kohlberg and gilligan · 2018-09-06 · kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning level iii stage 6...
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Kohlberg and Gilligan
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Dr. Lawrence Kohlberg Born October 25, 1927
Rebel With a Cause
WWII engineer
1948 University of Chicago
Work
“Tropical Disease”
Suicide January 19, 1987
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Kohlberg’s Theory Evolves Influenced by Piaget
Interviews
“The Dilemma of Heinz” Reason of Yes and No
Young No
Old Yes
Influences Parents vs. Society
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
• Level I • Preconventional Morality
• (4-10 years old)
• Level II • Conventional Morality
• (10-13 years old)
• Level III • Postconventional/Principled
• (adolescence to adulthood)
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Level I Stage 1
STAGE 1
Heteronomous Morality Obeying to Avoid
Superior's Power
No Concern for Others
EXAMPLE
I do not say any bad words because if I say a bad word my Mommy with spank me.
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Level I Stage 2
STAGE 2
Individualistic, Instrumental Morality
Follow rules only if interests do too
Understand Others Needs
Satisfy Owns Needs First
Minimize Negative Consequences
EXAMPLE For a Dollar, I will brush
my teeth.
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Level II Stage 3
STAGE 3
Interpersonally Normative Morality
Close One’s Needs
Other’s Approval
Shared Feelings
Less Individual
EXAMPLE
I do my homework before I play because it makes my Mom happy.
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Level II Stage 4
STAGE 4
Social System Morality Social System Fair
Social Obligations
Social Norm
EXAMPLE I will not talk during a golfers swing because that is
one of the rules
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Level III
Stage 5
STAGE 5
Human Rights and Social Welfare Morality
Social System Understood
Moral Obligation
Social Relationships EXAMPLE
I pay taxes because it’s the law
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Level III
Stage 6 STAGE 6
Morality of Universalizable, Reversible and Prescriptive General Ethical Principles
Point of View
Equality of Human Rights
Fairness in the Process
EXAMPLE I get my emissions done not because it’s the law
but because it’s the right thing to do
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Kohlberg’s Theory Today
James Rest
Defining Issues Test
Rest’s Neo- Kohlbergian Approach Stage 1: Obedience
Stage 2: Instrumental egoism and simple exchange
Stage 3: Interpersonal concordance
Stage 4: Law and duty to the social order
Stage 5: Societal consensus
Stage 6: Nonarbitrary social cooperation
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Dr. Carol Gilligan
Born in New York City November 28, 1936
Education Swarthmore College 1958
Bachelor in Literature
Radcliffe University 1960 Master of Clinical Psychology
Harvard University 1964 Doctorate in Social Psychology
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Dr. Carol Gilligan
Harvard Professor
Research Assistant for Kohlberg
Biasness
Feminist
In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development
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Gilligan’s Theory of Women’s Moral Development
Level 1 Orientation to Individual Survival
First Transition: From Selfishness to Responsibility
Level 2 Goodness as Self- Sacrifice
Second Transition: From Goodness to Truth
Level 3 The Morality of Nonviolence
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Level 1 Orientation to Individual Survival
Self- Centered
Relationships and Expectations
Fulfill the Individual
Preserving the Self
EXAMPLE
18 year old saying there is “no right decision” when it came to her abortion because she did not want to be
pregnant
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Level 1 First Transition
From Selfishness to Responsibility
Attachment
Necessity vs Desire
Questioning
Doing the Right Thing
EXAMPLE Girls undergoing sorority recruitment
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Level 2 Goodness as Self- Sacrifice
Self centered vs. Others
Feminine values
Hurting Others
Conflict
EXAMPLE Maria wants to attend college but must stay home to take
care of her ill mother
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Level 2 Second Transition
From Goodness to Truth
Questions???
Re-examine
“Groupthink” vs. Individual
Selfishness vs Responsibility
EXAMPLE ????
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Level 3 The Morality of Nonviolence Avoidance
Principle of Care
Selfishness and Responsibility
Reconciliation
EXAMPLE ???????