needed?" Areas in which program level management is

needed include:

Portfolio management provides benefits that cannot be

obtained by managing the multiple projects individually.

Examples of benefits include:

- Actions with effects across several projects; positive

effects to be sought and negative effects to be avoided.

- Decisions that can be exposed and handled only with

a program perspective.

- Risks that can be best addressed at a shared program

level.

- A Benefits Statement will be compiled for the Program

and a Benefits Monitoring and Management scheme will

be applied.

Governance that will be provided by the Program

to the higher national level(s) to ensure program

performance and progress monitoring.

Stakeholders management, to include:

- Higher stakeholders that cannot be managed/

coordinated at the individual project level.

- Assisting project managers, especially startups, in

managing their project stakeholders.

- Covering stakeholder interdependencies across

projects.

One of the most important aspects of Program stakeholder

management will be to facilitate, realize and manage

the successful and effective "change" that the Program

should produce.

The following sections provide specific examples of

concerns that will be addressed at the program level

through the portfolio management plan, technology

transfer plan, quality management plan, human resources

plan, communications plan, and risk management plan.

Technology Transfer PlanThe water technology program will follow internationally

recognized best practices in technology transfer. Key

elements of the program designed to facilitate technology

transfer are:

Involvement of users in the program design: this

occurs through user participation in the planning

workshop and user involvement in the water advisory

committee. It is well recognized that user involvement

in the research design leads to research and outcomes

that are more likely to meet the needs of users, and thus

are more likely to lead to successful innovation.

National programs focused on the development of

advanced pilot application projects: these projects involve

KACST, government agencies, universities, and industry.

Knowledge is transferred to companies in the course

of the project. This is a proven method for developing

technologies wich fulfill a specific need and can be easily

transferred to government or commercial users.

Use of university/industry centers as a major research

mechanism throughout the plan: industry involvement

in these centers (providing advice and funding) will

encourage university research to be focused on user

needs, increasing the likelihood of technology transfer.

These centers will also transfer knowledge to industry

though the training and graduation of students (who

have been trained on problems of interest to industry),

who then take jobs in companies or form their own

companies.



Linkage between the water program and technology

business incubators and other programs will aid the start-

up of new water technology companies.

Quality Management PlanThe water technology program will follow international

accepted quality management processes for science and

technology programs. Elements of this plan include:

Advisory committee review of the overall program

design and budget.

Competitive, peer-reviewed selection processes for

university-based research centers and projects.

Annual reviews of technology development projects

to ensure that milestones are being met.

Periodic (every 5 years) subprogram evaluations

conducted by a review committee supported by an

experienced evaluator.

Procedures will be developed for disclosing and

managing potential conflicts of interest among reviewers.

In many cases, some international experts will be used

on review panels to reduce possible conflicts of interest

and to provide an independent external assessment.

Human Resources PlanAs noted in the SWOT analysis, human resources are

a critical barrier to the success of the water technology

program. The availability of skilled people, including

both researchers and technical managers and leaders,

is likely to limit the growth and success of KSA water

programs. The plan will require substantial numbers of

water professionals, including additional researchers,

technical managers, and technical leaders at KACST, at

universities and at companies. A central task of the program

management function will be to address this issue.

To achieve the goals of the program, KACST will

need to hire or develop additional program managers

with the skills to lead national programs. To do this

KACST will need additional flexibility with respect to

compensation packages, speed of hiring, and ability to

hire international staff.

Stakeholders will need additional researchers and

software engineers with the skills to develop innovative

technologies. This will require broader changes, some

of which are outside of the scope of this plan. As part of

the activities in this plan, the water technology program

will:

Work with the other agencies to improve the quality

of undergraduate water technology education, especially

at regional universities.

Work with new universities to develop research and

education programs that especially match the Kingdom’s

water technology research needs.

Work to change policies to allow more international

hiring, to bring specialized expertise to the Kingdom.

Support training for researchers to become R&D

managers and leaders.

At the undergraduate and especially graduate level, this

plan is designed to help increase the numbers of water

researchers through its emphasis on university-industry

centers. These centers are designed to train new students

with research and innovation skills that are needed by

research organizations and industry.

Communications Management Plan The purpose of the communications management plan

is to provide appropriate information to the program

participants and stakeholders. One element of the

communications plan is to improve communication

throughout the KSA water research community and to

expand collaboration among members of the community.

Aspects of this include:

Operational Plans


There will be a public website with information on

program goals, accomplishments, funding opportunities,

and other news.

Periodic workshops will be held with users and

stakeholders to define future program needs.

Requests for proposals (for university centers, grants,

and pilot application development programs) will be

announced to the public.

The program advisory board will review and comment

on the program, and advisory board reports will be made

public on the website.

The program will sponsor workshops, conferences, and

professional society activities to expand communication

and networking throughout the community.

Presentations on the program will be made at national

and international conferences.

Another element of the plan is to define appropriate

communications within the management structure of

the plan. It is especially important that information

about risks or difficulties in the program, such as delays,

lack of resources, or non-attainment of goals be rapidly

communicated to higher levels of management. A

general principle is that management should never be

surprised by bad news.

Risk Management Plan The program presented here is an ambitious program that

will challenge the capabilities of the Kingdom. There

are several types of risks that could prevent attainment

of program goals, including technical risks, market risks,

and financial risks.

One source of technical risk to attainment of technical

goals is, as described above, the lack of adequate human

resources to implement the program. Approaches to

managing this risk are:

Adopting policies to attract people with the needed

skills. This may involve raising salaries and recruiting

internationally.

Delaying or phasing in some program elements if

people cannot be hired.

Expanding the pool of people with needed skills

through education and training programs, such as

university water research centers (see human resources

plan).

Another cause of technical risk is overly ambitious

goals. To address this risk the program should have an

independent review of technical goals to ensure they are

feasible, and to adjust technical goals if milestones are

not being met.

Market risk is that projects, while technically successful,

do not lead to successful products because of poorly

understood or changing market conditions, such as the

development of other technical approaches. A way to

address this risk is through:

Designing programs based on carefully considered

market needs.

Monitoring international technology and market

developments.

Continual readjustment of plans in responses to

changes in the environment.

Financial risk is the risk of funding shortfalls or of

cost overruns. The way to address risks in this area is

through careful program planning and monitoring, and

early identification of possible cost overruns. Another

financial risk is due to changes in the plan or funding

due to political or policy changes. It will be important

for the plan management to maintain communication

with policy leaders to ensure they are aware of the

accomplishments of the program and to get early warning

of any policy changes that may affect the program.

Operational Plans



Implementation of the Plan

Many aspects of the plan represent new functions, especially in developing

and managing national technology programs that include industry and

universities and may involve international collaborations. A major task for

the first year of the program will be, in addition to detailed program planning,

for KACST to acquire or develop the necessary skills through hiring or training.

Although it is critical to quickly initiate new research programs, it is essential

to build the skills necessary to lead and develop these programs, and to plan

them carefully. As part of the initial activities under this plan, KACST staff

members will visit programs of a similar nature elsewhere in the world to

discuss their management practices and lessons learned.

The Water Technology Advisory Committee will oversee the implementation

of the plan. It will meet approximately four times a year and review progress

in the program, which can be evaluated according to the:

Growth or establishment of technology-based businesses due to the water

program.

Amount of revenue and jobs created.

Successful importation of technology resulting in new businesses or

applications.

Movement of projects to incubators.

Water-related patents.

Within KACST, the water program

manager will be responsible for

the overall execution of the plan.

Some portions of the plan may be

managed by other parts of KACST.


Implementation of the Plan

Private sector funding of university and KACST water research (indicates

the value private sector places on university or KACST water R&D).

Number and level of presentations in international conferences.

Changes in policies (described previously) to improve water innovation

Number and impact of publications.

Extent of domestic and international R&D collaborations.

Number of water advanced degrees awarded.

The advisory committee will also sponsor and oversee studies of emerging

areas of water technology, to serve as the basis for developing new program

areas. This plan is intended to be a dynamic document that will be updated

at least annually and more frequently if required. In addition to the advisory

committee input, it is expected that workshops with the research community,

users, industry and other stakeholders will also contribute to both a continual

evolution of the plan as well as a stronger water research and innovation

network in the Kingdom.



Stakeholders ParticipantsThe program thanks the following

stakeholder participants for their

contributions to the development of

this plan.

However, They, do, however, bear

responsibility for the contents of the

final plan.

Stakeholders Representatives

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)

Dr. Omar Al-Harbi Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Quizani Dr. Khaled Alam Mr. Abdulah Al-Khaled Mr. Hamad Safiran Mr. Obid Al-Harbi Eng. Yala Al-Aseeri Eng. Munther Al-Sudis

Prince Sultan Research Center for Environment, Water and Desert(King Saud University)

Dr. Abdul Malek Al al-Shaikh Eng. Ali Abo-Rishah

Water Research Center (King Abdulaziz University) Dr. Omar Seraj Aburizaiza

Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) Eng. Ahmed Al-Arifi

Ministry of water and Electricity

Dr. Salh Al-Mogrin Mr. Helal Al-Harthi Mr. Ibrahim Al-Shabibi Eng. Sami Al-Youssef Mr. Abdullah Al-Mouhaethef

Appendix A: Plan Development Process

Table A-1: Stakeholders Participants



Stakeholders Representatives

King Saud University Dr. Ibrahim Al-Mutaz Dr. Abdulrahman Al-Dakheel Dr. Farj Abdulslam

King Abdulaziz University Dr. Mohamed Beirutty

King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dr. Alaadin Bukhari

Saudi ARAMCO Eng. Ahmad Al-Rammah

Planning Development Methodology

A strategic planning / strategic management methodology

was designed and implemented for developing this

program plan. Figure A-1 is a framework that shows

the methodology's main stages and components. Major

issues taken into consideration in developing this

methodology include:

Ensuring a comprehensive approach from higher

strategy to implementation level with clear strategic

alignment.

Maximizing the opportunity that the strategic

plan represented by this plan finds its way to actual

implementation through clarity of "next step" and

guidance towards execution.

Emphasizing focus and conciseness in representation

and avoiding verbose expression to improve understanding

among all parties involved with developing and

implementing the plan, especially given the program's

scientific / engineering setting.

Making use of proven methods and concepts in

strategic planning as well as project/program management

fields, including:

- Balanced Scorecards for linking the program's vision

and mission to its projects, developing a performance-

oriented strategy, and identifying program objectives,

performance indicators and projects in a methodical and

objective way.

- Portfolio management for ensuring optimal utilization

of available resources and proper selection and balancing

of projects as a continuous mechanism throughout the

life of the program.

- Program management to ensure that program-level

benefits are identified and effectively captured as projects

are implemented.

The above approach ensured that not only strategic

planning, but also strategic management requirements

and concerns are considered and addressed.




Figure A-1: Program Strategy Map

Achieve ourMISSION

Success withour

Stakeholder

whichdrive

toensure

we

theStrategicActions

that enableus to

execute

People andOrganizations

allow us tosupport the

OurResources &

Systems

Support: National Economy National Development National Self-relianceand Security

TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY LOCALIZED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP TECHNOLOGY

Conduct Fundamental ResearchEvaluate ReadyTechnologies

Build Localization Pilot Plants

Conduct Localization Research/Studies

Build Pilot Plants

Conduct Applied Research

Select Appropriate Technologies

DevelopOrganizational Culture

Organizational CapitalHuman Capital

Develop CapableHuman Resources

Effeciently UtilizedFinancial Resources

Develop EffectiveWork Processes Develop / Use Knowledge

Management System

Acquire Labs andEquipment

Information Capital

V A L U E S : I n t e g r i t y • C o l l a b o r a t i o n • E x c e l l e n c e • I n n o v a t i o n • D e d i c a t i o n

Utilized Incubators

Select Appropriate Technologies

TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY

Infr

astr

uctu

reIn

tern

al O

pera

tions

Ben

efici

arie

sN

atio

n

Utilize NationalResources Efficiently

Preserve TheEnvironment

Create NewInvestment

Opportunities

Create NewJobs

Deliver Best Valuefor Cost

VISION: To be an international pioneering and referential program in locating and developing energy technologies

through advanced working systems.



Portfolio Management

Initial Portfolio Formation

Water technologies R&D projects were entered into a

project portfolio formation process to form an initial

portfolio (subset) based on best utilization of available

resources to achieve the program's strategic objectives.

This included the following phases:

Phase 1: Evaluate vs. Strategy

In this phase, only projects aligning with the Program's

strategic goals were selected. These projects were

distributed into strategic groups (buckets), and the total

available resources were distributed / allocated initially to

the strategic groups based on strategic significance. The

program adopted a Project Distribution Matrix technique

for defining the strategic groups (buckets). Nine groups

resulted from the intersection of two dimensions having

three elements each. These are:

Strategic Technology Paths:

- Development.

- Localization.

- Transfer.

Research & Development Types:

- Basic Research.

- Applied Research / Pilot Plants.

- Product Development / Added Value.

Phase 2: Prioritization for Resources

In this phase, projects competing for the same resources

within a group (bucket) were prioritized from a resource-

related viewpoint. The Program adopted a paired

comparison technique for this purpose. Accordingly,

nine paired comparison tables were developed. These

are not shown in this plan but can be provided by the

Program/ERI if requested.

Projects were selected to the portfolio one-by-one

starting from the top of the prioritized list in each group

down until the initially allocated resource for that group

was exhausted. This resulted in formation of a portfolio,

but it may be unbalanced.

Phase 3: Select vs. Balancing Factors

In this phase, some projects were eliminated and some

new ones were added to those selected in Phase 2. The

goal of this process is to balance the portfolio in terms of:

Research vs. Development.

Long-Term vs. Short-Term.

High Risk vs. Low Risk.

Growth vs. Sustainability.

Outsourced vs. In-sourced.

Local / National vs. International.

Portfolio Management Process

Phase 4: Execute and Review vs. Strategy

As indicated, the portfolio formed so far is the initial

or start-up portfolio. Projects are then funded and the

portfolio is managed over the life of the program through

continuous reformation as active projects are evaluated,

completed, postponed or cancelled based on their

performance in:

Achieving the strategic objectives they were selected

for.

Achieving satisfactory implementation progress (in

terms of scope, schedule, budget and quality).

At the same time, strategic objectives may be adjusted

and resources may change, which will require portfolio

reformation.

This portfolio management process ensures that the

program is using its resources most efficiently. Without

an objective and methodical process, project initiation

and resources utilization is usually subject to personal

preferences, organizational political pressures and

subjective factors.

www.kacst.edu.sa

Tel 488 3555 - 488 3444Fax 488 3756P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442Kingdom of Saudi Arabiawww.kacst.edu.sa

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology

Doc. No. 12P0001-PLN-0001-ER01 DA

KK

IN 0

1 47

8 85

84

kingdom of saudi arabia - kfupm.edu.sa strate…technology areas 4 ... this process concluded that...

Documents