knowledge management
DESCRIPTION
Study of Knowledge Management Articles:Part 1: A Critical Review Of Knowledge Management As A Management Tool.Part 2: The Use Of Tacit Knowledge Within Innovative Companies: Knowledge Management In Innovative Enterprises.Part 3: Knowledge Management and Process Performance.Part 4: Knowledge Outsourcing.TRANSCRIPT
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AS A MANAGEMENT TOOLPrepared by Yaw Chooi Fun, Master of Business Administration, University of Hertfordshire, UK @ July 2009
Origins and domain of Knowledge Management
Roos et al suggest that “intellectual capital” can be traced to two streams of thought, strategy and measurement.
Strategic area, focus on studying the creation and use of knowledge and the relationship between knowledge and success or value creation.
Measurement, focus on the need to develop new information systems, measuring non-financial data alongside the traditional financial.
Origins and domain of Km….
Figure 2 Intangible resources Sources: Haanes & Lowendahl, 1997
Origins and domain of KM…
Haanes & Lowendahl categorise intangible resources into competence and relational resources.
Competence, the ability to perform a given task and exist at both the individual and organizational level.
Origins and domain of KM…
Empirical origins to KM
DiMattia and Oder (1997) argue that the growth of KM has emerged from 2 fundamental shifts: Downsizing strategy Technological development
Downsizing strategy
Downsizing => reduce overhead and increase profits => resulted in a loss of the knowledge => Organizations recognize that lost years of valuable information and expertise and were now determined to protect themselves against a recurrence.
Use technology and system to capture the knowledge residing in the minds of their employees, easily shared within organization.
Stored and reusable resource
Technological development
KM is an attempt to cope with the explosion of information and to capitalize on increased knowledge in the workplace.
The emerging technological development enables global sharing of information across platforms and continents and serve as a tool within an organization to use knowledge more effectively.
Domain of Knowledge Management
Definition of knowledge: Characteristics of knowledge Tacit and explicit knowledge
Characteristics of knowledge
Knowledge cannot easily be stored. Knowledge involves the processing,
creation, or use of information in the individual mind.
Knowledge is information combined with experience, context, interpretation, reflection, and perspective.
Knowledge is ineffectual if it’s not used.
Tacit and explicit knowledge
Tacit knowledge is documented and public; structured,
fixed-content, externalized, and conscious. It can be captured and shared.
Explicit knowledge is resides in the human mind, behaviour,
and perception. People’s interactions and requires skill and practice.
KM as a Management tool
KM as an information handling tool KM as an strategic management tool
KM as an information handling tool
KM is regarded as an information handling problem.
Acquisition of information, collecting; Storage system, organized; Archived by technologies, conversion of tacit
knowledge to explicit knowledge; Utilization of information, sharing and
exchanging.
KM as an strategic management tool
Organizations must adjust their capabilities to constantly changing complex external environment.
Must build systems for capturing and transferring internal knowledge and best practices.
Expected outcomes of an organisation with KM: improve performance, productivity, and competitiveness improve effective acquisition, sharing and usage of
information improve decision making capture best practices reduce research costs and delays more innovative organization.
Critical elements of KM strategy
Suggestions for critical elements must be included to successfully create and implement a KM strategy. The “so what?” question Support from top management Communication Creativity Culture and people Sharing knowledge Incentives Times Evaluation
Knowledge management in organization
2 types of knowledge Explicit knowledge
Embodies in a code or a language Can be verbalized, communicated, processed,
transmitted and stored relativelt easily Tacit knowledge
Rooted in action, procedures commitment, values and emotions.
Acquired by sharing experiences, by observation and imitaiton
THE USE OF TACIT KNOWLEDGE WITHIN INNOVATIVE COMPANIES: KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES
Prepare By Lee Tai Keong
Tacit knowledge Management
Tacit knowledge as personal knowledge that each individual
possesses that is unique and once unlocked can be creative contribution in an organization
Critical to the key organizational task of creating new knowledge, generating new products and improving new business procedures leading to innovation.
Evolution of tacit knowledge
Knowledge conversion – SECI Socialisation (from tacit knowledge to tacit
knowledge) Externalisation (from tacit knowledge to
explicit knowledge) Combination (from explicit knowledge to
explicit knowledge) Internalisation (from explicti knowledge to
tacit knowledge)
Evolution of tacit knowledge...
Evolution of tacit knowledge...
Innovation can only evolve through practical experience
Vitalisation of tacit knowledge
Can be transferred both in and outside the organization
Inside the organization Enhance the tacit know-how competence
Outside the organization Recruit the right individuals with the requisite
education or work experience By acquiring parts of or whole new companies By engaging appropriate consultants or
building network with other companies.
Innovation Management
Innovations in different industries
Transfer of tacit knowledge
Barriers Fear of losing ownership A position of privilege Superiority Lack of insufficient rewards Unaware their knowledge might be interest
to others
Success factors to tacit knowledge transfer
Human related factors such as Motivation, Commitment, Hopes and Rewards
Good relationship, trust and openess between sender and recipient
Behavior of the management leader as role models to offer reward for imitation
Personal interaction processes: Informal atmosphere and face-to-face
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PROCESS PERFORMANCE
Prepare By Norazian
KM and Process Performance
Processes are activities that use resources to stimulate and bring about change.Process improvements focus on being more responsive to customers and improve performance in quality, time, speed and reliability with reduced production costs.
KM and Process Performance…
Radical improvements in numerous performance dimensions simultaneously were attained through quality management approaches.Total quality management approaches identify an organisation as a set of business processes incorporated for operational and strategic levels.
KM and Process Performance…
Business process management manages these flows of materials, people and information.Links strategy to operational implementation and defines management responsibility focused on processes rather than functions.These processes allows knowledge to play an important role in organisational effectiveness.
Points to Ponder
Can the incorporation of ideas about knowledge processes lead to greater effectiveness in operational processes for the organisation?
Will taking a knowledge management approach help to open up new possibilities?
Points to Ponder…
Knowledge management (KM) focuses on core competences providing sustainable advantage over competitorsKM accepts that processes, people and technology come together to improve organisational effectiveness through learning.KM processes with greatest impact on operations are the creation, transfer, embedding and using of knowledge
Points to Ponder…
Creation – network of experts with access to knowledge technologies to produce solutions in the problem solving domain.
Transfer – individuals within networks who facilitate the access and transfer of knowledge.
Embedding – organisational effectiveness through incorporation of knowledge into organisational processes
Points to Ponder…
Knowledge based process management leads to improved capability and performance through three conversion processes:-
Improvement or change of form – manufacturing of goods Care and counter effects of potential harm – crowd controlTransfer or change of place – transport and telecomunications
Points to Ponder…
The knowledge model addresses customer knowledge with an holistic approach to gain understanding of the needs, condition and expectations of the customer.
The knowledge equivalent of material supply chain is the basis of a model applicable to variety of operational processes in manufacturing, public administration and consultancy.
Points to Ponder…
Knowledge processes are supported by information and communication technology in 4 areas;
Databases Decision support tools – Artificial
Intelligence Group ware – Email, Video Conferencing Net technology – Intranets
Points to Ponder…
Application of KM in operations to assess KPIs: Quality, dependability, responsiveness and
speed of delivery system Flexibility of operational processes Cost reduction
Issues addressed by KM: Increasing market turbulence Reduced tolerance for trade offs in performance Network organisations
Points to Ponder…
Knowledge processes require effective collaboration, used as source of competitive advantage and forces constant examination of operational processes
KM introduces new measures of customer service and efficiency by allowing managers to reduce the effects of difficult processes and achieve operational success
Points to Ponder…
KM assists in the planning and control of achieving performance excellence and enables improvements to operational processes.
KNOWLEDGE OUTSOURCING
Prepare By Eu Wee Khai
Knowledge Outsourcing
Knowledge Management ( KM ) how organizations capture knowledge from
experts with the organization, and formalise and package knowledge assets for dissemination and reuse by other employees ( Markus 2001 )
Knowledge Outsourcing ( KO ) The external experts are clearly contracted
to generate knowledge-intensive assets which are subsequently internalized by the organization.
Outsourcing Concept
Information systems where there has already been significant study in outsourcing as starting point to conceptualize to KO.
Is a business transaction which involves contracting or selling an organisation’s IT assets., people and activities to a third party supplier. ( Kern 1997 )