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Chola dynasty orChozhan dynasty(Tamil:, ) was aTamildynastywhich was one of

the longest-ruling dynasties inSouthern India. The earliest datable references to thisTamildynasty are in

inscriptions from the 3rd century BC left byAsoka, ofMaurya Empire; as one of theThree Crowned

Kings, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territory until the 13th century AD.

The heartland of the Cholas or Chozhas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled asignificantly larger area at the height of theirpowerfrom the later half of the 9th century till the beginning

of the 13th century. The whole country south of the Tungabhadrawas united and held as one state for a

period of two centuries and more.[1]

UnderRajaraja Chola Iand his sonRajendra Chola I, the dynasty

became a military, economic and cultural power inSouth AsiaandSouth-east Asia.[2][3]

The power of the

new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to theGangeswhichRajendra Chola

Iundertook and by the occupation of the maritime empire ofSrivijaya, as well as by the repeated

embassies to China.[4]

During the period 10101200, the Chola territories stretched from the islands of theMaldivesin the south

to as far north as the banks of theGodavari RiverinAndhra Pradesh.[5]

Rajaraja Chola conquered

peninsularSouth India, annexed parts of what is nowSri Lankaand occupied the islands of the Maldives.Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the riverGangesand defeated

thePalaruler ofPataliputra,Mahipala. He also successfully invaded kingdoms of theMalay

Archipelago.[6]

The Chola dynasty went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of

thePandyas, who ultimately caused their downfall.[7][8]

The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage ofTamil literatureand their zeal in building temples has

resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture.[3]

The Chola kings were avid builders

and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of

economic activity.[9][10]

They pioneered a centralised form ofgovernmentand established a disciplined

bureaucracy.

Rani Rudrama Devi(12591289AD) was one of the most prominent rulers of theKakatiya dynastyon

theDeccanPlateau, being one of the few ruling queens in Indian history. She was born, as Rudramba, to

King Ganapathideva (or Ganapatideva, or Ganapathi Devudu). though Ganapathideva had sons,

Rudramma was formally designated as a son through the ancient Putrika ceremony and given the male

name of Rudradeva. When she was only fourteen years old, Rani Rudramma Devi succeeded her father.

Rudramadevi was married to Veerabhadra,Eastern Chalukyanprince ofNidadavolu[1]

Despite initial misgivings by some of her generals who resented afemale ruler, she suppressed both

uprisings within Kakatiya territory and incursions by neighboring kingdoms with the help of others, most

notably Gona Gonna Reddy. An able fighter and dynamic ruler, Rudramba defended the kingdom from

theCholasand theYadavas, earning their respect. She was one of very few female rulers in south India

during her time. Rani Rudramma Devi ruled from CE 1261 or 1262 until CE 1295 or 1296???.

Among Rani Rudramma Devi's accomplishments during her reign was the completion ofWarangal Fort,

begun by her father, in the Kakatiya capital ofWarangal(one stone hill). Parts of the fort are still standing,

including examples of distinctive Kakatiya sculpture.She is the greatest queen of India,considering the

number of years of the reign,area of the kingdom,administrative and military capabilities and the general

prosperity of the populace during the reign.

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theSeunas(Yadavas) ofDevagiri. Rudra suffered defeat and death in his encounter with Jaitrapala I.

After Rudradeva's death and the imprisonment of his nephew Ganapati in the hands of theYadavs, his

younger brother Mahadeva ascended the throne and ruled the kingdom for a short span of about three

years (11961198 CE). He led an expedition against theSeuna Yadavas of Devagirito avenge Rudra's

death and also to release his son Ganapati. He lost his life in the battle.

Ashoka Maurya (304 BCE - 232 BCE) commonly known as Ashoka and also as Ashoka the Great, was

anIndianemperorof theMaurya Dynastywho ruled almost all of theIndian subcontinentfrom ca. 269

BCE to 232 BCE.[1]

One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India

after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from theHindu Kushmountains

inAfghanistanto present-dayBangladeshand the Indian state ofAssamin the east, and as far south as

northernKeralaandAndhra Pradesh. In about 260 BCE Ashoka waged a bitterly destructive war against

the states ofKalinga(modernOrissa).[2]

He conquered Kalinga, which none of his ancestors starting

fromChandragupta Mauryahad conquered. His reign was headquartered inMagadha(present-

dayBihar). He supposedly embracedBuddhismafter witnessing the mass deaths of theKalinga War,

which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. "Ashoka reflected on the war in Kalinga, which

reportedly had resulted in more than 100,000 deaths and 150,000 deportations."[3]

Ashoka converted

gradually to Buddhism beginning about 263 BCE at the latest .[2]He was later dedicated to thepropagation of Buddhism acrossAsiaand established monuments marking several significant sites in the

life ofGautama Buddha. "Ashoka regarded Buddhism as a doctrine that could serve as a cultural

foundation for political unity."[4]

Ashoka is often remembered in history as aphilanthropicadministrator. In

the Kalinga edicts, he addresses his people as his "children" and mentions that as a father he desires

their good.

Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 26 December 1530; sometimes also

spelt Baber orBabar) was a conqueror fromCentral Asiawho, following a series of setbacks, finally

succeeded in laying the basis for theMughal dynastyin theIndian Subcontinentand became the first

Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant ofTimurthrough his father, and a descendant also

ofGenghis Khanthrough his mother; hence, he identified his lineage asTimuridandChaghatay-Turkic.

He was greatly influenced byPersian cultureand this affected both his own actions and those of his

successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of thePersianateethos in theIndian subcontinent.[1][2]

ahr ad-Dn Muammad (Persian: , also known by his royal titles as al-ultnu 'l-azam wa 'l-

qn al-mukkarram bdshh-e z), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bbur( ). He used

the royal title ofPadshah.[3]

According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Baburis derived from the Persian word babr, meaning

"tiger", a word that repeatedly appears inFirdaws'sShhnma[4]

and had also been borrowed by the

Turkic languages of Central Asia.[5][6]

This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain

and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timurunderwent a similar evolution, from the

Sanskrit word cimara("iron") via a modified version *imrto the final Turkicized version timr, with -rreplacing -rdue to the Turkish vowel harmony (hence babrbabr).

[citation needed]

Contradicting these views, W.M. Thackston argues that the name cannot be taken from babrand instead

must be derived from a word that has evolved out of the Indo-European word forbeaver, pointing to the

fact that the name is pronounced bh-bor[7]

in both Persian and Turkic, similar to the Russian word for

beaver (bobr). Babur's cousin,Mirz Muammad Haydar,

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