kopykitab · section-2 : polity 1. constitutional framework and citizenshipp-1-p-22 historical...
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CONTENTS
SECTION-1 : HISTORY
Unit-I : ANCIENT HISTORY Of INdIA1. Sources of Ancient Indian History H-1-H-12
Introduction;Religious;Secular&SangamLiterature2. Pre-historic Period H-13-H-22
Introduction;StoneAge;Chalcolithic(Bronze)Age;IronAge
3. Indus Valley Civilization H-23-H-38Introduction;Discovery;GeographicalExtent;Nomenclature;Centres;ControversialPeriodFeatures;LinkwithotherCivilizations;Decline;SurvivalandContinuity
4. The Vedic Age H-39-52Introduction;ComingofTheAryans;Various;TheoriesregardingtheancestryofAryans;OriginalHomeoftheAryans;ImportantVedicFact;AdventandExpansionofAryansinIndia;VedicRivers;EarlyVedicAge;LaterVedicAge
5. Emergence of Mahajanapadas & Magadh H-53-H-58Introduction;OriginandDevelopment;CausesofNewCultureandReligion;DifferentMahajanapadas;EmergenceofMagadh
6. Religious Revolution H-59-H-74Introduction;Society;Jainism;Buddhism;HinduRevivalistMovement
7. The Mauryan Empire H-75-H-90Introduction;ChandraguptaMaurya;Bindusura;Ashoka;MauryanAdministration;MauryanArtandArchitect;AftermathofMaurya
8. The Sangam Age H-91-H-98Introduction;TheCholas;ThePandayas;TheCheras;SangamLiterature&Polity;Lawandjustice;Sociallife;Economy;Religion;ArtandArchitecture
9. The Gupta Empire H-99-H-118ChandraguptaI;Samudragutpa;ChandraguptaII;KumaraguptaI;Maheraditya;Skandagupta;Vikramaditya;RevenueandTrade;Administration:ArtandArchitecture;Literature;ScienceandTechnology;Post-GuptaAge
10. India After Harsha H-119-H-128Introduction;Gurjara-Pratiharas;Palas;TheRajputs;GrowthofRegionalLanguages;MuslimInvasionofSindh
UNIT-II : MEdIEVAL HISTORY Of INdIA11. Medieval Period H-129-H-138
Introduction;SourcesofMedievalPeriod;EarlyMedievalPeriod;EmergenceofnewKingdoms
12. The delhi Sultanate H-139-H-154
TheBackgroundofDelhiSultanate;SlaveDynasty;KhiljiDynasty;TughlaqDynasty;SayyidDynasty;LodiDynasty;AdministrationofSultanate;Post-SultanatePeriod;ProminentRulersofDelhiSultanate
13. The Vijayanagar Empire H-155-H-160
Introduction;VijayanagarDynasties;Amara-nayakaSystem;ArchitectureofthecityofVijaynagar
14. Sufi and Bhakti Movement H-161-H-166
Introduction;TheSufiMovement;TheBhaktiMovement
15. The Mughal Empire H-167-H-186
Introduction;MajorEventsDuringMughalPeriod;FeaturesOfMughalAdministration;TheMughalFamilyTree;EmperorsofMughalDynasty;TheSuriDynasty;EconomicAndSocialDevelopments;Arts&Culture;DeclineofMughalempire
UNIT-III : MOdERN HISTORY16. Chronology of the British India H-187-H-202
Introduction;ThePortuguese;TheDutch;TheEnglish;TheFrench;CarnaticWar;18thCenturyIndia;Socio-EconomicCondition;GovernorGenerals;ImportantActsinBritishIndia
17. The British East India Company H-203-H-218
Introduction;BengalIn18thCentury;BattleofPlassey;BattleofBuxar;TheExpansionofBritishEmpire;EconomicImpactofBritishRuleinIndia;StagesofBritishColonialism
18. Indian Freedom Struggle H-219-H-264
Intro;Revolts;The1857Revolt;NationalMovement
IndianNationalCongress;MajorMovementActs,CommissionandParties;FamousPersonalitiesofIndianFreedomStruggle
Section-2 : POLITY1. Constitutional Framework and Citizenship P-1-P-22 HistoricalBackground;MakingSalient&FeaturesOf
IndianConstitution;PartsOfConstitution2. Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and
Directive Principles of State Policy P-23 to P-40 FundamentalRights;CulturalandEducationalRights;
DirectivePrinciplesoftheStatePolicy;FundamentalDuties
3. Union Government P-41- P-92 President;VicePresident;PrimeMinister;Council
ofMinisters;AttorneyGeneralofIndia;ParliamentHouses;LegislativeProcedures;ParliamentaryCommittees
4. State Government P-93-P-118 Introduction;Governor;ChiefMinister;Councilof
Ministers(COM);AdvocateGeneral;LegislativeAssembly(VidhanSabha);Centre-stateRelations
5. Local Government P-119-P-136 Introduction;PanchayatiRaj;73rdAmmendment
Act;Municipalities;74thAmendmentAct;CommisionsandActs
6. Judiciary P-137-P-164 Introduction;UnionJudiciary;SupremeCourt;High
court;SubordinateCourts;OtherLocalCourts;CriminalLaw(Amendment)Act,2013
7. Miscellaneous Topics P-165-P-195 Intoroduction;PlanningCommission;NITIAayog;
NationalDevelopmentCouncil(NDC);FinanceCommission;ElectionCommission;PoliticalPartiesandPressureGroup;NationalCommissionforSCs&STs;UPSC;SSC;LawCommission;TheLokpalandLokayuktas
8. Amendments & Articles of the Indian Constitution P-196-P-216
Introduction;AmendmentList;ArticleList
Section-3 GEOGRAPHY1. Nature and Scope G-1-G-6 Introduction;ModernGeography;Branchesof
Geography;2. Universe and Our Planet Earth G-7-G-32 Introduction;Galaxy;Stars;Planets;Moon;
Asteroids;Earth3. Hydrosphere G-33-G-54 Introduction;Hydrologicalcycle;Componentsof
Hydrosphere4. Atmosphere G-55-G-76 Introduction;Composition;Structure;Atmospheric
Pressure;Winds;Airmass
5. World Geography (Physical Aspect) G-77-G-106 Introduction;Asia;Africa;NorthAmerica;South
America;AustraliaAndOceania;Europe;Antarctica6. World Geography (Social Aspect) G-107-G-112 Introduction;Race;Population;Migration7. World Geography (Economic Aspect) G-113-G-124 Introduction;Primary;Activties;Secondary;
Activities;TertiaryActivities;8. Physiography and Drainage Pattern of India
G-125-G-154 Introduction;Location-Area–Extent;Physical
Features;Climate;Drainage9. Soil, Natural Vegetation, Wildlife and Agriculture of
India G-155-G-188 Introduction;DescriptionandComposition;Soil
Formation;MajorSoils10. Mineral Resource, Industries Population
Multipurpose Projects of India G-189-G-208 Introduction;MineralResourceofIndia;Agro-
Based;CottonTextiles;WoolenTextile;JuteTextiles;Sugar;Silk;Metallurgical;IronAndSteel;AluminiumSmelting;Engineering;Automobile;Fertilizer;Aircraft;Cement;GlassIndustry
Section-4 ECONOMY1. Structure of Economy and Human Resource in India
E-1-E-18
Introduction;SalientFeatures;NationalIncomeOfIndia;Population
2. Planning, Unemployment and Poverty in India E-19-E-44
Introduction;PlanningCommission;NITIAayog; FiveYearPlans;Unemployment;Poverty;MillenniumDevelopmentGoals;SustainableDevelopmentGoals
3. Agriculture E-45-E-70
Introduction;FeaturesofIndianAgriculture;GrowthandProductivity;AgricultureinFiveYearPlans;NationalAgriculturalPolicy;MajorAgricultureProgrammes&Revolutions;LandReforms;
Co-operativeFarming;RuralCreditandExtensionServices;AgriculturalInsurance,Marketing&PricePolicy;PublicDistributionSystem
4. Fiscal and Monetary Policy E-71-E-90
Introduction;Fiscalpolicy;Expenditure;Deficit&Taxes;IndianTaxStructure;BlackMoney;FinanceCommission;MonetaryPolicy
5. Money Supply and Indian financial System E-91-E-120
Introduction;MoneyMarket;CapitalMarket;MoneySupply;Inflation;IndianBankingSystem;InsuranceSector;MicroFinance
6. Foreign Trade and Investment in India E-121-E-140 Introduction;ForeignExchangeReserves;India’s
ForeignTrade;BalanceOfPayments;India’sBalanceofPayment
7. Industry and Infrastructure E-141-E-164 Introduction;StatusofIndianIndustries;Actsand
Regulations;Micro,SmallandMediumEnterprise;MajorIndustries;PublicSectorUnits
SECTION 5: GENERAL SCIENCE
Part I : PHYSICS1. Mechanics S-1- S-10 PhysicalQuantities;Motion;Force;Work,Energy
andPower;Gravitation;FluidMechanics;CapillaryAction
2. Heat and Thermodynamics S-11- S-20 Heat;Thermodynamics3. Sound S-21- S-28 WaveMotion;Mechanical;Electronics;Waves;
Sound;Echo;StationeryHouses4. Electricity and Magnetism S-29- S-41 ElectricCharges;ResistanceandOhm’sLaw;
Kirchhoff’sLaw;Magnetism;Foraday‘Slow;LenzLaw
5. Optics S-42- S-52 Introduction;Reflection;Refraction;Lens;
Dispersion;Diffraction;Polarisation6. Modern and Space Physics S-53- S-61 ModernPhysics;Rutherford’sAtomicModel;
NuclearReactions;RadiationHazards;Radioactivity;CrystallineandAmorphousSolid;Semiconductor;SatelliteCommunication
7. Miscellaneous Questions on Physics S-62- S-66
Part II : CHEMISTRY1. Scope of Chemistry in Everyday Life S-67- S-75
Importance&BranchesofChemistry;ChemicalControl;Fertilizers;Diseases;Drugs;Beverages&Tobacco;PortlandCement;Glass;Polymers;Dyes
2. Matter and Atomic Structure S-76- S-88
GeneralCharacteristicsofMatter;Classification:StatesofMatter;PureSubstance;Mixtures;AtomsAvogadro’sLaw;MoleConcept;Dalton’sAtomic
Theory;AtomicModels;ComparisonofPropertiesofSubatomicParticles;ArrangementofElectronsinanAtom;TheAtomicNumberorProtonNumber(Z);MassNumber(A)orAtomicMass;Isotopes
Isobars;ApplicationofNuclearFissionforMankind;UsesofRadio-ActiveMaterials
3. Chemical Reactions and Chemical Nature of Substances S-89- S-98
PhysicalChange;ChemicalChange;TypesofChemicalReactions;Acids,BasesandSalts;
4. Periodic Trends and Chemical Bonding of Elements S-99- S-106
Mendeleev’sLaw;ModernPeriodicTable;ChemicalBonding;TypesofBonds;ShapeofMolecules;TheoriesofChemicalBonding;BondOrder
5. Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Colloids S-107- S-119
Oxygen;Air;Hydrogen;Solution;CarbonCycle;Fuels;Hydrocarbons;Petroleum;RocketPropellants;Nitrogen;ColloidalSolution;SpecialPropertiesofColloids;StabilityandInstabilityofColloidsAndCoagulation;ProtectionofColloids;Emulsions;ApplicationsofColloids
6. Metallurgy and Biochemistry S-120- S-129 MetalsTheirProperties;UsesofMetals;
Carbohydrates;AminoAcidsandProteins;Proteins;ClassificationofProteins;NucleicAcidsPeptides;OilandFats;Biotechnology;Bioterrorism;ImportantBioactiveCompounds;CleansingAgents
7. Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, Gas Laws and Colligative Properties of Solutions S-130- S-138
Thermochemistry;ThermodynamicProcesses;LowsofTherodynouics;Electrochemistry,ElectrochemicalCells,UsesofElectrolytes;Laws
8. Miscellaneous Questions on Chemistry S-139- S-142
Part III: BIOLOGy1. Cell and Tissues S-143- S-157
Cell;PlantTissues;AnimalTissues
2. Diversity in Living Organisms S-158- S-168
SomeImportantEarlyEfforts;HistoriaPlantarum;KingdomMonera;KingdomProtista;KingdomFungi;Lichens;Viruses;KingdomPlantae;KingdomAnimalia
3. Life Processes in Plants and Animals S-169- S-190
Nutrition;Respiration;Transportation;CirculationSystem;Exerction;Genetics;NervousSystem,ReproductionSystem;ControlandCo-OrdinationInPlantsAndAnimals;
4. Genetics and Evolution S-191- S-200
Mendel’sFindings;SexDetermination;Mutation;Evolution;Speciation;EvidencesforEvolution;OriginandEvolutionofMan
5. diseases and their defence Mechanism S-201- S-214
SexuallyTransmittedDiseases(stds);Cancer;Antigens;Antibodies;Antibiotics
6. Improvement in food Resources S-215- S-222
Crop;ManuresandFertilizers;AnimalHusbandry
AnimalBreeding;PoultryFarming;FishProduction
7. Bacteria S-223- S-227
8. Miscellaneous Questions on Biology S-228- S-232
General Science Question Bank S-233-S-256
SECTION-6 : ECOLOGY ANd ENVIRONMENT
1. Ecology and Environment EE-1-EE-22
Ecosystem;AbioticComponents;BioticComponents
Environment;Population
2. Biodiversity EE-23-EE-40
LevelsofBiodiversity;BiodiversityofIndia;Loss&Conversation
3. Environmental Issues EE-41-EE-72
GlobalWarming; GreenHouse Effect;OzoneDepletion;Deforestation;Air;Water;SoundPollutions;Agro-chemicaleffects;AcidRain;
SolidWasteManagement;RadioactiveWasteManagement;PlasticWasteManagement;MercuryPollution;ECOSensitiveZones;COP;EnvironmentalActs
SECTION-7 : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGy1. Space Science S&T-1-S&T-8
SpaceTechnology;SpaceShuttle;ArtificialSatellites;SpaceCentresandUnits;IndianSpaceProgramme
INSATSystem
2. Defence S&T-9-S&T-18
DefenceandSecurity;InternalSecurity;ParamilitaryForces;SpecialSecurityForces
3. Atomic & Nuclear Science S&T-19-S&T-26
Atomic&NuclearResearch;AtomicandNuclearPlantsPowerPlantsinIndia;NuclearTests
4. Computer Science and Information Technology S&T-27-S&T-48
Types;Components;LanguagesofComputer;OperatingSystem;Network;WorldWideWeb;InformationTechnology
SECTION-8 : GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
1. World Organisation GK-1- GK-36 UnitedNations;Economic;Regional;Political;
ScientificandTechnical;Environment;SocialandHumanRight;EnvironmentalConservations;DefenceOrganisations;Commonwealth;SAARC
2. World-Panorama GK-37- GK-58 WorldCountries,Capital,Language&theirCurrency;
WorldTallestBuildings&Towers;Largest&SmallestCountries;MajorNewsAgencies;IntelligenceAgencies;ParliamentsofDifferentCountries;Sobriquets;FirstinWorld;Superlatives
3. Indian-Panorama GK-59- GK-88 IndianStatesandUnionTerritories;FirstinIndia;
Superlatives;Sobriquets4. Art & Culture GK-89- GK-108 Paintings;Music;Dance;Festivals;Tourism;Arts&
Crafts5. Sports & Games GK-109- GK-124 Trophies;PlacesAssociated;NationalSportsof
VariousCountries;TermsusedinGamesandSports;MajorSportDisciplines;AsianGames;HockeyWorldCup;Commonwealth;SAF;Olympic;Paralympic;WorldAnti-DopingAgency(WADA);NationalAntiDopingAgency
6. Awards and Honours GK-125- GK-140 BharatRatna;Padma;WartimeGallantry;Peacetime
Gallantry;Film;Literary;Jnanpith;Sports&Awards7. Miscellaneous GK-141- GK-160 Abbreviations;ImportantDays;FoundersofFamous
Newspapers/Journals;Census2011:AtaGlance
Practice Sets with Solutions1. Practice Set-1 PS-1-PS-102. Practice Set-2 PS-11-PS-283. Practice Set-3 PS-29-PS-384. Practice Set-4 PS-39-PS-585. Practice Set-5 PS-59-PS-80
Current Affairs Question BankCurrent Affairs CA-1-CA-48
IntroductionGenerally, Ancient History of India is divided into three periods - Palaeolithic period (pre-historic period); Mesolithic period (Prime historic period) and Neolithic period. The three stone ages (old, middle and new) are known as pre-historic period and there is no written evidence found for the study of that period. Though with the help of different sources we are able to study it in a chronological order. These sources include coins, monuments, old weapons, toys and ornaments, etc.
For the study of ancient history in a good chronological order we need to divide the different sources into three broad divisions
- (1) Literary sources (2) Archaeological sources (3) Accounts of foreign travellers and writers.
LiterarySources
Sources of Ancient History
ArchaeologicalSources
Accounts of foreigntravellers and writers
Religiousliterature
Secularliterature
Sangamliterature
Brahmanand Vedic Lit.
BuddhistLiterature
Non-HistoricalLiterature
HistoricalLiterature
Jai nLiterature
Painting & IdolsArticles from excavations
Coins
Monument sInscriptions
Indigenous Foreign
GreekAuthorsChinesetravellersandwriters
Mohammadanwriters
•Vedas •Brahmans•Arnyaks•Vedangs•Upanishads •Sutras•Smritis •Puranas•Mahakavya(Epic)
•Tripitak•Jatak•Pal i•Sanskritlit.and others
••Upangas•Prakirna•Chhed Sutraand others
Angas
•Arthashastra•Astadhyayee•Mahabhashya
and others
• rangini•Ramcharit
Rajta
Chapter
1SOURCES OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY
UNIT-I : ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDIA
SECTION-1 : HISTORY
H-2 Sources of Ancient Indian History
RELIGIOUS LITERATURE
Brahmans and Vedic literary Source
The Vedas The word ‘veda’ originated from the root ‘vidi’, i.e. to know, signifying knowledge. It is also known as Shruti (to hear). There are four vedas - the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.
Rigveda The Rigveda is the oldest one, and therefore, is also known as ‘the first testament of mankind’. It must have been composed around 1700 B.C. The first three vedas are known as ‘Trayi’. It has 1017 hymns (Sukta) and is divided into ten mandalas. After the addition of the eleven Bal Khilya Sutra the total no. of hymns becomes 1028. The tenth mandala, said to have added later as its language differs from the other nine mandalas, contains the famous Purushasukta explaining the four varnas (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra) born from the mouth, arms, thighs and feet of the creator. Thus, the Rigveda has 10 Mandalas, 1028 Suktas and 10,580 Richas. The 7th and 2nd Mandalas were the very first composition, later on the other mandalas were composed. The 7th and 2nd Mandalas are called ‘Vansha Mandal’; the handwritten script of 8th mandal is called ‘Khila’ and the 1st and 10th are known as ‘Kshepak’.
Yajurveda It has 40 chapters and 2000 hymns. It is a ritual veda and has two main texts: Krishna Yajurveda and Shukla Yajurveda. It is also called the book of sacrificial prayers. Krishna Yajurveda contains mantras (hymns) and the Shukla has commentary in prose. Kasthak, Kapishthal, Maitrayani, Taittiriya and Vajasneyi are the five branches of Yajurveda in which the first four are related to the Krishna Yajurveda and the last one is to Shukla Yajurveda. Yajurveda is a good collection of hymns composed in both prose and poetry. Ishopanishad, the last chapter of Yajurveda, is philosophical and metaphysical whereas the rest of all parts of Yajurveda’s subject matter is the law and legislation of various yajanas.
Samaveda The Samaveda is a collection of melodies. It has 1549 Shlokas (richas) but except 78 all the rest of the hymns have been borrowed from the Rigveda. These were meant to be sung at the time of soma sacrifice. Samaveda has two parts: Purvarchika (having six subdivisions called ‘Apathaka) and Uttrarchika (having nine subdivisions called ‘Prapathaka). To the historical point of view the Samaveda has less importance.
Atharvaveda It is the latest of the four. It describes the popular beliefs and superstitions of the humble folk. It is divided into 20 books volumes. It contains 731 hymns and 5,987 mantras.
About 1200 Mantras have been taken from the Rigveda. The hymns of Atharvaveda tell how to over come the evil spirit. Shaunk and Pippalad are the two available branches of this veda. The Atharvaveda is also known as Brahmaveda or Atharvagirasveda. For a very long time it was not considered in the category of the Vedas. It is a book of magical formulae.
Points to Remember • In Rigveda we have 40 rivers and the Saraswati river is
called the mother of rivers. • The name of four oceans found in the Rigveda are Apar,
Purva, Saraswat and Sharyajavat. • 6 mandals from 2nd to 7th of Rigved are called Gotra
Vamsha Mandalas (Kula Grantha).
Vedas Upvedas dealing withRig Dhanurveda Archery
Sam Gandharva the art of musicAtharva Ayurveda the medical scienceYaju Sthapatyaved Architecture
The Brahmanas The Brahmanas were composed after the vedas to explain the hymns of the vedas. Every veda has several Brahmanas attached to it. Kausitiki and Aitareya are the Brahmans books of the Rigveda composed by Hotri priests. Aitareya has 40 chapters. Kausitiki is also called Sankhyayan Brahman. ‘Taittiriya is the Brahman of Krishna Yajurveda and Shatpath is attached to shukla Yajurveda composed by Adhvaryu priest Yagyavalka. It narrates the progress of culture from Kuru-Panchal to Videha. The one hundred chapters of Shatpath are divided into 14 sections which are very exhaustive and important of all the Brahmanas. The Samaveda has three Brahmanas i.e. Tandayamaha Brahman, Khadvisha Brahmana and Jaiminiya Brahman were composed by Udgatri priests. The Gopath Brahman is attached to the Atharvaveda.In his Mahabhashya, Patanjali has described thousands of branches of Samveda but only three branches, i.e. Kauthum, Ranayaniya and Jaimaniya are available.The name of Rishabha and Arishtanemi (Jaintirthankar) are found in the Rigveda environment of jungles were called Aaranyak (the word aranyak means ‘the forest’). They deal with philosophical doctrines and mysticism to answer the various complex questions, related to human life. In fact, these are the concluding portion of the Brahmanas. There are seven Aranyakas, i.e. Aitareya, Sankhyayana, Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Madhyanandin, Talvakar and Jaiminiya. These books are opposed to sacrifices and rituals and lay emphasis on meditation and moral virtues to form a bridge between the Karma Marga (way of work) and the Gyan Marga (way of knowledge).
LITERARY SOURCES
Crack General Studies CSAT - Paper 1with 5 Mock Tests (IAS Prelims) Fourth
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