kingdom plantae - auburn university with words.pdfkingdom plantae multicellular most with...
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kingdom Plantaemulticellular
most with photosynthesis
cell walls (cellulose)
movement by growth, some w/ flagellated sperm
sporic meiosis (alternation of generations)
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Since we’re talking about plants (kingdom Plantae)
let’s review sporic meiosis.
Remember alternation of generations?
Draw a cycle including a diploid sporophyte
generation and a haploid gametophyte generation,
with the processes of meiosis and syngamy involved
in the transition from one to the other. Plants differ in
how much time and growth is spent in one generation
versus the other. The first plants had a gametophyte-
dominated life cycle.
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haploid
organism (n)
mitosis
asexual
reproduction
mitosis
syngamy
zygote (2n)
meiosis
gametes
SPORIC MEIOSIS - “spores are produced by meiosis.”
= “alternation of generations” - Both a haploid and a diploid organism exist in the life cycle.
mitosis
n diploid
organism (2n)
meiospores
2n
asexual
reproduction
mitosis
gametophyte sporophyte
sexual
reproduction
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Evolutionary trends: Several trends can be seen in the
history of plant evolution. A few are listed here, with the early
stages depicted to the left and later stages to the right of the arrows.
single-celled multicellular
asexual sexual reproduction
zygotic meiosis gametic meiosis sporic meiosis
isomorphic heteromorphic
isogamy anisogamy (oogamy)
homospory heterospory
dominant gametophyte dominant sporophyte
This last trend, a life cycle with a dominant gametophyte generation
evolving into a sporophyte dominated life cycle, is an important one
in the grouping of plant phyla.
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Definitions:
isogamy: gametes are all the same
anisogamy: gametes are not all the same
isomorphy: gametophyte and sporophyte look the same
heteromorphy: gametophyte and sporophyte look different
homospory: meiospores are all the same
heterospory: different meiospores, more than one kind
microspores - small
megaspores - large
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Bryophytes:
-A gametophyte dominated life cycle.
-No vascular tissue (and therefore no true organs).
-Small size.
-Sperm that must be dispersed in water.
-Restricted to moist habitats. (why?)
-3 phyla:
phylum Bryophyta – the true mosses
phylum Hepatophyta – the liverworts
phylum Anthocerophyta – the hornworts
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Bryophytes:
-A gametophyte dominated life cycle.
-No vascular tissue (and therefore no true organs).
-Small size.
-Sperm that must be dispersed in water.
-Restricted to moist habitats. (why?) lack of vascular tissue and
water required for sperm dispersal
-3 phyla:
phylum Bryophyta – the true mosses
phylum Hepatophyta – the liverworts
phylum Anthocerophyta – the hornworts
We’ll spend most time on Bryophyta and talk about the whole life cycle.
Then we’ll compare the other 2 phyla.
a superpylum
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Phylum BRYOPHYTA
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The haploid (gametophyte) generation starts
with a meiospore that sprouts into protonema
(the first stage of the gametophyte). It soon
develops leafy shoots and forms a mature
gametophyte.
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These are gametophytes of
Different moss species.
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Gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis.
Gametes are produced in a gamete container called
a gametangium (-ia).
Male gametangia are called antheridia.
Female gametangia are called archegonia.
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Male shoots with antheridia
in splash cups. What do you
think is the significance of the
splash cup? (dispersal in water)
Aids in sperm
dispersal
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Female shoots with archegonia
at the tips. Each vase-shaped archegonium
contains a single egg or ovum.
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From the fertilized egg (=zygote) within the archegonium, grows the diploid sporophyte.
It is still attached to the gametophyte. It consists of a seta and capsule. The capsule has spores
inside, formed by meiosis. The spores are aided in their dispersal by the peristome teeth which
are hygroscopic (move in response to changing humidity). An operculum and calyptra cover
the opening of the capsule.
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The calyptra is actually a remnant of the archegonium
and is the only haploid part of this whole structure.
See it here in the hairy-cap moss? Once it is removed
by wind, etc. the operculum can open to release the
spores. The peristome teeth move up and down,
helping to disperse the spores.
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Draw a Bryophyta life cycle.
Include:
mitosis, meiosis, haploid, diploid
gametophyte and sporophyte generations
meiospores, protonema, leafy shoots, rhizoids
antheridia, splash cup, archegonia, egg, sperm
zygote
seta, capsule, peristome, operculum, calyptra
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Phylum HEPATOPHYTA - liverworts
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The gametophyte of liverworts is a simple sheet-like structure called a thallus. It is lobed (like
a liver) and dichotomously (2-way) branched. See the rhizoids in the upper right?
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Liverworts have gemma (-ae) in gemma
cups for asexual reproduction. Each
gemma can disperse and grow into a new thallus.
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Liverwort antheridia are born on structures
called antheridiophores.
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Archegonia are born on
archegoniophores.
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Spores are aided in dispersal
by hygroscopic elaters. (the
corkscrew-like structures seen
with the spores on the right.
Sporophytes develop from
the fertilized egg within the
archegonium, are short, and
hang upside down
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Draw a Hepatophyta life cycle.
Include:
mitosis, meiosis, haploid, diploid
gametophyte and sporophyte generations
thallus, rhizoids, gemma cup, gemmae
antheridiophore, antheridia, sperm
archegoniophore, archegonia, egg, zygote
foot, capsule, elaters, meiospores
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Phylum ANTHOCEROPHYTA - hornworts
The gametophyte is a simple thallus and the
sporophyte, attached and dependent on the
gametophyte, is a horn-shaped structure.
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Spores are produced by meiosis within the sporophyte.
See the tetrads of spores to the right? When mature, the
Sporophytes simply dehisces (splits) to release the spores.
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Hornwort sporophytes release meiospores
through simple dehiscnence
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Draw an Anthocerophyta life cycle.
Include:
mitosis, meiosis, haploid, diploid
gametophyte and sporophyte generations
thallus, rhizoids
antheridia, sperm, archegonia, egg, zygote
sporophyte, meiospores, dehiscence