Kingdom Plantae

Vascular Non-vascular plants

KINGDOM PLANTAEKINGDOM PLANTAE

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS ‘no plumbing’

TERRESTRIAL Mosses

The Bryophytes

AQUATIC Algae

Phylum Chlorophyta

Phylum Rhodophyta

Phylum Phaeophyta

P L A N T S

• Plants and algae convert light energy from the sun into the chemical energy stored in carbohydrates (sugars).

Carbon dioxide + Water Sugar + Oxygen + ATP

Plants also produce OXYGEN and use up CARBON DIOXIDE

Then use the glucose to create more energyInteractions with other organisms:

• Herbivores, Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, & mycorrhizae

• Insects, birds, and mammals

• Are the very foundation of life on earth:

ALGAE

PHOTO-AUTOTROPHIC (ability to synthesize PHOTO-AUTOTROPHIC (ability to synthesize carbs)carbs)

EUKARYOTIC (except for blue-green algae)EUKARYOTIC (except for blue-green algae)

CELLULOSE CELL WALLSCELLULOSE CELL WALLS

Most are MULTICELLULAR; also some unicellular, Most are MULTICELLULAR; also some unicellular, filamentous, and colonial algaefilamentous, and colonial algae

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS (haploid ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS (haploid gametophyte to diploid sporophyte)gametophyte to diploid sporophyte)

LACK MOBILITYLACK MOBILITY

ALGAE ARE FOUND IN THREE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS!ALGAE ARE FOUND IN THREE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS!

Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Prokaryotic algaeEukaryotic algae

Multicellular eukaryotic algae

What are the benefits of being Aquatic?Water satisfies most of the needs of a plant (ie):Water satisfies most of the needs of a plant (ie):

1 – Prevents drying out1 – Prevents drying out

2 – Lends structural support2 – Lends structural support

3 – Provides nutrients without having to move 3 – Provides nutrients without having to move around searching for themaround searching for them

4 – Accommodates the dispersal of spores 4 – Accommodates the dispersal of spores and the meeting of sex cellsand the meeting of sex cells

PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTAPHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA (the brown algae)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9eyK6C9nDA

• 1500 species1500 species

ExamplesExamples: : KELPKELP

FUCUS FUCUS (rockweed)(rockweed)

• Brown colour is due to use of a Brown colour is due to use of a brown photopigment ~ fucoxanthin.brown photopigment ~ fucoxanthin.

• Mostly marine, kelps are the Mostly marine, kelps are the largest type of algae largest type of algae (70+ meters!).(70+ meters!).

• Many have “air bladders” to Many have “air bladders” to suspend them in the water and suspend them in the water and keep the fronds in sunlight.keep the fronds in sunlight.

How Do We Use Brown Algae? How Do We Use Brown Algae?

What is thatWhat is that? ? Alginate is a colloidal product used for Alginate is a colloidal product used for thickening, suspending, stabilizing, emulsifying, gel-forming, thickening, suspending, stabilizing, emulsifying, gel-forming, or film-forming, as required. or film-forming, as required.

We harvest ~We harvest ~190,000 tonnes190,000 tonnes of the brown kelp each year of the brown kelp each year

WHYWHY?? So we can extract alginic acid. So we can extract alginic acid.

• It is also used to make It is also used to make toothpastes, soaps, rubber, ice toothpastes, soaps, rubber, ice cream, tinned meats, fabric printing, cream, tinned meats, fabric printing, and fertilizer etc. and fertilizer etc.

• Dentists use alginates to make dental impressions Dentists use alginates to make dental impressions of teeth. of teeth.

PHYLUM RHODOPHYTAPHYLUM RHODOPHYTA (the red algae)http://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=FYWD87C6rYU

• The red colour is due to use of a red The red colour is due to use of a red photopigment ~ photopigment ~ phycobilinsphycobilins..

• Mostly Mostly marinemarine. Often found in deeper water . Often found in deeper water (up to 260 m).(up to 260 m).

• 6,000 species.6,000 species.

• Red algae is important in forming tropical reefstropical reefs (coralline algae)

SYMBIOSISSYMBIOSIS

• ZooxanthellaeZooxanthellae: algae that lives in the gastrodermis of reef-building corals.

Algae provides food to the coral

(glucose from photosynthesis)

Corals provides

protection and

access to light.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4R0FqkywxE

• It contains Carrageenan, which is used for stabilizing chocolate, milk, egg-nog, ice cream, sherbets, instant puddings, frostings, creamed soups, etc.

How Do We Use Red Algae?How Do We Use Red Algae?

• It also contains Agar, which has the unique ability to form thermally reversible gels at low temperatures. Very Useful!

Carrageenan fights HPV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgphZdE5VeE

*As a laxative

What Is Agar Used For ?

*In drugs that need to be released slowly

*Used in the study of bacteria and fungi

*Used in cosmetics, ointments and lotions

*Used in photographic film, shoe polish, dental impressions, shaving soaps, and in the tanning industry

*Used as a subsitute for gelatin, as an antidrying agent in breads and pastry, and for gelling and thickening certain foods.

*Used to make cheese, mayonnaise, pudding, jellies, and frozen dairy products.

PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTAPHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA (the green algae)

•There are more than 7,000 species. • Widely distributed: found in fresh and salt water, damp soil, in lichens, and even in snow, ice, and rock.

They are theThey are the ancestor of land plantsancestor of land plants

•Been around for 2 billion years.

How Do We Use Green How Do We Use Green Algae?Algae?

Sewage treatment to remove inorganic nutrients and toxins

As Filters

Rubbing compounds (shoe polish)

Pest control (fleas)

• Organisms that drift on or near the surface of the water.

• Important algal groups: diatoms, golden algae, some green algae, & cyanobacteria

• One litre of lake water may contain more than 500 million planktonic organisms.

•67% of the global oxygen supply!!!

• Zooplankton eat phytoplankton = bottom of food chain!! PRIMARY FOOD PRODUCERS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ALGAEALGAE Alternation of Generations

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ALGAEALGAE

FRAGMENTATION: thallus/cell body simply breaks apart and the pieces grow into new individuals

ASEXUAL SPORES: ZOOSPORES (motile spres) or NON-MOTILE SPORES. The spores form a large gametophyte individual (see ulva life cycle p. 250)

MITOTIC DIVISION: occurs in unicellular plants (ie: zygenema)

Algae will grow anywhere where there is moisture!

ECONOMIC USES ECONOMIC USES OF ALGAEOF ALGAE

ChlorophytaChlorophyta PhaeophytaPhaeophyta RhodophytaRhodophyta

PigmentsPigments Chlorophyll a, b

Carotene

Chlorophyll a, c

Fucoxanthin

Chlorophyll a,d

Carotenes, Phycobillins

Food StorageFood Storage Starch Laminarin, oils Starch

Cell WallCell Wall Cellulose Cellulose Cellulose

HabitatHabitat Mainly fresh water

Most soils, coastal tropical seas

Mainly colder seawater Mainly warmer seawater

Some fresh water

FormForm Unicellular, filamentous, multicellular

Multicellular Multicellular

ReproductionReproduction Sexual Ro: alternation of generations

Asexual Ro: fragmentation or spores

Sexual Ro: alteration of generations

AsexualRo: Fragmentation or spores

Sexual Ro: alternation of generations

Asexual Ro: some vegetative

ExamplesExamples Chlamydomonas

Ulva (sea lettuse)

Volvox, Spirogyra

Fucus (rockweed)

Kelp

Porphyra (sushi)

Plumaria

Irish Moss