KNM-ER 1470: Homo habilis (or rudolphensis)KNMKNM--ER 1470: ER 1470: HomoHomo habilishabilis (or(or rudolphensisrudolphensis))

RichardRichard LeakeyLeakey, 1972, 1972LakeLake TurkanaTurkana, Kenya, KenyaAge: 1.8 million yearsAge: 1.8 million yearsCranial capacity: 775 ccCranial capacity: 775 ccSignificance: LargeSignificance: Large--brained and initially dated at 3m years, 1470 brained and initially dated at 3m years, 1470

suggested an ancient suggested an ancient HomoHomo lineage. Even afterlineage. Even after redatedredated at under 2m at under 2m years, it remains the largestyears, it remains the largest--brained human before brained human before erectuserectus. It may be . It may be

sufficiently different from the smallsufficiently different from the small habilishabilis specimens (compare KNMspecimens (compare KNM--ER ER 1813) to rate its own species, 1813) to rate its own species, H.H. rudolphensisrudolphensis..

KNM-ER 1813 Homo habilisKNMKNM--ER 1813ER 1813 HomoHomo habilishabilis

RichardRichard LeakeyLeakey, 1973, 1973LakeLake TurkanaTurkana, Kenya, KenyaAge: 1.9 million yearsAge: 1.9 million yearsCranial Capacity: 510 ccCranial Capacity: 510 cc

Significance: The littlestSignificance: The littlest habilishabilisskull. It has a small brain but skull. It has a small brain but humanlike teeth, while 1470 has humanlike teeth, while 1470 has a large brain and less humanlike a large brain and less humanlike teeth. Which is the human teeth. Which is the human ancestor? Are they both the ancestor? Are they both the same species?same species?

Olduvai Hominid 62“Lucy’s Child” Homo habilisOlduvaiOlduvai Hominid 62Hominid 62““LucyLucy’’ss ChildChild”” HomoHomo habilishabilis

DonDon JohansonJohanson team, 1986team, 1986OlduvaiOlduvai Gorge, KenyaGorge, KenyaAge: 1.8 million yearsAge: 1.8 million years

Significance: The first long bones Significance: The first long bones definitely associated with Homodefinitely associated with Homo habilishabilisdelivered a rude surprise: a female delivered a rude surprise: a female smaller and more longsmaller and more long--armed than Lucy!armed than Lucy!

HumerofemuralHumerofemural IndexIndex::Homo erectus and sapiens: Homo erectus and sapiens: 70%70%Ape:Ape: 100%100%Lucy:Lucy: 85%85%OH 62OH 62 95%95%

sapiens

OH 62

Trinil 1: “Java Man”Homo erectus

EugeneEugene DuboisDubois, 1891, 1891TrinilTrinil, Java, Indonesia, Java, IndonesiaAge: 500,000Age: 500,000 yrsyrsNow forty individuals Now forty individuals

from Java locations, from Java locations, dated 1.8dated 1.8 myamya (?) to (?) to 3535 kyakya (?)(?)

W. C.W. C. PeiPei, 1928, 1928--3737ZhoukodienZhoukodien cave, Chinacave, ChinaAge: 500,000 yearsAge: 500,000 yearsCranial capacity: Cranial capacity: 1043 cc1043 cc

About forty individuals are About forty individuals are represented atrepresented at ZhoukoutienZhoukoutien

Zhoukoudien (Peking Man)Homo erectus

KNM-ER 3733Homo erectus/ergaster

BernardBernard NgeneoNgeneo,, LeakeyLeakeyTeam, 1975Team, 1975LakeLake TurkanaTurkana, Kenya, KenyaAge: 1.8 million yearsAge: 1.8 million yearsCranial capacity: 850 ccCranial capacity: 850 cc

This beautifully complete This beautifully complete specimen fromspecimen from TurkanaTurkana is is (like other early erectus(like other early erectus--like like fossils from Africa) fossils from Africa) sometimes classified as sometimes classified as HomoHomo ergasterergaster due to its due to its morphological differences morphological differences from Asian from Asian erectuserectus

KNM-ER 1808Homo erectus/ergaster

LeakeyLeakey team, 1974team, 1974East LakeEast Lake TurkanaTurkana, Kenya, KenyaAge: 1.7 million yearsAge: 1.7 million years

Partial female skeleton displays Partial female skeleton displays pathological bone buildup, pathological bone buildup, suggestingsuggesting hypervitaminosishypervitaminosisfrom eating carnivore liver. from eating carnivore liver. She must have been cared for She must have been cared for during her long terminal illness.during her long terminal illness.

Normalerectus

1808tibia

Kamoya KimeuKamoya Kimeu,, LeakeyLeakey team, team, 19841984West LakeWest Lake TurkanaTurkana, Kenya, KenyaAge: 1.6 million yearsAge: 1.6 million yearsCranial capacity: 880 ccCranial capacity: 880 cc

TheThe TurkanaTurkana boy is the most complete boy is the most complete of any early skeleton, and it has of any early skeleton, and it has enabled scientists to learn much enabled scientists to learn much about about Homo erectus/Homo erectus/ergasterergaster. It . It died in early adolescence but would died in early adolescence but would have reached a height of more than have reached a height of more than 66’’ at maturity, with a cranial at maturity, with a cranial capacity of 909 cc.capacity of 909 cc.

KNM-WT 15000Nariokotome or “Turkana boy”

Homo erectus/ergaster

A. L. 666 Homo sp.A. L. 666 A. L. 666 Homo Homo spsp..HadarHadar, Ethiopia, EthiopiaAge: 2.5 million yearsAge: 2.5 million yearsIs this the maker of the 2.5 Is this the maker of the 2.5

million year old tools at million year old tools at HadarHadar??