kingdom plantae plant morphology. plant evolution ancestor = charophytes member of the green algae
TRANSCRIPT
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Kingdom Plantae
Plant Morphology
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Plant Evolution
Ancestor = Charophytes member of the green algae
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Evidence that supports this idea:
1. Homologous chloroplastsSimilarity in characteristics d/t common
ancestry
2. Biochemical similarity
3. Similarities in cytokinesis
4. Sperm cell ultrastructure
5. Genetic relationships
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Problems associated with movement to land
1. Desiccation
2. Gas exchange
3. Support of multicellular structures
4. Spore or seed dispersal
5. Reproduction
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Alternation of generations
Two Generations:
1. Sporophyte stagea. Diploid stage
b. Sporo = spore (n) planta. sporopollenin
c. Spores produced via meiosis
d. Sporangium sporocytes (2n)
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Alternation of generations con’t.
Two Generations:
2. Gametophyte
a. haploid stage
b. gameto = gamete plant
c. gametes produced via MITOSIS
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Monocots
Dicots
Angiosperms ovary
Gymnosperms no ovary
seeds
Cryptogams spores
vascular
Bryophytes nonvascular
land
Sporophyte dominates life cycle
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Bryophytes(nonvascular land plants)
Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Anthoceros
Hornworts
Bryophyta
Mosses
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Bryophytes
Gametangia = structures where gametes are produced
a. Archegonia - egg cells
b. Antheridia – sperm cells
* Sporophyte cannot live independently
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Moss plants – gametophyte & sporophyte generations
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The Liverworts (Hepatophyta) - Marchantia sp.
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The Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
Anthoceros sp.
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Bryophytes con’t
Stomata
a. openings in leaves that allow for gas exchange
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Bryophytes con’t
Cuticle
(made of cutin)
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Bryophytes con’t.
No fundamental difference between above and below ground parts
- 2 cm tall
Still have a need for water
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Vascular Plants - TracheophytesDominant stage = sporophyteSpecialized organs
a. Stemsb. Leaves
- megaphyll- microphyll
c. Sporophylls: specialized leaf to house meiosporangia
- Many cone shaped- Homosporous & heterosporous
d. Roots- rhizomes
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Vascular plants con’t.
Branching increased sporangia
Some contain lignin
a. structural support
Vascular tissues
a. Xylem
b. phloem
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Vascular plants con’t.
Two types of growth – apical meristem
a. Primary growth
b. Secondary growth
Sperm still flagellated
Maintained stomata & cuticle
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Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes
plants w/ pipes
Broken up into two groups:
1. Reproduce by sporesCryptogams: crypto: hidden, gam: sex
2. Reproduce by seeds
Gymnosperms: naked seed plants (cones)
Angiosperms: seed surrounded by ovary (flowers)
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Tracheophytes- Cryptogams
Lycophyta Psilotophyta Sphenophyta Pterophyta
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Innovations of the Cryptogams
1. Roots- uptake water, minerals, nutrients, and gases
2. Vascular tissue- xylem & phloem arranged in bundles
3. Division of labor- specialized tissues and organs
4. Lignin- infused in xylem support against gravity
5. Hormones- regulate plant development
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P: Lycophyta
C: Lycopodiopsida
(microphylls)
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P: Lycophyta
C: Sellaginellopsida
Sellaginella – The resurrection plant
l.s. strobilus
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P: Psilotophyta
* stems only
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P: Sphenophyta
Equisetum sp. - Horsetail Aerial stem in c.s.
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Equisetum gametophyte & sporophyte stages.
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Equisteum strobilus (cone: compact group of meiosporangium-bearing structures). Left: whole mount and Right: cross section showing sporangiophore: stem-like structure bearing sporangium (container in which spores are borne).
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P: Pterophyta – the ferns Gametophytes
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Sori (cluster of meiosporangia) on the underside of sporophylls (specialized leaf that bears meiosporangia) aka fronds.
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Sori in c.s.
Note – indusium: layer of tissue protecting meiosporangia filled with meiospores. Annulus (head portion of meiosporangia) also present.
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Left: fern gametophyte (prothallium) with archegonia and antheridia. Right: sporophyte growing out of gametophyte. Rhizoids present.
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Vascular Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms – naked seed plants
• Angiosperms – flowering plants
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Seed plant characteristics
• Seeds
• Reduced gametophytes – microscopic
- Gametophytes develop from spores retained in sporangia of parental sporophyte protects female gametophyte from environmental stresses
- Gametophyte obtains nutrients from sporophytes
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Seed plant characteristics con’t.
• Heterospory– Megasporangia: produce megaspores that give
rise to female gametophytes• egg within ovule
– Microsporangia: produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
• sperm within pollen
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Seed plants con’t.• Non-flagellated sperm
a. pollen
b. Moved by water, wind, insects, and animals
• Egg cellsa. Called ovules located inside the
ovary
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Seed plants
• Purpose of the seed:
A. means of dispersal
B. Survive unfavorable conditions
C. Stores food for embryo
D. Protection from predators
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Seed plants con’t.
• Characteristics Maintained:
-vascular tissue
-cuticles
-stomata
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Gymnosperms
Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
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Gymnosperms
• Needle-like leaves
• Found in moderately cold & dry regions
• Direct pollination ovules NOT enclosed in ovaries
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i. dioecious: seeds & pollen produced on different sporophytes
ii. strobili: micro and megasporophylls
P: Cycadophyta
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Phylum: Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo biloba – single species in the phylum.
i. dioecious
ii. male pollen cone w/ 2 microsporangia (whole & l.s.)
iii. no seed cone ovules on end of branches
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Phylum: Gnetophyta
Welwitschia – found in the deserts of Africa
i. dioecious
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Phylum: Gnetophyta con’t.
Ephedra
pollen cone: note microsporangia (compound strobilus)
seed cone: will produce two seeds
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Phylum:Coniferophyta
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Conifer characteristics
• largest group of gymnosperms (600 spp.)
• most are evergreen, monoecious, trees or shrubs
• needle or scale-like leaves
• compound seed cones (ovules on cone scales)
• Simple or clustered pollen cone
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Needle-like leaves
-Curled bracts
- fasicle (group of needle-like leaves attached to a single shoot) bundled in a papery sheath
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Angiosperms
1. Produce seeds and flowers
2. Petals brightly colored to attract pollinators
3. Dominate the landscape
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The anatomy of a flower
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Flower anatomy con’t.
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Angiosperms con’t.
Pollination1. Pollen grain lands on stigma and
germinates2. Pollen tube grows down through
style into ovary releases sperm into ovules (egg cells)
3. Mature ovary = fruit4. Mature ovule = seed
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Pollination
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Monocots vs. Dicots
Mono Dicot
1. 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons
2. Parallel vein net-like vein
3. Fibrous root tap root
4. Flwr parts in 3 flwr parts in 4-5
5. Scattered bundles bundles in ring(in the stem)