knot tying in rigging applications presented by: christopher g. lombard aced 4680
TRANSCRIPT
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Knot Tying in Rigging Applications
Presented by: Christopher G. LombardACED 4680
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Overview
Throughout history, ever since humankind invented rope, skill in tying knots and the development of rope has played a vital role in early technological advancements and the building of civilizations.
• Although it is still unclear when the first rope was made, evidence suggests that it was during prehistoric times.
• This is due to the fact that the first rope was made of natural fibers that decomposed and did not survive the ages.
• The first ‘ropes’ were formed from naturally occurring plant stems, such as lengths of vine.
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Overview
• In order for rope to be useful, our early ancestors had to develop some level of skill in tying knots.
• Fragments of rope have been discovered and dated back to approximately 15,000 BC.
• The early Egyptians were the first civilization to develop tools designed for rope manufacture and, thusly, have been credited with first mastering large-scale rope production.
Such ancient and rudimentary skills have seldom transcended the ages, however knot tying is one that remains pertinent to this day…
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Knowledge and learning objectives
Upon successful completion of this topic the student will be able to:
• Recall at least three of the four methods of preventing a rope from unlaying, as presented in the instructional materials.
• Recite the meanings and definitions of at least eight of the twelve terms
presented in the instructional materials. • Visually identify the five knots commonly utilized in rigging applications, as
presented during instruction, with no errors.
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Knowledge and learning objectives
• Recall seven of the ten basic categories and different types of fiber used to manufacture rope as presented in the instruction and course materials.
• As presented in the course materials and instruction, name the two
primary types of rope with no errors.
• Demonstrate ability to tie a bowline in the same manner as illustrated and performed during the course of instruction with no errors.
• Demonstrate ability to tie a square knot in the same manner as illustrated
and performed during the course of instruction with no errors.
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Knowledge and learning objectives
• Demonstrate ability to tie a figure eight knot in the same manner as illustrated and performed during the course of instruction with no errors.
• As illustrated and performed during the course of instruction, demonstrate ability to tie a clove hitch sufficient to prevent untying of the knot when a pull is applied to the line with no errors.
• Demonstrate the ability to ascertain and tie the safest knot under a specified application to assure that a load will be held most securely with no errors.
• Recall the proper technique for backing a knot to prevent its loosening or
unraveling with no errors.
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Terminology
In order to understand some uncommon and trade specific terms, we must review them:
• Back – to reinforce a knot, bend, or hitch with another.
• Bight – a pinch point or loop in a rope.
• Bitter end – the end of a rope.
• Coefficient of friction - a ratio between the force required to move one surface over another and the pressure exerted between them.
• Efficiency rating – the efficiency of a knot, expressed as a percentage, as it relates to breaking strength.
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Terminology
• Filament – fiber or a slender threadlike object.
• Frap – to bind something tightly.
• Fray – to become worn at the end or edges or unravel into separate filaments.
• Knot - intertwined loops of rope used to fasten one to another or to some other object.
• Strand – several filaments or fibers that are twisted, woven, or bundled together.
• Tail – a short portion of a rope adjacent to the bitter end.
• Unlay – untwist into the separate strands.
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Categories of rope
Categories of rope:
1. Natural fiber• Examples are rope produced from jute, sisal, hemp,
manila, and cotton.
2. Synthetic fiber • Examples are nylon, polypropylene, and polyester.
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Types of rope
Types of rope used in rigging applications:
1. Three strand – rope consisting of three intertwined strands.
2. Double braid – rope constructed of multiple strands woven together.
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rope characteristics
With regards to knot tying and rigging, there are important advantages, disadvantages, and differences between rope types that must be considered:
• Breaking strength (synthetics have edge)• Suppleness/pliability (nylon, polyester, and cotton best)• Coefficient of friction (natural slightly better)• Durability (fairly even)
As you can see, there is a fairly even split between natural and synthetic. Selection is dependent upon application and desirable characteristics.
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preventing unlaying
Methods of preventing a bitter end from unlaying:1. Taping or shrink wrapping (natural and synthetics)2. Heat treating (synthetics)3. Frapping or binding (primarily used on natural rope)4. Tying a knot
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Tying with a rope
There are three basic ways to tie or bind using a rope:
1. Knot - intertwined loops of rope used to fasten one to another or to some other object.
2. Bend – an intertwining of two rope ends.
3. Hitch – attaching a rope to a post, ring, or other, usually round, object.
Efficiency ratings of knots, bends, and hitches generally fall between 50 – 75%.
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primary rigging Knots
There is a combination of five knots and hitches that are used most often in rigging applications:
1. Bowline (knot)
2. Square knot
3. Clove hitch
4. Half hitch
5. Figure eight (knot)
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BOWLINe
Purpose/application: whenever a loop is required
Advantages: will not bind/cinch under strain, unties easily
Efficiency: 50%
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Square knot
Purpose/application: attaching the ends of ropes together
Advantages: quick to tie once proficient, not prone to loosening
Efficiency: 50%
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CLOVE HITCH
Purpose/application: attaching a rope to poles, rings or other round objects
Advantages: self cinching, easily tied/untied, high efficiency
Efficiency: 75%
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half HITCH
Purpose/application: used to hold a line, keep long objects upright, back up other knots/bends/hitches
Advantages: very easily tied/untied, self cinching, high efficiency rating
Efficiency: 70%
The Half Hitch
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Figure Eight
Purpose/application: used to tie down/secure objects, prevent rope from unlaying
Advantages: easily tied, self cinching under strain
Efficiency: 50%
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SUMMARY
Categories of rope (2):1. Natural2. Synthetic
Types of rope (2):3. Three strand4. Double braid
Important rope properties/characteristics (4):5. Breaking strength 6. Suppleness/pliability7. Coefficient of friction8. Durability
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SUMMARY
Basic ways to tie or bind using a rope (3):1. Knot - intertwined loops of rope used to fasten one to
another or to some other object.2. Bend – an intertwining of the ends of two different ropes.3. Hitch – attaching a rope to a post, ring, or other, usually
round, object.
Methods to prevent unlaying (4):4. Taping or shrink wrapping (natural and synthetics)5. Heat treating (synthetics)6. Frapping or binding (primarily used on natural rope)7. Tying a knot
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Review
A CB
DE
Associate the knots pictured with their names:
Square knot
Bowline
Half hitch
Figure eight
Clove hitch
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RESOURCES/REFERENCES
• http://listverse.com/2007/10/07/top-10-ancient-inventions/
• http://www.igkt.net/beginners/what.php
• http://www.2020site.org/knots/
• http://www.animatedknots.com/indexbasics.php?Categ=basics&LogoImage=
LogoGrog.jpg&Website=www.animatedknots.com
All Images sourced from Google Images.
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conclusion
Questions?
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The end