krakow conference 15-16 may 2006 from toxic emissions to health effects – case study in krakow...

Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006

From toxic emissions to From toxic emissions to health effects – case study in Krakow health effects – case study in Krakow

2004-20062004-2006

Overview – Overall resultsOverview – Overall resultsJose M. Jimenez – (Project Leader)Jose M. Jimenez – (Project Leader)


From toxic emissions to health effects:From toxic emissions to health effects: An integrated emissions, air quality and health impacts case study in Krakow, POAn integrated emissions, air quality and health impacts case study in Krakow, PO

Socio-Economic Drivers

Environmental Pressures

Environmental State Changes

Impacts

Policy Response

Changes in energy production,

Transport, industry…

Emissions from mobileand stationary sources

Change in the level of contaminants in the air

Impact on human health

Abatement policiesEU, National and local levels

DPSIRDPSIRWP1

WP2

WP3

WP4 WP5

WP6GIS

J. Niedzialek


Project Objectives-DeliverablesProject Objectives-Deliverables

• Scientific information to the Polish Environmental Authorities for the definition of emission abatement strategies in Malopolska region:

Levels and characteristics of PM in Krakow and Zakopane (Chemical composition, size distribution, Indoor/outdoor…)

Origin of PM: Source apportionment Modeling tools. Assessment of scenarios, Cost-Benefit,… Health Implications

• Scientific contribution to the understanding of the problem of Particulate Matter (PM) for the development of an EU wide approach in support to the implementation of CAFÉ programme.


PM 2.5 anthropogenic contribution (CAFE Baseline Scenario). Grid-average concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosols.

2000 2010 2020

PM in EUROPE


PM 10 levels Daily averages- 2005

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

YEAR 2005

PM

10

[u

g/m

3]

Aleje-traffic site (230 days)

24h average PM10 permissible value

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

YEAR 2005

PM

10 [

ug

/m3]

Nowa Huta (161)


0

50

100

150

200

YEAR 2005

PM

10 [

ug

/m3]

Zakopane (85 days)


CAMPAIGN 15-22Jan + 29Jan-5th Feb.


Indoor / Outdoor PM 10Indoor/ outdoor PM10 measurements results

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

15/ 1 16/ 1 17/ 1 18/ 1 19/ 1 20/ 1 21/ 1

January 2005

[ug/

m3]

indoor PM10 24hrs average

outdoor PM1024 hrs average

PM10 24 hrsthreshold

•Outdoor Air Quality determines Indoor Air Quality

•Low PM 10 outdoor => Indoor PM Sources are Relevant


1i_18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

s-c-

na

s-c

c-n

a c sn

on

-s-c

-na

s-c-

na

-cl

n-s

-cn

-sn

-s-c

-na

-cl

s-n

an

a nc-

na

-cl

s-c-

am

os-

am

os-

c-n

a-a

mo

n-s

-c-n

a-a

mo

n-s

-na

n-c

n-s

-c-a

mo

n-c

-na

s-c-

cln

-s-c

-cl

n-s

-am

on

-s-c

-na

-am

o-c

ln

-c-n

a-c

ln

-s-n

a-a

mo

n-n

as-

na

-am

on

-s-c

ls-

c-n

a-a

mo

-cl

am

oc-

cln

-s-n

a-c

lc-

na

-am

o

1o_18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

s-c

-na

s-c

c-n

a c sn

on

-s-c

-na

s-c

-na

-cl

n-s

-cn

-sn

-s-c

-na

-cl

s-n

an

a nc

-na

-cl

s-c

-am

os

-am

os

-c-n

a-a

mo

n-s

-c-n

a-a

mo

n-s

-na

n-c

n-s

-c-a

mo

n-c

-na

s-c

-cl

n-s

-c-c

ln

-s-a

mo

n-s

-c-n

a-a

mo

-cl

n-c

-na

-cl

n-s

-na

-am

on

-na

s-n

a-a

mo

n-s

-cl

s-c

-na

-am

o-c

la

mo

c-c

ln

-s-n

a-c

lc

-na

-am

o

indoor/outdoor

% o

f p

art

icle

s%

of

pa

rtic

les

Apt. 1 Indoor

Apt. 1 Outdoor

Indoor and

Outdoorparticle

populations are

almost Identical

800.000 singleparticle mass

Spectra acquired


+42 m/z

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

17/01/05 18/01/05 19/01/05 20/01/05 21/01/05

indoor/outdoorAP1i AP1oCOAL

AP2i AP2oNO COAL

Organic Nitrogen Particles- (C H N)

% o

f p

art

icle

s

This type of particles are more present inside than outside (both in Stoves and district heating apartments) Indoor source. (Cooking,…)


NOWA HUTA

0

150

300

45015 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

PM

10 m

ass

(µg

/ m³)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

PM10 mass

V (Dp<10 µm)

V (Dp<1 µm)

V (Dp<0.3 µm)

part

icul

e vo

lum

e (µ

m³ /

cm

³)

Particle size distribution:Particles < 1.0 µm account for > 90% of PM10 (during the campaign)Ratio observed in Milan 2003 was 80 %

PM Size distributionPM Size distribution

15-JAN-2005 22-JAN-2005


0

50

100

POLI TRAF INDU AGRI ZAKO

PM

So

urc

e C

on

trib

uti

on

est

imat

e (u

g/m

3 )Resuspension

Traffic

Biomass burning

Secondary (incl. traf and industry)

Industry (coal)

Boilers(coal)

Stoves/LEboilers (coal)

Source Apportionment of PM


Benzo (a) Pyrene (ng / m3)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Domestic coalheating district

Urbanbackground

Traffic site Industrial area Sub-urbanmountain site

POLI AGRI TRAFIC INDU ZACO

Average concentration in PM during the two episodes

Limit value 1 ng/m3

(For the total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year)

PM Chemical Composition PAH’s


0

100

200

300

400

500

Domestic coal

heating district

Urban

background

Traffic site Industrial area Sub-urban

mountain site


Pb

total content in the PM10 fraction

Assessment Threshold for the

averaged over a calendar year.

Directive 1999/30/EC.

0

2

4

6

8

10

Domestic coal

heating district

Urban background Traffic site Industrial area Sub-urban

mountain site


As





0

5

10

15

20

Domestic coal

heating district


mountain site


Ni





0

5

10

Domestic coal

heating district


mountain site


Cd





ng/m3ng/m3

ng/m3 ng/m3

Average concentration in PM during the two episodes

PM Chemical Composition (Metals)


Dioxins Soil and conifers samplingDioxins Soil and conifers sampling


Impact on Health •7 days intensive measurement campaign including 20 apartments. (10 coal heated, 10 district heating)

•308 apartments – 657 persons. Epidemiological questionnaire (interview) + health examination (Lung function test)

Findings: •Inhabitants of Coal Heated apts. Respiratory symptoms: Chronic cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary, lung functioning •The Krakow project confirmed and strengthened the evidence for impact of PM on health. (APHEIS,…)


Overall Conclusions• High levels of PM: Daily Exceedences, yearly

average….• High level of Toxic organic compounds in the air

e.g. Benzo (a) Pyrene.• Values of toxic metals: Pb,As,Cd,Ni below the

limit• Low size of the PM. (PM1 >90%)• Evidence of negative impact on health in

population exposed to higher levels of PM• Emission abatement strategies should take into

account Coal (heating) as the main source of PM • Cost benefit analysis of scenarios positive but

requires significative investment / regulatory intervention


•Malopolska Governor Office•Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection•Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Krakow•Krakow Municipal Office•Jagiellonian University•Polish- Italian Foundation S. Raphael•Central Mining Institute•National Environmental Research Institute (NERI, Denmark)•US-EPA•University of Helsinki•University of Sofia•NILU & NILU Polska•Warsaw Polytechnic•AGH University of Science and Technology•Technical University of Lodz•Institute of Meteorology and water Management (Krakow Branch)

Project Partners (1)Project Partners (1)


European Commission - Joint Research Centre: Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Transport and Air Quality Unit (Project Leadership) Climate Change UnitRural-Water & Ecosystem Unit

Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies Sustainability in Industry, Energy and Transport Unit

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Isotope Measurements Unit

Project partners (2)Project partners (2)


• Thanks to all the participants in the project for the very constructive spirit shown during these two years

• Thanks to the audience for their participation in the scientific discussions during these 2 days

• Special acknowledgement to the staff of the “Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Krakow” for their continuous and enthusiastic contribution

krakow conference 15-16 may 2006 from toxic emissions to health effects – case study in krakow...

Documents