ObjectivesObjectives

Understand how Cold War tensions finally erupted in a shooting war in 1950. The United States confronted a difficult challenge defending freedom halfway around the world.

Understand how Cold War tensions finally erupted in a shooting war in 1950. The United States confronted a difficult challenge defending freedom halfway around the world.

The Korean WarThe Korean War

Caught between ideologiesCaught between ideologies

TensionsTensions

1949, China goes communist with the rise of Mao Zedong

Japan had ruled Korea from 1910-1945, but had been driven out by the United States and the Soviet Union.

1945-the Allies had divided Korea into two zones, the Soviets occupied the northern zone and U.S. troops occupied the southern zone.

1949, China goes communist with the rise of Mao Zedong

Japan had ruled Korea from 1910-1945, but had been driven out by the United States and the Soviet Union.

1945-the Allies had divided Korea into two zones, the Soviets occupied the northern zone and U.S. troops occupied the southern zone.

North and South KoreaNorth and South Korea

Divided KoreaDivided Korea

North Korea was led by communist leader Kim Il Sung

South Korea was led by Syngman Rhee and called itself the Republic of Korea

North Korea was led by communist leader Kim Il Sung

South Korea was led by Syngman Rhee and called itself the Republic of Korea

Kim Il Sung Kim Il Sung

Syngman Syngman RheeRhee

U.S. InvolvementU.S. Involvement

South Korea was unstable economically

The United States feared that South Korea would fall to communism

U.S. government helped to build up the South Korean military

Both the U.S. and the Soviets removed their troops from Korea in 1949.

South Korea was unstable economically

The United States feared that South Korea would fall to communism

U.S. government helped to build up the South Korean military

Both the U.S. and the Soviets removed their troops from Korea in 1949.

Fighting BeginsFighting Begins

North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950.

The UN became involved and asked for an immediate cease fire

The Soviets were boycotting the U.N. due to the denial of admittance of China to the world governing body

North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950.

The UN became involved and asked for an immediate cease fire

The Soviets were boycotting the U.N. due to the denial of admittance of China to the world governing body

Support for South KoreaSupport for South Korea

June 27th-The U.N. Security Council labeled North Korea as an aggressor and offered support to South Korea

The U.S. sponsored this resolution

U.S. forces entered South Korea under the direction General MacArthur

15 other countries gave military and monetary support, however no other country gave the same support that the United States did.

June 27th-The U.N. Security Council labeled North Korea as an aggressor and offered support to South Korea

The U.S. sponsored this resolution

U.S. forces entered South Korea under the direction General MacArthur

15 other countries gave military and monetary support, however no other country gave the same support that the United States did.

Split PowerSplit Power

By September the North Koreans had pushed the U.S. and South Korean forces into a retreat

September 15, 1950, General MacArthur led a counterattack and recaptured Seoul, which is South Korea’s capital

The UN and U.S. forces were hit with a counterattack from the North Koreans and eventually had to settle with a defensive line at the 38th parallel

By September the North Koreans had pushed the U.S. and South Korean forces into a retreat

September 15, 1950, General MacArthur led a counterattack and recaptured Seoul, which is South Korea’s capital

The UN and U.S. forces were hit with a counterattack from the North Koreans and eventually had to settle with a defensive line at the 38th parallel

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html

China’s InvolvementChina’s Involvement

China aided North Korea in late November.

Due to China’s involvement, General MacArthur called for a major expansion of the war. His proposal included:

Blockading China’s coast

Invading the interior of China

Nuclear weapons proposed

China aided North Korea in late November.

Due to China’s involvement, General MacArthur called for a major expansion of the war. His proposal included:

Blockading China’s coast

Invading the interior of China

Nuclear weapons proposed

Conflict Regarding the Plan

Conflict Regarding the Plan

Supporters of MacArthur’s plan said it would overthrow the Communist regime in China

Opponents argued that blockading China could entice the Soviets to become involved

Supporters of MacArthur’s plan said it would overthrow the Communist regime in China

Opponents argued that blockading China could entice the Soviets to become involved

Truman’s ResponseTruman’s Response

President Truman opposed MacArthur’s plan

Truman removed MacArthur from his position in April 1951

The war had reached a stalemate by the summer of 1951.

The war became a hot button issue in election of 1952

President Truman opposed MacArthur’s plan

Truman removed MacArthur from his position in April 1951

The war had reached a stalemate by the summer of 1951.

The war became a hot button issue in election of 1952

Election of 1952Election of 1952Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower

Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson

Eisenhower promised to end the Korean war yet still resist the spread of Communism

Eisenhower won the electoral college 442-89

Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower

Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson

Eisenhower promised to end the Korean war yet still resist the spread of Communism

Eisenhower won the electoral college 442-89

President President EisenhowerEisenhower

The War EndsThe War Ends

Eisenhower stayed true to his word to end the war

Bombing raids increased by the U.S. in North Korea in May of 1953

July 27th, 1953 an armistice was agreed upon.

The outcome of the war was the same dividing line that was present before the start of the war, approximately around the 38th parallel

Eisenhower stayed true to his word to end the war

Bombing raids increased by the U.S. in North Korea in May of 1953

July 27th, 1953 an armistice was agreed upon.

The outcome of the war was the same dividing line that was present before the start of the war, approximately around the 38th parallel

Final OutcomeFinal Outcomehttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html

ResourcesResources

Holt, Rinehart and Winston. American Government. 2003.

PBS. American Experience. www.pbs.org

Whitehouse.gov. www.whitehouse.gov

www.wikipedia.com

Holt, Rinehart and Winston. American Government. 2003.

PBS. American Experience. www.pbs.org

Whitehouse.gov. www.whitehouse.gov

www.wikipedia.com

ObjectivesObjectives

Analyze how the concern of communism led the United States to become increasingly involved in Vietnam

Analyze how the concern of communism led the United States to become increasingly involved in Vietnam

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War

1954-1975

America’s involvement 1965-1973

1954-1975

America’s involvement 1965-1973

CausesCauses

Domino Theory

Harsh French rule

Vietnam Declares Independence

Refusal to hold free elections

Ho Chi Minh was a communist

Domino Theory

Harsh French rule

Vietnam Declares Independence

Refusal to hold free elections

Ho Chi Minh was a communist

Ho Chi Minh“He who enlightens”

Ho Chi Minh“He who enlightens”

Real Name: Nguyen That Thanh

Embraced Wilson’s 14 Points and was disappointed

Believed a communist revolution in Vietnam would gain them freedom from foreigners

Real Name: Nguyen That Thanh

Embraced Wilson’s 14 Points and was disappointed

Believed a communist revolution in Vietnam would gain them freedom from foreigners

Vietnam Declares Independence

Vietnam Declares Independence

Vietminh - communist group committed to independence

Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945

Ho Chi Minh quoted from the Declaration of Independence at the capital city of Hanoi

Vietminh - communist group committed to independence

Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945

Ho Chi Minh quoted from the Declaration of Independence at the capital city of Hanoi

The US supports FranceThe US supports France

France looks to reclaim its colony

Truman (US) supports the French to stop communist expansion

Domino theory

Despite US aid, France was defeated

France looks to reclaim its colony

Truman (US) supports the French to stop communist expansion

Domino theory

Despite US aid, France was defeated

Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu

40,000 Vietnamese surround 15,000 French soldiers

France surrenders 1954

Vietnam gained fighting experience

300,000 dead so far

40,000 Vietnamese surround 15,000 French soldiers

France surrenders 1954

Vietnam gained fighting experience

300,000 dead so far

Geneva ConferenceGeneva Conference

France had to leave

Vietminh would control the north

17th parallel a buffer zone

France had to leave

Vietminh would control the north

17th parallel a buffer zone

South VietnamSouth Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem

anti-communist

corrupt: elections, jobs, imprisoned political opponents

1955 “election”

blocked 1956 election

Open revolt by 1959

Ngo Dinh Diem

anti-communist

corrupt: elections, jobs, imprisoned political opponents

1955 “election”

blocked 1956 election

Open revolt by 1959

National Liberation Front (Vietcong)

National Liberation Front (Vietcong)

not necessarily communist, but wanted to overthrow Diem’s regime

popular in the countryside

others joined because they also feared the VC

assassinations and presence of North Vietnamese Army

not necessarily communist, but wanted to overthrow Diem’s regime

popular in the countryside

others joined because they also feared the VC

assassinations and presence of North Vietnamese Army

U.S. Involvement and Diem’s end

U.S. Involvement and Diem’s end

1956 supplies given

“advisers” sent in early 1960s - 16,000 by 1963

Diem arrested and killed Buddhist protesters

1963, South Vietnamese plotters kill Diem

1956 supplies given

“advisers” sent in early 1960s - 16,000 by 1963

Diem arrested and killed Buddhist protesters

1963, South Vietnamese plotters kill Diem

Tonkin Gulf ResolutionTonkin Gulf Resolution

Vietcong controlled about 40% of South Vietnam

4 August 1964, President LBJ appears on TV and says destroyer USS Maddox

Claimed it was “unprovoked”

spy mission and fired first

“all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States”

Vietcong controlled about 40% of South Vietnam

4 August 1964, President LBJ appears on TV and says destroyer USS Maddox

Claimed it was “unprovoked”

spy mission and fired first

“all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States”

Senator Wayne MorseSenator Wayne Morse

“I believe that history will record we have made a great mistake. We are in effect giving the President war-making powers in the absence of a declaration of war.”

“I believe that history will record we have made a great mistake. We are in effect giving the President war-making powers in the absence of a declaration of war.”

Operation Rolling Thunder

Operation Rolling Thunder

Bombed anything useful in North Vietnam in 1965

agent orange, napalm, cluster bombs, carpet bombing

Vietcong supplies actually increased - did without roads/bridges, underground network

More Vietcong emerged

Bombed anything useful in North Vietnam in 1965

agent orange, napalm, cluster bombs, carpet bombing

Vietcong supplies actually increased - did without roads/bridges, underground network

More Vietcong emerged

American StrategyAmerican Strategy

Gen. William Westmoreland

Troop count: 1965 (185,000) and then 1967 (486,000)

search-and-destroy missions

air strikes

pacification

Gen. William Westmoreland

Troop count: 1965 (185,000) and then 1967 (486,000)

search-and-destroy missions

air strikes

pacification

Tet OffensiveTet OffensiveKhe Sanh siege was a diversion (1967)

Main offensive Jan. 1968 - 12 U.S. military bases and 100 cities attacked during the holiday (Chinese New Year)

retaken within a month with 45,000 VC killed

labeled a communist defeat by Westmoreland

Khe Sanh siege was a diversion (1967)

Main offensive Jan. 1968 - 12 U.S. military bases and 100 cities attacked during the holiday (Chinese New Year)

retaken within a month with 45,000 VC killed

labeled a communist defeat by Westmoreland

DissatisfactionDissatisfaction1968 - My Lai Massacre, William Calley - 450 women, children, and elders killed (murder)

1968, college protests nationwide

1969, more than half of Americans opposed the war

1970 Kent State University shootings

1971, Vietnam War Veterans protested

Pentagon Papers leaked secrets about U.S. involvement and its lies to the American people

1968 - My Lai Massacre, William Calley - 450 women, children, and elders killed (murder)

1968, college protests nationwide

1969, more than half of Americans opposed the war

1970 Kent State University shootings

1971, Vietnam War Veterans protested

Pentagon Papers leaked secrets about U.S. involvement and its lies to the American people

1972 Election1972 Election

Nixon stressed law and order and a quick end to the war and won

Peace talks too slow so Christmas bombings were ordered on Hanoi and Haiphong

Jan 1973 peace talks said America would get out of Vietnam and help rebuild it

All POWs would be released

Nixon stressed law and order and a quick end to the war and won

Peace talks too slow so Christmas bombings were ordered on Hanoi and Haiphong

Jan 1973 peace talks said America would get out of Vietnam and help rebuild it

All POWs would be released

OutcomesOutcomes

30 Apr. 1975 South Vietnam surrenders to the north and the country is united under communism (remains to this day)

58,000 Americans dead

returning soldiers not welcomed home

post-traumatic stress disorder

led to mistrust in our government

$150 billion spent

War Powers Act 1973

more discussions on war in the future

30 Apr. 1975 South Vietnam surrenders to the north and the country is united under communism (remains to this day)

58,000 Americans dead

returning soldiers not welcomed home

post-traumatic stress disorder

led to mistrust in our government

$150 billion spent

War Powers Act 1973

more discussions on war in the future