korsør, 15.9.2008 - slide 1 the eu legislative framework for groundwater protection against...
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Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 1
The EU legislative framework for groundwater protection
against pollution and deterioration
Andreas Scheidleder(Federal Environment Agency - Austria)
Philippe QuevauvillerEuropean Commission, DG Environment)
Korsør, 15 September 2008
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Diversity of regionsHydrogeological variations
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Diversity of uses, aspirations,pressures and impacts
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Base sketch from Meade (1996) and DPSIR from EEA
D
D
P P
S
S
SP
SI
bio-physical systembio-physical system
R
societal systemsocietal system
River Basin ManagementRiver Basin Management
River Basin ManagementNeed for system understanding
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 5
Bathing Water Directive
1976/2006
Sampling and Analysis
Directive1979
Shellfish Water Directive 1979
Groundwater Directive 1980 Surface Water
Directive 1975
DangerousSubstances
Directive 1976
NitratesDirective
1991Urban Waste Water Directive 1991
Exchange of Information
Decision 1977
Fishwater Directive 1978
Drinking Water
Directive 1996
X
X
X
X
X X
XX
DS DaughterDirectives1981-1986X
X repealed by 2007; X repealed by 2013; X repealed together with adoption of WFD Daughter Directive on Priority Substances
IPPC Directive 1996
WFD
Priority Substances
Directive2008
GroundwaterDirective
2006
FloodsDirective
2007
One coherent management framefor all water-related legislation
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Water Framework Directive Key Elements
Water management based on River Basins
Protecting all waters (surface and groundwaters)
Covering all impacts on waters
Cross border co-operation in water management between countries and all involved parties
Pollution prevention and emission control – “combined approach“
Economic instruments - to promote prudent use of water;(Principle of cost recovery including environmental and resource costs and taking into account the polluter pays principle)
Mandatory public participation
‘Good Status’ to be achieved, as a rule, by 2015;
Clear deadlines
… and guided by an unprecedented cooperation on implementation.
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GW management within River Basins
Management objective: Good groundwater status (chemical, quantity, trends) to be achieved by the end of 2015 (WFD)
One plan for each (~110) river basin in Europe;
River Basin Management Plan as main instrument for planning, reporting and evaluation of success;
Publication 2009, updates every 6 years;
Contents Characteristics of river basin [2005]; Environmental and economic analysis [2005]; Monitoring network [2006]; Results of public participation [2009]; Programme of measures operational [2012]; Established environmental objectives [2015]; Review of technical specifications [2015]
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About 110 national and international River Basins in Europe
(40 RBDs are international)
~17,000 GWB~43% not at risk
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 9
WFDAdopted on 20.12.2000
River basin districts
Delineation water bodies
Analysis of pressures
and impacts
GOOD STATUS
OBJECTIVE
RBMP
Programmes of
measures
Design of monitoring
programmes
Classification of bodies ‘at risk’
Surveillance monitoring Operational monitoring
6 years cycle / Review
Characterisation of bodies
WFD key elementsNeed for action
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 10
GWB delineationWFD - Definition
‘Body of groundwater’a distinct volume of groundwater within an aquifer or aquifers
= management unit
‘Groundwater’all water, which is below the surface of the ground in the saturated zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.
‘Aquifer’subsurface layer or layers of rock or other geological strata of sufficient porosity and permeability to allow either a significant flow of groundwater or the abstraction of significant quantities of groundwater.
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GWB delineation Experiences
Groundwater body = Management Unit For adequat description of status
For comparing to environmental objectives and
For implementing measures
Experience - Most Member States started with: identification of geological and hydrogeological boundaries;
vulnerability maps, subsoil properties, risk potential, utilisation and protection need, economic importance and water management aspects
Aim to achieve efficient and practical management units considering administrative burden and financial efforts
Size depends on variation of characteristics and pressures
Grouping of bodies supports efficiency
An iterative and on-going process
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Initial Characterisation all Groundwater Bodies
pressures & impacts, dependent aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems)
Further characterisation Groundwater Bodies at risk – (Annex II, 2.2, 2.3) Transboundary Groundwater Bodies – (Annex II, 2.3)
GWB characterisation Annex II
Basis for Risk Assessment
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Risk Assessment - Status assessment
Article 5 Risk assessment"Good status at end of RBMP X+1" ?
Status assessment
RBMP X
RBMP X+1
Year
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The Conceptual Model/UnderstandingKey element for WFD implementation
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homogeneity of layers (?) & distribution of contaminants
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The Conceptual Model/UnderstandingSimple version
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WFD monitoring requirements
Chemical Monitoring - groundwater Surveillance Monitoring
all GW-bodies(at least every 6 years)
Operational Monitoring all GW-bodies identified at risk
(at least once per year)
Drinking Water Protected Areas All GW-bodies with human consumption of groundwater
Quantitative Monitoring - groundwater All GW-bodies
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 18
WFD Environmental objectivesGroundwater
Quantity balance between natural recharge and abstractions
Chemistry No saline or other intrusion
Compliance with numerical quality standards(Art 17 GWD)
No diminution of ecosystems
Trends Reversal of significant sustained upward trends
(Art 17 GWD)
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 19
Risks of pollutionfrom diffuse/point sourcesArt. 5 WFD (“bodies at risk”)
Quality standards /Thresholds
linked to chemical statusArt 4.1.b(ii) WFD
Identify and reverse significant and sustained
upward trendsArt 4.1.b(iii) WFD
Prevent / Limit Measures
Art 4.1.b(i) WFD
Drinking waterAbstraction
Art. 7 WFD
Groundwater= natural resource to be protected against pollution and deterioration, in particular for dependent ecosystems and for use in water supply (links with Article 7 of WFD about Drinking Water Protected Areas)
Groundwater issues tackled jointly by the WFD and the new GWD
Run-off
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 20
Groundwater Directive (2006/118/EC) Purpose (Article 1)
Establishes specific measures to prevent and control groundwater pollution responding to Article 17(1) and (2) of WFD, in particular:
Criteria for the assessment of good chemical status
Criteria for the identification and reversal of significant and sustained upward trends and the definition of starting points for trend reversals
Complements prevent/limit provisions of pollutants inputs contained in WFD and aims to prevent the deterioration of status of all bodies of groundwater
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 21
DefinitionsArticle 2
Groundwater quality standards (not to be exceeded)
Threshold values: GW standards to be set by Member States at local, regional or national level
Significant and sustained upward trend: statistically and environmentally significant increase in pollutant concentrations for which trend reversal is deemed necessary
Inputs of pollutants into groundwater: direct or indirect pollutant introduction due to human activity
Background level: concentration/value corresponding to no or very minor anthropogenic alteration
Baseline level: concentration/value setting reference point for trend identification (reference years 2007-2008)
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 22
Risks of pollution from diffuse/point sources (urban, agriculture, industrial)
EU-wide Quality standardsNitrates & pesticides
(more stringent TV if needed)
TV establishment at most appropriate level (local, regional, national), with account of impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, human toxicology and ecotoxicology knowledge
Common methodology
Drinking waterabstraction
Good chemical status criteriaArticle 3
Run-off
Threshold valuesfor “risk” substancesset by MS (end 2008) –
Transboundary coordination required
= WFD environmental objective(besides quantitative status covered by WFD)
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 23
Good chemical status criteria Annex I, Annex II
Annex I EU-wide groundwater quality standards: Nitrates: 50 mg/l,
Pesticides: 0.1 µg/l, and Total Pesticides: 0.5 µg/l
More stringent threshold values could be needed
Annex II
Guidelines for the establishment of threshold values
Minimum list of pollutants to be considered
Information to be provided
X
XX
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X – Threshold value: 8, 12, 14 µg/l (account of NBL + interactions)
– DW safeguard zone (DW standard of 10 µg/l): minimum treatment should apply = compliance to Art. 7(3) of WFD
X
DW safeguard zoneGROUNDWATER BODY= DWPAAQUATICECOSYSTEM
TERRESTRIALECOSYSTEM
X
X
X
X
aquaticECOSYSTEM
Threshold value: 8 µg/l
Threshold value: 12 µg/l
Threshold value: 14 µg/l
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Summary to be reportedin RBMP (way trends havebeen identified, reasons
for starting point fortrend reversal
Specific trendAssessment for
Point sourcepollution
Drinking waterabstraction
Trend identification and reversal (Article 5, Annex IV)
TV
NBL
%
Identification of statistically and environmentally significant upward trends in Groundwater bodies at risk- Reversal of trends presenting a risk for associated
Ecosystems, human health or legitimate uses through the WFD Programme of Measures
Starting point for trend reversal as % of GW standard or TV (depending on trend and associated risk)
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 29
Trend identification and reversal Elements
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Time (years)
Groundwater Quality Standard (GW-QS) or Threshold Value (TV)
Baseline Level
base year
Concentration
Natural Background Level
75 %
100 %
Starting point for ternd reversal as % of GW-QS or TV (depending on trend and associated risk)
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 30
Trend (Reversal) AssessmentTests
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Plumes assessment(Article 5.5)
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 33
Risks of pollution from diffuse/point sources (urban, agriculture, industrial)
Limitation of inputs of non-hazardous pollutants, linkedto chemical status objectives
Prevention of inputsof hazardous substances
Drinking waterabstraction
Prevent or Limit Measures (Article 6)
Run-off
• Based on WFD programmes of measures
• Diffuse sources to be considered
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 34
River Basin Management PlanProgrammes of Measures - 2009
Measures designed to protect waters, control abstraction,
control point source discharges liable to cause pollution(permit, investigation),
prevent and control diffuse sources of pollution(prohibition, permit: based on investigations)
… in the form of Basic measures (linked to effective implementation of parent
legislation) and
Supplementary measures (e.g. different specific instruments, economic incentives, research, education etc
Periodic reviews of authorisations / registrations based on regular monitoring
Provisions for derogations
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 35
INDUSTRY
POLICYgroundwater
POLICYWFD
AGRI-CULTUREURBAN
SECTOR
POLICYDrinking water
DRINKINGWATER
POLICYBathing water
POLICYBirds,
Habitats
POLICYSeveso,
IPPC
POLICYSewage sludge
landfill
POLICYPesticides,
Nitrates,biocides
POLICYUWW,CPD
POLICYEnv. Impact assessment
A complex policy and technical framework
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 36
Basic measureslinked to effective implementation of parent legislation
DirectivesPrevent pollution
Quality targets
Protected areas
Monitoring Measures
Nitrate x x x x x
Plant Protection
x x x
Biocides x x x
IPPC x x x x
Landfill x x
Sewage Sludge x x
UWWT x x x x x
……….. … … … … …
WFD/GWD x x x x x
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 37
Support to implementationEC Working Groups
Water DirectorsSteering of implementation process
Chair: Presidency, Co-chair: Commission
Strategic Co-ordination GroupCo-ordination of work programme
Chair: Commission
Stakeholders, NGO’s, Researchers, Experts, etc.
Art. 21 Committee
Working Group A“Ecological Status”Chair: JRC, DE and UK
Working Group D“Reporting”
Chair: Commission, EEA and FR
"GIS” Expert Network
Working Group C“Groundwater”
Chair: Commission and AT
“Chemical Monitoring”
Strategic Steering Group“WFD and Agriculture”
Chair: FR, UK and Commission
Strategic Steering Group“WFD and Hydromorphology”
Chair: DE, UK and Commission
Working Group E“Priority Substances”
Chair: Commission
“Chemical Monitoring”
Drafting Group
“Objectives/Exemptions/Economics”
Chair: Commission and DK
Stakeholder Forum“Water Scarcity and Droughts”
Chair: Commission
Co- Chair: FR/ES/IT
Working Group F“Floods”
Chair: Commission
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 38
Working Group C & Links
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 39
WG C Guidance Documents
CIS Guidance document N°15 on Groundwater Monitoring (adopted in December 2006)
CIS Guidance document N°16 on Groundwater in Drinking Water Protected Areas (adopted in June 2007)
CIS Guidance document N°17 on the application of the term “direct and indirect inputs” in the context of the Directive 2006/118/EC (adopted in June 2007)
Towards a guidance on Groundwater Chemical Status and Threshold Values (adopted by SCG Nov 2007)
under development…
(Merged) Guidance on the assessment of groundwater status and trends (currently drafted)
CIS Guidance on Land Use & Groundwater (currently drafted)
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 40
Source: Ministry of the environment, Québec, Canada
Active multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary cooperation.
Integration of different environmental policies
Conclusions & Perspectives
Integration and communication of scientific progress should be streamlined and made effective towards end-users links to WISE and FP7 funding) – “Transfer platforms” are needed
Need for strengthened exchanges, sharing practices,
Korsør, 15.9.2008 - Slide 41
WISE
http://water.europa.eu
European Commission, DG Environment
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water