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    KONSTANTINOS VII 913-959

    KONSTANTINOS, son of Emperor LEON VI & his fourth wife ZoeKarbonopsina (905-9 Nov 959, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles).

    Theophanes Continuatus records the birth of "Leo ex Zoe quartauxore sua

    filium Constantinum" and his baptism "die sacroluminum"[1136].

    Symeon Magisterrecords that "Constantini Leonis filii exZoe" was born in

    the twentieth year of his father's reign[1137]. He is named "Constantinum,

    Leonis imperatoris filium" by Liudprand[1138]. Symeon Magisterrecords

    that "Constantinum filium suum in Porphyra natum

    ()" was crowned "die sancto pentecostes" in the twentieth

    year of his father's reign[1139]. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Leo

    imperator filium Constantinum" was crowned "Augustum"[1140].

    Theophanes Continuatus records that "Alexandercum Constantino

    Leonisfilio" succeeded after the death of Emperor Leon VI and ruled for one

    year and 22 days[1141]. He succeeded his paternal uncle in 913 as Emperor

    KONSTANTINOS VII, under a council of regency headed by Patriarch

    Nikolaos. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Constantinus" ruled for seven

    years with his mother after the death of his paternal uncle Alexander, a further 26

    years "cum Romano socero suosubiectus", and 15 years alone[1142].

    Following his predecessor's refusal to pay the annual Bulgarian tribute, Symeon

    Prince of Bulgaria invaded Byzantium and arrived at Constantinople Aug 913.

    After demanding the imperial crown, Symeon was obliged to compromise faced

    with the impenetrability of the city's defences, and was crowned Tsar and

    Autocrat of the Bulgarians at Constantinople 913 by the Patriarch [1143].

    Theophanes Continuatus records the invasion by "Symeon Bulgari

    princeps", his arrival at Constantinople, his meeting with Patriarch Nikolaos

    and his return to Bulgaria[1144]. The concessions granted to Symeon triggered a

    palace revolution in which Patriarch Nikolaos was replaced as regent in 913 by

    Emperor Konstantinos's mother Zoe, who cancelled the betrothal of Symeon's

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    daughter to her son. Symeon invaded Byzantium once more, Adrianople

    submitting to him in Sep 914. He defeated the Byzantine fleet at Anchialos on the

    Black Sea coast 20 Aug 917[1145], and the army at Katasyrtai near Constantinople

    in early 918, moving on to capture most of Greece north of Corinth. Following

    this disastrous war, Empress Zoe was replaced as regent by Romanos Lekapenos,

    whose history of more successful military campaigns provided a good basis for

    optimism that he could contain Bulgarian expansion. He married his daughter to

    the emperor, and was crowned co-emperor in Dec 920, Konstantinos VII being in

    effect demoted [20 May 921/Apr 922] although his name still appeared first on

    protocol lists[1146]. After Emperor Romanos I was deposed and banished by his

    sons 16 Dec 944, Konstantinos VII succeeded in imposing himself once more as

    sole emperor and in turn arrested and banished Stefanos and Konstantinos

    Lekapenos 27 Jan 945[1147]. Theophanes Continuatus records that

    "ConstantinusRomani gener" became emperor again in Dec "anno

    6454"[1148]. A prolific writer, he composed among other works an encyclopaedia

    The Book of Ceremonies, a history of the provinces of the empireDe

    administrando imperio, and a biography of his grandfather Emperor Basileios I.

    Cedrenus records the death 15 Nov of Emperor Konstantinos aged 54 years and

    two months and his burial "juxta patremsuum"[1149]. Theophanes

    Continuatus records the death 15 Nov of "Constantinus Porphyrogennetus

    imperator" aged 55 years and two months[1150]. Emperor Konstantinos VII'sDe

    Ceremoniis Aul records that "imperator Leo Sapiens Basilii filius et

    filius eius Constantinus Porphyrogenitus" were buried in the church of

    the Holy Apostles[1151], although this presumably represented the emperors

    plans for burial assuming that he was the author of this part of the text.

    Betrothed (913, contract broken 913) to --- of Bulgaria, daughter of SYMEON I

    Prince of Bulgaria & his second wife --- (before 913-). The betrothal of this

    unnamed daughter, at the same time as her father's coronation as Tsar, is

    referred to by Fine, who says that it was arranged as part of the negotiated

    settlement with Prince Symeon after he invaded Byzantium, but was annulled by

    Empress Zoe after she seized the regency[1152]. The primary source which

    confirms this daughters parentage and betrothal has not yet been identified. It is

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    assumed that the daughter would have been little more than a child at the time of

    her betrothal, considering the birth date of her betrothed. It is therefore likely

    that she was born from her father's second marriage.

    m ([Apr] 919) HELENA Lekapene, daughter of ROMANOS Lekapenos [later

    Emperor ROMANOS I] & his [second] wife Theodora --- ([915]-19 Sep 961).

    Theophanes Continuatus records the marriage in Apr of "Constantino

    imperatore" and "Helen Romani filitertiaque pasch", dated to just

    after the Bulgarian war of 918[1153]. "Romanosfiliam suam Helena" is

    named as wife of Emperor Konstantinos by Liudprand[1154]. No record has been

    found of her age at the time of her marriage. It is likely that she was very young

    as her son was born nearly twenty years after her marriage. Her father arranged

    this marriage to increase his influence with Emperor Konstantinos. Theophanes

    Continuatus records the death 19 Sep of "Helena Augusta" (in 961)[1155].

    Emperor Konstantinos VI & his wife had six children:

    1. ZOE . Theophanes Continuatus names "Zoen et Theodoram et

    Agatham" as daughters of "Helena Augusta"[1156]. Theophanes

    Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram Agatham

    TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they were banished

    to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora and Theofano

    were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1157]. She was banished to the

    convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Antiochus with her sisters Theofano

    and Theodora.

    2. ROMANOS ([938/39]-15 Mar 963). Theophanes Continuatus records that

    "Romanus imperator" was 21 years old when he succeeded "patre suo

    Constantino Porphyrogenneto"[1158]. He was crowned co-emperor 6

    Apr 945. He succeeded his father in 959 as Emperor ROMANOS II.

    - see below.

    3. THEODORA. Theophanes Continuatus names "Zoen et Theodoramet

    Agatham" as daughters of "Helena Augusta"[1159]. Theophanes

    Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram Agatham

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    TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they were banished

    to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora and Theofano

    were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1160]. She was banished to the

    convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Antiochus with her sisters Zoe and

    Theofano. Leo Diaconus records the marriage of "Ioannes" and

    "Theodoram, Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imp. filiam" in Nov, in

    971 from the context[1161]. m (Nov 971) as his second wife,Emperor

    IOANNES I Tzimiskes, son of --- Tzimiskes & his wife --- Kourkouas (-10

    Jan 976).

    4. AGATHA . Theophanes Continuatus names "Zoen et Theodoram et

    Agatham" as daughters of "Helena Augusta"[1162]. Theophanes

    Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram Agatham

    TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they were banished

    to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora and Theofano

    were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1163]. She was banished to the

    convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Myrelaion with her sister Anna.

    5. THEOFANO . Theophanes Continuatus names "sorores Zoen

    TheodoramAgatham Theophanonem Annamque" when recording

    that they were banished to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe,

    Theodora and Theofano were later sent to "Antiochimonasterio"[1164].

    6. ANNA . Theophanes Continuatus names "sorores Zoen Theodoram

    Agatham TheophanonemAnnamque" when recording that they

    were banished to the convent of Kanikleion (in 959), and that Zoe, Theodora

    and Theofano were later sent to "Antiochi monasterio"[1165]. She was

    banished to the convent of Kanikleion in 959, later to Myrelaion with her

    sister Agatha.

    ROMANOS II 959-963, BASILEIOS II 963-1025

    ROMANOS, son of Emperor KONSTANTINOS VII & his wife Helene Lekapene

    ([938/39]-15 Mar 963). Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus

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    imperator" was 21 years old when he succeeded "patre suo Constantino

    Porphyrogenneto"[1166]. Liudprand names Romanos as son of Constantine when

    recording his marriage to the daughter of Ugo King of Italy[1167]. He was

    crowned co-emperor 6 Apr 945. He succeeded his father in 959 as EmperorROMANOS II. He left the government entirely in the hands of Nikeforos Fokas,

    supreme commander of the army. Nikeforos Fokas captured Crete in 961, and

    Anazarbus and Marash in Germanicia, Asia Minor in 962[1168]. As recompense,

    he was crowned co-emperor. Cedrenus records the death 15 Mar "indictione 6"

    of "Romanus imperator" aged 24 after ruling for three years, 4 months and 5

    days, worn out by "luxuriosa et voluptatibus deditavita", other said by

    poison[1169].

    m firstly (Sep 944)BERTA, illegitimate daughter of UGO King of Italy Comte de

    Vienne & his mistress Pezola --- ([927/30]-Autumn 949). Liudprand specifies that

    the wife of Romanos was the illegitimate daughter of King Ugo, "the Greeks not

    enquiring about the nobility of her mother"[1170], and in a later passage names her

    Berta "filiam suam quam ex meretrice Pezola ipse genuerat" specifying

    that she was called EVDOKIA in Byzantium[1171]. Theophanes Continuatus

    records the marriage in Sep of "Hugonem regemFrancifiliam" and

    "Romanus imperatorRomano Constantini generi suifilio", stating

    that she lived five years with her husband[1172], which confuses the identity of

    Berta's father. Cedrenus records that "filia Hugonis", married to "Romano",

    died a virgin[1173].

    m secondly (957) as her first husband, ANASTASIA, daughter of KRATEROS

    (the wine seller) & his wife --- (943-after 969). Theophanes Continuatus names

    "AnastasiamCrateri filiam" as wife of "Romano filio suo" (referring to

    Emperor Konstantinos VII), stating that she adopted the name THEOFANO on

    her marriage[1174]. Cedrenus records that Romanos married secondly

    "genereplebeio, ortam parentibus cauponibusAnastasiam",

    adding that she adopted the name "Theophano"[1175].Leo Diaconus names

    "Theophano, obscuro loco nata" when recording that she was regent for"filii eius Basilius et Constantinus infantes" after the death of her first

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    husband, recording her second marriage in a later passage[1176]. Regent in 963

    for her infant sons Emperors Basileios II and Konstantinos VII, they were set

    aside by Nikeforos Fokas who was crowned emperor and married Theofano as

    her second husband. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperator" married

    "Theophanonem" 20 Sep after becoming emperor (in 963)[1177]. Zonaras records

    that Nikeforos took "Theophanonencum liberis eius" with him when he

    invaded Cilicia in the second year of his reign[1178]. She became the mistress of

    Ioannes Tzimiskes, and betrayed her husband. Cedrenus records that Patriarch

    Polyeuktes required Emperor Ioannes to send "Theophanonem" in

    "Proconnesum", but that she was rescued by "Basilio cubiculario" and sent

    "in provinciam Armenicamin Damidis monasterium", while

    "materTheophanonis" was exiled "in Mantineum"[1179].

    Emperor Romanos II & his second wife had three children:

    1. BASILEIOS (959-15 Dec 1025, bur Constantinople, Monastery of St John

    Evangelist in the Hebdemon[1180], transferred 1259 to Selymbria,

    Monastery of the Saviour[1181]). Psellos names "Basil and Constantine, the

    sons of Romanus", clarifying that Basil was the elder[1182]. He nominally

    succeeded his father in 963 as Emperor BASILEIOS II, co-emperor with his

    brother, under the regency of their mother. He was set aside by Nikeforos

    Fokas who was acclaimed emperor by his troops in Csarea, entered

    Constantinople 14 Aug 963, was crowned 16 Aug, and married his

    predecessor's widow. On the death of Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes in 976,

    Basileios was restored as emperor, under the guidance of his great uncle

    Basileios Lekapenos, who assumed a position of great power. He was

    immediately faced with the revolt of Bardas Skleros, who was proclaimed

    emperor by his troops in Summer 976 and who conquered most of Asia

    Minor. Skleros approached Constantinople in early 978, but was defeated

    24 Mar 979 by Bardas Fokas in the plain of Pankaleia near Amorium.

    Basileios's troops were unsuccessful in crushing the 976 rebellion in

    Macedonia of the Kometopulos brothers, the imperial army suffering its

    final defeat there in Aug 986 and losing the areas of Bulgaria which

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    Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes had conquered in 971[1183]. In 985, the

    emperor assumed personal rule and banished Basileios Lekapenos[1184].

    Bardas Fokas rebelled and was acclaimed emperor by his troops 15 Aug 987

    at Chresianus[1185], supported by major land-owners in Asia Minor. Fokas

    agreed to partition the empire with the exiled Bardas Skleros, under which

    Fokas would keep Constantinople and the European provinces while

    Skleros would take Asia Minor[1186], but Skleros rebelled and proclaimed

    himself emperor at the same time, although he was captured by Fokas at

    Tyropaeum 14 Sep 987. Bardas Fokas approached Constantinople in early

    988. Emperor Basileios allied himself with Vladimir Grand Prince of Kiev,

    confirmed by Vladimir's marriage to Basileios's sister Anna which was

    agreed on condition that Vladimir accepted baptism. With his new allies,

    the emperor defeated Fokas at Chrysopolis in summer 988 and at Abydos 13

    Apr 989. Bardas Skleros rebelled again in 989, after which he was blinded,

    accepted the title curopalates, and died in retirement[1187]. From the 990s,

    Basileios was faced with invasions on two fronts, from the Bulgarian empire

    of Samuil Kometopoulos, and from the Fatimid empire in Syria. He request

    Venetian help to defend his interests in Dalmatia, granting the Doge the title

    duxof Dalmatia and the honorary position of proconsul, and recognising

    him as Byzantium's official representative[1188]. Against the Fatimids, he

    restored Byzantine suzerainty over Aleppo in 995, and marched down the

    coast as far as Tripoli in 999. In 1001, he concluded a ten-year truce with

    the Fatimid Caliph, which fixed the frontier between the two states and

    guaranteed that Aleppo remained within Byzantine territory, although the

    Mirdasite dynasty established there in 1023 soon obtained de facto

    independence from Byzantium[1189]. In [1000/1001], Emperor Basileios

    started a counter-offensive against Bulgaria, recapturing Sardika [Sofija]

    (1001), Macedonia and Thessaly, Vidin and Skopje (1004), and Durazzo

    (1005). Emperor Basileios finally defeated Samuil Tsar of Bulgaria in Jul

    1014 at Clidion, near Strymon[1190]. Basileios proceeded to conquer the

    remaining parts of the Bulgarian empire, which was annexed by Byzantium

    in 1018. The Venetian civil war of 1024 also enabled Byzantium to reassert

    its authority over its Dalmatian towns[1191]. Before he died, Emperor

    Basileios appointed his brother Konstantinos as his successor[1192].

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    Basileios lived alone, and ruled as an autocrat without advisers. Psellos

    records that he died "in his seventy-second year"[1193], but this is

    inconsistent with the marriage date of his parents.

    2. KONSTANTINOS (Constantinople 961-15 Nov 1028). Cedrenus records the

    birth "in Fontano palatio" of "filiusConstantinum" in the year after

    the coronation of Emperor Romanos II[1194]. He succeeded his father in 963

    as co-emperor with his brother, under the regency of their mother. He

    succeeded his brother in 1025 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS VIII.

    - see below.

    3. ANNA (13 Mar 963-[1008/11] or [1022], bur Kiev, church of the Palace).

    Cedrenus records that "filiamAnn" was born two days before the death

    of Emperor Romanos II[1195]. ThePrimary Chronicle names "Anna, sister

    of Emperors Basil and Constantine", recording her brothers agreement to

    her marriage to Vladimir on condition that he accepted baptism, and her

    arrival and marriage at Kherson[1196]. Zonaras records that "Uladimero

    ducem [Russorum]" married "sorore Anna" (referring to Basileios

    and Konstantinos)[1197]. The marriage marked the start of considerably

    increased influence for the Greek Orthodox church in Russia, as the newRussian church reported to the Patriarch of Constantinople. The sources

    are contradictory regarding the dating of Annas death. ThePrimary

    Chronicle records the death of Anna wife of Vladimir, dated to [1008/11]

    from the context[1198]. Cedrenus records that "Anna imperatoris

    sorore" died "in Rossia", adding that her husband had already died, in a

    passage following the record of events dated to [1022], adding that

    "Chrysochir quidam Bladimeri cognatus" (not yet identified) sailed

    for Constantinople after she died but was defeated and killed at Lemnos by

    "Davido Achridensi Sami prfecto ac NicephoroCabasila duce

    Thessalonic"[1199]. m (Kherson 988) as his second wife,VLADIMIR I

    "Velikiy/the Great" Grand Prince of Kiev, son of SVIATOSLAV I Grand

    Prince of Kiev & his mistress Malusha [Malfred] ([960]-Berestov 15 Jul

    1015).

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    KONSTANTINOS VIII 1025-1028, ZOE 1042-1052, THEODORA

    1054-1056

    KONSTANTINOS, son of Emperor ROMANOS II & his second wife Theofano

    [ne Anastasia] (Constnatinople 961-15 Nov 1028). Cedrenus records the birth

    "in Fontano palatio" of "filiusConstantinum" in the year after the

    coronation of Emperor Romanos II[1200]. Psellos names "Basil and Constantine,

    the sons of Romanus", clarifying that Basil was the elder and stating that

    Constantine "appeared to be apathetic, lazy and devoted to a life of luxury"[1201].

    He succeeded his father 963 as co-emperor with his brother, under the regency of

    their mother. He was set aside by Nikeforos Fokas along with his brother. On the

    death of Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes in 976, he was restored as co-emperor with

    his brother but renounced most of his privileges in favour of his older brother,

    according to Psellos[1202]. He succeeded his brother in 1025 as Emperor

    KONSTANTINOS VIII, after which he "devoted himself to a life of luxury"

    according to Psellos who, in a later passage, gives a detailed description of his

    character and personal characteristics[1203]. Psellos records that Emperor

    Konstantinos hastily arranged the marriage of his second daughter to "Romanus"

    when dying, and that he "survived just long enough to see the marriage ceremony

    performed"[1204].

    Chapter 7. EMPERORS 920-945 (LEKAPENOS)

    ROMANOS I 920-944

    THEOFILAKTOS "Abastasos/the Unbearable" Lekapenos . According to

    Ostrogorsky, he was an Armenian peasant[1229]. Symeon Magisterrecords that

    "Theophylactus Abastasct usRomani pater eius qui postea

    imperatorum tenuit" served Emperor Basileios I in the fifth year of the

    emperor's reign[1230].

    m ---. The name of the mother of Emperor Romanos I is unknown.

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    Theofilaktos & his wife had one child:

    1. ROMANOS Lekapenos ([880]-Prote Island 15 Jun 948, bur Monastery Prote

    Island). Symeon Magisternames "Theophylactus Abastasctus" as

    father of "Romaniqui postea imperatorum tenuit"[1231]. No

    precise information has been found concerning the birth date of Romanos

    Lekapenos. However, given the likely chronology of the births of his

    children it is improbable that he was born much later than [880].

    Drongarios of the fleet. He manoeuvred himself into a position of power,

    replaced Empress Zoe as regent in 918, married his eldest daughter to

    Emperor Konstantinos VII, and was granted the title basileopator.

    Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus" was granted

    "csarisdignitate" 24 Sep (in 920), and crowned as Emperor

    ROMANOS I 17 Dec 920[1232]. He became primary emperor [20 May

    921/Apr 922][1233]. His successful military campaigns contained Bulgarian

    expansion. Peter Tsar of the Bulgarians renewed the war with Byzantium

    after his accession in 927 and raided Thrace, but in Sep/Oct he made peace

    under which Byzantium confirmed recognition of Bulgaria's borders

    established by the 897 and 904 treaties and Peter's own title of Tsar. The

    treaty was sealed by Peter's marriage to the emperor's granddaughter[1234].

    After the peace agreement with Bulgaria, Emperor Romanos turned his

    attention to Asia Minor, where he recaptured Melitene in 931 and 934[1235].

    Rus traders attacked coastal areas near Constantinople in 941 led by a

    "king named Inger"[1236]who negotiated renewal of privileged trading

    terms with Byzantium in [944], the text being incorporated into thePrimary

    Chronicle[1237]. Emperor Romanos was deposed by his sons 16 Dec 944 and

    deported to the isle of Proti where he became a monk[1238]. Theophanes

    Continuatus records that "Romanus imperator" was deposed by

    "Stephanum filium"[1239]. Theophanes Continuatus records the death

    15 Jun "in insulaProten" of "Romanus imperator" and his burial in

    the monastery there[1240]. Cedrenus records the death in July "sext

    indictionis" of "Romanus" and his burial "in Myrelo"[1241]. m [firstly]([900]) ---. The primary source which indicates that Emperor Romanos

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    married twice has not yet been identified. If there was an earlier marriage,

    the name and origin of the first wife are not known. However, Kresten and

    Mller point out that Symeon Magister refers to Christoforos, domestikos of

    the Scholai, as gambros of "the emperor". They argue that the latter must

    have been the reigning emperor at the time, who would have been Romanos

    I, whose first wife could therefore have been the daughter of this

    Christoforos, which would explain the introduction of this name into the

    Lekapenos family. They also suggest that her name may have been Maria,

    the name given by Christoforos to his daughter (on the assumption that she

    was his eldest daughter)[1242]. Zonaras records that "Christophori uxor

    Sophia" became augusta after "Romani uxore Theodora Augusta"died[1243]. This passage does not specify that Theodora was the mother of

    Christoforos: a comment to that effect would have been natural if that had

    been the case. m [secondly] THEODORA, daughter of --- (-20 Feb 922, bur

    Myrelus). Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus" crowned

    "uxorem suam Theodoram" as "Augustam" in Jan "anno 6428" (921)

    [1244]. Symeon Magisternames "NicetasRomani socer", which

    appears to refer to the father-in-law of Romanos Lekapenos, when

    recording that he ejected "Nicolaum patriarcham" from his

    palace[1245]. However, Georgius Monachus Continuatus records that

    "Nicetaspatricius, Romani consocer" ejected "Nicolaum

    patriarcham" from his palace[1246], which clarifies that Niketas was the

    father-in-law of Romanos's son (see below). According to the Vita Basil, the

    patriarch Theofilaktos was the son of Emperor Romanos's second marriage

    to Theodora[1247]. Vannier interprets the same phrase to mean that

    Emperor Romanos had two wives, both named Theodora[1248]. Theophanes

    Continuatus records the death 20 Feb, in 922 from the context, of

    "Theodora Romani coniux"[1249]. Cedrenus records the death 20 Feb

    "indictione decima" of "uxor Romani Theodora" and her burial

    "in Myrel"[1250]. Mistress (1): ---. The name of Romanos's mistress is not

    known. However, her origin is indicated byLeo Diaconus who names her

    son "Basilius Nothus, Romani quondam Augusti ex Scythica

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    femina filius"[1251]. Emperor Romanos I & his [first/second] wife had

    [five] children:

    a) CHRISTOFOROS Lekapenos (before [905]-14 Aug 932). Theophanes

    Continuatus records that "Romanum" installed "eiusfilio

    Christophoro" as "hetriarcha", recorded in a passage which

    follows the report of his sister's marriage to Emperor Konstantinos

    VII, probably therefore dated to 919[1252]. Liudprand names

    Christoforos as "Romanosprimogenito"[1253]. His birth date is

    estimated from his daughter Maria Lekapene having married in 927.

    Even if she was an infant at the time, it is unlikely that her father

    could have been born much later than [905] at the latest. Cedrenus

    records the death 14 Aug of "Christofer Csar" and his burial "in

    monasterio patris sui"[1254]. The monastery in question has not

    yet been identified. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Romanus"

    crowned "filium suum Christophorum" as "imperatorem" 17

    May "anno 6428" (921)[1255]. He became second emperor and heir to

    the throne when his father became primary emperor in [921/22],

    displacing Emperor Konstantinos VII. TheophanesContinuatus

    records the death in Aug of "Christophorusimperator" and his

    burial "in patris suimonasterio", in a passage before the record

    of his brother's ordination as Patriarch (in Feb 933)[1256]. m (before

    [919]) SOFIA, daughter of NIKETAS magister& his wife ---.

    Theophanes Continuatus records that "Sophia Christopheri

    imperatoris uxor" was crowned in Feb, in 922 from thecontext[1257]. Georgius Monachus Continuatus records that

    "Nicetaspatricius, Romaniconsocer" ejected "Nicolaum

    patriarcham" from his palace, dated to [919] from the context[1258].

    Symeon Magisternames "Nicetas magister, Christophori

    imperatoris socer" when recording that he rebelled, was banished

    and became a monk[1259]. Zonaras records that "Christophori

    uxor Sophia" became augusta after "Romani uxore Theodora

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    Augusta" died[1260]. Theophanes Continuatus records that

    "Sophia Augusta Christophori imperatoris uxor" was a nun

    at the convent of Kanikleion to which the sisters of Emperor Romanos

    II were banished (in 959)[1261]. Co-Emperor Christoforos & his wife

    had three children:

    i) MARIA Lekapene ([920/25]-before 15 Mar 963 or [965]).

    Theophanes Continuatus records the marriage of

    "Christophori imperatoris filia Maria" and "Petri"[1262].

    The wife of Tsar Peter is the (unnamed) daughter of

    Christoforos according to Liudprand, the marriage taking place

    just after the Tsar's accession after which she adopted the name

    IRINA[1263]. Considering the chronology of the births of her

    father and paternal grandfather, it is likely that Maria can have

    been no more than an infant at the time of her marriage in 927.

    The marriage was arranged to seal the peace agreed between her

    future husband and Byzantium[1264]. Her date of death is

    estimated from Zonaras recording that "PetrusBulgarorum

    princeps, uxore sua mortua" sent their sons to Byzantium

    as hostages to renew the treaty[1265]. Cedrenus records the same

    event just after his passage recording the death of Emperor

    Romanos II (in 963)[1266]. m (Constantinople 8 Oct 927) PETER

    Tsar of the Bulgarians, son of SYMEON I Tsar of the Bulgarians

    & his second wife --- [Sursuvul] (after [912]-29/30 Jan 969).

    f) THEOFILAKTOS Lekapenos ([913/15]-27 Feb 956). Theophanes

    Continuatus records that "Theophylactum eius filium" (referring

    to Emperor Romanos I) was tonsured and ordained as sub-deacon, in

    a passage after the record of his brothers' coronation (25 Dec, in 924

    from the context)[1285]. According to the Vita Basil, the patriarch

    Theofilaktos was Emperor Romanos's son by his second marriage to

    Theodora[1286]. Theophanes Continuatus records the appointment of

    "Theophylactus Romani filius matur tatis annos

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    attingeret" as Patriarch, and his ordination as such in Feb (933) in a

    later passage[1287]. His birth date is estimated from Stankovic who

    cites sources which state that, although Emperor Romanos wanted to

    install Theofilaktos as patriarch when he was aged 16, the emperordelayed his son's installation until he was 18 or 19[1288]. Cedrenus

    records the death 27 Feb "indictione 14" of "Theophylactus

    patriarcha" after ruling as patriarch for 23 years and 25 days [1289].

    g) HELENALekapene ([915]-19 Sep 961). Theophanes Continuatus

    records the marriage in Apr of "Constantino imperatore" and

    "Helen Romani filitertiaque pasch", dated to just after

    the Bulgarian war of 918[1290]. "Romanosfiliam suam

    Helena" is named as wife of Emperor Konstantinos by

    Liudprand[1291]. No record has been found of Helena's age at the time

    of her marriage. However, it is likely that she was very young, as her

    son was born nearly twenty years after she married. If this is correct,

    she was probably born after her brother Theofilaktos and therefore

    was also born from her father's presumed second marriage. Her

    father arranged this marriage to increase his influence with Emperor

    Konstantinos. Theophanes Continuatus records the death 19 Sep of

    "Helena Augusta" (in 961)[1292]. m ([Apr] 919)Emperor

    KONSTANTINOS VII, son of Emperor LEON VI & his fourth wife

    Zoe Karbonopsina (905-9 Nov 959, bur Constantinople Church of the

    Holy Apostles).

    Emperor Romanos I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

    i) BASILEIOS (-985). Theophanes Continuatus names "BasiliumprotovestiariumRomanique decessoris imperatoris

    naturalem ex pellicefilium"[1305]. Psellos states that the

    "parakoimomenosBasil" was "born of the same father as the father of

    [Emperors] Basil [II] and Constantine [VIII]", which suggests incorrectly

    that he was the son of Emperor Konstantinos VII, and "on his mother's side

    he came from different stock"[1306]. Psellos records that "in early

    infancy he had suffered castration - a natural precaution

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    against a concubine'soffspring"[1307]. Zonaras records that

    Emperor Konstantinos VII ordered the castration of "Romani senioris

    filium Basilium, ex ancilla procreatum"[1308]. Cedrenus

    records that, after his restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII had

    "Basilium, Romano seni e serva natum" castrated[1309]. He

    was in charge of civil administration under Emperor Nikeforos Fokas in

    963, and granted the new titleproedros. Leo Diaconus records that

    "Basilius Nothus, Romani quondam Augusti ex Scythica

    femina filius" was granted "prsidis dignitate" by Emperor

    Nikeforos[1310]. In 976, he became chief adviser [parakoimomenos] to the

    restored Emperor Basileios II[1311]. Psellos records that In 985, the

    emperor assumed personal rule and banished Basileios Lekapenos who

    soon after died "his limbsparalysed and he a living

    corpse"[1312].

    Chapter 8. EMPEROR 963-969 (FOKAS)

    The source for the early part of the pedigree of the Fokas family is Gustave

    Schlumberger[1313].

    NIKEFOROS Fokas (-[885/95]). The Vita Basiliinames "Nicephorus

    Phocas"[1314]. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus, Nicephori imperatoris

    avus" campaigned in Sicily and for a brief time expelled "Saracenos" from

    Italy[1315]. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Nicephorus" was reinstalled as

    "dux in Thracesiorum themate" after a long absence but died soon after,

    during the reign of Emperor Leon VI[1316].

    m ---. The name of the wife of Nikeforos Fokas is not known.

    Nikeforos Fokas & his wife had [three] children:

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    1. LEON Fokas (-919 or after). Theophanes Continuatus names "Barda et

    Leonis" as children of "Nicephorusdux in Thracesiorum

    themate"[1317]. Magister. Domestikos of theScholai. Cedrenus records

    that "Leo Phocas magister et scholarum domesticus

    orientalium" plotted to replace "Constantinus cubicularius" as chief

    adviser to Zoe, mother of Emperor Konstantinos VII, dated to [912/19] from

    the context[1318]. Theophanes Continuatus names "magistro Leone

    Phoca scholarum domestico" as commander of the army defeated by

    Simeon Tsar of the Bulgarians in 918[1319]. Theophanes Continuatus

    records that "LeonemPhocam" rebelled against Emperor Romanos I (in

    919)[1320]. He was blinded in 919 by Emperor Romanos following a

    rebellion. m ---, sister of KONSTANTINOS kubicularios, daughter of ---.

    Zonaras records that "Leo Phocas, legionum domesticus" married

    "Constantino eunucho cubiculariosororem"[1321]. Leon & his

    wife had one child:

    a) NIKOLAOS (-killed in battle [919]). Symeon Magisternames "Leo

    scholarum dux eiusque filius Nicolaus" when recording their

    part in the Bulgarian war after the accession of Emperor Konstantinos

    VII[1322]. Georgius Monachus Continuatus records that "Nicolaus

    Ducis filius" was killed in battle during the defeat at the hands of the

    Bulgarians, which presumably refers to the same person[1323].

    2. BARDAS Fokas (-969, bur Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria).

    TheophanesContinuatus names "Barda et Leonis" as children of

    "Nicephorusdux in Thracesiorumthemate"[1324].

    - see below.

    3. [daughter . Leo Diaconus indicates that "Ioannesprosapia

    materna" was "Nicephoro Augusto consobrinus"[1325], which would

    mean that his maternal grandmother was the aunt of Emperor Nikeforos if

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    "consobrinus" is interpreted strictly. mTHEOFILOS Kourkouas, son of

    ---.]

    NIKEFOROS II 963-969

    BARDAS Fokas, son of NIKEFOROS Fokas & his wife --- (-969, bur

    Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria). Theophanes Continuatus names "Barda

    et Leonis" as children of "Nicephorusdux in Thracesiorum

    themate"[1326]. Theophanes Continuatus names "Bardas Phokas" during the

    account of the war with Bulgaria (in 918)[1327]. Cedrenus records that, after his

    restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum Phocam" to

    "magistri honore" and "domesticum scholarum Orientis"[1328].

    Theophanes Continuatus records that "Constantinus Romani gener"

    invested "Bardam Phoc filium" with "magistri dignitate" and as

    "scholarum domesticum", dated to the year of his restoration (944)[1329].

    Zonaras records that "Nicephori pater Phocas Bardas" sought refuge "in

    Magnam Dei ecclesie", during the build-up to his sons taking over as

    emperor from the context[1330]. Zonaras records that Emperor Nikeforos

    installed "Bardaspater" as csar[1331]. Emperor Konstantinos VII'sDe

    Ceremoniis Aul records that "Irene, filia Bard Csaris[et] Csaris

    Bard" were buried in "monasterii, ta Gastria vel Gastriorum dicti,

    ecclesia"[1332].

    m ---, sister of MIKHAEL Maleinos, daughter of ---. Her marriage and family

    origin are confirmed by Cedrenus who names "Michaele monacho Maleino" as

    "avunculo" of Emperor Nikeforos Fokas[1333].

    Bardas Fokas & his wife had three children:

    1. NIKEFOROS Fokas (-murdered 10/11 Dec 969). Zonaras records that

    Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Nicephorum filius eius, qui

    post [imperator]" as "prtorem Orientis" when he installed hisfather "Phocam Bardam magistrum"[1334]. Cedrenus records that,

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    after his restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum

    Phocam" to "magistri honore" and "domesticum scholarum

    Orientis", "Nicephorum et Leonem eius filios" as "Orientalium

    ducem" and "Cappadociducem" respectively, and "Constantinum

    tertium eius filium" as "Seleuci [prfectus]"[1335]. Theophanes

    Continuatus records that "Nicephoro Niceta (Phoca nuncupato)" was

    created "magister et scholarum domesticus"[1336]. He succeeded his father

    end-954 as supreme commander of the Byzantine army, domestikos of the

    EasternScholai. Theophanes Continuatus records that "Nicephorum

    patricium ac ducem Asiaticorum eiusdem filium" succeeded "Bardas

    Phocas" as "domesticum"[1337]. Emperor Romanos II left the government

    entirely in the hands of Nikeforos Fokas, the latter capturing Crete in 961,

    and Anazarbus and Marash in Germanikaia in 962[1338]. He was acclaimed

    Emperor NIKEFOROS II by his troops in Csarea. He entered

    Constantinople 14 Aug 963, was crowned 16 Aug, and married his

    predecessor's widow. Runciman calls Emperor Nikeforos a "grim,

    unlovable man"[1339], he was an ardent admirer of Saint Athanasioswhom he financed to build the monastery on Mount Athos[1340]. He

    legislated against the growth of ecclesiastical property in 964, bringing to an

    end the founding of new monasteries. Seeing the fight against Islam as a

    sacred mission, he pursued his campaigns in the east, conquering Cilicia in

    965, Cyprus in 966, and large parts of Syria including Antioch 29 Oct

    969[1341]. He refused to pay the annual tribute to Bulgaria, which he

    claimed was voided by the death of Maria Lekapene who had married Tsar

    Peter. Emperor Nikeforos attacked Bulgarian border fortresses, then

    summoned Sviatoslav Grand Prince of Kiev to attack Bulgaria. The Grand

    Prince exceeded the terms of his mission by conquering Bulgaria[1342].

    Cedrenus records how his wife "Theophano Augusta" conspired with

    "Tzimiscam", dated to [968/69] from the context, and how Niekphoros was

    murdered "nocte 11 Decembris, indictione 13"[1343]. m firstly --- (-before

    963). The name of Nikeforos's first wife is not known. Leo Diaconus

    records the death of "uxorisque ac filii Bard" (referring to Nikeforos)

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    before he became emperor[1344]. m secondly (20 Sep 963) as her second

    husband, THEOFANO, widow ofEmperor ROMANOS II, daughter of

    KRATEROS (the wine seller) & his wife --- (943-after 969). Leo Diaconus

    names "Theophano, obscuro loconata" when recording that she wasregent for "filii eius Basilius etConstantinus infantes" after the

    death of her first husband, recording her second marriage in a later

    passage[1345]. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperator" married

    "Theophanonem" 20 Sep after becoming emperor (in 963)[1346]. Regent in

    963 for her infant sons by her first marriage co-Emperors Basileios II and

    Konstantinos VII. They were set aside by Nikeforos Fokas who was

    crowned emperor and married Theofano. Zonaras records that Nikeforos

    took "Theophanonencumliberis eius" with him when he invaded

    Cilicia in the second year of his reign[1347]. She became the mistress of

    Ioannes Tzimiskes, and betrayed her husband. Cedrenus records how

    "Theophano Augusta" conspired with "Tzimiscam", dated to [968/69] from

    the context[1348]. Cedrenus records that Patriarch Polyeuktes required

    Emperor Ioannes to send "Theophanonem" in "Proconnesum", but that

    she was rescued by "Basilio cubiculario" and sent "in provinciam

    Armenicamin Damidismonasterium", while "mater

    Theophanonis" was exiled "in Mantineum"[1349]. Nikeforos & his first

    wife had one child:

    a) BARDAS (-killed in battle before 963). Leo Diaconus records the

    death of "uxorisque ac filii Bard" (referring to Nikeforos)

    before he became emperor, stating that Bardas was killed in

    battle[1350]. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperator

    Bardas ex priore coniuge filius" died "in campoequitans"

    while sparring "cum patruele suo Pleusa"[1351].

    2. LEON Fokas (-[969/70]). Cedrenus records that, after his restoration (944),

    Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum Phocam" to "magistri

    honore" and "domesticum scholarum Orientis", "Nicephorum et Leonem

    eius filios" as "Orientalium ducem" and "Cappadociducem"

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    respectively, and "Constantinum tertium eiusfilium" as "Seleuci

    [prfectus]"[1352].

    - see below.

    3. KONSTANTINOS Fokas (-murdered 969). Cedrenus records that, after his

    restoration (944), Emperor Konstantinos VII appointed "Bardum Phocam"

    to "magistri honore" and "domesticum scholarum Orientis",

    "Nicephorum et Leonem eius filios" as "Orientalium ducem" and

    "Cappadociducem" respectively, and "Constantinumtertium eius

    filium" as "Seleuci [prfectus]"[1353]. He was captured in 953 by

    Saif-ad-Daulah when the latter reconquered Germanikaia from Byzantium.

    Cedrenus records that "Constantinum, tertium Phoc filium" was

    captured by "Chabdanus" and taken to "Chalepum"[1354].

    4. EIRENE (-bur Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria). Emperor

    Konstantinos VII'sDe Ceremoniis Aul records that "Irene, filia Bard

    Csaris[et] Csaris Bard" were buried in "monasterii, ta

    Gastria vel Gastriorum dicti, ecclesia"[1355].

    5. [son/daughter . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam et

    Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis consobrini"

    supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis curopalat filius,

    Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after the death of his uncle[1356],

    which would mean that one of the parents of the three brothers was an

    uncle/aunt of Bardas, assuming that "consobrinus" is interpreted strictly.

    It is not impossible that the relationship was through Bardas's maternalfamily. However, the names Bardas and Nikeforos suggest a connection

    with the Fokas family. m ---.] Three children:

    a) THEODOROS . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam

    et Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis

    consobrini" supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis

    curopalat filius, Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after

    the death of his uncle[1357].

    http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1352http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#LeonPhokasBhttp://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#LeonPhokasBhttp://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1353http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1354http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1355http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1356http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1357http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1357http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1352http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#LeonPhokasBhttp://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1353http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1354http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1355http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1356http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1357
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    b) BARDAS . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam et

    Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis

    consobrini" supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis

    curopalat filius, Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after

    the death of his uncle[1358].

    c) NIKEFOROS . Leo Diaconus records that "Theodorum Bardam

    et Nicephorum patricios atque fratresBard ducis

    consobrini" supported the rebellion of "Bardas Dux, Leonis

    curopalat filius, Nicephori Augusti ex fratre nepos" after

    the death of his uncle[1359]

    .

    The precise relationship between the following person and the Fokas family has

    not been ascertained:

    1. PLEUSIS . Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus imperatorBardas

    expriore coniuge filius" died "in campo equitans" while sparring

    "cum patruele suo Pleusa"[1360].

    LEON Fokas, son of BARDAS Fokas & his wife --- (-[969/70]). Theophanes

    Continuatus names "Leonem patricium Bard Phoc filium

    magistrum", recording that he was the deputy of "fratris sui Nicephori" in

    the army[1361]. Leo Diaconus names "Leonem Phocam Nicephori fratrem"

    when recording that Emperor Romanos I sent him to "Chambdanum"[1362].

    Zonaras records that "alter filius Leo

    " joined his brother when "Nicephori

    pater Phocas Bardas" sought refuge "in Magnam Dei ecclesie", during

    the build-up to his sons taking over as emperor from the context[1363]. He was

    appointed curopalates, domestikos of the west, by his brother. Zonaras records

    that Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes exiled "Leone curopalate et filio eius

    Nicephoro" to Lesbos and "alteri eius filio Bard" to "Amasia"[1364].

    Cedrenus records that Emperor Ioannes exiled "Leonem curopalatam" to

    "Lesbum"[1365]. Zonaras records that "Leo cum altero filio Nicephoro" left

    http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1358http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1358http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1359http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1359http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1360http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#LeonPhokasAhttp://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1361http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1362http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1363http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1364http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1364http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1365http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1358http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1359http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1360http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#LeonPhokasAhttp://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1361http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1362http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1363http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1364http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1365
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    Lesbos for Thrace but were captured and blinded on the orders of Emperor

    Ioannes[1366].

    m ---. The name of the wife of Leon Fokas is not known.

    3. SOFIA Fokas . Leo Diaconus records that "Constantinus patricius

    Sclerifrater" was the husband of "sororem Phoc"[1384]. Her name is

    confirmed by Cedrenus who records that "Sophia Phoc soror"

    married "Constantino Duri fratri"[1385]. mKONSTANTINOS Skleros,

    son of PANTHERIOS Skleros & his wife Gregoria ---.

    Leon Fokas had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

    4. PETROS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been

    identified. A eunuch.

    5. MANUEL [Fokas] (-killed in battle). Cedrenus names "Manuelum

    patricium, spurium filium Leonis patrui sui" when recording that

    Emperor Nikeforos sent him on campaign in Sicily "contra Saracenos" in

    the first year of his reign ([963/64])[1386]. Patrikios. A document entitledLuitprandi Legatio ad Nicephorum Phocam records Luitprand's mission on behalf

    of Emperor Otto I to negotiate a marriage between "filiam Romani

    imperatoris etTheophan imperatricis" and "domino meo filio

    suoOttoni Imperatori Augusto" names "Manuele Patricio,

    Nicephorinepote" recording his war exploits "in mari Siculo"[1387].

    Leo Diaconus records that "Manuel" was killed in battle[1388].

    THEOFANO ([955/60]-Nijmegen 15 May 991, bur Kln St Pantaleon). A

    document entitledLuitprandi Legatio ad Nicephorum Phocam records

    Luitprand's mission on behalf of Emperor Otto I to negotiate a marriage between

    "filiam Romani imperatoris et Theophan imperatricis" and

    "domino meo filio suo Ottoni Imperatori Augusto"[1420]. Her name is

    not given in the document. It is unlikely, given the date of the marriage of

    Emperor Nikeforos Fokas and Theofano (in 963) that any daughter of theirs

    http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1366http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1366http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1384http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1385http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1385http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#KonstantinosSklerosMSophiaPhokashttp://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1386http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1387http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1387http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1388http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1420http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1366http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1384http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1385http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#KonstantinosSklerosMSophiaPhokashttp://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1386http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1387http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1388http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1420
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    would have been considered marriageable in the late 960s by Emperor Otto. It is

    therefore likely that the document was prepared before Luitprand's visit, in

    ignorance of the details of the emperor's family members. The identity of the

    proposed bride is therefore not certain. Prior to Luitprand's arrival in

    Constantinople, Emperor Nikeforos was murdered. According to Thietmar, his

    successor Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes sent his niece Theofano back to Germany "

    not the desired maidenaccompanied by a splendid entourage and magnificent

    gifts"[1421]. Western sources consistently refer to Theofano as "neptis" of

    Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes, for example the charter dated 14 Apr 972 under

    which "Ottoimperator augustus" granted property to "Theophanu, Iohannis

    Constantinopolitani imperatoris neptim"[1422]. Her exact relationship to

    Emperor Ioannes Tzimiskes is unknown. It is possible that she was a relative of

    the emperor's wife rather than of the emperor himself. Davids suggests that she

    was the daughter of Konstantinos Skleros and his wife Sofia[1423], who was

    probably the sister of the first wife of Emperor Ioannes. An indication that this

    may be correct is that Theofano's second daughter was named Sophie, normal

    Byzantine practice being to name the first daughter after the paternal

    grandmother and the second after the maternal grandmother[1424]. It alsoappears to be chronologically sustainable. However, too little is known about the

    families of Emperor Ioannes and his wife to propose this as the only plausible

    hypothesis, especially as the word "neptis" could cover a wide variety of

    relationships. In addition, it cannot even be assumed that the wife of

    Konstantinos Skleros was the only individual named Sofia in these families at the

    time. "Ottoimperator augustus" granted property to "Theophanu, Iohannis

    Constantinopolitani imperatoris neptim" dated 14 Apr 972[1425]. Lay Abbess of

    Nivelles. She was regent during the minority of her son 984-991. Thietmar

    records the death of Empress Theofano at Nijmegen on 15 Jun and her place of

    burial[1426]. The necrology of Merseburg records the death "15 Jun" of

    "Theophanu imperatrix"[1427]. m (Rome 14 Apr 972) OTTO co-Emperor and

    King of Germany, son of Emperor OTTO I "der Groe" King of Germany & his

    second wife Adelheid of Burgundy [Welf] (955-Rome 7 Dec 983, bur Rome St

    Peter's). He succeeded his father in 973 as OTTO II King of Germany. On his

    accession, he claimed Byzantium's possessions in Italy as part of his wife's dowry.

    http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1421http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1422http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1423http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1423http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1424http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1425http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1426http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1427http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GERMANY,%20Kings.htm#OttoIIdied983http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GERMANY,%20Kings.htm#OttoIIdied983http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1421http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1422http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1423http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1424http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1425http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1426http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftn1427http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GERMANY,%20Kings.htm#OttoIIdied983http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GERMANY,%20Kings.htm#OttoIIdied983
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    He campaigned in Italy to support his claims, but was defeated in 982 by a

    Byzantine/Muslim alliance near Stilo in Calabria.

    [1136]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Leonis Imperatoris, 23, p. 370.

    [1137] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Leone

    Basilii filii, 17, p. 708.

    [1138]Liudprandi Antapodosis, I.7, p. 276.

    [1139] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Leone

    Basilii filii, 24, pp. 711-2.

    [1140]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Leonis Imperatoris, 29, p. 375.

    [1141]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Alexandri Basilii filiis, 1, p. 378.

    [1142]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 1, p. 381.

    [1143] Fine (1991), pp. 142-48.

    [1144]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 5, p. 385.

    [1145] Fine (1991), p. 149.

    [1146] Fine (1991), p. 151.

    [1147] Ostrogorsky (1977), p. 304.

    [1148]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 1, p. 436.

    [1149] Cedrenus II, col. 71.

    [1150]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 54, p. 469.

    [1151]De Ceremoniis Book II, ch. 42, p. 643.

    [1152] Fine (1991), pp. 142-48.

    [1153]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini Leonis filii imperium, 13, p. 394.

    [1154]Liudprandi Antapodosis III.30, MGH SS III, p. 309.

    [1155]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti

    filii, 6, p. 473.

    http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1136http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1137http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1138http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1139http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1140http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1141http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1142http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1143http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1144http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1145http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1146http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1147http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1148http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1149http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1150http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1151http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1152http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1153http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1154http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1155http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1136http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1137http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1138http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1139http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1140http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1141http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1142http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1143http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1144http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1145http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1146http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1147http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1148http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1149http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1150http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1151http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1152http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1153http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1154http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1155
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    [1156]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 40, p. 459.

    [1157]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti

    filii, 3, p. 471.

    [1158]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogennetifilii, 1, p. 469.

    [1159]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 40, p. 459.

    [1160]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti

    filii, 3, p. 471.

    [1161] Leo Diaconus VII, 9, p. 127.

    [1162]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 40, p. 459.

    [1163]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti

    filii, 3, p. 471.

    [1164]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti

    filii, 3, p. 471.

    [1165]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogenneti

    filii, 3, p. 471.

    [1166]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Imperium Romani Constantini Porphyrogennetifilii, 1, p. 469.

    [1167]Liudprandi Antapodosis V.14, MGH SS III, p. 330.

    [1168] Runciman, S. (1951, 1952 and 1954)A History of the Crusades (Penguin Books,

    1978), Vol. 1, pp. 30-1.

    [1169] Cedrenus II, col. 79.

    [1170]Liudprandi Antapodosis V.20, MGH SS III, p. 332.

    [1171]Liudprandi Antapodosis V.14, MGH SS III, p. 331.

    [1172]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Romani imperium, 46, p. 431.

    [1173] Cedrenus II, col. 62.

    [1174]Theophanes Continuatus, VI, Constantini imperium, 39, p. 458.

    [1175] Cedrenus II, col. 62.

    [1176] Leo Diaconus II, 10, p. 31, and III, 9, p. 47.

    http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1156http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1157http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1158http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1159http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1160http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1161http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1162http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1163http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1164http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1165http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1166http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1167http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1168http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1169http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1170http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1171http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1172http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1173http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1174http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1175http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1176http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1156http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1157http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1158http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1159http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1160http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1161http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1162http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1163http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1164http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1165http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1166http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1167http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1168http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1169http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1170http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1171http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1172http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1173http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1174http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1175http://e/emannnnn/?????%20??????\BYZANTIUM.htm#_ftnref1176
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    [1177] Cedrenus II, col. 86.

    [1178] Zonaras II, Liber XVI, XXV, col. 118.

    [1179] Cedrenus II, col. 114.

    [1180] Psellos, p. 49, footnote 1.

    [1181] Gardner, A. (1912) The Lascarids of Nica, The Story of an Empire in Exile

    (Methuen, London), p. 253, which describes the accidental discovery of the body "long

    dead but not decayed" and its transfer arranged by Mikhail Palaiologos, later Emperor

    Mikhail VIII.

    [1182] Psellos, p. 27.

    [1183] Fine (1991), p. 193.

    [1184] Psellos, pp. 37-8.

    [1185] Psellos, p. 33, footnote 1.

    [1186] Psellos, p. 33, footnote 1.

    [1187] Psellos, p. 40, footnote 1.

    [1188] Fine (1991), p. 275.

    [1189] Runciman (1978), Vol. 1, pp. 33-4.

    [1190] Fine (1991), pp. 195, 197-98.

    [1191] Fine (1991), pp. 277-78.

    [1192] Psellos, p. 53.

    [1193] Psellos, p. 49.

    [1194] Cedrenus II, col. 74.

    [1195] Cedrenus II, col. 79.

    [1196] Cross, S. H. and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O. P. (trans. & eds.) (1973) The Russian

    Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text(Cambridge, Massachusetts) ("Russian Primary

    Chronicle") 988, p. 112.

    [1197] Zonaras II, Liber XVII, VII, col. 155.

    [1198] Primary Chronicle 1008-1011, p. 124.

    [1199] Cedrenus II, col. 211.

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    [1200] Cedrenus II, col. 74.

    [1201] Psellos, p. 27.

    [1202] Psellos, p. 27.

    [1203] Psellos, p. 53.

    [1204] Psellos, p. 58.

    JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

    [1229] Ostrogorsky (1977), p. 289.

    [1230] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Basilio

    Macedone, 8, p. 690.

    [1231] Symeon Magister (referred to as Pseudo-Symeon in PBE I CD-Rom), De Basilio

    Macedone, 8, p. 690.

    [1232]Theophanes Cont