Su

bstan

ceForm

ula

()

Su

bstan

ceForm

ula

()

Acetylene

Hyd

rogen chloride

HC

l(g)A

mm

oniaH

ydrogen fluorid

eH

F(g)B

enzeneH

ydrogen iod

ide

HI(g)

Calcium

carbonateM

ethaneC

alcium oxid

eC

aO(s)

Methanol

Carbon d

ioxide

PropaneC

arbon monoxid

eC

O(g)

Silver chloride

AgC

l(s)D

iamond

C(s)

Sodium

bicarbonateE

thaneSod

ium carbonate

Ethanol

Sodium

chloride

NaC

l(s)E

thyleneSucrose

Glucose

Water

Hyd

rogen bromid

eH

Br(g)

Water vapor

-241.8

H2 O

(g)-

36.23-

285.8H

2 O(l)

-1273

C6 H

12 O6 (s)

-2221

C12 H

22 O11 (s)

52.30C

2 H4 (g)

-410.9

-277.7

C2 H

5 OH

(l)-

1130.9N

a2 C

O3 (s)

-84.68

C2 H

6 (g)-

947.7N

aHC

O3 (s)

1.88-

127.0-

110.5-

103.85C

3 H8 (g)

-393.5

CO

2 (g)-

238.6C

H3 O

H(l)

-635.5

-74.8

CH

4 (g)-

1207.1C

aCO

3 (s)25.9

49.0C

6 H6 (l)

-268.6

-46.19

NH

3 (g)-

92.30226.7

C2 H

2 (g)

kJ/m

olk

J/mol

≤H

f °≤

Hf °

TAB

LE 5.3Stan

dard

Enth

alpies o

f Form

ation

, at 298 K

≤H

f °,

©2003 by Prentice H

all,Inc.A

Pearson Com

pany

Figure Num

ber:05 T03 B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

05_T03

(a)

(c)

(b)

h

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 05 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVL0

H2O(l)

�E � 0 �E � 0

H2(g), O2(g)

Inte

rnal

ene

rgy,

E

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 06 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVM0

�E � 0Surroundings

System

Work w � 0

Heat q � 0

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 07 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVN0

Sign

Con

vention

for q:S

ign of and

and

The sign of

depend

s on the magnitud

es of qand

wand

The sign of

depend

s on the magnitud

es of qand

wand

¢E

60

w6

0:q

60

¢E

w7

0:q

60

¢E

w6

0:q

70

¢E

70

w7

0:q

70

≤E

�q

�w

TAB

LE 5.1Sig

n C

on

ventio

ns U

sed an

d th

e Relatio

nsh

ip A

mo

ng

q,w, an

d ≤

E

Sign

Con

vention

for w:

Work is d

one by the surroundings

on the system

Work is d

one by the system on

the surroundings

w6

0:

w7

0: Heat is transferred

from the

surroundings to the system

Heat is transferred

from the

system to the surround

ingsq

60:

q7

0:

©2003 by Prentice H

all,Inc.A

Pearson Com

pany

Figure Num

ber:05 T01 B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

05_T01

50gH

2 O (l)

25°C

Cooling

50gH

2 O (s)

0°C

50gH

2 O (l)

100°C

Heating

©2003 by Prentice H

all,Inc.A

Pearson Com

pany

Figure Num

ber:05 09 B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

AA

AU

AVO

0

Charged battery

Discharged battery

Energylost bybattery

Heat

Heat

Work�E

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 10 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVP0

H2 gas

plus originalatm

osphere

HC

l solutionZ

n

Zn

HC

l solution

(a)(b)

©2003 by Prentice H

all,Inc.A

Pearson Com

pany

Figure Num

ber:05 11 a,b B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

AA

CQ

JBM

0

�H

� 0

End

othermic

Su

rroun

din

gs

�H

� 0

Exotherm

ic

Su

rroun

din

gs

System

Heat

System

Heat©

2003 by Prentice Hall,Inc.

A Pearson C

ompany

Figure Num

ber:05 12 B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

AA

AU

AVQ

0

Cross-sectional

area � A

Initialstate

Finalstate

Volum

echange

P �

F/AP

� F/A

�V

�h

hi

hf

©2003 by Prentice H

all,Inc.A

Pearson Com

pany

Figure Num

ber:05 13 B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

AA

AU

AVR

0

CO2(g) � 2H2O(l)

�H2 �890 kJ

�H1 ��890 kJ

CH4(g) � 2O2(g)

Ent

halp

y

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 16 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVT0

Thermometer

Glass stirrer

Cork stopper

Two Styrofoam®

cups nestedtogether containingreactants in solution

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 18 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVV0

Motorized stirrer

Electrical leads forigniting sample

Thermometer

� �

Insulated container

O2 inlet

Bomb(reaction chamber)

Fine wire in contactwith sample

Cup holding sample

Water

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 19 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVW0

CO

2 (g) � 2H

2 O(l)

�H

1 ��

890 kJ

�H

2 � �

607 kJ

�H

3 � �

283 kJ

CH

4 (g) � 2O

2 (g)

CO

(g) � 2H

2 O(l) �

O2 (g)

12

Enthalpy

©2003 by Prentice H

all,Inc.A

Pearson Com

pany

Figure Num

ber:05 21 B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

AA

AU

AVX

0

�H

2 � �

1181 kJ

�H

1 ��

103.85 kJ

�H

rxn �

�2220 k

J

�H

3 � �

1143 kJ

3 Formation of 4H

2 O

3C (graphite) �

4H2 (g) �

5O2 (g)

Elem

ents

C3 H

8 (g) � 5O

2 (g)

Reactants

3CO

2 (g) � 4H

2 O(l)

Products

3CO

2 (g) � 4H

2 (g) � 2O

2 (g)

Enthalpy

2 Formation of 3C

O2

1 Decom

position

�

©2003 by Prentice H

all,Inc.A

Pearson Com

pany

Figure Num

ber:05 22 B

rown/LeM

ay/Bursten/B

urdgeC

hemistry:The C

entral Science,9e

AA

AU

AVY

0

Renewableenergy (6.3%)

Natural gas (23.0%)

Petroleum(40.0%)

Nuclear(8.2%)

Coal(22.5%)

©2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc.A Pearson Company

Figure Number: 05 24 Brown/LeMay/Bursten/BurdgeChemistry: The Central Science, 9e

AAAUAVZ0