kpk languages.docx

7/27/2019 kpk languages.docx

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2.Badeshi

[bdz] Bishigram valley upper reaches, east ofMadyan, Swat Kohistan; small groups in

Swat, Tirat and Pooran Chakesar valleys; Alai. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,825(2000).Status: 9 (Dormant).Alternate Names: Badakhshi Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,

Unclassified Comments: No known speakers for three or more generations. Now they use dominant languages

of the area: Torwali [trw], Pashto or Ushojo [ush]. Muslim (Sunni).More Information

9.Bateri

[btv] Extreme south, Kohistan district, Indus River east bank, some north of

Besham; Batera area. Also in India. 28,300 in Pakistan (2000). Population total all countries:29,100. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Batera Kohistani, Baterawal, Baterawal Kohistani, Bateri

KohistaniDialects: More similar to Indus Kohistani [mvy] than to Kohistani Shina [plk], but distinct from

both. Lexical similarity: 58%61% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Gowro [gwf], 54% with Chilisso [clh],

29% with Kohistani Shina [plk] and Torwali [trw], 27% with Kalami [gwc].Classification: Indo-European,

Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani

More Information

13.Chilisso

[clh] Indus river east bank, Indus Kohistan, Koli, Palas area. 1,000(1992 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,6003,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Chiliss,

GalosDialects: Lexical similarity: 70% with Indus Kohistani [mvy], 65%68% with Gowro [gwf], 54% with

Bateri[btv], 48%56% with Kohistani Shina [plk], 26% with Torwali [trw], 25% with

Kalami [gwc].Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani

More Information

14.Dameli

[dml] Kunar river east side, south Chitral district, south of Drosh, Damel valley. 4 main and severalsmaller villages. 5,000 (Cacopardo and Cacopardo 2001), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous).AlternateNames: Damedi, Damel, Damia, Damiabaasha, Gidoji, GudojiDialects: 2 groups: Shinteri-Dondideri and

Swati-Aspar, but no significant dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 44% with Gawar-Bati [gwt], Savi [sdg],

and Palula [phl]; 33% with Kamviri [xvi]; 29% with Kati [bsh].Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, KunarComments: Speakers probably of mixed origin. Language

influenced by Nuristani languages. Muslim (Sunni).

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15.Dari

[prs] Southeast Chitral, Shishi Koh Valley, Madaglasht village; Peshawar,Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, and other large cities. 1,000,000 in Pakistan. 2,000 to 3,000 in Madaglasht

(Chitral), and many Afghan refugees (1992 SIL). Status: 5 (Dispersed).Alternate Names: Afghan Persian,

Badakhshi, Madaglashti, TajikClassification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern,

Persian Comments: Madaglasht community in Chitral came from Badakhshan, Afghanistan 200 years ago.Other communities in Pakistan are primarily refugees or settlers from Afghanistan. Muslim.More Information

20.Gawar-Bati

[gwt] South Chitral, Arandu; along Kunar river south of Arandu . 1,500 inPakistan (1992). Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names:Arandui, Gowar-Bati, Gowari, Narisati, Narsati,

Satre Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,
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KunarComments: Refer to themselves as Kohistani, as do other ethnolinguistic groups in the region. Muslim

(Sunni).

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23.Gowro

[gwf] Indus Kohistan east bank, Kolai area, Mahrin village. 200 (1990),decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened).Alternate Names:Gabar Khel, GabaroDialects: Lexical similarity: 65%68% with Chilisso [clh], 62% with Indus Kohistani [mvy], 60% with Bateri [btv], 40%43% with Kohistani

Shina [plk], 25% with Torwali [trw], 24% with Kalami [gwc].Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,

Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani Comments: Ancestral language of the Gabar Khel, a clan

residing primarily in Mahrin (Indus Kohistan). Different from Gawri, an alternate name for Kalami[gwc].

More Information

25.Gujari[gju] Widespread in the north, east Hazara district, NWFP, Kaghan valley, Azad Kashmir; scattered in southChitral, Swat Kohistan; Dir Kohistan, NWFP; Gilgit. 300,000 in Pakistan (1992). 2,910 in Chitral (1969),

20,000 in Swat Kohistan (1987), 200,000 to 700,000 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir(1989). Status: 4 (Educational).Alternate Names: Gogri, Gojari, Gojri, Gujer, Gujjari, Gujuri, Gujuri

Rajasthani, Kashmir GujuriDialects: Eastern Gujari, Western Gujari.Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified Comments: Some move seasonally with herds.Muslim.

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28.Hindko, Northern

[hno] Hazara division, Mansehra and Abbotabad districts, Indus and Kaghan valleys andIndus valley tributaries, NWFP. 1,880,000 (1981 census). Total Hindko in Pakistan 3,000,000 (1993). Status:5(Developing).Alternate Names: Hazara Hindko, Hindki, Kagani, KaghaniDialects: Also related to

Panjabi [pnb], Seraiki [skr], and Pahari-Potwari [phr]; which have all been called, Greater Panjabi, forming

part of Lahnda. Lexical similaritiy: 82%92% with Northern Hindko dialects, 67%82% with Northern andSouthern Hindko [hnd]varieties. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone,

Lahnda Comments: Muslim (Sunni).More Information

34.Kalami

[gwc] Upper Swat Kohistan, between Peshmal and Kalam north to Kalam area uppervalleys; Dir Kohistan in Thal, Lamuti, Biar, and Rajkot villages. 100,000 (Baart and Sagar 2004),

increasing.Status: 6b (Threatened).Alternate Names: Bashgharik, Bashkarik, Baskarik, Dir Kohistani, Diri,Dirwali, Gaawro, Garwa, Garwi, Gawri, Gowri, Kalami Kohistani, Kohistana, KohistaniDialects: Dashwa,

Kalam, Lamuti (Lamti), Rajkoti (Patrak), Thal, Ushu. Dialect differences do not hinder communication, except

speakers of other dialects have difficulty with Rajkot. Lexical similarity: 90%93% among main dialects;Rajkoti has 75% with Kalami; Dashwa has 77% with Kalami [gwc], and 74% with

Rajkoti. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,

Kohistani Comments: Most widely understood indigenous language in north Swat and Dir Kohistan. Muslim.

More Information

35.Kalasha

[kls] South Chitral district, Rumbur valley, Balanguru village. Southern Kalasha dialect:Urtsun valley; Northern Kalasha: Rumbur, Bumboret, and Birir valleys. 5,000 (Heegrd Petersen

2006).Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Kalash, Kalashamon, KelashDialects: Northern Kalasha (Birir,

Bumboret, Rumbur), Southern Kalasha (Urtsun). An eastern dialect may be on the east side of Chitral River,

south of Drosh. Related to Khowar[khw]. Little contact between Northern and Southern dialects. Lexical
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similarity: 75% southern dialect with northern dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-

Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Chitral Comments: Traditional religion, Muslim.

More Information

36.Kalkoti

[xka] Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province, Dir Kohistan, Kalkot village. 6,000(2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous).Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Kalami [gwc], 59% with Palula [phl],60% with Savi [sdg]. Kalkoti, Palula and Savi form a cluster of closely related varieties within the Shina

group. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,

Shina Comments: Muslim.

More Information

37.Kamviri

[xvi] South Chitral district, Langorbat, Lamerot, Badrugal, and Urtsun valley. 2,000 in Pakistan(2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Kamdeshi, Kamik, Lamertiviri, ShekhaniDialects:Kamviri,

Shekhani. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani

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39.Kati[bsh] Eastern Kativiri dialect: Chitral district, Gobar in Lutkuh valley, Kunisht in Rumburvalley, Shekhanan Deh in Bumboret valley and Urtsun valley. 3,700 in Pakistan (1992). Status: 6a(Vigorous).Alternate Names: Bashgali, Kativiri, NuristaniDialects: Eastern Kativiri (Shekhani), Mumviri,

Western Kativiri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani Comments: EasternKativiri dialect often called Shekhani in Pakistan, but different from Kamviri [xvi] dialect also called Shekhani

in Southern Chitral.

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41.Khowar

[khw] Chitral; Ghizr valley, Shandurpass to Gupis; Gilgit district, Yasin and Ishkhomanvalleys, north Swat valley, Ushu; Peshawar and Rawalpindi. Also in India. 223,000 in Pakistan (1992).

Population total all countries: 242,200. Status: 3 (Wider communication).Alternate Names: Arniya, Chitrali,Chitrari, Citrali, Kashkari, Khawar, Patu, QashqariDialects: East Khowar, North Khowar, South Khowar,Swat Khowar. Northern dialect considered more pure. Related to Kalasha [kls]but different. Lexical

similarity: 86%98% among dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern

zone, Dardic, Chitral Comments:Muslim (Sunni), Muslim (Ismaili).

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42.Kohistani, Indus

[mvy] Indus Kohistan district, west bank Indus river. 220,000 (1993).Status: 6a(Vigorous).Alternate Names: Khili, Kohistani, Kohiste, Mair, Maiy, Maiyon, ShuthunDialects: Duber-

Kandia (Khili, Manzari), Indus (Jijal, Mani, Pattan, Seo). A separate language from nearby varieties:

Bateri [btv], Chilisso [clh], Gowro [gwf], Shina [plk], Torwali [trw], and Kalami [gwc]. Lexical similarity:

90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro [gwf], 58% with Bateri[btv], 41% with KohistaniShina [plk], 28% with Kalami [gwc] and Torwali [trw].Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-

Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani Comments: Mani and Manzari are not used for dialects, but refer

to legendary brothers whose descendants settled in the 2 dialect areas.

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53.Ormuri

[oru] Kaniguram, a pocket in Mahsud Pashto area northwest of Dera Ismail Khan,

Wazirstan. Also in Afghanistan. 6,000 in Pakistan (2004 Burki).
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Population total all countries: 6,050. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Baraki, Baraks,Bargista, Ormui, Ormur, UrmuriDialects: Kanigurami, Logar. Lexical similarity: 27% with Waneci [wne],

25%33% with Pashto dialects. Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern,

Ormuri-ParachiMore Information

55.Pakistan Sign Language[pks] Status: 5 (Developing).Alternate Names: Isharon Ki ZubannDialects: Related to Nepalese Sign

Language [nsp]; may be identical to Indian Sign Language [ins].Classification: Deaf sign language

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56.Palula

[phl] Lower east Chitral river, Ashret and Biori, 12 villages; some in main valley, Kalkatak, andShishi Koh valley, Purigal; reportedly some in Dir Kohistan. Ashreti dialect: Ashret Valley; Northern Palula

dialect: Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Purigal. 10,000 (Liljegren 2008). Population of Ashret and Biori Valleys is

almost completely monolingual (Liljegren 2008). Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Biyori,

Dangarikwar, Palola, Phalulo, PhaluraDialects:Ashreti, Northern Palula. No, or limited, intelligibility ofKalkoti [xka]and Savi [sdg]. Lexical similarity: 92% with Ashreti and Northern Palula dialects, 56%58%

with Savi [sdg] in Afghanistan, 38%42% with Kohistani Shina [plk]. Palula, Kalkoti [xka] (spoken in DirKohistan) and Savi [sdg] (spoken in Afghanistan) form a cluster of closely related varieties within the Shinagroup (Liljegren 2008).Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,

Shina Comments: Muslim (Sunni).

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59.Pashto, Northern

[pbu] Afghanistan border, most of NWFP, Yusufzai, and Peshawar. Also in Afghanistan, Canada,India, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States. 9,590,000 in Pakistan (1993). Includes all

Pashto varieties. Population total all countries: 11,430,000. Ethnic population: Possibly 49,600,000 Pashto in

all countries. Status: 4 (Educational).Alternate Names: Pakhto, Pashtu, Pushto, Yousafzai Pashto, YusufzaiPashtoDialects: Eastern Afghan Pashto, Ningraharian Pashto, Northeastern Pashto. Much similarity with

Northwestern Pashto in Afghanistan. Subdialects of Northeastern Pashto are Kohat (Khatak), Yusufzai(Peshawar), Afridi, Shinwari, Mohmand, Shilmani. Lexical similarity: 80% between Northeastern and

Southwestern Pashto. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern,

Pashto Comments:Muslim (Sunni), Muslim (Shia).More Information

63.Savi

[sdg] Sau, Kunar valley; Dir, many in refugee camps near Timargarha;

Chitral, near Drosh; a few in Jalalabad. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Sau, Sauji,Sawi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,

Shina Comments: Muslim.

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64.Seraiki[skr] South Punjab and north Sind, Indus river valley, Jampur area.

Derawali dialect: Dera Ismail Khan, Tank, Bannu, and Dera Ghazi Khan; Jangli dialect:Sahiwal area. Also in India, United Kingdom. 13,900,000 in Pakistan (1998 census). Population total all

countries: 13,968,000. Status: 5 (Developing).Alternate Names:Bahawalpuri, Multani, Riasiti, Saraiki, Siraiki,

Southern PanjabiDialects: Bahawalpuri (Reasati, Riasati), Derawali, Jangli, Jatki, Multani (Khatki). Dialects

blend together into Panjabi east and Sindhi [snd] south. Until recently it was considered a dialect of Panjabi.
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80% intelligibility of Dogri [dgo]. Lexical similarity: 85% with Sindhi [snd]; 68% with Dhatki [mki],

Od [odk], and Sansi [ssi].Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone,

Lahnda Comments: Muslim, Hindu.

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65.Shina

[scl]North, Gilgit District, scattered villages in Yasin and Ishkoman valleys, Punial, Gilgit, Haramosh, lowerHunza Valley; Diamer district, Chilas area, Darel and Tangir valleys, Astor Valley; scattered in Baltistan

district, Satpara, Kharmang, Kachura, and other small valleys;NWFP, east Kohistan district, Sazin,Harban. Also in India. 337,000 in Pakistan (1998 census), increasing. Population total all countries:

371,400. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Brokpa, Shinaki, SinaDialects: Astori (Astor, Dras, Gurezi,

Kharmangi, Satpara), Chilasi Kohistani (Chilas, Darel, Harban, Sazin, Tangir), Gilgiti (Bagrote, Bunji, Gilgit,

Haramosh, Hunza-Nagar, Punial, Rondu). Gilgit functions as the language standard. Shina is the primary

language in Gilgit and Diamer districts. Lexical similarity: 79%99% within Gilgiti (Northern) dialect

subgroup, 81%96% with Astori (Eastern) subgroup, 84%98% with Chilas (Diamer)

subgroup. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,

Shina Comments:Ethnonym: Brokpa in Baltistan and Ladakh. Glossonym: Brokskat, name also used

semiofficially in India to refer to a highly divergent variety of Shina spoken by Buddhists. Muslim (Sunni),

Muslim (Shia).

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66.Shina, Kohistani

[plk] Kohistan district, NWFP, east bank Indus river, Jalkot, Palas, and Kolaivalley areas. 200,000 (1981 census), increasing. Status:6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Kohistani, Kohistyo,

Palasi-KohistaniDialects: Jalkoti, Kolai, Palasi. A somewhat divergent variety of Shina linguistically andsocially. Similar to Shina [scl] of Chilas, but more distant from Gilgit [scl] dialect. Classification: Indo-

European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina Comments: Muslim (Sunni).

More Information69.Torwali

Swat Kohistan, both sides of Swat river, past Madyan north to Asrit (between Mankjal

and Peshmal); Chail valley east of Madyan. Bahrain and Chail are centers. 60,000 (1987). Status: 6a

(Vigorous).Alternate Names: TurvaliDialects: Bahrain, Chail. Lexical similarity: 44% with Kalkoti [xka] and

Kalami [gwc], 89% with Bahrain and Chail dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,Northwestern zone, Dardic, KohistaniComments: Muslim (Sunni).

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70.Urdu

[urd] Widespread. Also in Bahrain, Bangladesh (Bihari), Botswana,Canada, Denmark, Fiji, Germany, India, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Zambia.

10,000,000 in Pakistan (1998 census). Population total all countries: 63,431,800. Status: 1 (National).Statutory national language (1973, Constitution, Article 251(1)).Alternate Names:BihariDialects: Intelligible

with Hindi, but formal vocabulary borrowed from Arabic and Persian. Dakhini dialect of Urdu [urd] in India

has fewer Persian and Arabic loans than Urdu. Rekhta is a form of Urdu used in poetry. Classification: Indo-

European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, HindustaniComments: Muslim.

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71.Ushojo

[ush] Swat Kohistan, upper reaches of Bishigram valley, east of Madyan. 12villages. 2,000 (1992). Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: UshujiDialects: Lexical similarity: 50% with
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Kolai Shina [plk], 48% with Palas Shina [plk], 42% with Gilgiti Shina [scl], 35% with Chail Torwali [trw],

31% with Palula [phl], 27% with Bateri [btv], 23% with Kalami [gwc], 22% with

Kalkoti [xka].Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,

Shina Comments: Not known by linguists until 1989. Reportedly came from Kolai, Indus Kohistan severalhundred years ago via Ushu, Swat, hence the name Ushojo. Muslim (Sunni).

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73.Wakhi

[wbl]Northeasternmost Chitral, Baroghil area, in glacier area. Gojal dialect: upper Hunzavalley, Gulmit to Chinese and Afghanistan borders, Shimshal and Chupursan valleys, upper Yarkhun valley of

Chitral, and upper Ishkoman valley. 9,100 in Pakistan. 4,500 to 6,000 Gojal, 2,000 Ishkoman, 200 Yasin, 900

Yarkhun (1992), plus refugees. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Vakhan, Wakhani,

WakhigiDialects: Gojal, Ishkoman, Yarkhun, Yasin.Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian,Eastern, Southeastern, PamirComments: Muslim (Ismaili).

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75.Yidgha

[ydg] Chitral, Upper Lutkuh valley, west of Garam Chishma. 6,150(2000). Status: 6b (Threatened).Alternate Names: Lutkuhwar, Yidga,

Yudga, YudghaDialects: No significant dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 56%80% withMunji [mnj] in Afghanistan.Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern,PamirComments: Muslim (Ismaili).
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