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Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging Technology: Contemporary and Future Scenario in Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Development in India: Governance & Regulation Dr Sujit Bhattacharya Senior Principal Scientist (NISTADS) Editor-In-Chief Journal of Scientometric Research CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India *for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected] Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging Technology: Contemporary and Future Scenario in Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Development in India: hnology: Contemporary and Future Scen hnology: Contemporary and Future Scen Governance & Regulation Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Dr Sujit Bhattacharya Senior Principal Scientist (NISTADS) Editor-In-Chief Journal of Scientometric Research CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India * for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected] Nanotechnology Development in India: Governance & Regulation Dr Sujit Bhattacharya Senior Principal Scientist (NISTADS) Editor-In-Chief Journal of Scientometric Research CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies K.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India *for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]

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Page 1: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging Technology: Contemporary and Future Scenario in

NanotechnologyNanotechnology Development in India:

Governance & Regulation

Dr Sujit Bhattacharya

Senior Principal Scientist (NISTADS)Editor-In-Chief Journal of Scientometric Research

CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development StudiesK.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India

*for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]

Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging Technology: Contemporary and Future Scenario in

NanotechnologyNanotechnology Development in India: Technology: Contemporary and Future Scenario in Nanotechnology Development in India: Technology: Contemporary and Future Scenario in

Governance & RegulationNanotechnologyGovernance & RegulationNanotechnology

Dr Sujit Bhattacharya

Senior Principal Scientist (NISTADS)Editor-In-Chief Journal of Scientometric Research

CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development StudiesK.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India

*for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]

Nanotechnology Development in India: Governance & Regulation

Dr Sujit Bhattacharya

Senior Principal Scientist (NISTADS)Editor-In-Chief Journal of Scientometric Research

CSIR-National Institute of Science Technology and Development StudiesK.S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India

*for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected]

Page 2: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Outline of the Presentation

Nanotechnology– Promises & Concerns

Technology Development: Definining the Issues

Innovation Governance

Nanotechnology Governance: Different Country Approaches

Nanotechnology Governance: Indian Scenario

Final Remarks

Page 3: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Nanotechnology 

Salient Features

• Enormous Technological and 

Economic Potential

• Small in Size but  Big in 

Applications

• Capital Intensive technology

• Transformative, disruptive, generic 

& converging technology

• Size and scale dependent

• Knowledge intensive field

• Enormous technological and 

economic potential

• ‘Window of Opportunity’

for 

developing World

Concerns

• Technology & Market 

Uncertainty

• Return to investment

• EHS/ELSI Issues

• Direction and control of the 

innovation process

• Equitable and sustainable 

• Regulation uncertainty 

• Public Acceptability

Bhattacharya et al.2011; Bhattacharya et al. 2012; Jayanthi, Koen & Bhattacharya 

2012, Koen & Bhattacharya (Forthcoming)

Page 4: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Emerging  Technologies

Emerging 

Technology 

are    science‐based 

innovations 

that 

have 

the 

potential    to 

create 

new 

industry 

or 

transform 

an 

existing

one.

They 

include 

discontinuous 

technologies 

derived 

from 

radical 

innovations  as well as more evolutionary technologies formed by

the convergence of previously separate research streams.

Locus of  innovation  ‐‐‐

No longer a firm but a network of 

differentiated agents/insitututions

Many challangesTranslation of laboratory research to commercialisation:

Requires New forms of organisation, New modes of financial

support system …Various forms of uncernities/ concerns as the the said field is in 

an early stage of development

Page 5: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Science, Technology 

& Innovation 

Standard Setting

HumanResources

Institutions ?

Intellectual Property    

Inclusive approach

Governance(Risk 

Governance)

RegulatoryStructure

Trans‐border linkages

Funding Mechanism

Page 6: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Regulation and Emerging Technology

Regulation essentially relates to government action in the form of laws and

notifications 

with 

the 

objective 

of 

directing 

private 

action 

for

specific 

purpose or with certain aim (Brownsword, 2008).

It 

can 

be 

variable 

in 

nature; 

ranging 

from 

penalty 

for 

prohibited 

acts 

to 

that 

of 

providing 

system 

of 

incentives 

for 

preferring 

one 

kind

of 

action 

over another. 

Soft (incentive based)                                Hard options (prohibitions) 

Regulation 

is 

generally 

perceived 

as 

means 

by 

which 

risks 

can 

be 

controlled.

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Regulation in emerging technolgies brings new challenges to the existing 

regulatory structure in terms of its ability to adopt itself to the new 

technology.  

The 

presentation 

focus 

is 

on 

governance 

regulation 

challanges 

in 

nanotechnology,    approaches 

and 

examines 

them 

in 

the 

Indian 

context

Regulation is not restricted only to address risk concerns. We 

broaden the canves to examine  regulation towards addressing  

‘responsible technology development’

,  innovation governance.

Page 8: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Defining the Issues

Responsible Technology DevelopmentA development approach that ensures equitable sharing of cost, benefits and responsibilities  related to technology development among, developers, promoters, government, industry and users.

Page 9: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Technology Governance

• Science Technology and Innovation Policies  

• Capacity building

• Knowledge brokerage (science parks, industry parks, research 

platforms, …)

• Occupational health policy

• Public education

• Risk governance policy

• Societal dialogue

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Governance

Structures and processes for collective decision making Multi‐agency and Multi‐levels

Governing choices in modern societies is seen as interplay between   1)governmental institutions,2) economic forces 3)civil society actors 4) public

(Nye and Donahue 2009; IRGC 2011, Bhattacharya et al. 2012)

Page 11: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Innovation Governance

• Strategic technological choices to channelize innovation towards

socially 

agreed goals. (Green Nanotechnology, Sustainable Nanotechnology) 

• Linear to broader conceptualisation of governance (at every level of 

innovation value chain)

• Emerging Technology and Innovation Governance

• De‐facto governance and modulated policy Interventions

• Distributed innovation during early stages of technological development

• Not only upstream and mid stream but also downstream, closer to the end 

user

(Rafols et al. 2010; Stirling 2011)

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Risk Governance

Translation of the terms of governance to the context of risk related decision‐making (IRGC 2012; Roco 2010).

Sole focus on minimising the risks of harmful effects of technologies

Back‐end response to innovation (Rip 2010).

Presenter�
Presentation Notes�
Risk governance includes the totality of actors, rules, conventions, processes, and mechanisms concerned with how relevant risk information is collected, analysed and communicated and management decisions are taken. Encompassing the combined risk-relevant decisions and actions of both governmental and private actors, risk governance is of particular importance in, but not restricted to, situations where there is no single authority to take a binding risk management decision but where, instead, the nature of the risk requires the collaboration of, and co-ordination between, a range of different stakeholders. Risk governance however not only includes a multifaceted, multi-actor risk process but also calls for the consideration of contextual factors such as institutional arrangements (e.g. the regulatory and legal framework that determines the relationship, roles and responsibilities of the actors and co-ordination mechanisms such as markets, incentives or self-imposed norms) and political culture, including different perceptions of risk. �
Page 13: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Nanotechnology Regulation‐‐‐‐

Why regulate?

• The 

extremely 

high 

chemical 

activity 

of 

nanomaterails,  

because 

of 

the 

large 

surface‐to‐volume 

ratio, 

makes 

them 

hazerdous 

to 

human 

health. 

This 

concern 

is 

not 

only 

for 

biological   applications 

where 

these 

materails 

are 

injected 

in 

the 

human 

body 

but 

also 

during 

manufacturing 

and 

large 

scale  external use. • To anticpate and mitigate adverse implications or unintended 

consequences• Public acceptance of  nanotechnology innovations

( EHS and  ELSI)• Choice 

of 

applications 

and 

technology 

development 

value  

chain

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Nanomaterials

Nano Silver‐‐‐

Broad spectrumum biocide (thus any applications)

Concerns:  Ends up in soil and water bodies in ionic form, toxic to aquatic 

life

Titanium Oxide‐‐‐

absorb ultraviolet rays  & reflects most of the sun rays

at the nano scale –

transparent

Concerns–

produce ‘free radicals’

in the presence of light  that are highly 

reactive and shown to dmage DNA and cause cell toxicity

Carbon  Nanotubes: Hollow hexagonal cylinders made of carbon atoms that 

are among the strongest & stiffest materials around

Concerns‐‐‐

can cause damage/death of kidney cells; inhibit cell growth

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Page 16: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Generic actors and main linkages in nanomaterials  innovation and governance networks

Rafols et al. 2010

Page 17: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

European Steps to Nanotech Regulation

The REACH Protocol and the EU Action Plan for NanotechnologyEuropean Union regulation regulating chemicals and other substances 

manufactured in or exported to EU nations.

The REACH system establishes a single regulatory framework for the 

registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals coming to or 

from the EU. 

It will require corporations to gather and disclose information on the 

properties of substances which they manufacture in or import to the EU 

in an amount of at least one ton per year and to demonstrate safety of 

use.

Page 18: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Dutch Nano‐Dialogue Netherlands

Page 19: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Initiatives in Asian Countries

Country Key Coordinating Body

Supporting BodiesKey Legislations/ Code of Practices

Japan No Specific

Coordinating

Body. Council for

Science &

Technology

Policy- NT

policies

National Institute of Advance Industrial

Sciences

National Institute of Material Sciences

Chemical

Screening and

Regulation Law

China National Steering

committee for

Nanoscience &

Nanotechnology

-Ministry of Science and Technology

-Ministry of Education

-Chinese Academy of Sciences

-National Natural Science Foundation of China

Page 20: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Chinese Initiatives towards Nanotechnology Risk 

Governance

•BIO‐Environmental lab of Institute of High Energy Physics  

established in 2003.

•Created technical standardization committees and health, safety 

and environment institutions.

•In 2005 it created a committee on nanotechnology 

standardization (SAC/TC279). It is a coordinated body for drafting 

essential nanotechnology standards. 

• Nanosafety lab was established in National Centre for  NanoScience and Technology in 2006. 

Page 21: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Role of Standards in Regulation

• Development 

and 

delivery 

of 

protocols 

for 

whole 

life 

cycle 

assessment 

of 

nanoscale materials, devices and products. 

• Development 

and 

delivery 

of 

risk 

assessment 

tools 

relevant 

to 

the 

field 

of 

nanotechnologies. 

• Development 

and 

delivery 

of 

protocols 

for 

containment, 

trapping

and 

destruction of nanoparticles and nanoscale entities. 

• Development 

and 

delivery 

of 

occupational 

health 

protocols 

relevant 

to 

nanotechnologies, 

in 

particular 

for 

industries 

dealing 

with 

nanoparticles 

and 

nanoscale devices. 

• Support 

regulation 

in 

the 

area 

nanotechnologies. ‐

Support 

communication 

of 

accurate and quantifiable information on nanotechnologies 

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Nanomaterial test methods for risk/regulation

• Particle detection and measurement• Fast, accurate methods for particle “size”

measurement in air, water, food and• the environment:

– Specific Surface Area (SSA)– Particle size distribution– Shape factor– Particulate density/Exposure– Work relevant to

ISO TC 24 SC4

Sieves, sieving and other 

sizing methods, active in Particle Characterisation, Size, 

Surface area and Zeta potential.

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Patenting Issues

• Patent law a significant instrument in regulating nanotechnology

‘machine‐or‐transformation’

test

• The question of definition & classification is a pressing issue with respect to 

application of patent law to the field of nanotechnology.

• Concerns over depth of patents granted in respect to nano‐materials

• Potential reach of exclusive monopoly to the fundamental building blocks of 

nature

Nanosys – has a portfolio of over 700 patents covering its quantum dot technology 

and its process ready components for solid state lighting, electronic display 

‘Tragedy of anti‐commons’

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Nanotechnology in IndiaMajor initiatives in nanotechnology (2001-2007)

Page 25: Knowledge Creation and Innovation in an Emerging ...ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/GEST Event PPT 28-1-2013/sujit.pdf · Outline of the Presentation Nanotechnology–Promises &

Nanotechnology in IndiaMajor initiatives in nanotechnology (2007-2012)

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Nanotechnology Regulation : Indian Picture

Funding process is primarily restricted to upstream research

Regulatory framwork that brings different stakeholders together in developing the 

technology completely missing

Concerns regarding risk are not high on the agenda in India.

NSTI Phase (2001‐2006) discussions on risk were totally missing. 

Reasons

• Sole priority of the programs ‐

to create a strong institutional base, infrastructure 

support and skilled manpower. 

• During NSTI and Nano

Mission, government machinery was trying to situate 

nanotechnology as a field of research within the network of research institutions 

and develop expertise and applications.

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Key Actors involved in Risk Governance in India

• MOEF‐

Major risk related areas come under the responsibility of (MOEF), 

none 

of 

the 

acts 

and 

legislation 

of 

MOEF 

has 

explicitly 

identified 

nanoparticles

as a hazard.

• DST‐

DST has supported and funded risk research, however, its mandate

does not primarily include risk governance

• DIT‐

DIT has started some projects  in this direction.

• Other stakeholders, including the private sector and civil society, are not 

actively involved.

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• Lately 

some 

initiatives 

have 

been 

taken 

for 

addressing 

risk 

issues 

by 

Nano

Mission and key scientific agencies. 

• NIPER 

is 

developing 

regulatory 

approval 

guidelines 

for 

nanotechnology 

based 

drugs 

and 

standards 

for 

toxicological 

tests 

in 

nano‐based 

drug 

delivery 

systems. 

• In 

2010, 

DST 

appointed 

task 

force 

which 

has 

been 

asked 

to 

advice 

Nano

Mission Council to develop a regulatory body for nanotechnology in India.

• Firms 

involved 

in 

nanotechnology 

based 

product 

development 

primarily 

products 

addressing 

water, 

textile, 

drug 

delivery 

have 

undertaken 

Life 

Cycle 

Analysis (LCA) partnering with research institutes/universities.

• Standardization 

remains 

an 

area 

of 

concern. 

India, 

has 

only 

taken 

initial 

first 

steps in addressing standardization issue.

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Plausible approaches

• Examine the regulations existing in different sectors and to see

what extent they 

can address nanotechnology concerns

• Address issues keeping the global market regulation in consideration

• Allocate dedicated funding for EHS/ELSI research

• Standard development – joint mechanisms to develop sector specific standards

• Patent – creating mechanism of  exchange with academia and other 

stakeholders to develop guidelines

• Public engagement

• Stakeholders engagement at diffeent

stages of the technology development 

process

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Thanks

Looking Forward to your comments  and suggestions

[email protected]