knowledge and local/global uses in warihio homeland

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Knowledge and local and global uses: the interaction between medications and medicinal plants in an indigenous region of the south of Sonora, Mexico. Jesús Armando Haro Centro de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad El Colegio de Sonora Knowledge and local and global uses: the interaction between medications and medicinal plants in an indigenous region of the south of Sonora, Mexico.

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Usos del medio natural en una region indigena de Mexico, con fines médicos

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Page 1: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Knowledge and local and global uses: the interaction between medications and

medicinal plants in an indigenous region of the south of Sonora, Mexico.

Jesús Armando HaroCentro de Estudios en Salud y

SociedadEl Colegio de Sonora

Knowledge and local and global uses: the interaction between medications and

medicinal plants in an indigenous region of the south of Sonora, Mexico.

Page 2: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Rural populations in Mexico commonly use a variety of therapeutic options:pharmaceutical medications, medicinal plants, remedies of animal and mineral origin, and a variety of symbolic resources and rituals are importantoptions for maintaining health and well being in these communities. 

Page 3: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Until recently, the Health Sector has viewed traditional medicine as a culturally based behavior associated with the lack of biomedical care options. However, in urban populations we find many, varied therapeutic resources of the so called “complementary and alternative medicines”, (acupuncture,aromatherapy, ayurveda, etc.). There is also an increasing number of stores that sell natural medicines where it is possible to buy many resources for a variety of therapeutic applications.

Page 4: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Tradicionalmente, los grupos indígenas han recurrido a la medicina tradicional como principal opción terapéutica, en la cual predominan los recursos vegetales. Esto ha sido posible gracias a un conocimiento local profundo y extenso de la flora regional y sus propiedades. Al respecto hay numerosas investigaciones que documentan este hecho entre los grupos indígenas de México, que conjuntan el colectivo étnico más numerosos del continente americano.

Currently, indigenous people use traditional medicine as their main choice, with a wide use of vegetal resources. This situation has been possible because of deep and broad local knowledge of regional plants and their characteristics. There are numerous studies of this fact among native people of Mexico, that are the most indigenous extensive population in the Americas.

Page 5: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

País Año Población total Población indígena% de población

indígena

México 2000 97,483,412 12,403,000 12.72

Perú 2000 25,661,690 9,000,000 35.07

Guatemala 2002 11,237,196 4,610,440 41.02

Bolivia 2001 8,274,325 4,133,138 49.95

Estados Unidos 2000 281,421,906 2,475,956 0.87

Canadá 2005 29,639,030 976,305 3.29

Ecuador 2001 12,156,608 830,418 6.83

Brasil 2000 169,799,170 734,127 0.43

Chile 2002 15,116,435 692,192 4.57

Colombia 1993 33,109,840 532,233 1.6

Nicaragua 1995 4,357,099 485,000 11.13

Honduras 2001 6,535,344 440,313 6.73

Venezuela 2001 23,054,210 345,813 1.49

Argentina 2001 36,260,130 318,683 0.87

Panamá 2000 2,839,177 285,231 10.04

Paraguay 2002 5,183,080 87,099 1.68

Guyana 2005 765,283 48,850 6.38

Belice 2000 291,800 45,000 15.42

Costa Rica 2000 3,810,179 33,128 0.86

Guyana Francesa 2005 195,506 15,000 7.67

Uruguay 2003 3,241,003 12,100 0.37

Paises sin reporte de poblacion indigena (1992-2006) 43,013,047    

Total   813,445,470 38,504,026 4.73

Page 6: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Nosotros vamos a abordar, a modo de ejemplo, los problemas actuales en la terapéutica tradicional en el noroeste de México, donde habitan varios grupos indígenas autóctonos y también, desde tiempos recientes, numerosos indígenas migrantes del centro y sur del pais.

Our presentation is about the problems on actual traditional therapeutics in northwest mexico indigenous people….

Page 7: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Nombre propio Nombre común

Grupo lingüístico Familia lingüística

HLI 2000

Poblacion 2000 %HLI

rarámuriTarahumara Yuto-Azteca Chihuahua, Durango 75,545 121,835 72

yoreme Mayo Yuto-Azteca Valles del Mayo, Sonora 35,490 91,261 38.1

wirraritari Huichol Yuto-Azteca Sierra Madre, Nayarit-Jalisco 30,686 43,929 83.9

o'dam Tepehuan Yuto-Azteca Chihuahua-Durango-Nayarit 25,544 37,548 80.8

nayeri Cora Yuto-Azteca Sierra Madre, Nayarit 16,410 24,390 80

yoeme Yaqui Yuto-Azteca Valle del Río Yaqui, Sonora 13,317 23,411 64.3

mahkurawe Guarijío Yuto-Azteca Alto Río Mayo, Son-Chih 1,671 2,844 67

o'oob Pima Bajo Yuto-Azteca Sonora, Chihuahua 741 1,540 54.3

mexicanerosMexicaneros Yuto-Azteca Nayarit, Durango, Jalisco 1,422 1,422 3.82

tohono odham Pápagos Yuto-Azteca Desierto de Sonora, Arizona 141 363 42.1

akwa' ala Pai Pai Yumana Ensenada, BCN. 201 418 52.9

es-pei Cucapá Yumana S.L. Río Colorado, Son. 178 344 59.9

ti' pai Kumiai Yumana Baja California Norte 161 328 56.3

m' ti-pa Cochimí Yumana BCN, USA 82 226 42.5

ko`lew Kiliwa Yumana Ensenada, BCN. 52 107 52.5

comcáac Seri HokanaCosta de Hillo y Pitiquito, Sonora 458 716 72.4

kikapooa Kikapú Algonquina Sierra de Sonora, Coahuila 138 251 57.5

TOTAL NOROESTE  202,23

7 350,93357.6

3

Page 8: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Acerca de los mahkurawe o guarijío, quienes poseen una trayectoria histórica singular, vinculada en buena medida a su condición serrana. Explica el aislamiento proverbial en el que ha sobrevivido esta etnia, una de las más bravías en el proceso de colonización española del noroeste mexicano y quienes hasta la fecha habitan dispersos en serranías contiguas de Sonora y Chihuahua.

About the makurawe or guarijío, who own a particular history, linked to their life in the mountains. It explains their ancestral isolation of their survival. Until now they live in the sierra madre of Sonora and Chihuahua.

Page 9: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

They still live in a traditional way, in terms of household and also due to their culture, but in many issues their life has change a lot…

Page 10: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Los guarijíos cuentan con agricultura de temporal, siendo su producción de autoconsumo, cultivando principalmente maíz, fríjol y calabaza. También practican numerosas actividades de caza, pesca y recolección, manifestando un saber muy detallado sobre los recursos que les ofrece su hábitat.

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Conasupo/abarrotes (45.31%)

Otros (16.80%)

Fuera-Región (12.11%)

Campo-Río (25.78%)

ABASTO ALIMENTARIOREGION GUARIJIO DE SONORA 1995

n=25

Local store food

Harvest and colect

interchange

purchased outside region

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Cuadro 40Grupos de alimentos en la dieta. Región Guarijío de Sonora, 2005

OTROS Café Pure de tomate

GRASAS Y AZUCARES Refrescos embotellados, JugosAzucar de caña refinada Miel de enjambre Aceite vegetal Manteca de puerco

Borrego PanelaALIMENTOS ANIMALES Jabalí Iguana Pollo Chachalaca

Carne de venado Carne de chivo Pescado Atún Sardina Huevo Leche Carne de res

VERDURAS Y FRUTAS Chiltepín UvalamasNopales Quelites Tempisque

Raíz de Jícama Cebolla Guamuchil TomateCalabaza Papas Pitahaya Chíchivo Sandía

GRANOS Y SUS DERIVADOS Garbanzo Atole de arroz Arroz Avena

Pozole Tamales Tepache Atole de trigo Atole de maízTortilla de maíz Frijol Tortillas de harina de trigo Sopa de pasta

Fuente: Elaboración propia, de acuerdo a información recabada en trabajo de campo. Proyecto SILOS-Guarijío/Makurawe. Componente nutricio, 1995 .

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Our studies (Haro et als, 1998) show that they present higher mortality rates than the population of the state of Sonora (3:1).

The main causes are violent deaths, obstetric and pregnancy cases, intestinal infections and other infectuos diseases, accidentes and acute respiratory diseases.

Page 18: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

0

5

10

15

20

25

1976-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 1990-1995n=116

Saneamiento-Atención Accidentes

Crónicas-Cáncer Muertes Violentas

Desconocida

EVOLUCION DE LA MORTALIDADREGION GUARIJIA DE SONORA 1976-1995

Page 19: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Edad Causa Causa CIE Categoría Residencia A. Médica Etnia Año

0 Espasmos 760-779 Perinatal Guajaray no mestizo 1976

0 Espasmos 760-779 l Perinatal Guajaray no mestizo 1979

2 Sarampión Infecciosas Los Bajíos no guarijio 1980

0 Neonatal 760-779 Perinatal Mesa Colorada guarijio 1980

1 Gastroenteritis 001-009 Infecciones intestinales Charajaqui no guarijio 1980

1 Desconocido 780-799 Desconocida Mesa Colorada no guarijio 1980

2 Gastroenteritis 001-009 Infecciones intestinales Todos Santos no guarijio 1980

2 Gastroenteritis 001-009 Infecciones intestinales Guajaray no mestizo 1980

2 Diarrea 001-009 Infecciones intestinales Los Bajíos no guarijio 1980

1 Tosferina Infecciosas Los Bajíos no guarijio 1980

2 Sarampión Infecciosas Los Bajíos no guarijio 1980

2 Gastroenteritis 001-009 Infecciones intestinales El Sauz no guarijio 1980

1 Bronconeumonía 460-466 Enf. respiratorias agudas Huataturi no guarijio 1980

3 Síndrome de Down Otras Guajaray no mestizo 1981

3 Gastroenteritis 001-009 Infecciones intestinales Todos Santos no guarijio 1983

5 Intoxicación datura Accidentes Mesa Colorada si guarijio 1984

11 Hepatitis Infecciosas Guajaray si mestizo 1984

Registro de mortalidad REGIÓN GUARIJÍO DE SONORA 1976-1995 (muestra)

Page 20: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Guarijío Mestizo Yori Hombre Mujer Totales Porcentaje

Crónicas 11 3 4 15 3 18 15.5

Muertes Violentas 8 6 3 17 0 17 14.7

Causa desconocida 10 5 1 8 8 16 13.8

Perinatales 6 2 0 6 2 8 6.9

Obstétricas 5 1 1 0 7 7 6.0

Infecciones intestinales 8 1 2 8 3 11 9.5

Infecciosas 9 1 1 5 6 11 9.5

Oncológicas 1 5 2 5 3 8 6.9

Accidentes 7 0 2 8 1 9 7.8

Respiratorias Agudas 6 5 1 6 5.2

Otras 2 2 1 3 2 5 4.3

Totales 73 26 17 80 36 116 100

Fuente: Registro de mortalidad, Proyecto SILOS-Guarijío/Makurawe Componente epidemiológico, 1996.

Page 21: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Our investigations carried out in indigenous regions in Sonorashow us that syncretism is the current choice of health care and that thedecisions about resources that are used are made in relation to a wide rangeof factors: the type of suffering and individual perceptions of thatsuffering, and also for situational issues (existence of services in thearea, interpersonal relationships, economic possibilities, causationattributed to the suffering, existence of health insurance).

Page 22: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

Our study shows that the different resources are used, not in an antagonistic manner, butrather in a complementary way that is practical and reflects localconditions. At the same time, we have found that there are many changesoccurring in health care options available to this impoverished region that are a result of ecological transformations and  immigration patterns.

Page 23: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

For instance, changing climatologically and productive conditions are resulting in a lack of medicinal plant resources that are accessible to  communities, thus,rendering these individuals more dependent on pharmaceutical, patentedmedications, whose cost is many times far from out of reach.

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• The introduction of cannabis harvest since the beggining of 1980 is the main challenge to their way of life.

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• En el caso de la atención a la salud, la introducción de los servicios médicos (desde 1979) ha modificado sustancialmente las prácticas de atención con la incorporación progresiva de medicamentos de patente, sin que se hallan dejado de utilizar los recursos tradicionales (principalmente las plantas medicinales y los rituales de curación).

• Sin embargo, la escasez de materias primas y la introducción de prácticas terapeúticas asistenciales aparentemente mas eficaces (por ser mas rápidas pero sin evaluar el costo a largo plazo) ponen al saber curativo tradicional en riesgo de extinción.

• En forma simultánea, se han venido introduciendo nuevos insumos para la construcción (lámina, cemento, ladrillo), así como tecnologías de aprovisionamiento de agua y energía (agua por tubería y energía solar). Aunque su magnitud es aun muy marginal amenza con modificar todo un estilo de vida plenamente adaptado a las condiciones de su entorno, para depender de insumos que proceden del exterior y que no son mas adecuados ni mas baratos.

Page 33: Knowledge and Local/Global Uses in Warihio Homeland

This takes us to propose the necessity that the local communitiesbegin to plan their development and collective health in sustainable andintelligent terms, with the support of experts who are able to engage withthese communities in a dialogue that respects both traditional andbiomedical knowledge.