SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

k r i t i k a

№ 2

Tbilisi

2007

2

redaqtori: manana kvaWantiraZe saredaqcio sabWo: lali avaliani Teimuraz doiaSvili Tamaz vasaZe ani kldiaSvili lela oCiauri irma ratiani maka joxaZe

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. 5 tel. 99-53-00; E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

3

T v a l s a z r i s i

nugzar muzaSvili

arsebobs, magram... ar arsebobs

1

qristes aqeT ager ukve ori aTasi weliwadi gavida da manamde kidev ramdeni iyo

gasuli, eSmakma uwyis. mogexsenebaT, am drois ganmavlobaSi ra aRar moimoqmeda adamianma, aRmac iara da daRmac, zecaSic aiWra da zRvis ufskrulebic ganCxrika, magram im wyevlakrulvian kiTxvebs uxsovar droSi TviTonve rom dasva, jerjerobiT mainc veraferi mouxerxa. Zexorcieli ver ityvis, bolos da bolos arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi, saidan movdivarT, sad mivdivarT, ras niSnavs es yvelaferi da a. S.

am gaugebar samyaroSi kvlav da kvlav bevri ram rCeba iseTi, brZenTa goneba rom vera da ver miwvdenia.

etyoba amas aRaraferi eSveleba, magram am ZvelisZvel kiTxvebs CvenSi kidev erTi, specifikurad qarTuli, kiTxvac daemata, aSkarad gamoxatuli tendenciiT _ maradiulad gadaiqces: arsebobs Tu ara saqarTveloSi kritika?

sakiTxi, cxadia, laRadaa dayenebuli. zustad ise, maradiul kiTxvas rom Seefereba. dameTanxmeT, cota ar iyos, plebeuri iqneboda axla rom CavkirkitebodiT _ aba is ra movlenaa, aqamde kritikas rom vuwodebdiTo?

raki asea, janic gavardes, ase iyos. maS, arsebobs Tu ar arsebobs?

2

warmoidgineT, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi msoflioSi yvelaze patara mdinareebis

napirebidan evropul sauniversiteto qalaqebSi gadaxvewil swavla-ganaTlebas mowyurebul Cveneburebs ramdeni ram gaaocebdaT. konstantine gamsaxurdias ki sxva bevr ramesTan erTad iqaur kalmosanTa marTlac gakvirvebis Rirsi sistematuroba da Sromismoyvareobac moxvedria TvalSi.

balzakmao, werda mogvianebiT qarTuli arxeinobiT gulgawyalebuli mwerali, ormoci romanis daweris Semdegac rom veravis daamaxsovra Tavisi saxeli, gaaTkecebuli siSmagiT Seudga saqmes da ormocs kidev orasi wigni miamatao.

xolo CvenSio, dananebiT ganagrZobs didostati, rogorRac miaxrCobs romelime arxeini genia erT-or wigns, merme miecema gancxromas, Tan yurebdacqvetili ayuradebs aqeT-iqiT, magram raki arsaidam xma, arsiT Zaxili ar miswvdeba mis gaalmasebul yurTasmenas, didad nawyeni awrialdeba _ rogor ar damafases, qveyana rogor ar SeiZra, dafnis gvirgvini rogor ar damadges Tavze, ara, ara, saqarTveloSi kritika ar arsebobs _ ai, sad marxia ZaRlis Tavio.

3 me Tu mkiTxavT, ZaRlis Tavi aq ki ara, sul sxvagan marxia, magram isic faqtia, rom

Tuki, vTqvaT, RmerTis arseboba-ararsebobis wyevlakrulviani problema, mogexsenebaT, ZiriTadad mainc rwmenis sakiTxia _ gwams? e. i. arsebobs. ara gwams? maSasadame, ar

4

arsebobs. _ saqarTveloSi kritikis arseboba-ararsebobis problema ase iolad mainc ver gadawydeba.

saqme is gaxlavT, rom ganawyenebul kalmosanT ueWvelad gagonili eqnebaT ilia WavWavaZis, kita abaSiZis, geronti qiqoZis, otia paWkorias, nodar CxeiZis, guram asaTianis, akaki baqraZis, revaz TvaraZis... sxvaTa da sxvaTa, aw ukve ukeTes samyaroSi gardasulTa an jerac medgrad WirTamTmenTa, gamocdil an jerac gamoucdel kritikosTa saxelebi.

es ki ara, darwmunebuli var, isic gagonili eqnebaT, rom adrec gamodioda da dResac gamodis Jurnali `kritika~.

ufro metic, darwmunebuli gaxlavarT imaSic, rom axla Tu ara, jeelobaSi mainc CaukravT Tvali qarTul kritikul opusebSi, magram...

magram amaod. rogorc Cans, maTze amas an veranairi, anda friad bundovani STabeWdileba

mouxdenia. TiTqos kritikosebi arc adre arsebulan da arc dRes arseboben. TviTon fiqriT Tavi aRar SeuwuxebiaT, magram Tuki Cven mainc SevecdebiT, rogorc

msjelobis moyvarulT sCveviaT, cota ufro Tanmimdevrulebi viyoT, friad saintereso paradoqss mivadgebiT: kritikosebi adrec arsebobdnen da dResac mravlad amZimeben dedamiwas, magram... magram kritika mainc ar arsebobs.

Tavis droze lakoniaSi aseTi tipis azrebs gacilebiT sxartad gamoTqvamdnen. vTqvaT ase: arsebobs, magram ar arsebobs.

warmoidgendiT, rom pativmoyvareobiT gawiwmatebuli arxeinoba saganTa bunebis arsSi Cadebul paradoqsulobas aseTi qebis Rirsi moxdenilobiT gamoxatavda?

Tanmimdevrulobas marTlac saswaulebis moxdena SeuZlia. magram raRac kanonzomierebis gamoisobiT es paradoqsi didi xania gascda

gajavrebul kalmosanTa kohortebs da TiTqmis moarul WeSmaritebad iqca. ramdenime msjelobis moyvarulis garda dRes am ideas sxvadasxva variaciebiT TiTqmis yvela imeorebs, WkuissakiTxavica da ukiTxavic, rac, cxadia, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom xsenebuli paradoqsis axsna, rogorc oden SurisZiebisa, sakmarisad ver CaiTvleba.

aSkaraa, rom sakmaod vrceli msjelobebis gareSe fons ver gavalT. Zalianac kargi. qurds ra unda da bneli Rameo. Tqveni mona-morCilic xom amas velodi, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes amgvar Temebze gamarTul msjelobebze ufro mosawyeni, ufro amao, adamianTa udidesi umravlesobisTvis namdvilad araferia, ra vqna, Tuki msjelobis siyvaruli _ dRes ukve wylis nayvis sasacilo Cveuleba, _ siyrmiTgan CemiT Semyvarebia?

aqa vdgavar da sxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs.

4 arsebobs, magram ar arsebobs. javrmoreuli kalmosnebis SurisZiebis mcdeloba marTla Zalian cotaa imis

asaxsnelad, ratom moedo es `lakonizmi~ didsa da pataras. sakmarisi ver iqneba verc is garemoeba, rom guram asaTianis TqmiT, saqarTveloSi

kritikoss daaxloebiT iseTi imuniteti unda hqondes, rogorc erT indoel kacs hqonia, romelic yvelaze saSineli qvewarmavlebis Sxams itanda, radgan emil zolas mtkicebiT, yovel diliT Turme cocxal gombeSos ylapavda...

cotaa isic, rom profesiul kritikas saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, mxolod erTi saukunis istoria aqvs.

sakmarisi ver iqneba verc is, rom CvenSi, faqtobrivad, yvela erTmaneTs icnobs, maT Soris, cxadia, kalmosnebic. mereda rao? swored am garemoebas Seuqmnia ganumeorebeli koloriti. ra aris gasakviri an miT umetes aRmaSfoTebeli imaSi, rom patara qveynis patara dedaqalaqis patara, magram gamorCeuli avtoritetis mqone ramdenime ubanSi erTad daqalebul-dakacebuli kalmosnebi erTad SequCdnen, waRmac da ukuRmac erTmaneTs mxari dauWiron da ase da amgvarad pativi moixveWon?

5

marTalia, aristotelem platonTan megobrobaze maRla WeSmaritebis siyvaruli daayena, magram imas arc Cveneburi koloritisa gaegeboda rame da arc kacuri gagebisa, Tumca ki caSi da dedamiwaze gamoukvleveli araferi datova.

oRond samarTlianoba moiTxovs isic iTqvas, rom es Cveneburi ganumeorebeli koloriti avyiaTa mier xasiaTdeba iseTi rusuli warmoSobis quCur-Jargonuli saZageli terminologiiT, rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, `kutoki~ (rogorc Cans, momdinareobs rusuli `кутёж~-idan, raica iTargmaneba rogorc `qeifi~, `Rreoba~) da `sastavi~ (rusulad `состав~, qarTulad _ `Semadgenloba~).

magram terminologia jandabas. avyiaTa mtkicebiT, CvenSi erTiani saliteraturo da inteleqtualuri sivrce fiqcia yofila da yvelaferi am avadgaJRerebul `kutok-sastavebs~ Soris daqucmacebula da erTmaneTisgan yru kedliT gamoyofila.

Tumca yvelaze kargad avyiaTa Suriani buneba im braldebaSi Cans, romlis Tanaxmadac `kutok-sastavi~, rogorc aseTi, iqneba ara msoflmxedvelobrivi, esTetikuri an sxva ram inteleqtualuri mosazrebebiT, rogorc es gulubryvilo dasavlel kalmosnebs sCveviaT, aramed, ase vTqvaT, geografiuli niSniT.

kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba Cveneburi koloritisa is gaxlavT, rom TiToeul `kutok-sastavs~ Tavi ise uWiravs, TiTqos meore saerTodac ar arsebobdes qveynierebaze.

dayrueba-dabrmaveba-damunjebis amgvari daxvewili xelovnebis sabralo msxverplni Cvena varTo, zecasa swvdeba avyiaTa moTqma-wuwuni. imisaTvis, rom caSi agiyvanon da xotba Segasxan an Tundac Zirs dagcen da Tavze nacari muWiT gayaron, marto ar unda iyoo, radgan marto myofi kaci, Tundac balzakiviT orasi wigni daweros, mainc ar arsebobs, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom veravin xedavs, kritika ratom unda iyos gamonaklisio.

eh... etyoba, avyiebs pativmoyvareobam daaviwya erTi Zvirfasi Suasaukuneobrivi sibrZne

_ raca vis ra RmerTman misces, dasjerdes da mas ubnobdeso. amitom arc TviTon isveneben da arc sxvebs aZleven mosvenebas. sul amaod ki, RmerTmani, radgan garda imisa, rom arca ZaRlis kudi gaswordebis odesme da arca kirCxibi iswavlis marTliad svlas, es wuwun-zuzuni verc imas agvixsnis amomwuravad, ratomaa, rom saqarTveloSi kritikosebi ki boginoben, magram kritikis arseboba mainc saeWvo gamxdara.

5 `es gulwrfeli wignia, mkiTxvelo...~ ase Tamamad daiwyo montenma Tavisi `cdebi~. ramdeni qarTuli wigni SeiZleboda dawyebuliyo aseTi sityvebiT? _ Tavis droze

ritorikulad ikiTxa guram asaTianma. ramdeni qarTuli kritikuli opusia Tavisufali azris simxdalis, klanuri

calmxrivobis, wvrilmani angarebisa da zerele pativmoyvareobisagan? _ kidev ufro gavzrdi ritorikis xarisxs Tqveni mona-morCili.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zemoxsenebul ubnur kolorits, ganumeorebel elfers rom aniWebda da aniWebs Cvens inteleqtualur cxovrebas da arc aw ukve gamqral, magram Tavis droze mrisxane sabWour cenzuras daviviwyebT, unda vaRiaroT, rom, saubedurod, gulwrfeloba didi fufuneba yofila CvenTvis. ra aris kritika gulwrfelobis gareSe?

magram Tuki axla mainc viqnebiT SeZlebisdagvarad gulwrfelebi da vaRiarebT, rom arsebobda da dResac arsebobs erTgvari erovnuli cenzura, romelsac miuxedavad Tavisi araoficialuri, virtualuri xasiaTisa, yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli Zala da gavlena gaaCnda, wesiT axla is unda gagvikvirdes, Tu arsebobda, ra sawaulis ZaliT arsebobda da mainc ra movlena iyo is, rasac kritikas vuwodebdiT.

6

6 rogorRac ise moxda, rom dasavluri warmoSobis iseTi literaturaTmcodneobiT-

kulturologiuri terminebi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, klasicizmi, romantizmi, realizmi, modernizmi, ager Cvens Tvalwin postmodernizmi da sxva, CvenSi mravali gaugebrobisa Tu iluziis warmoqmnis mizezi xdeba xolme. cxadia, saqme sityvebSi ar aris. saqme SinaarsebSia. Sinaarsebi ki arc moduri terminebis gadmoRebiTa da arc viRacis keTili nebiT ar iqmneba. is, rasac, magaliTad, rolan barti gulisxmobda sityva `kritikis~ warmoTqmisas, iseve Sors dgas im Sinaarsisgan, rac CvenSi amave sityviT gamoixateba xolme, rogorc ca da dedamiwa.

rogor ggoniaT, moyolebuli me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan TiTqmis mTeli dasavluri elitaruli kultura SemTxveviT gaxda, ase vTqvaT, kritikuli?

ratomRac masonebs gansakuTrebiT Cveni jini rom sWirT, es cnobili ambavia, magram nuTu isic maTi bralia, rom CvenSi kritikuli gansja, saerTod kritikuli azrovneba, didad deficituri ram gaxldaT da rac iyo, isic sul ufro metad emgvaneba wylis nayvas? nuTu isic masonuri xrikebis damsaxurebaa, rom yviTelma kulturam elvis siswrafiT gadafara yvela da yvelaferi da televizia Tavisi serialebiT, niusebiT, SouebiTa da reklamebiT sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas avsebs azriTa da mniSvnelobiT? am procesSi bevr rames Seaqvs Tavisi wvlili, magram qarTuli kritikis, ase vTqvaT, nulovani reitingis mizezebi yvelaze metad, cxadia, Tavad masSivea saZebari.

mogexsenebaT, iseve rogorc sxva bevri ram, `kritikac~ berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs gansjis xelovnebas. magram, Tuki, vTqvaT, Tavis droze, barti da Zmani misni imaze fiqrobdnen da msjelobdnen rogori unda iyos da ras unda cdilobdes gansjis xelovneba, CvenSi, faqtobrivad, dResac imaze mimdinareobs wverTagleja, risi gansja SeiZleba da risi ara.

ai, sad marxia ZaRlis Tavi. marTalia, didi xnis win batoni imanuel kanti dabejiTebiT gvirCevda, kritikuli

gansjisTvis dagveqvemdebarebina yvelaferi, magram mTeli me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi da dResac Cveni kulturuli sivrce savse iyo da aris akrZaluli zonebiT. anu arsebobda mTeli wyeba Temebisa, romelTa kritikuli analizi metad mavnebeli gaxldaT kritikosis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobisTvis. kacma rom Tqvas, asea dResac.

am TvalsazrisiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar hqonda imas, rom CvenSi, gansxvavebiT aristotelesagan, WeSmaritebaze metad Zmakacoba fasobda.

Tqven warmoidgineT, arc imas, rom TiTqmis mTeli gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi qarTul kritikas urTierToba uwevda iseT ZalasTan, romelsac urCebisTvis an cimbiri hqonda momarjvebuli, anda cxra gramiani argumenti.

am mxriv gadamwyveti mnisvnelobisa aRmoCnda is specifikuri diskursi, romelic qarTulma kulturam me-19 saukuneSi SeimuSava da romelmac me-20 saukuneSi araoficialuri, arsad deklarirebuli, TiTqmis gaucnobierebeli, magram amiT kidev ufro gansakuTrebuli Zalmosilebis mqone fenomenis Zala da mniSvneloba SeiZina.

es gaxlavT e. w. `romantizebuli patriotizmi~, romelic yvelanairad cdilobs da axerxebs kidec adamianTa cnobierebaSi daCagruli samSoblos mimarT gansakuTrebuli emociuri kavSiri daamyaros. samSoblo aris satrfoTa-satrfo, samSoblo aris RvTaeba, romelsac yovelgvari pirobis gareSe unda Sewiro yvelaferi. es gaxlavT sruliad konkretuli sulieri mdgomareoba, romelic yovelive qarTulis mimarT gulisxmobs calsaxad apologetur, metismetad hiperbolizebul, pietetur damokidebulebas.

rogor SeiZleba satrfos an RvTaebis civi gonebiT gansja? vis SeiZleba mouvides TavSi aseTi idea? mxolod mters, agents, masons, moRalates. raki aseTi iarliyis tareba arasdros aravis unda, yovelgvari racionalisturi ganCxreka, TviTrefleqsia gamoiricxa.

amgvari viTareba kulturaSi sistematurad qmnis kerpebs, ase vTqvaT usazRvro siyvarulisa da sinazis obieqtebs istoriuli moRvaweebis, mwerlebis, poetebis, mecnierebis, msaxiobebisa da TviT literaturuli personaJebisganac ki, romlebiTac mxolod aRfrTovaneba SeiZleba da romlebsac mxolod Tayvani unda sce.

7

Zvelad, roca omi xelCarTuli brZolebis gareSe ar xdeboda, windaxeduli sardlebi cdilobdnen gadamwyveti brZolis win raRac amgvari sulieri mdgomareoba SeeqmnaT meomrebisTvis.

cdilobdnen da bevri axerxebda kidec amas, radgan rogorc Cans, mokle drois manZilze amgvari paTetikuri sulieri muxtis Seqmna da SenarCuneba maincdamainc saZnelo saqme ar unda yofiliyo.

qarTuli kulturis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom man SeZlo ukanaskneli orasi wlis manZilze jer Seeqmna da mere ara marto SeenarCunebina, aramed maqsimalurad gaeZlierebina aseTi gansakuTrebuli sulieri daZabuloba, amgvari superemociuri muxti. man moinela ara marto mefis ruseTis opriCnikebi, aramed gauZlo TviT komunisturi totalitarizmis arnaxul wnexs da bolos misi mesaflavec ki gaxda, dRes ki xmalamoRebuli ebrZvis Cvenebur nihilizms.

cxadia, amave diskursiT operirebda qarTuli kritikis is frTac, romelmac uamravi mkiTxveli gaiCina da Tavis droze gansakuTrebuli rolic Seasrula, risi dasturicaa is uzarmazari avtoriteti, romliTac 80-iani wlebis bolos kritikosi akaki baqraZe sargeblobda.

magram... magram medals yovelTvis ori mxare aqvs.

7

iseTi kritikosi, rogoric gaxldaT guram asaTiani, jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi mixvda,

rom kulturaSi gamefebuli aseTi superemociuri, narcisuli diskursi Zalze saxifaTod amcirebda racionaluri gansjis, saerTod, refleqsiis xvedriT wils. es azri man Zalze frTxilad gamoTqva Tavis `I dialogSi~, radgan erovnuli cenzuris TvalsazrisiT TviT aseTi azric ki RvTis gmobad aRiqmeboda.

amis gageba SeiZleba. magram is, rac kargi Canda dapyrobil qveyanaSi, uvargisi aRmoCnda TavisufalSi. is,

rac maSin mxolod gamWriaxTaTvis Canda, dRes gamoaSkaravda, kerZod, am diskursis sruliad ararealuri, iracionaluri, hiperbolizebuli xasiaTi. sakuTari kulturis mier gandidebuli xalxi 90-ian wlebSi moulodnelad srul politikur-ekonomikur-socialur qaosSi aRmoCnda gaxlarTuli.

gadamwyvet brZolaSi mimavali meomris paTosi sruliad SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda Tavisufali qveynis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis.

es garemoeba nihilizmis saxiT bumerangiviT miubrunda Tavad kulturasac. mimarTuleba, cxadia, sworia. romantizebuli patriotizmis mier Seqmnili miTebi da iluziebi dRes ara marto Zalze absurdulad gamoiyureba da sruliad veRar pasuxobs axali droebis saWiroebebs, ukve seriozul problemebsac qmnis mravali TvalsazrisiT. magram garda imisa, rom ukiduresobani yovelTvis ukiduresobebs Soben, rac aseT saqmes araferSi adgeba, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom Cvenebur nihilistebs arasodes ukiTxavT arc vasil barnovis, arc konstantine gamsaxurdias an levan goTuas istoriuli romanebi, arc giorgi leoniZis an lado asaTianis patriotul lirikas auCqrolebia maTi gulebi, arc sandro axmetelis Teatrze smeniaT rame da arc saqarTvelos mTa-barSi xetialisas gadawydomian rodisme aw ukve miviwyebul taZris sevdian nangrevebs. mokled, maT uaryofaSi arc codna igrZnoba yovelive amisa da arc siyvarulis tkivilebi.

amitom Tua, rom Cvenebur nihilistTa ultracivilizebuli cinizmi TiTqmis veranair STabeWdilebas ver axdens patriotTa Suasaukuneobrivi paTosiT aRsavse sulebze.

piriqiT, kidev ufro aZlierebs mas. CvenSi vinc xmas iRebs, yvela absolutur WeSmaritebas RaRadebs. aseT zaTqsa da

grialSi vis sWirdeba zomieri skepticizmisa Tu racionalizmis xma? da Tu es aravis sWirdeba, rogori kritika SeiZleba aseT sivrceSi arsebobdes?

8

8 am saqmis iseTi eqspertis Tanaxmad, rogoric rolan bartia, gagikvirdebaT, magram

amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. kritika SeiZleba iyos pozitivisturi, fsiqoanalitikuri, egzistencialisturi, marqsistuli, erovnuli an Tundac marqsistul-leninuric ki. mokled, aTasgvari. tradiciuli demokratiis qveynebSi SesaZlebelia ramdenime maTgani erTdrouladac arsebobdes. magram es bevrs arafers niSnavs. bartis azriT, problema kritikis ideologiuroba ki ara, aramed am faqtis miCqmalvaa.

saerTod, adamians ar SeuZlia romelime religiis, moZRvrebis, ideologiis, erTi sityviT, raRac sistemis gareSe samyaros aRqma da misi analizi. realurad, marTlac SeuZlebelia raRac filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis gareSe iolad gasvla. magram Tuki yvelanairi kritika aRiarebs sakuTar filosofiur an raRac sxva tipis wanamZRvrebis arsebobas, moxdeba WeSmaritebis flobaze monopoliuri uflebis gauqmeba. arc erT sistemas, arc erT ideologias ar SeuZlia bolomde srulad dainaxos da axsnas es mravalferovani da winaaRmdegobrivi samyaro. arc erT sistemas ar SeuZlia calmxrivi ar iyos. Sesabamisad, kritikis arss ar unda warmoadgendes misi ideologiuri arCevani anu kritikis daniSnuleba ar unda iyos `WeSmaritebis~ RaRadeba.

magram es yvelaferi imdenad araadeqvaturia Cveni kulturuli sivrcisTvis, rom bartis ideebze saubris gagrZeleba sasaciloc ki xdeba. rogor unda imuSaos CvenSi postmodernistuli mgrZnobiarobidan Sobilma aseTma yovlismomcvelma prularizmma?

qarTuli kritika yovelTvis `WeSmaritebas~ RaRadebda da, cxdia, arc dRes SeuZlia amaze uaris Tqma.

magram es jandabas. rogorc Cans, CvenSi, ubralod, `WeSmaritebis~ Canacvleba unda moxdes _ Zvelma

adgili unda dauTmos axals. da es Tu moxda, esec didi miRweva iqneba. oRond amis gakeTeba nihilisturi taS-fanduriT albaT ver moxerxdeba.

jerjerobiT odnavadac ar igrZnoba, magram Tuki saerTod SesaZlebelia am qveyanaSi romantizebul-narcisulma diskursma adgili dauTmos odnav met racionalizms, odnav met TviTrefleqsias, yvelaze ukeT amas albaT Tavad cxovreba moaxerxebs. oRond es gacilebiT mtkivneuli procesi iqneba. realoba yovelTvis mtkivneulia.

manamde ki, kritikosebs saerTod rom ar dagvaviwydes Cveni xelovneba, lukmapuris mosapoveblad gamarTuli vai-viSisagan Tavisufal wuTebSi iqneb xandaxan mainc gavixsenoT, rom odesRac msjeloba gviyvarda. isev erTmaneTisTvis, Torem sxvebisTvis, da ara marto arxeini kalmosnebisTvis, Tavad kritikis arseboba kvlav da kvlav rom saeWvo iqneba, me mgoni, amas araferi eSveleba.

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daviT CixlaZe

demiTologizaciis fenomenis Semotana axal qarTul poeziaSi∗

4. enobrivi/literaturismiRmieri praqtikebi

struqturalizmi poeziaSi, romlis precedentic saerTod win uswrebda postmodernizmis xanas, gvevlineba enobrivi poeziis upirobo safuZvlad uaxles qarTul poeziaSi. marTalia aq saxelebis iseT simravlesTan ara gvaqvs saqme, rogorc verlibris SemTxvevaSi, magram isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom modernizmis niadagze, kerZod ki postmodernizmis tradiciaSi arsebuli es puristuli mimarTuleba CvenSi, verlibrTan SedarebiT, arcTu ise didi xnis istoriis mqonea. pirveli seriozuli ganacxadi ekuTvnis poets da literaturaTmcodnes nino darbaisels; es iyo leqsi, pwkaredi da komentari, warmodgenili, rogorc erTiani poetikuri sxeuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom es pirveli moculobiTi struqturalisturi prezentacia isev `literaturuli saqarTvelos" farglebSi moxda. aseve sayuradReboa nino darbaiselis leqsebis krebuli `axaldedebi", gamocemuli `meranis" mier.

Semdeg am tradicias meTodurad da araerTi unikaluri kuTxiT poeti da filosofosi daTo barbaqaZe agrZelebs.

verlibris Semotanis bunebrioba da kanonzomiereba am axali mimarTulebis sicocxlisunarianobamac daadastura, am ori poetis SemoqmedebiT rom aris gamoxatuli. Tundac is niuansic, rom orive es poeti verlibridan iRebs saTaves kidev erTi dadasturebaa sxva niadagze aseTi tradiciis ganuxorcieleblobisa (yovelSemTxvevaSi, sawyis etapze mainc, postmodernizmis konvenciuri leqsiT ekleqtikuri TamaSebis potenciur dawyebamde). mesame poeti, am tradiciasTan dakavSirebuli da aseve verlibrze dafuZnebuli poetikiT, uSangi gabitaSvilia. man mxolod erTi wignis gamocema moaswro, da isic sakmaod dagvianebiT. uSangi gabitaSvilis enobrioba ufro abstraqcionizms ikvlevs; misi poeziis saxiT qarTulma literaturam SeiZina abstraqcionistuli verlibri. manamde CvenSi abstraqcionistuli leqsi warmodgenili iyo tradiciulad, rogorc musikaluri leqsi, bgeris primatiT agebuli nawarmoebi, rac xSiri iyo galaktion tabiZesTan.

80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aseve SesamCnevi gaxda post-struqturalisturi tendenciebi. aseT gamovlinebebs SegviZlia krebiTad literaturismiRmieri praqtikebi vuwodoT, romelTa ramdenime reprezentacia sagamofeno darbazebSi ufro xdeboda, instalaciis an performansis saxiT. am mimarTulebis gaCena istoriulad dakavSirebuli iyo mxatvarTa transavangardistul jgufTan saxelwodebiT `meaTe sarTuli", romelic marjaniSvilis Teatris saxelosnoSo muSaobda da romelic mxatvarma mamuka cecxlaZem da xelovnebaTmcodnem karlo kaWaravam Camoayalibes. am jgufis interdisciplinaluri kredo SesaniSnav stimuls warmoadgenda saeqspozicio teqstisTvis, anu radikaluri semiotikuri eqsperimentebisTvis. meore mxriv, iyo niSnebi zepirmetyvelebiTi poeziis, an zepiri subkulturuli poeziis simulaciis. am rangis movlenad unda aRviqvaT karlo kaWaravas mudmivad ganaxlebadi yoveldRiuri terminebis leqsikoni, romelic bunebrivad imkvidrebda adgils xsenebuli jgufis mxatvrebis wreSi da dResac ganagrZobs arsebobas, rogorc mxatvarTa viwro wris uaRresad kulturuli, magram arastilizebuli Jargoni.

amitomac, ukve xangrZlivi sagamofeno praqtikebis Semdeg, rodesac 1992 wels kote yubaneiSvilis gamokveTilad anti-literaturuli poezia gamoCnda, romelsac damoukidebeli mizezebi gaaCnda da ar iyo gamomdinare enobrivi poeziis Tu interdisciplinaluri mxatvrobis standartebidan, Tavidanve miipyro swored avangardist mxatvarTa auditoriis da ara literatorTa wreebis yuradReba. kote

∗ gagrZeleba. dasawyisi ix. `kritika~, # 1, 2006.

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yubaneiSvilis poezia ufro totaluri negaciis matarebeli iyo, literaturis mobezrebis niSniT da raRaciT dakavSirebuli dadaistur reduqciasTan. (mxolod am ukanasknelSi jer kidev darCenili yovelgvari literaturuli seriozulobis ironizaciiT). Tumca zepirmetyvelebis subkulturul tendenciebs ar gaaCnda Teoriuli bazisi da analizi (rac kanonzomiericaa, radikaluri uaryofis tendenciidan gamomdinare) da arc gagrZeleba SeiZleboda hqonoda, rac swored mis erT-erT miTologiur xibls warmoadgens. aseTi nimuSebi erTjerad pop-movlenebad darCa (iqca), gansxvavebiT zemoTaRniSnuli enobrivi poeziisgan. Tumca, kote yubaneiSvilis (da irakli Carkvianis _ `reaqtiuli klubis" meore fuZemdeblis) literaturam xSirad pankis nacvlad palpis formebi miiRo.

aqve Tavsdeba karlo kaWaravas, mamuka cecxlaZis, maia cecxlaZis da koka ramiSvilis leqsebis unikaluri publikacia Jurnal `iaxsarSi" 1989 wels. karlo kaWaravas Sesaxeb Cven ukve gvqonda mokle SeniSvnebi amaswindel werilSi `enobrivi poeziis dRevandeli mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi" (Jurnali `alternativa", marti, 2005). es iyo udaod saintereso leqsebi, Tvisobrivad uCveulo da pirveli publikaciisTvis aseve moulodnelad daxvewili (mag., koka ramiSvilis konceptualizmi, karlo kaWaravas pesimisturi socialisturi romantika, rac kargad warmoaCenda arte poveras ideebiT da egnate ninoSvilis stiliT gatacebas, maia cecxlaZis uxeSi eqspresionizmi _ aSkara iyo wminda samxatvro tendenciebis zemoqmedeba). unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve dasavleTSi transavangardi da postmodernistuli xelovneba ar yofila maincdamainc loialuri saerTod Tanamedrove poeziis mimarT da mis mxolodRa istoriul Tanadroulobas argumentad ar Rebulobda (ix. siuzan sontagis `dumilis esTetika" da `Jil deliozis leqsikoni", bolo interviu Jil deliozTan). postmodernizmSi poezia darca eSelonis boloSi da iq axali mgrZnobelobis esTetika naklebad ganxorcielda im mizezebis gamo, rac ukavSirdeba am epoqis vizualuri azrovnebis primats, epoqisa, romelmac moitana televizia.

5. dabruneba literaturasTan/samizdatis kultura mainc, miuxedavad literaturisTvis uCveulo semiotikuri Zvrebisa bolo

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, cxadia, mwerlebis da poetebis umetesobas gaaCniaT bunebrivi moTxovnileba tradiciul sapublikacio garemoze. sxva saqmea is, rom maTi SemoqmedebiTi statusi SeiZleba jer ver Tavsdebodes akademiis farglebSi; an, meore mxriv, esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi ar aZlevdeT maT alternatiuli presis indiferentul miswrafebebTan gaigivebis uflebas.

cota xniT adre, sanam alternatiuli presa gaCndeboda, am problemis sqema gacilebiT martivi iyo: ofocialuri presa _ samizdati. dRes ki, rodesac alternatiuli presa cdilobs Caenacvlos samizdats, sakuTar Tavze aiRos misi kulturologiuri statusi (da ara marto yofili ssrk-sTvis aris es siaxle), problemaSi garkveva SeiZleba met-naklebad garTulebuli gamoCndes.

mwerali, rogori axalgazrdac ar unda iyos da naklebad gamocdili, mainc SeiZleba bunebrivad mivides mesame variantis povnis moTxovnilebasTan. amisTvis sakmarisia mas aRmoaCndes ramdenime ganmsazRvreli faqtori: rogorc aRvniSneT, unda iyos sakmaod axalgazrda akademiisTvis; unda gaaCndes mkafio esTetikuri samizneebi da moTxovnilebebi, raRac monaxazi mainc, risi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobasac is ver dainaxavs alternatiuli presis indiferentul (rogorc demokratiulis sinonimi literaturis sociologiisTvis) politikaSi.

aq gamonakliss SeiZleba warmoadgendes debiutanti mwerali, visTvisac nebismieri publikacia, cxadia, misasalmebeli iqneboda. da aqac, SeiZleba, zogisTvis es mxolod droebiTi iZulebiTi saSualeba iyos da ara maincdamainc mizani. sapublikacio eTikas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom is uSualo gavlenas axdens mwerlis rogorc esTetikur, aseve eTikuri Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebaze.

literaturuli samizdatis pirveli Jurnali iyo `iaxsari", romelic 1989 wels

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gamovida da mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba miiRes poetebma gela kikolaSvilma, omar Turmanaulma, lia bedoSvilma, daTo barbaqaZem, andro buaCiZem da sxv. radgan es Jurnali am winamdebare werilis avtorisa da badri guguSvilis TanaredaqtorobiT gamoicemoda (da Tan mis Sesaxeb araerTxel iqna aRniSnuli literaturul mimoxilvaSi), aucileblad ar migvaCnia masze SevaCeroT mkiTxvelis yuradReba da pirdapir momdevno gamocemebze gadavalT.

mTeli Semdgomi istoriac da tradiciac, faqtiurad, `daTo barbaqaZis Jurnalma" Seqmna, romelic jer mxolod zepiri formiT arsebobda, mogvianebiT ki video-Jurnalis (arqivis) forma miiRo. `daTo barbaqaZis Jurnalma" SeZlo wlebis ganmavlobaSi yofiliyo mravali axali tendenciisa Tu axalgazrda mwerlis xelisSemwyobi da warmomCeni. samizdatis kulturaSi sxva msgavsi mniSvnelobis movlena arc yofila. am Jurnalis Sexvedrebi universitetis pirvel korpusSi ewyoboda da namdvilad did auditorias izidavda, rogorc mwerlebis, aseve mkiTxvelebis. swored iq wamoiWra da ganxilvis sagnad iqca sakiTxebi, romlebic dResac ki ar aris farTe diskusiis saxiT mocemuli alternatiuli Tu naxevrad-alternatiuli presis furclebze _ formalizmis dialeqtikis aspeqtebi, karnavaluri inovaciebi (erT-erTi misi aseTi diskursi imdenad radikalurad iyo warmoCenili misi, uaRresad sasicocxlo, literaturuli Teoriebis, kritikis da eseebis wignis garekanze, rom me wigns yda movacale, rasac exla vnanob _ masze gamosaxuli iyo Tbilisis sazogadoebrivi tualetebis da maTi momsaxure personalis, aseve Tavad avtoris, maTTan erTad, fotoebi: es yvelaferi xom mxolod taqtiani miniSneba iyo pluralizmis realur semantikur problematikaze!). es monaxazebi moicavda uaxles semiotikur Teoriebs, interteqstis, dialogizmis, hiperteqstis diskursebis versiebs. daTo barbaqaZe iyo da rCeba wamyvan figurad rogorc literaturis TeoriaSi da aseve praqtikul aplikaciaSi.

esTetikuri kuTxiT udaod mniSvnelovani iyo JurnalisaTvis zepiri formis micema, mogvianebiT ki video (arqivizaciis _ filosofemis gagebiT) formaSi gadasvla. am maxasiaTebels aucileblad unda hqonoda sakuTari gacnobierebuli Tu uneblie daniSnuleba, radgan daTo barbaqaZis yvela sakuTari wigni, lirikis Tu eseistikis, aseve samizdatis formaSia gamocemuli, magram _ gamocemuli da ara zepiri an video formiT. ar migvaCnia, rom es SeiZleba mxolod politikuri mizniT yofiliyo gamowveuli, raTa daumuSavebel masalebs ar miscemoda beWduri saxiT damkvidrebis saSualeba. aSkarad, ufro meore, diskusiis faqtori wamoiwevs win, cocxali diskusiis pirobebis Seqmnis, rac aranairad ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos beWdurma Jurnalma, Tu ar CavTvliT e.w. mrgval magidebs mwerlebisa da redaqciis TanamSromlebis monawileobiT (aseTi SesaniSnavi wamowyebebi hqonda `ciskars" da `kritikas" 80-ian wlebSi).

aseTi procesi, amave dros, bevri ramis koreqtirebis saSualebasac aZlevda mwerals, da ara Secdomebis gasworebis saxiT, aramed enaze, stilze muSaobis Cvevebis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelobiT. mwerals SeeZlo gascnoboda auditoriis reaqcias mis ama Tu im nawarmoebze. es hgavda amerikaSi gavrcelebul `fild riziarCis" Tanamedrove praqtikas, sadac xelovanebi erTmaneTs warudgenen damTavrebul Tu daumTavrebel namuSevrebs reaqciebis da SeniSvnebis gamosakvlevad.

diskusiis aseTi maRali koeficientis gamo `daTo barbaqaZis Jurnali" ar SeiZleba miCneuli iqnas alternatiuli presis gaCenis winapirobad; da is TviT sakuTari winamorbedisagan, `iaxsarisaganac" pozitiurad gansxvavdeba, sadac esTetikis politikuri platforma (garda jer kidev difuziuri `Tavisuflebisa") maincdamainc gamoxatuli ar iyo (rac `iaxsaris" erT-erT minusadac SeiZleba miviCnioT).

daTo barbaqaZem mogvianebiT gamosca sxva literaturuli periodikac. aqedan aRsaniSnavia, pirvel rigSi, Jurnali `polilogi" (romlis Sesaxebac gvqonda mimoxilva Jurnal `afraSi" da aq ganvrcobis uflebas veRar mivcemT Tavs) da gazeTi `+_ literatura" (Jurnalist maia gogolaZesTan erTad).

saintereso fenomenTan gvqonda saqme gazeT `Cven mwerlobasTan" dakavSirebiT (amJamad daxurulia), romelic oficialuri presis erTgvari damoukidebeli wamowyeba iyo, anu warmoadgenda axal, enTuziastur mxardaWeras pluralizmis pirobebSi CrdilSi moqceuli akademiis. am gazeTs redaqtorobda cnobili kritikosi rostom CxeiZe.

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marTlac, misi gaCena TiTqos akademiis frontis gaZlierebas mianiSnebda, Tu ar davinaxavT aseT movlenebs sxva prizmaSi, maT simptomatur xasiaTs, rac, piriqiT, mfarvelobis obieqtis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ akademiis, dasustebaze miuTiTebs pirvel rigSi.

samizdatisTvis aseTive simptomi iyomisi mxardamWeri organizebuli presis gaCena 90-ianebis dasawyisSi gazeTebis `rubikonis" ( redaqtori: poeti ioseb maWaraSvili) da `mesame gzis" (redaqtori: poeti ramin sajaia) saxiT, sadac farTe literaturuli diskursisa da gamokvlevis araerT met-naklebad warmatebul mcdelobas vxvdebiT ).

manamde, 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi filosofosma elizbar elizbaraSvilma (poet giorgi bundovanTan TanaredaqtorobiT), gamosca Juranli `meore arsenali", rac samizdatis ganmeorebiT mcdelobad SeiZleba miviCnioT (jerjerobiT Jurnalis mxolod erTi nomeri arsebobs). Tumca formalurad samizdatis kategoriaSi Tavsdeba, sakuTari SinaarsiT is ucnaur precedents qmnis qarTul sapublikacio sistemaSi: mas ar gaaCnia esTetikuri platforma _ arc akademiuri (absolutisturi), arc alternatiuli (liberaluri) da arc andergraundis (eqsperimentuli), aramed ufro emsgavseba sakuTari xarjebiT gamocemuli wignebis praqtikas, romelsac namdvilad ar moeTxoveba kulturologiur an sociologiur ierarqiebSi sakuTari adgilis dakaveba. es ufro, gavimeorebT sicxadisaTvis, hgavs axalgazrda mweralTa erTi SemTxveviTi jgufis iZulebiT moqmedebas, romelTac aerTianebs saerTod nebismieri publikaciis uimedobamde misuli moTxovnileba, risi mizezic SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos. radgan andergraundze miniSneba, maTive esTetikuri poziciebidan gamomdinare, TiTqmis nols utoldeba, samizdatis arCeva, unda vigulisxmoT, imiT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli, rom isini ubralod ver akmayofileben, cxadia, verc naxevar-akademias da verc alternatiuli literaturis moTxovnilebas _ `arilidan" `alternativamde" speqtrSi. an meore savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba iyos mxolodRa samegobro gaerTianeba, rogorc damoukideblobis erTgvari zeimi. mesame savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba iyos alternatiuli presis da samizdatis erTdrouli nivelirebis survili, rogorc perventiuli saprotesto aqti, sakuTar TavSi daurwmuneblobidan gamomdinare. Jurnalis profili aranairad ar amarTlebs misi redaqtoris ganacxadebs neokonservatizmis Sesaxeb (Tu ar CavTvliT missave statias fridrix nicSes filosofiuri problemebis Sesaxeb, rac marTlac neokonservatizmis bolomde dausabuTebeli mudmivi apelirebis Temaa).

6. tonaloba/ganwyoba zemoTaRwerili praqtika wignebis gamocemis SemTxvevisaTvis ufro bunebrivia

Tavisufali sazogadoebis pirobebSi. ase gamoica `anomaliuri poeziis" jgufis (SoTa iaTaSvili, giorgi bundovani, zurab rTveliaSvili) ramdenime wigni _ `sikvdilis frTebi", `rezidenti", `qronofagebi" da TviTon `anomaliuri poeziis krebuli". radgan am jgufs hqonda marTlac jgufuri, saprogramo xasiaTi (maT manifestic gamoaqveynes Sesabamidad), SegviZlia es gamocemebi presis politikis nawilad mainc moviazroT (Tumca maT ar gamouciaT sakuTari periodika). pirveli gamoxmaureba maTs programaze da poeziaze ekuTvnis poet daviT mWedlurs. sakuTar statiaSi, romelic 1993 wels daibeWda gazeT `7 dReSi", is ganixilavs `anomaliuri jgufis" programas, rogorc saerTo platformas maTi poetikis, magram Semdgom misi kritika danawevrebuli da gankerZoebuli xdeba, sadac individualurad afasebs yovel calkeul avtors. daviT mWedluri, Tumca ki TiTqos miesalmeba mocemul avtorTa vulgarul Temebsa da intonaciebs, rogorc realizmis adeqvatur formebs im mocemuli droisaTvis, imave dros am avtorTagan yvelaze zomierad (anu, logikurad, am programisTvis Seusabamod) SoTa iaTaSvils miiCnevs da mis aseT zomierebas literaturulobis upirobo kriteriumad warmoadgens (rogorc akademiis erT-erT prioritets), swored im niSniT, rom misi poezia, mainc, SedarebiT, naklebad vulgarulia da uxeSi _ TematikiT da metyvelebiT.

misi kritikis es TiTqos SemTxveviTi winaaRmdegoba dekadis dagvianebiT

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dadasturda, rodesac `anomaliuri poeziis" darCenili ori wevri, giorgi bundovani da zurab rTveliaSvili mTlianad vulgarizmis realobaSi aRmoCnda. aq ki ukve familarulad iqca quCuri gineba avtoris poziciidan, daufaravi qedmaRloba, pretencionizmi, agresiuli aTeisturi pasaJebi (aTeizmi kidev daumsaxureblad maRali inteleqtualuri tonalobis Sefasebaa), rac ufro zurab rTveliaSvilis leqsebSi mJRavndeba da TiTqmis ucvlel ganwyobad gasdevs. giorgi bundovanTan ufro intonaciis monotonuroba Tu aSkara lobotomirebuli apaTiaa TvalSisacemi (lobotomireba saerTod dRevandeli Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis simptomadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, sadac aseTi tendenciebi ukve sayovelTaoa da umravlesobis diqtaturis formebs Rebulobs. amis magaliTia kote yubaneiSvilis bolodroindeli vulgaruli kupletebi, romlebic kvalsac aRar atareben misi adrindeli SesaniSnavi lirikuli mignebebis, perifrazSic rom inarCunebdnen sakuTr originalur sisadaves ("sadac rusTaveli prospeqtia da WavWavaZe gamziri, muStaidi baRia da saakaZe moedani, baraTaSvili xidia da stalini sanapiro, irakli Carkviania da kote yubaneiSvili").

aseve, "anomaliuri poetebisTvis" dRes xazgasmiT niSandoblivia maneruli politikuri saTqmelis eqspansia poetikuris sruli amowurvis fonze. es manerizacia mkveTrad Cans rTveliaSvilTan, Tundac misi sajaro gancxadebebSi e.w. anarqistuli poeziis Sesaxeb, radgan poezias ar gaaCnia winaswari politikuri platformebi, misi politika missave poetikaSi ikveTeba; da es, Tundac, ritorikuladac ki ar aris mocemuli mis leqsebSi.

SoTa iaTaSvilTanac didia piradulis da saCivris, piradi angariSsworebis intonaciebi leqsebSi, rac misi, sxva mxriv Camoyalibebuli verlibris fonze aSkarad zedmetia. zurab rTveliaSvilis da giorgi bundovanis pirveli leqsebis imedismomcemi, an lirikulad damaintrigebeli mimarTuleba da udao xibli ki aSkarad lobotomirebulia (rac calkeuli mizezbiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli), Tumca SeiZleba jer kidev ar aris mTlianad dakarguli.

`anomaliuri poeziis" jgufma scada asimilireba postmodernistul tendenciebTan, magram mxolod zedapirulad. garkveul etapze Seiqmna kidec mowinave eqsperimentul poeziasTan Tanaziarobis niSani, magram maTi moRvaweoba araTu Teoriuli orientaciebis, Tundac tradiciuli maiakovskiseuli `manufaqturis" mxrivadac aRar ganviTarebula (maT SeeZloT saintereso adgilebis migneba modernizmis samoqalaqo platformasa da postmodernizmis politikuri relativizmis gadakveTebze, rac sabolood mxolod Soreuli avangardis reminiscenciebis formiT gamomJRavnda).

`anomaliuri poetebi" dRes, rogorc sakuTari publikaciebiT, aseve bolo dros gamocemuli wignebiT, ukve mTlianad `alternativasTan" arian asimilirebuli. aseTi intonaciebis da ganwyobilebebis sicocxlisunarianobas, misi koreqtirebis gzebs mxolod momavali literaturuli infrastruqtura da diskursebi gamoavlens.

7. modernizmi/pastoraluri poezia

modernizmi qarTul poeziaSi simbolisytebis jgufisgan, `cisferyanwelebidan" iRebs saTaves. saerTod, klasicisturi qarTuli leqsis Sesaxeb albaT gagviWirdeba saubari, radgan aseTi SeiZleba verc moviZioT, Tu pirobiTad ar aviRebT nikoloz baraTaSvilis romanticizms, an ilia WavWavaZis neoklasicistur maneras. SoTa rusTaveli da daviT guramiSvili klasicizmisTvis Zalze adreuli periodia (bodiSs vixdiT mkiTxvelTan aseTi primitiuli dazustebisTvis), xolo akaki wereTeli da vaJa fSavela isev modernizmis wina etapad unda ganvixiloT, rogorc primitivistebi an transcendentalistebi, Tu ukve mis sawyisebad ara.

modernizmis areali ara mxolod warsulze, Cvens sinamdvilezec vrceldeba, TviT ioseb griSaSvilis, ioseb noneSvilis, muxran maWavarianis, murman lebaniZis, irakli abaSiZis, grigol abaSiZis, SoTa niSnianiZis, vaxtang javaxaZis da xuta berulavas CaTvliT, anu im poetebis, romlebic sabWoTa periodis klasikad iqna aRqmuli.

is rac CvenSi klasikurobis saxeliT aris aRniSnuli sinamdvileSi modernistulisa

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da pastoraluri, fermweruli poeziis gadakveTaze mdebareobs. modernistebis umetesobas axasiaTebs maRali mgrZnobeloba konvenciuri formebis da maTi modificirebis mimarT, qalaqiseuli mgrZnobeloba rafinirebuli atributikis mimarT (Tu saerTod qalaqis motivebi ara).

qalaqis Tavze wvimis lelia, qalaqis Tavze qari aqanebs wvimis Reroebs, cxovreba miT ufro mSvenieria, rom ar modis qveyanaze meored.

vaxtang xarCilava meore mxriv, modernistuli xelweris poetebs axasiaTebT Zlieri pastoraluri

aRwerebi da xedvebi, da esec, savaraudoa, swored maTi aRmatebuli yuradRebis niSania formis, feris mimarT; rogorc kompoziciis gamoxatuleba, istoricizmidan istoriulSi, konkretulSi gadasvlis survili, leqsis Sinagani vizualuri xarisxis, bunebis mSvenieris antiTezis xazgasma.

Tanamedrove qalaqis axali (anu originaluri) mxatvrebi arian laSa nadareiSvili, omar Turmanauli, andro buaCiZe, daviT mWedluri. maTs poeziaSi Cans cocxali suraTebi qalaqis istoriuli gaelvebebis, saxlebis da parkebis Crdilebi, tonalobebi (gansakuTrebiT gigi sulakaurTan, gela kikolaSvilTan da badri guguSvilTan). qalaqi, rogorc sevdiani antiTeza bunebisa win aris wamoweuli elguja marRiasTan, mayvala gonaSvilTan, dalila bedianiZesTan. qalaqis axali simboluri saxeobriobis SesaniSnavi formebia givi alxaziSvilTan, ela goCiaSvilTan, lali ToTaZesTan. zaza TvaraZesTan ufro muqi ferebia, sadac ukanaskneli istoriuli periodia asaxuli, magram ara `anomaliurad" nihilisturad, piriqiT mwvave sevdiT aRbeWdili.

yvela am zemoTxsenebul poets axasiaTebs pastoraluri Tematika, rac isev maTi qalaquri Tematikis aramanerulobas usvams xazs. rogorc erT-erTi ganuyofeli urbanistuli motivi, maTTan iSviaTi ar aris socialuri kritika, risi magalTic bevria, Cven mxolod moris focxiSvilis, gviani modernizmis am talRis pioneris erT leqss gavixsenebT.

Seuvsebeli anketa

- vin xar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - saidan mobrZanebulxar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ras iqm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ras iTxov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - rogor vlindebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ris imedi gaqvs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - vis ras hpirdebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - dRes riT suldgmulob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - xval ra iqnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - vin giTavmdeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - vis rad sWirdebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Tqvi, ras fiqroben Senze Citebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Tu dagimowmebs erTgulebas erTi xe mainc . . . . . - o, erTxel mainc Tu dausxi sinaTle yvavils . . - Tu aRimaRle xma, rodesac rozgavdnen xarebs . . - Tu Seifare xetialiT daRlili mTvare . . . . . . . . - Tu daacale locva igi mRvimeSi mlocvels . . . . . - Tqvi da ubralod damSvidebis uflebas mogcem.

modernizmi qarTul poeziaSi sakmaod kargad Camoyalibebuli akademiaa, romelic awonasworebs, rogorc quCuri vulgaruli nakadebis Semosvlas, aseve provoncialuri nacionalizmis populisturi okupaciebis mcdelobebs.

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9. politika/literatura da bolos, ramdenime politikuri SeniSvna: yvelasTvis kargad dasanaxia

bolodroindeli politikiT dakavebuloba qarTuli literaturis. ufro ki poziciebi aseTia _ akademias sul ufro metad uxdeba Tavis dacva sxvadasxva araliteraturuli Setevebisgan da koniunqturebisgan, risTvisac, cxadia, isic iZulebuli xdeba politikuri iaraRebiT aRiWurvos. Cveni azriT, es ukve erTi kapitulaciaa mwerlobis enisa politikis enasTan. amiT samwerlo ena mxolod sekularizacias ganicdis da yoveldRiur Jurnalistikur-sainformacio statusSi gadadis, anu iRebs im formas, rasac is sakuTari politikuri poziciiT yovelTvis upirispirdeboda, rogorc infernalurs, meorexarisxovans, gamyalbebels, xelovnurs mxatvruli realobisTvis.

mwerlobis politizeba komunisturi wyobis daSlis periodis tendenciaa. am SemTxvevaSi man nacionalizmis usazRvro populisturi talRisgan ganicada yvelaze mniSvnelovani zegavlenebi. Cven ar vakninebT samwerlo samoqalaqo eseistikis rols. es mimarTuleba modernistuli xelovnebis, rogorc qalaquri xedvis, uSualo prioriteti iyo, msgavsad, dRes, postmodernizmis `globaluri soflis" mzardi filosofiur-religiuri da kulturologiuri diskursebisa, da man am strategiis aRorZineba unda SeZlos.

imedia, Cvens mier Catarebuli demiTologizaciis es mcdeloba axali qarTuli literaturis sakvlev leqsikons monaxazad mainc gamoadgeba, radgan gvgonia, rom literaturis TeoriisTvis mTavar Rirebulebas RirebulebaTa mudmivi diskursi warmoadgens.

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ivane amirxanaSvili

saubari mZinare adamianTan

snobisturi refleqsiebi Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaze

poetur muzas sZinavs. imdeni leqsi, dRes rom iwereba, arasodes dawerila, magram

faqtia, poezias sZinavs. leqsebi, rasac vkiTxulobT, aris metrulad organizebuli metyveleba, magram ar

aris poezia; Tanamedrove leqsSi sizmareuli daRliloba ufro igrZnoba, vidre cocxali STagoneba.

rCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom poetebi akeTeben imas, rac yvelaze cudad ician. xelosani bevria, xelovani cota. amitom leqsebze wera iseve uxerxulia, rogorc saubari mZinare adamianTan. miuxedavad amisa, vwer, ese igi, varsebob, krizisul situaciaSi vafiqsireb

monawileobas Zilis mistikaSi, sadac Cemi sizmrebic TamaSdeba mosalodnel gamoRviZebamde.

iq, sadac poezias sZinavs, mkiTxveli, ginda ar ginda, snobisti xdebi, zemodan uwyeb yurebas situacias, roca erTni weren TavisTvis — gulis dards gamoxataven, meoreni sxvisTvis _ dros gamoxataven, magram leqsisTvis aravin wers.

didi xania, qarTuli leqsi Tavisi Tavis dublirebas eweva, Tavs ityuebs, mxatvrulobis simulaciebiT erToba, faqtiurad, es aris reproduqciuli manqana, romelic SeuCereblad awarmoebs avtomatizebul aslebs.

qreba arasaxismetyvelebiTi anu azris poezia, tropebis siWarbe axrCobs leqss. goneba aRar miiCneva poeziis aucilebel Tvisebad. kacma rom Tqvas, ra aris poeziis mizani? _ xelmeored aRmoaCinos sagani, romelsac

yvela xedavs. magram saqmec is aris, rom poeziam dakarga sagani, mgrZnobelobiTi veli, leqsi veRar axdens ideis aqtivizacias mgrZnobelobiTi xatebis meSveobiT.

STagonebiT mosuli idea qaRaldze gadasvlas ver aswrebs, naTurasaviT gadaiwveba. Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziac es aris _ erT dros kaSkaSa naTuris gadamwvari

volframi. uideobis Sedegia moWarbebuli zedmetobani: egocentrizmi, avtobiografizmi,

warmavlobis motivebi, panegiriki, epigrama, heroizmi, publicisturi paTosi, Jurnalizmi.

ar Cans sulis SigniTa mxare, kosmosi, sadac namdvilad varT da viqnebiT momavalSic.

vin aris dRes poeti? _ egoistur fantomebad danawevrebuli `me~, romelic sakmaod TviTkmari mocemulobaa Tavis sicarieleSi.

Cven jer kidev ver Segvidgams fexi msoflxedvis modelirebis regresul gzaze, romelic dasavlurma leqsma Riad da alalad ganvlo. iq jer buneba poetis gareT idga (goeTe), meoce saukunis dasawyisSi poetma buneba Tavis TavSi Semoiyvana (rilke), meocis bolos ki nawil-nawil gamoaqvs Tavisi Tavi am mTlianobidan (jon eSberi).

meoce saukunis dasavluri poezia yvelanairad ecada, gaeuqmebina poeturi xatis ormagi mniSvneloba da daetovebina erTi mniSvneloba, saganSi gamoxatuli is erTaderTi azri, rac realobasTan akavSirebs am sagans. es imas niSnavs, rom poetma uari Tqva metaforaze da inteleqtualuri gamonaTebis imedad darCa. leqsSi saazrovno Sinaarsi SeiWra. sityvebis musika azris ritmma Secvala. daiwyo emociis inteleqtualizacia.

poetebma Tavi anebes marcvlebisa da riTmebis Tvlas. leqsi gaxda proza, romelsac apoeturebs moulodneli, paradoqsuli azri, azrobrivma paradoqsma poeturi xatisa da metaforis adgili daikava. leqsis nacvlad miviReT `teqsti~ _ Tanamedrove informaciuli afeTqebis travmuli Sedegi.

rogorc samecniero dakvirvebebi cxadyofs, adamians uWirs informaciuli nakadis aRqma, ris Sedegadac samyaros mimarT misi mgrZnobiaroba Clungdeba; igi gulrilad

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uyurebs displeis ekranze mqrolav niSanTa kaleidoskops da ar cdilobs Caswvdes niSanTa mniSvnelobas, saganTa siRrmes.

aRqmis gamartivebuli meqanizmi gemovnebis zogad standarts ayalibebs. yvelaze masobrivi mkiTxveli hyavs `materialur~ sityvaTwyobebs filosofiuri an noveluri finaliT, sityvebisa da alogizmis arlekinur TamaSs. qreba antimateria anu metafizika, rac yvela droSi krizisisgan icavda leqss.

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi poeziis sazRvrebi yovelTvis araTanabrad iyo Cvens mier gaazrebuli, poets uSurvelad vuTmobdiT dros, misi iyo saukunec, epoqac, maradisobac, magram ar hqonda sivrce, _ saqarTvelos gareT ver gadioda.

garRvevis mcdeloba `dafiqsirda~ gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, roca axalgazrda avangardistebma daiwyes konceptualizmis gadmonergva dasavluri poeziidan, magram axali nergi ver axares, riTac kidev erTxel davrwmundiT, rom avangardists aqvs gabeduleba, magram ar aqvs SesaZlebloba.

Tanamedrove avangardistebs memkvidreobiT ergoT meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gancdili marcxi.

Tavisuflad SeiZleba literaturaSi jgufurad moxvide, romelime mimdinareobas mohyve da Zalianac popularuli gaxde, magram sakuTar monetas mainc ver moWri, ver Seqmni imas, rac ginda rom Seni iyos, ver iqnebi individualuri, vinaidan koleqtiuri individualoba sxva araferia, Tu ara moda, romelsac sazogadoebrivi gemovnebis karikaturas uwodeben.

gemovnebis deficiti _ krizisis niSani! dRes poetebi sxvisi eniT weren, anu weren erTmaneTis eniT. vinc sakuTari eniT wers, is uaryofilia da misi leqsebi konservirdeba droSi

rogorc wiaRiseuli, romelsac momavalSi aRmoaCenen an ar aRmoaCenen. dro azartuli moTamaSea, daviwyebis zRvarze aTamaSebs poetebs, Tumca TviTon

araferi aviwydeba. uaxlesi qarTuli poezia or periodad iyofa: galaktionis dros da galaktionis

Semdeg. galaktionis Semdgomi poezia ZiriTadad galaktionis leqszea klonirebuli, Tumca

yovelTvis iyo gavlenis daZlevis mcdelobebi. poetikuri saSualebebis ganaxlebis pretenziiT modis yvela nakadi: patriotuli (ana kalandaZe, muxran maWavariani, murman lebaniZe), egzistenciuri (oTar WilaZe), ironiul-parodiuli (tariel Wanturia, vaxtang javaxaZe), miTologiuri (SoTa niSnianiZe), klasikur-tradiciuli (arCil sulakauri, jansuR Carkviani, rezo amaSukeli, Tamaz WilaZe, emzar kvitaiSvili, givi gegeWkori, zaur bolqvaZe, iza orjonikiZe); siaxlis niSnad gvevlineba grZnobaTa axleburi disciplina da metaforis racionalizacia.

Ziebis procesi gaaRrmava konvenciur-verlibristuli dapirispirebis talRam (besik xaranauli, mamuka wiklauri, lia sturua, jarji fxoveli) da tradiciuli leqsis musikisa da verlibristuli inteleqtualizmis Serwymis mcdelobam (givi alxaziSvili, geno kalandia, vaxtang xarCilava). amas garda gamoikveTa kidev ramdenime mimarTuleba: metaforizmi (Tamaz baZaRua, baTu danelia, gigi sulakauri, omar Turmanauli), socialuri Sifri (rene kalandia), neoakademizmi (manana CitiSvili, daTo maRraZe, lali gulisaSvivli, nino darbaiseli, andro buaCiZe), folkloruli modulaciebi (koba arabuli, eTer TaTaraiZe, ela goCiaSvili, baRaTur arabuli).

bolo aTi-TxuTmeti weliwadi klasikuri krizisis periodia mTeli Tavisi jiuti ZiebebiTa da Tamami damarcxebebiT. eqsperimentatoroba da novatoroba imitaciebis vels ar gascdenia. gaurkveveli zaviT daamTavra blic-krigi drosTan ultraavangardistulma nakadma (daviT CixlaZe, zurab rTveliaSvili, SoTa iaTaSvili, daTo barbaqaZe).

galaktionis mier dakanonebuli formismieri wesrigi verlibrma odnav Searyia. samocdaaTiani wlebis `harmoniul~ uZraobaSi Tavisufali leqsi SemoiWra rogorc gamowveva, rogorc konformistuli azrovnebis destruqciis saSualeba. egreT wodebuli gardaqmnis Semdeg, roca aSkara gaxda erovnuli ganxeTqilebis saSiSroeba, leqsma isev formalur harmonias mouxmo da `destruqciulma~ verlibrma ukana planze

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gadainacvla. konvenciuri leqsis samoqalaqo paTetikam kidev ufro daaCqara esTetizmis krizisi.

ras warmoadgens Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsi? es aris kargad awyobili aparati, romlis meqanizmebi ar moZraoben.

krizisuli situaciis niSania mimbaZvelobis suliskveTeba, romelic kidev erTxel adasturebs Zvel WeSmaritebas: mibaZviT SeiZleba genioss daemsgavso, mibaZviT SeiZleba genialuri leqsi `gaakeTo~, magram es aqcia TuTiyuSis efeqtze Sors ar midis.

poets, misi metyvelebis stiqias, stilistikas, formis qmnadobis Sinagan wess mimbaZveloba an gavlena ki ara, sulisa da sityvis erTianoba ayalibebs. poezia ar arsebobs pirovnebis gareSe. rogori poststruqturalisturi saSleliTac ar unda waSalo avtori leqsidan, is mainc arsebobs da misi faqtori gadamwyvetia.

pirovneba qmnis Semoqmedebas da ara Semoqmedeba — pirovnebas. saerTo kulturul garemosac erTeulebi qmnian. yovelTvis gvgonia, rom poeziaSi axali araferi moxdeba, Tu jer kulturaSi ar

moxda raRac gansakuTrebuli, magram saukeTeso gamonaklisebi cxadyofs am Tvalsazrisis usafuZvlobas. magaliTad, ra kulturuli bumi uZRoda daviT guramiSvilis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis an galaktionis gamoCenas? aranairi. TiToeulma maTganma TviTon Seqmna axali kultura; yovelgvari jgufobriobis, deklaraciebisa da manifestebis gareSe Camoayalibes axali poeturi mimarTulebani.

poeziis beds jgufebi da deklaraciebi ki ara, pirovnebebi wyveten. saiT unda wavides qarTuli leqsi? ra Tqma unda, sakuTari Zirebisaken,

dasavleTisken, iqiT, saiTac yovelTvis midioda. dasavluri gza aris pirdapiri perspeqtiva im adgilisken, sadac SegiZlia Seni Tavi aRmoaCino, miagno axal xedvas, ipovo axali saSualebebi, ganaaxlo ena, aago poeturi metyvelebis axali sistema.

es, rac Seexeba ideas. realoba ki is aris, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsi yofierebas ar aRiarebs.

yofiereba ki arcTu saxarbieloa, ena aujanyda poezias, Tanamedrove saleqso ena poezias aRar ekuTvnis. pol eluars rom davesesxoT, poezia kvdeba imiT, rom ar kvdeba...

dabadebamde, axlis dabadebamde.

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veqtorebi

emzar kvitaiSvili

gauxunari wlebi

(daviT werediani. anarekli. 2005)

SeiZleba vinmes ucnaurad moeCvenos amis Tqma _ Cems garda dRes aravis exsomeba Tormeti wlis daTo werediani, nacrisferi svanuri qudi rom exura da merve vaJTa skolis darbazSi Tavis pirvel, sakmaod gamarTul leqsebs kiTxulobda saqarTveloze. oriveni veris ubanSi vcxovrobdiT. mamamisi mis dabadebas verc moeswro,ise gaaqres avbediT ocdaCvidmet wels. mamaCemi imierpolareTSi, vorkutaSi, tundrebis mxares gadaasaxles. martoxela dedebma ise, rom imxanad erTmaneTs ar Sexvedrian (amaze bolos vityvi), erT skolaSi migvabares. male davaxlovdiT. bevri gvqonda saerTo. erTad gvigemnia am wuTisoflis Wiri da lxini. ver warmogvedgina, Tu ase TamaS-TamaS, nel-nelaobaSi, xelSi Cagvadneboda wlebi. ras izam, bunebis wesidan vis gadauxvevia. me mudam mxiblavda misi ukiduresad daxvewili gemovneba, sityvis gamZafrebuli grZnoba. ra idumali xveulebic ar unda hqondes, ragind CaxlarTulic iyos namdvili poetis dawerili leqsi, SeuZlebeli mgonia, daTo werediani ar Caxvdes avtoris Canafiqrs, ar amoicnos misi faruli svlebi, uRrmesi Sreebi.

sityvaZviri, xmaurs garidebuli kacia. garegnulad ar gamoxatavs sakuTar gancdebs, magram sxvaTa satkivari mudam gulTan miaqvs. Cemda Tavad, masaviT axlobeli da TanamgrZnobi Zalze cota myavs. Tavisi Tavisadmi metismetad kritikulia da dRemde verafriT daviyolieT, rom sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynebuli brwyinvale leqsebi wignad gamoeca. literaturuli werilebis, saubrebisa da TargmanTa nimuSebis mSvenieri krebuli `anarekli~ wlinaxevris win gamosca (amisTvis didi madlobis Rirsia gamomcemloba `nekeris~ Tavkaci parmen margvelaSvili) da swored masze minda Tavi movuyaro Cems STabeWdilebebs. winaswar var Serigebuli imas, rom yvelafers ver aRvnusxav da Sevafaseb, werilis moculobis gamo, bevri ramisTvis momiwevs gverdis avla, magram gulwrfeli, piruTvneli uTuod viqnebi.

* * *

Zalze mniSvnelovania pirvelive, `vefxistyaosnis~ garSemo gamarTuli saubari,

romelsac saTanado niadagi Seumzada marine reviSvilma da bunebrivadac warmarTa. daviT werediani Tavidanve acxadebs, rom igi rusTvelologi ar aris, magram misTvis imdenad axlobelia es ukvdavi qmnileba, ise Tavisuflad Wvrets mravalkecad gantotvil siuJetur xazebs, calkeul pasaJebs, rom meeWveba, Cvenma naficma rusTvelologebma msgavsi laRi da, amasTanave, damafiqrebeli wiaRsvlebi SemogvTavazon.

samagaliToa prologis cnobili strofis (`ese ambavi sparsuli~...) gamowvlilviT garCeva, Tamami warmoCena imisa, Tu ra imaleba `mza qargis~ miRma, rogori Seumcdari alRoTi aris mignebuli `ormagi siuJeti mefis uZeobaze~, raTa amis Semdeg poets SefarviT, qaragmulad SesZleboda Tqma imisa, risi saaSkaraoze gamotanac Zalze saxifaTo gaxldaT.

ukiduresad moqnili, utyuari da STambeWdavia poemis gmirTa daxasiaTeba. iqvea warmoCenili maTdami mosaubris damokidebulebac: `rusTavels oTxive qali, davars nu mivaTvliT, uzadod hyavs daxatuli, magram siyvaruliT mxolod nestani uyvars. poemis mTavar gmirad, es saTauridanac Cans, tarieli miaCnia, arada, avTandilis gverdiT yofna ufro eadvileba, masTan erTad mReris, masTan erTad loculobs, masTan erTad wers

20

anderZis wigns, anu masTan erTad qmnis siuJetisaTvis `usargeblo~ lirikul wiaRsvlebs, albaT yvelaze ukeTess, `vefxistyaosanSi~ rac weria, magram TinaTini ara, nestani uyvars. fatmanic moswons, fatmanic Zalian moswons, misi gunebis qalia, gulanSaros umSvenieres pasaJebs fatmanis eSxi daatana, magram siyvaruliT mxolod nestani uyvars, `uwyalo viTa jiqia...~ (gv. 16).

ioli misaxvedria es miniSneba da, amave dros, `gulanSaros umSvenieresi pasaJebi~ tyuilad ar aris naxsenebi. im zRapruli, zRvispira mxaris samoTxiseuli sanaxebi da vaWrulad gadacmuli avTandilis Sesvla idumalebiT mocul qalaqSi yvelaze metad aRagznebs daviT weredianis warmosaxvas da iqedan daZrul ganwyobilebebze ramdenime iSviaTi sinatifis leqsic dawera.

`vefxistyaosnis~ samagaliTod wamkiTxvelis mravali dakvirvebidan mxolod zogierTs gamovacalkeveb. zustad amocnobili da daurideblad gaSiSvlebulia giorgi mesamis oreulis, indoeTis mefe farsadanis saWiroebisamebr SeniRbuli saxe (ramdenad saxifaTo iyo am epizodebis mxatvrulad xorcSesxma `vefxistyaosnis~damwerisaTvis, es sruliad aSkaraa). bevris mTqmelia farsadanis Seubralebloba qajTa zne-wesebs naziarebi sakuTari disadmi da winamdebare dialogSi gxiblavs TiTqosda ioli, magram uaRresad maxvilgonivruli mixvedra: `...es uaxloesi naTesaoba... saxelSic ki gaxmianda _ `da var~. da var, romelsac sakuTari Zma wamebiT sikvdils mimzadebs, imgvar sikvdils, rom aqve, adgilzeve Tavis mokvla mirCevnia~. am daqaragmebul Sesityvebas manamde yuradReba miapyro poetma Tamar erisTamva, oRond igi ufliswul demnasa da Tamaris axlonaTesauri urTierTmimarTebis gamomxatvelad miiCnia. davaris TviTmkvlelobis Semzaravi suraTi, nestanis kidobanSi Casmis mere, dramatulobiT, dinamizmiT da warmoudgeneli moqnilobis sityvaTqmnadobasTan Sezavebuli bgeriTi SedgenilobiTac erT-erTi uZlieresi da waruSlelia, rac ki `vefxistyaosnis~ striqonebidan SegviZlia amovikiTxoT: `dana daica, mo-ca-kvda, daeca, gasisxlmdinarda...~ TvaldaTval ikveveba portreti fariseveli, cbieri monarqisa, vinc dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aranairi danaSaulis Cadenas ar erideba, `davari mZvinvared sastikia, magram aranakleb mZvinvared sastikia farsadanic, Tavis sisxlsa da xorcs wamebiT moklavs, xeli ar auTrToldeba~ (gv. 19).

aqve unda movixmoT `vefxistyaosnis faruli Sreebidan gamomdinare erTi paralelic, daviT weredians sul erT winadadebaSi rom mouqcevia:

`indoTa~ samefo kari mxolod da mxolod im codva-madlisgan iqsoveba, romelic saqarTvelos samefo karze trialebda~.

sparsul ambad `vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetis gamocxadeba daaxloebiT imave tipis mistifikaciaa, rogorsac servantesi mimarTavs Tavis genialur romanSi, roca don kixotis faTerakebian Tavgadasavals asaRebs arabul ambad, romlis avtorad gamohyavs viTomda arabi istorikosi hemet benenxeli. TviT es cnobili xerxi, erTsa da meore SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebuli miznebiT, magram, sabolood, marTlacda saTqmelTa SesaniRbavad unda iyos gamoyenebuli.

`vefxistyaosnis~ safuZvlian codnas emyareba da realur viTarebasac zustad gamoxatavs daviT weredianis es gamonaTqvami: `rusTavelis ena aki TiTqmis yvela qarTuli kuTxis kilokavs moicavs, rac saeWvoa, mwignobrobis gziT hqonoda SeTvisebuli~ (gv. 9).

am dros, `vefxistaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni komisiis zogierTi smenamoClungebuli mesveuris daJinebiT (kidev kargi, mizezTa gamo, maTeuli `Casworeba~ ar gamoqveynebula) tarielis pirveli gamoCenis amsaxveli strofis virtuozulad datrialebul striqonSi (`Savi cxeni sadaviTa hyva lomsa da viTa gmirsa~) erTi sityva Zveli mwignobruli formiT unda Secvliliyo -`sadaviTa~-s Canacvleboda `sadeviTa~, xolo ras damarTebda am erTi bgeris gadakeTeba rusTavelis leqss, ioli sagrZnobia.

mecxramete saukuneSi, rodesac qarTveliSviliseuli gamocema mzaddeboda, teqstis dadgenaSi nayofierad monawileobdnen saxelovani qarTveli mwerlebi (grigol orbeliani, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli), rasac Sedegic sasurveli mohyva.

momdevno xanebSi qarTveli mwerlebis, poetebis roli am saSviliSvilo saqmeSi mkveTrad SeizRuda, rac araerTi gaugebrobis sababi gaxda. magaliTad, 1966 wlis

21

saiubileo gamocemaSi aRar iyo ubrwyinvalesi strofi, pirgamexebuli davaris mier nestan-darejanis kidobanSi Casmasa da gadakargvas rom exeba. sagulisxmoa, rom asmaTis monayolSi homerosiseuli saxe -`zRvis Wipi~ gakrTeba:

ubrZana: `wadiT, dakargeT mun, saca zRvisa Wipia; wmidisa wylisa ver naxos myinvare, verca lipia~, maT gaexardes, xmamaRla iyivles: `ipi, ipia~, ese vnaxe da ar movkve, ara hgavs arca sipia.

samwuxarod, imave saiubileo gamocemaSi myarad zis (da es aqamde grZeldeba) aSkarad nayalbevi, mdare strofi (1246) epizodisa, sadac avTandili vaWruli samoslis gareSe, Wabukurad Cacmuli midis fatmanTan. wina strofSi, garTobisa da arSiyobis moyvaruli sandomiani garegnobis qali amis gamo gakvirvebas, mowonebas gamoxatavs da gaxarebulicaa. xsenebuli, eWvmiutanlad Camatebuli, yalbi strofi ki, Tundac gaumarTaobis, ususurobis gamo, aSkarad zedmetia:

fatman misa Svenebasa metis metad hkvirdeboda, man pasuxi ara gasca, Tavis wina Rimdeboda, `Segetyvebis,ar micnobso, egre viTa yovndeboda!~ Tuca rasme iferebda, meti ara gahvidoda.

sxvas yvelafers Tavi rom gavaneboT, yovlad SeuZlebelia, rusTavels strofSi aseTi ubadruki, katrenuli riTma Caetovebina: hkvirdeboda-Rimdeboda-yovndeboda-gahvidoda. am strofis mxatvrul ususurobaze, gariTmvis TvalSisacem xarvezze, arakeTilxmovanebaze velaparake sargis caiSvils, sajarodac gamovedi institutis erT-erT sxdomaze, magram amas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia. mogvianebiT, Cemgan damoukideblad (es kidev ufro amagrebs rwmenas) motanili strofi, sxvamac nayalbevad miiCnia.

daviT werediani da marine reviSvili, bunebrivia, saubroben antikuri samyaros moazrovneebTan da, kerZod, platonTan rusTavelis damokidebulebazec. `vefxistyaosnis~ damweri, cxadia, genialur moazrovneTa moZRvrebis, brZnuli gamonaTqvamebis ilustratori ar yofila,magram maTi naazrevi namdvilad areklilia poemaSi. am dialogis dros gamoqveynebuli ar iyo baCana bregvaZis uaRresad mniSvnelovani, bevr rameze Suqis momfeni naSromi `platoni da rusTaveli~, Torem dialogis monawileni mas gverds ar auvlidnen. me am fasdaudebeli gamokvlevis mxolod daskvniT, ramdenime Semajamebel striqons movixmob: `ukvdavi poemis oriode striqonSi, rogorc unatifes niJaraSi,platonuri sibrZnismetyvelebis boboqari zRva xmianebs da azris mfrTonavi talRebis Soreuli guguni Cagvesmis yurSi. formis zRvrulad SekumSul siviwroveSi, sulierebis am pawawina atomSi, didostaturi poeturi xelovnebis wyalobiT, kolosaluri inteleqtualuri energiaa moqceuli.

antikuri sulis energia, qarTulad transformirebuli Cveni poeturi geniis mier~ (baCana bregvaZe, dro da maradisoba, I, nekeri, 2006, gv. 455-456).

marine reviSvilis mimarT, didi madlobis garda, araferi gveTqmis. friad sasurveli iqneba, Tu igi daviT weredians kidev erT saubarze daiTanxmebs, dialogze, romelSic mopasuxe `vefxistyaosnis~ mxatvrul simaRleebsa da siRrmeebze ityvis Tavis azrs. maSin ki, darwmunebuli unda viyoT, literaturis moyvarulTa winaSe axali, farTo horizontebi gadaiSleba da kidev ufro mimzidveli, grandiozuli suraTi daixateba.

krebulSi erTi saukeTesoTagania ese `guramiSvilis portreti sami saxelis fonze~, romelzedac nawilobriv gamovTqvi Cemi azri daviT guramiSvilis dabadebis 300 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo sesiaze (21.12.2005).

arasodes gamxdara sakamaTo _ upirvelesi saxeli qarTul poeziaSi rusTavelia da Tavidan swored rusTavelis leqsis elvare Suqzea ganWvretili daviT guramiSvilis kolosaluri figura. miuxedavad didi winaprisadmi usazRvro erTgulebisa da mis mZlavr fesvebTan siaxlovisa, guramiSvilma pirvelma gaarRvia rusTavelis mravalsaukunovani, mimbaZvelad mqceveli, damTrgunveli gavlenis salte da TvalSemouwvdeneli garesamyaros, `orgemage sawuTros~ Tanamdevi satkivaris, aTasgzis naTqvami da mainc amouwuravi saTqmelisadmi Tvisobrivad axali, bunebriobiT gamorCeuli midgoma gamoavlina.

22

xangrZlivi,awonil-dawonili gansjis nayofia Tamami, erTi SexedviT paradoqsad mosaCvenebeli Tvalsazrisi, rasac daviT werediani genialur SemoqmedTa, garkveuli kuTxiT, Sepirispirebis Sedegad gvTavazobs; yovel debulebas myari safuZveli aqvs, haerSi araferia gamokiduli:

`daviT guramiSvili ZiriTadi niSnebiT rusTavelis skolas miekuTvneba, magram TiTqmis yvela es niSani garegnulia, Sinaganad igi, Tavisi midrekilebebiTa da poeturi bunebiT, rusTavelis lamis antipodad gvevlineba da niSandoblivia, rom yvelaze srulad es swored rusTvelur strofSia gamJRavnebuli.

maTi poeturi samyaro ori sityviT rom daxasiaTdes, pirobiTad SeiZleba ase iTqvas — rusTaveli hiperbolaa, guramiSvili hiperbolis piruku movlena, litotesi... rusTavelis toni gamudmebiT aweulia, guramiSvili Tavs tonis awevis uflebas mxolod religiur sagaloblebSi aZlevs, isic xelmomWirne, mkvrivi, miwieri sityvebiT. rusTavels sagmiro da miTologizebuli samyaro xiblavs, guramiSvili swored magis mimarT aris yvelaze gulgrili. rusTavelis saxeobrivi sistema mTlianad tradiciis kuTvnilebaa, guramiSvili cdilobs mxolod sakuTari inventariT isargeblos, guTniT, farcxiT, bariTa da niCbiT, kevriT, arnadiT...

garandul striqons gamoCorknili urCevnia, rac morRveul striqons srulebiTac ar niSnavs, ritmulad isic myaria, moqnili da moZravi, garandulze nakleb ostatobas ar moiTxovs, xolo poeturi alRo, SesaZloa, metic ki sWirdebodes, tradicia bevrSi araferSi wagadgeba~ (gv. 31).

werilSi marjvedaa motanili oriode metyveli magaliTi imisa, `kliSed qceul motivebs~ (aseTia ZvelisZveli alegoria sikvdilisa, sadac celalesili ConCxis alags misi oreuli, `mWle kaci~ iWers) rogor udgams suls daviT guramiSvili — abibinebuli balaxiT gadamwvanebuli mindvris SegrZneba, `rakursis odnavi gadanacvleba~ ra saswauls axdens mis xelSi da isic TvalnaTliv aris naCvenebi, rom es gansacvifrebeli gardasaxva umaRles poeziasTan naziarebi `yofiTobiT, sityvis ubraloebiT~ aris miRweuli. aqac da sxvaganac sacnauria daviT weredianis erTi iSviaTi unari — ama Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebaze dakvirvebisas mTavari tendenciebis, Tvisebebis, garkveul kanonzomierebaTa SemCneva, gamocalkeveba da Tavmoyra, dajgufeba, ganzogadebuli saxiT warmodgena.

CemTvis moulodneli ar yofila,rom fransua viionis poeziis ubadlod mTargmnelma RvTiuri madliT cxebuli `Teologiis magistri~ misgan droiT sakmaod daSorebul, magram masaviT svegamwarebul, msoflWvretiTa da sulierad axlobels, `daviTianis~ Semqmnels daukavSira.

SekumSulad, magram didi sicxadiTaa gaxsenebuli maTi mZime, xifaTiani cxovrebis calkeuli epizodebi da daujerebeli sulac ar gveCveneba daviT weredianis varaudi: `...poetur monacemTa naTesaoba, SesaZloa, xasiaTTa erTgvar naTesaobasac gulisxmobdes, guramiSvilis RvTismosaoba Zalian damabrkolebladac ar gamoiyureba mag saqmeSi. religiis sakiTxebze viionsac bevri aqvs nafiqri da mlocvelis poza arc misTvis ar aris ucxo~ (gv. 34).

eses avtori sagangebod ar eZebs paralelebs, wina planze mxolod is gamoaqvs, risi SemCnevac TviT mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba. es Riad, gacxadebulad aris naTqvami, `msgavebaTa CamoTvlas aq ar Sevudgebi, aRvniSnav mxolod imas, maT striqonSi yvelaze advilad dasanaxi rac aris _ kvimati ena da Tvali, TviTironia, yofaSi Caurevloba, lirikad Semotrialebuli tragikomizmi~ (iqve).

saerTo motivebis Zieba TviTmiznad ar unda gavixadoT, magram vfiqrob, uTuod angariSgasawevia giorgi leoniZis mosazreba, rac man karga xnis win, daviT guramiSvilze daweril narkvevSi gamoTqva:

`...guramiSvilis kacisa da sikvdilis `cilobam~ SeiZleba saxelgarTqmul frang poet fransua viionis (daib. 1431 w.) `anderZebsa~ da `baladebTan~ migviyvanos. anderZebi xom mbrZanebeli Janri iyo safrangeTis me-15 sauk. poeziisa.

viionisa da guramiSvilis anderZebs Soris erTgvari naTesaoba arsebobs, rogorc didaqtikuri da satiruli, ise saerTo toniT. sikvdilis Tema orive poets aRizianebs, oriveni ironiuli toniT elaparakebian sikvdils, orives SesaniSnavad hyavs daxatuli.

23

es ukve `axali adamianis~ Tamami tonia~ (qarTuli literaturis istoria, tomi II, (XII-XIII s.s.), Tbilisi, 1966, gv.580).

aq dabejiTebiT aris naTqvami msgavsebaze, Tumca imxanad mkvlevarma Sesadarebeli adgilebis motana, paralelebze zusti miTiTeba saWirod ar CaTvala. is ki ar darCenia aRuniSnavi, rom guramiSvilma Suasaukuneobrivi misteriebisaTvis esoden damaxasiaTebeli dialoguri poema Seqmna. ise ki, giorgi leoniZiseul miniSnebaTa ugulebelyofa ar aris swori. masala imdeni da ise mimzidvelia, gulmodgine garjis mere didebuli wigni gamovidoda, xolo yvelaze ukeT amis gakeTebas isev da isev viionis mTargmneli SesZlebda.

qarTul poeziaSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd ise xSirad aravis axseneben, rogorc guramiSvilsa da vaJa-fSavelas da SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom eses bolo, mesame nakveTs epigrafad guramiSvilis landis win Tavmodrekili vaJas gulidan amoTqmuli striqoni uZRvis -`Sen Cemo winamorbedo...~

vaJa-fSavelas aravisgan eswavleboda, Tu vin iyo misi sisxlismieri winapari da guramiSvilTan erTad rusTavelis aCrdilsac tyuilad rodi mouxmobs (`miSveleT Sen da SoTama, mgosnoba gamiZraxao...~).

sapirispiro argumentebis Zebnas ar Sevudgebi, Tumca cotaTi gadametebuli meCveneba aseTi gancxadeba: `vaJa-fSavelas poezias guramiSvilis gavlenis aranairi kvali ar atyvia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, TvaldaTval namdvilad ar Cans~.

mkvlevars aqvs safuZveli, ganazogados Semdegi dakvirveba: `vaJa distanciuria, guramiSvili, piriqiT, distancias aqrobs, sruli uSualobiT gvxiblavs, intimurobiT~. TumcaRa aqve SegviZlia imis Tqmac, rom vaJas satrfialo lirikidan SegviZlia gavixsenoT araerTi mSvenieri leqsi (`ram gagaCina, qalao~, `Tu mamklav, isev Sen mamklav~, `qals~, `samefo simRera~, `siyvaruli~ da sxvebi), romelTac uSualoba da intimuroba ar aklia.

amis gverdiT gamoTqmulia sruliad ueWveli WeSmariteba riTmisadmi orive poetis mimarTebaze, rasac aseTive swori msjeloba mosdevs: `riTmisadmi damokidebuleba arsebiTad sityvisadmi damokidebulebasac asaxavs, sityvis dagemovneba guramiSvils ufro axasiaTebs. am mxriv, qarTul poeziaSi, vgoneb, badalic ar moepoveba, Tu rusTavels ar CavTvliT~ (gv.40).

aseve damajerebelia momdevno striqonebi, sadac Tavidan naTqvamia, `...ramdeni da ra saxis gansxvavebac ar unda aRmovaCinoT vaJasa da guramiSvilis poetikaSi, Sinaganad mainc vgrZnobT, rom safaneli erTia. oriveni sruliad gankerZoebulad dganan qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi...~ Semdgom gankerZoebulobis mizezebi sworad aris dasaxelebuli, oRond erTob kategoriulia, mTlad sarwmunod ar meCveneba imis Tqma, rom vaJasa da guramiSvils `uSualo gamgrZeleblebi ar hyoliaT~...

gavixsenoT, erT saprogramo leqsSi simon Ciqovani rogor Tamamad, deklaraciuli toniT acxadebda, `guramiSvilis da vaJas feri, maTi momdevno me var mesame~.

simon Ciqovans uTuod aqvs Tavisi mravalferovani, yvelasgan gansxvavebuli poeturi samyaro, Tumca guramiSvilisa da vaJas uSualo memkvidred misi miCneva namdvilad gaZneldeba. amaze Tavs ver gamovideb. masTan dasapirispireblad ar vambob, magram igive ar iTqmis giorgi leoniZeze, vinc mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiTa da SemoqmedebiT cxadyo (saamisod araerTi leqsis damowmeba SeiZleba), rom sisxlxorceulad iyo dakavSirebuli daviT guramiSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas wiaRTan, poetur stiqiasTan; mravali anTebuli striqoni uZRvna maT calk-calke da erTad, maTsaviT xalxuri poeziis macocxlebeli Zirebidan amozrdili, tyuilad rodi mimarTavda Zvirfas aCrdilebs esoden gulmduRared, sasoebiT:

metkbobi, guramiSvilo, gendobi vaJas Conguro, gTxovT, winaprebo, miSveloT, saTqmeli gamilomguloT. xelukrTobeli rodi var, ityva maqvs gamokvanZili, Tqvens nagzaurze movdivar,

24

didi gqoniaT manZili... SeuZlebelia dagaeWvos bolo nakveTis daskvniTma striqonebma, sadac daviT

werediani vaJa-fSavelas yvelaze sanukvar, gulSi dafarul fiqrebs gadmogviSlis: `TviTon mas, rogorc mosalodnelia, guramiSvili Tavis winamorbedad, uwinares

yovlisa, imis gamo esaxeboda, rom igi pirveli iyo, vinc erovnuli satkivari Semoqmedebis qvakuTxedad dado. magram aris kidev meore ram, rasac vaJa xmamaRla arasodes ityoda, qarTuli poeziis erovnuli suli, mag sityvis Zalian konkretuli mniSvnelobiT, yvelaze mkafiod am or SemoqmedSia gacxadebuli~ (gv. 40-41).

daviT guramiSvilis poeturi memkvidreobis momavalma gamomcemlebma usaTuod unda gaiTvaliswinon am saucxoo eses principuli xasiaTis minaweri, romelSic cxadad aris naCvenebi, Tu rogor daamaxinja mTeli wignis arqiteqtonika epilogis (`wignis gamleqsavis saxelisa da gvaris gamocxadeba~) prologad gadatanam, rac adre poetis Warbi religiurobis miCqmalvis sababiT gakeTda. ajobebs, rac SeiZleba male aRdges `daviTianis~ avtoriseuli, anderZiviT wminda saxe.

ocdaaTi weliwadia, akaki wereTlis poetur xelovnebas sagangebod vakvirdebi da ar SemiZlia dabejiTebiT vTqva _ yvelafers srulyofilad, bolomde Cavwvdi. akakis poezia bavSvobidanve imkvidrebs adgils Cvens cnobierebaSi, magram mis siRrmesa da sidiades mogvianebiT vigebT. daviT weredians Zirfesvianad aqvs SeTvisebuli, gaSinagnebuli yvela CvenTaganisaTvis esoden mSobliuri samyaro `saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefisa~, risi TvalnaTlivi dasturic aris mcire, magram mravlismetyveli werili `cota ram akakis lirikaze~.

Tavidanvea gacxadebuli RvTiuri madli `cicinaTelasa~ da `sulikos~ avtorisa, vinc uCveulo silaRe da sisadave SesZina romantikosTa xelSi ramdenadme gatlanqebul, damZimebul qarTul leqss. savsebiT samarTliania Tvalsazrisi, rom Sedevrad ar unda vacxadebdeT nawarmoebs, romelmac Tavis droze Tund mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula, magram amjerad `uSualo zemoqmedebas veRar axdens an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saWiro ZaliT veRar axdens~. mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, cxadia, is aris arsebiTi da faseuli, ramac dros gauZlo, pirvelqmnili momxiblaoba da idumaleba SeinarCuna. saerTodac, `cocxali rCeba is, rac ganumeorebelia~.

mzesaviT, dResaviT naTel WeSmaritebas wvrilad CamoTvlili argumentebi da Tavis momabezrebeli mtkicebani ar esaWiroeba, ufro aseTi sasaubro, Zaldautanebeli toni Seferis:

`akaki bedisa da muzis nebieri iyo. Tavisi xma, Tavisi poetika ipova imTaviTve, TiTqmis sruliad ymawvilma, xma da poetika, im droisaTvis savsebiT axali da moulodneli. STabeWdileba rCeba, sxvaTa gavlenebis Segirduli xana sulac ar gauvlia~ (gv. 45).

akaki wereTlis ganuxreli pirdapirobis, Seupovrobis, aRzevebul avtoritetebTan ardaridebis anu misi xasiaTis Rrma codnas avlens daviT werediani, rodesac aseve pirdapir wers: `erTaderTi poeti, saqarTveloSic da, rogorc Cans, dedamiwis zurgzec, visTanac araferi hqonda sadavo da uyoymanod aRiarebda, iyo SoTa rusTaveli. sxvebTan, ZvelebTanac da axlebTanac, Tavisi angariSebi hqonda da am angariSs dauRalavad asworebda. zogjer eWvic gamoTqmula, rom amas winaswar gamiznuli `avyiobiT~ sCadioda, magram es nakleb damajerebelia. vfiqrob, igi gulwrfeli iyo qebis drosac da Zagebis drosac. rusTaveli rom rusTavelia, isic ki gulwrfelad rom ar hyvareboda, uTuod arc mis saxels da avtoritets daerideboda~ (gv. 46).

oficiozisa da xelisuflebis morCili kritikosebis mier wlobiT dakanonebul Sexedulebas upirispirdeba axali da akakis bunebidan gamomdinare Tvalsazrisi, rac araviTar eWvs ar unda iwvevdes: `misi swrafva sisadavisa da gamWvirvalobisken misi sulis da gulis, misi gemovnebis gamovlineba iyo da ara TergdaleulTa demokratizmis gamoxatuleba~ (gv. 47).

xalxur metyvelebasTan, xalxur poeziasTan akakis umWidroes kavSirze bevri dawerila, magram daviT werediani sruliad marTalia, roca fiqrobs, rom aq bevri ram Sesaswavli da dasadgenia. marTalia isic, rom garda ramdenime sagangebo SemTxvevisa, `akakis leqssa da xalxur leqss Soris didi intonaciuri gansxvavebaa...~ dakvirvebul

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Tvals namdvilad ar gauWirdeba maTi erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, gancalkeveba. sabolood, es marTebuli azri moqnil, SekumSul formulad aris mowodebuli: `akakisTvis xalxurs miaxloebuli leqsi misi ZiriTadi metyvelebaa, sruliad individualuri da ara gaTamaSebuli~ (gv. 49).

Zalze sainteresoa dakvirveba cnobil xalxur leqsze `xomaldSi Cavjeq, zRvas gavel~, romlisTvisac akakis sami imdeni daumatebia. TviT akaki werda, rom mas xelT hqonda `ia kargareTelis Segrovili sazepiroebi~. daviT werediani aRniSnavs, `aq xalxuri mxolod pirveli eqvsi striqonia, danarCeni ki, ocamde striqoni, mTlianad akakis kalams ekuTvnis~ (gv. 49). mainc mgonia, xalxuri odnav meti, rva striqonia da Tanac mxolod am saxiT axdens mTlianobis STabeWdilebas:

xomaldSi Cavjeq, zRvas gavel, frangis qveynebi vnaxeo, sul daviare xmeleTi, ver vnaxe Seni saxeo; anTebul sanTels gamsgavse ciskris locvaze gnaxeo, xelSi geWira ymawvili, farsag ver daginaxeo.

es leqsi, variantebTan Sejerebuli, ase, minarevis gareSea dabeWdili `qarTuli xalxuri poeziis meeqvse tomSi (1978), romlis redaqtori elene virsalaZe iyo. daviT weredianma Seumcdari alRoTi amoicno keTili ganzraxviT ganxorcielebuli akakiseuli mistifikacia. eqvsive damatebul strofSi (dawyebuli striqoniT _ `Sens loyas vardi hyvaoda...~ damTavrebuli _ `magreTsa, Sen rom gxlebia~) sacnauria `naTelas~ avtoris xelwera.

xalxuri leqsis moSinaureba, gaTaviseba, gadaxarSva, akakis msgavsad, xelewifeboda vaJa-fSavelas (winamdebare werilSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom vaJas poeturi metyveleba akakisaze ufro uaxlovdeba xalxurs). xalxur taepebze sakuTari striqonebis, namReris bunebrivad gadabmis ostati iyo giorgi leoniZe (saamisod `cicaris~ gaxsenebac kmara), magram igi amas, akakis darad, ar niRbavda, daufaravad akeTebda.

arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs daviT weredianis Semdeg dakvirvebasac: `akakisTan gaqra gardamavali, niuansuri ferebi, ase uxvad rom aris baraTaSvilTan da darCa dapirispireba TeTrisa da Savisa, ramac ara mxolod sisadaves, aramed gaubraloebasac gauxsna gza rogorc formiT, aseve Sinaarseuladac da am gziT atara mecxramete saukunis mTeli meore naxevris poezia~ (gv.50).

aq araferia sadavo, magram `dapirispireba TeTrisa da Savisa~, mkveTrad gamijnuli ori feris amarad darCena imanac ganapiroba, rom akakis poezias Tavidan bolomde msWvalavs kontrastis uZvelesi da bevr rameSi gamosadegi xerxi. garda amisa, Tavisi dabeCavebuli, boroti Zalis tyveobidan dasaxsneli samSoblos patrons, mTavari saTqmeli xSirad SiSvlad, poeturi samkaulebis gareSe unda eTqva. es azri ufro marjved, xatovnad aqvs gamoTqmuli TviT daviT weredians, visac ase xiblavs akakis leqsis melodia, kargad icis, rom igi `mxolod tkbil xmaTaTvis gamogzavna qveynad cama~, magram iqve dasZens _ `misi mrwamsi ki amgvari fufunebis nebas ar aZlevda~. swored es mrwamsi iyo mizezi, rom Tavis zogierT SedevrSic SedarebiT tlanq, publicisturi JReradobis strofebs urTavda.

didad sayuradRebo, metad faseulia winamdebare werilis is adgilebi, sadac reliefuradaa warmoCenili akakisTan qarTuli leqsis Tvisobrivad ganmaaxlebelis, galaktion tabiZis damokidebuleba. sagulisxmoa, rom `artistuli yvavilebis~ avtori, qarTul poeziaSi sruliad axali gzebis gamkvalavi, mTeli cxovrebis manZilze eTayvaneboda akakis da es SemTxveviTi ar gaxldaT, raSic daviT weredianis gamWoli da, amave dros, gamWvirvale miniSnebac gvarwmunebs: `...galaktionma TviTon yvelaze ukeT icoda, ramdeni ramiT iyo misgan davalebuli, Tundac intonaciurad ramdeni ram hqonda misgan Sesisxlxorcebuli. zogjer is, rac wmindad galaktioniseuli gvgonia da dRevandeli poetis leqsSi yurs gvWris metismeti `galaktionizmiT~, sinamdvileSi

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akakis kuTvnilebaa. nimuSad mohyavT xolme `ocnebao, Cemo Zvelo~, da `samefoo ZvelisZvelo~, magram amgvari paralelebi bevrad metia,vidre erTi SexedviT Cans, radgan galaktionTan sxvagvarad aris orkestrirebuli, aki intonacia galaktionis leqsis mTavari qvakuTxedia~ (gv. 56).

aqve zogadad minda vTqva erT, TiTqosda umniSvnelo movlenaze, leqsis musikas uSualod rom ukavSirdeba. is, rac sxva poetTa SemoqmedebaSi teqnikur wunad, Cavardnad aRiqmeba (araTanabari, magaliTad, ori da sammarcvlovani sityvebis erTmaneTTan gariTmva), akakisa da galaktionis leqss odnavadac ar aferxebs, araviTar dabrkolebas ar uqmnis da, eWvi ar unda gveparebodes, aseT SemTxvevaTa dros, maTi striqonebis laR, talRisebur mdinarebas maTive sulidan daZruli musika, harmoniis Tandayolili grZnoba, egzom iSviaTi niWi awesrigebs. es calke werilis Temaa da amjerad sailustracio masalis moxmobas moveridebi.

aq ukve TandaTan, bunebrivad mivadeqiT Semdgom mijnas, romlis miRma sul sxva simaRleebi, sxvagvarad Seferili horizontebi ixsneba. vin ar icis, ramodena saxelia meoce saukunis, yvela drois qarTul poeziaSi galaktion tabiZe da iSviaTad wamikiTxavs misi mSfoTvare, `varskvlavebze uvrcesi sulis~ moZraobis gadmomcemi iseTi moxdenili portreti (saTauradac zedgamoWrilia verlenis striqoni `musika upirveles yovlisa~), daviT weredianma rom Seqmna. darwmunebuli var — misi araerTi dakvirveba da debuleba galaktionis momaval mkvlevarebs saxelmZRvanelod gamoadgebaT.

Tavidanvea gacxadebuli is auwereli, maTrobela ltolva, rac uwverul Wabuks aReZra sitvis jadoqrisadmi da dRemde ar ganelebula. pirvelsave abzacebSi mJRavndeba wminda aCrdilis winaSe warmoTqmuli aRsareba Tu gandoba, mowiwebiT, siwrfeliT aRsavse:

`galaktionis leqsis idumali musika _ pirveli da albaT yvelaze didi esTetikuri sixaruli, romelic ki odesme lirikisgan mimiRia. jer kidev ymawviliseuli gancda — eWvebis quraSic, janyis quraSic gamotarebuli — amitomac CemTvis miT ufro faseuli, ukve waruvali.

saidan ibadeba es musika, es uCveulo xmovaneba? ra aCens am ucnaur rxevebsa da mimoqcevebs? aliteraciebi? bgeraTa SeTanxmeba? vCxrekT, viTvliT, vangariSobT, magram Sedegi aradamarwmunebelia. kargma aliteraciam, bgeraTa kargma SeTanxmebam SeiZleba JReradi striqoni dabados. magram JReradi striqoni, eg advilia, msgavsi musika amiT ar miiRweva~ (gv.58).

musikaTmcodneebi, literatorebi xSirad imowmeben robert Sumanis xatovan gamonaTqvams, romelic ase esadageba galaktion tabiZis lirikis umTavres niSansa Tu Rirsebas: `musika is obolia, romlis ded-mamasac veravin asaxelebs. amdenad, SesaZloa, mTeli misi momxiblaoba da silamaze misive warmomavlobis idumalebaSia Camarxuli~.

swored am idumalebis Tanmimdevrul wvdomas eZRvneba xsenebuli ese; daviT werediani TandaTan, nabij-nabij aviwroebs SesaZleblis ares, raTa mouxelTebels rogorme Tvali hkidos, miayurados, moxerxdeba, auxsnelis axsnas miuaxlovdes, magram gzadagza gvafrTxilebs, rom galaktionis leqsSi gacxadebuli saswaulis bolomde wvdoma gonebis Zalisxmevas aRemateba.

yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli, Seumcdaria galaktionis lirikis mWidrod dakavSireba verlenis fenomenTan, leqsis weris im principTan, did frang simbolists erTaderT amosavalad rom esaxeboda. mSvenieri da damajerebelia maZiebeli fiqris mdinareba eWvebisa da winaaRmdegobaTa Znel gzaze, raTa mTavari gamoikveTos, mkrTalad mainc gamoCndes faruli wiaRi, romlis arsebobac poetis striqonTa uCveulo, manamde ganucdel mimoxras ganapirobebs. mcire monakveTebad moxazuli da dasrulebuli plastebi am Znelad dasaZlevi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba. davakvirdeT, ramdenad piruTvneli, frTxili da windaxedulia mkvlevari azris gamoTqmisas:

`gveubnebian, rom es sulis musikaa, da marTlac asea. magram raRacas xom emyareba, materialurad gamoxatuls, ufro xelSesaxebs. formis srulyofilebaso, gvetyvian. diax, egec simarTlea, galaktionis formac xSirad uzadoa. magram ramdenjer SevxvedrivarT srulyofil formas, romelic ar gvizidavs, anda gvizidavs da sul sxva emociebi moaqvs, ara amgvari Sinagani musika. am saidumlos axsna albaT SeuZlebelia

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TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi miT ufro. SesaZlebelia mxolod miaxloeba, zogierTi orientiris moniSvna, fiqri, varaudi...~ (gv. 59).

aqve sworad aris naTqvami, rom literaturis Teoria zedmet yuradRebas aqcevs leqsis garegnul samkaulebs, magaliTad, aliteracias, rac `sulis musikaze~ ver axdens sasurvel, keTilmyofel gavlenas. ar unda iyos sakamaTo _ xazgasmuli, `saaSkaraoze gamotanili aliteracia xSir SemTxvevaSi, iqneb umetes SemTxvevaSic ki, Sinagani musikisaTvis xelisSemSleli meqanikuri xmauria. Sinagan musikas am samSvenisebze ufro, azrobriv-intonaciuri gradaciebi qmnian~ (gv. 60).

aq Zalze droulad da marjved aris Semotanili verlenis erTi striqoni _ `SemTvrali sizuste~ _ leqsis musikis misaRwevad esoden aucilebeli piroba. verleniseuli Sesityveba galaktionis lirikis araerT saidumlos fens naTels, misi poetikis erTgvar gasaRebadac SeiZleba gamogvadges. swored man misca biZgi daviT weredians, sxvebisgan gamorCeulad Seexeda galaktion tabiZis lirikisTvis, ganeWvrita `sityvis alqimiis~ miseuli saTave: `ganzraxisi, odnavi arasizuste sityvas axali waxnagiT Semoabrunebs xolme, saTqmels burusiT mosavs da uamrav asociacias aRZravs. oRond am asociaciaTa saWiro mxrisken warmarTvas uRrmesi intuitiuri wvdoma sWirdeba, es xerxi yvelas ar argia. galaktionidan Sesabamisi magaliTebis moyvana imas niSnavs, misi TiTqmis yvela Sedevri gadmowero~ (iqve, gv. 60).

Znelia, ar daeTanxmo daviT weredians, rom eposi ar iyo galaktion tabiZis stiqia da jobda, bolo wlebis didZali energia, rac `mSvidobis wignis~ daweras Sealia, lirikas moxmareboda. CvenSi, cxadia, arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric,magram misi WeSmariteba nakleb sarwmunoa; SiSvel emociebze dafuZnebuli araprofesionalTa daJineba namdvil suraTs ver Secvlis.

minda movitano erTi magaliTi imisa, ramdenad zusti da uSualoa am eses avtori konkretuli analizisas. galaktionis cnobili Sedevris striqonebs (`totebs qarisas gadahyva marti, TeTr tansacmelSi me movirTvebi...~) mosdevs mravalmxriv sayuradRebo, uaRresad daxvewili gemovnebis maCvenebeli msjeloba, rac TviT poetis sulis moZraobaze Tvalis gadevnebas gavs, mis idumal samyaroSi gvaxedebs:

`yovelTvis moxibluli viyavi am musikiT. mere pirveli dabeWdili varianti Semxvda, sadac `TeTris~ adgilas `Savi~ ewera da, Cemda gasaocrad, musika veRar vigrZeni. nuTu igi mxolod `TeTrisa~ da ~movirTvebis~ bgerobrivma gadaZaxilma gaaCina? ara, rasakvirvelia. es gadaZaxili amave dros Sinagania. `TeTri~ da ~movirTvebi~ harmoniuli wyvilia, `Savs~ disharmonia Semoaqvs, raRac avis molodiniT yuradRebas zedmetad ipyrobs da musikas axSobs. zogjer disharmoniuli wyvilic SeiZleba harmoniis Semadgenel nawilad iqces, magram aq ase ar xdeba. am Casworebis emociurma sizustem, maxsovs, Zalian gamakvirva, albaT megona, musika mxolod spontanurad ibadeboda da galaktioni cota sxva `TvaliT damanaxva~.

daviT weredianma, leqsis Cinebulma ostatma kargad icis, rom musika striqonSi Sefaruli unda iyos, yursa da TvalSi ar unda geCrebodes, ise unda gitkbobdes smenas. es Sexeduleba myar dasayrdens poulobs galaktion tabiZis saukeTeso leqsebSi da aqac araerTgan gamosWvivis. yvela mniSvnelovani TvalTaxedvis aRnusxva da maTze gamoxmaureba gagviZneldeba, magram ramdenimes amowera mainc mogviwevs. magaliTad, xangrZlivi da bejiTi dakvirveba sWirdeboda aseTi ramis ganzogadebas: `sityvis JReradoba, Tqma ar unda, leqsSi mudmivad gasaTvaliswinebelia, magram Sinagani musikisaTvis mTavari mainc is SegrZnebebia, romlebsac sityva Tavisi azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT aRZravs~ (gv. 65).

galaktion tabiZis ostatobis saidumlos, vfiqrob, yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba da misi poeturi azrovnebis maneraze, mwyobr sistemaze sakmaod naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis Semdeg abzacSi gaSlili msjeloba:

`odiTganve icodnen, rom sityvebs Tav-TavianTi uCinari emociuri veli aqvT, raRac magnituri velisa Tu `auras~ msgavsi. sityvaTSexamebas sadac ki axseneben, ZiriTadad es movlena igulisxmeba. `auraTa~ gadakveTa saTqmels moulodnel Tu mosalodnel aTasgvar elfers aZlevs, civsa da Tbils, alersiansa da msusxavs, ironiulsa da paTetikurs, da ase dausrulebriv. da, raRa Tqma unda, harmoniulsa da disharmoniuls.

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galaktionis uaRresad Taviseburi, yvelasgan gamosarCevi Sinagani musika, rogorc Cans, am gadakveTaze ibadeba~ (iqve, gv. 65).

fuZemdebluri, principuli xasiaTisaa mosazreba, romelsac daviT werediani erT-erT bolo monakveTSi gamoTqvams. ara mgonia, am Sexedulebas mowinaaRmdege gamouCndes:

`galaktionis Sedevrul leqsebSi Tu sityvebi maincdamainc Sifrebad gvinda warmovidginoT, isini mxolod SegrZnebaTa Sifrebia. galaktionis poezia daxurul sistemebs ar miekuTvneba. me ar vambob, rom misi aRqma advilia,magram igi arasodes hermetuli ar aris, gaxsnilia, emociurad yovelTvis gasagebia~ (gv. 69).

amas mosdevs Tavdapirvelad mowvdili paraleli. teqstSi isev ilandeba verlenis nacnobi figura, visac `artistuli yvavilebis~ Semqmneli `daRupul mamad~ ixseniebda. sadao aqac araferia, yovel frazas zusti misamarTi aqvs:

`xSirad amboben,- rom mas verlenis gavlena hqonda, rac araswori mgonia. galaktioni verlens rusuli TargmanebiT icnobda, sadac swored is nervia dakarguli, rac maT erTmaneTTan anaTesavebs. naTesaoba ki namdvilad arsebobs, magram es literaturul gavlenas naklebad miewereba. isini sulieri wyobiT hgavdnen erTmaneTs~ (iqve, 69).

CemTvis moulodneli ar yofila, rom amgvari didi STagonebiT daweril eses finalic aseTive mSvenieri eqneboda (manamde gaxsenebulia dabeCavebuli, `Tavisive Tavis umweo epigonad~ qceuli verleni) da zedmeti ar iqneba, WeSmariti poeziis damfaseblebs erTxel kidev movagonoT igi:

`galaktionis cxovrebis Sua wlebmac sakmaod unayofod Caiara. magram verlenisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro gvian, ukve siberisaken, mis dajijgnil, gaudaburebul sulSi sruliad axali musikaluri simi Seirxa, romelic aravis, maT Soris arc Zvel galaktions ar hgavda:

o, fiqrebo, msvlelno taZrad, o, qceulno mtvrad da nacrad, rad mihyvebiT ase mkacrad Camaval mzes, Camavals...

yovelgvari moiarebisa da mikibv-mokibvis gareSe SemiZlia vTqva — daviT weredianis TvaliT danaxuli, Sefasebuli da literaturul portretad Sekruli grigol orbeliani erTi saukeTesoTagania imaT Soris, rac `sadRegrZelos~ avtorze dRemde wamikiTxavs. (zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom yovelma qarTvelma literatorma gansakuTrebuli madlierebis grZnobiT unda gaixsenos gansvenebuli akaki gawerelias brwyinvale kritikul-biografiuli narkvevi).

aq saWiro iyo moxazva epoqisa, rodesac poets formiTac da suliskveTebiTac axleburi, Tumca jer kidev gauwafavi pirveli leqsebis wera uxdeboda, magram aSkarad gamoikveTa, rogor upirispirdeboda igi trafaretis Targze agebuli sityvieri samkaulebis xelovnur nakads, sicocxlisgan daclil, momabezreblad gaWianurebul inercias. daviT weredianma zedmiwevniT zustad aRadgina istoriuli foni, daxata misi werilis Sesaferi realuri suraTi:

`grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisi qarTuli poeziis yvelaze krizisul xanas daemTxva, roca ZiriTadad aSuRuri hangebi mZlavroben, _ ara odindeli maRali aRmosavleTi, aramed mxolod is, rac aRmosavlurSi banalobis zRvarzea, _ usagno sasiyvarulo lamentaciebi, hiperbolizebuli usaxo Sedareba-metaforebi, riTmebis uazro da gamabezrebeli triali, muxambazis strofika da esTetika. azri, idea, cocxali gancda leqsSi iSviaTadRa Tu gakrTeba. gemovnebis rangSi ayvanili topizmebi namdvils, pirovnuls, originalurs CanasaxSive axSoben~ (gv. 71).

vxedavT, rogori mosawyeni fonia. amis mere bunebrivia imis Tqma, Tu ra kvali gaavlo qarTuli romantizmis erT-erTma burjma Cvens poeziaSi, rogor hqonda gacnobierebuli sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsi, ra Zalisxmevam gansazRvra misi gamorCeuli roli da adgili. aq isev mogviwevs amowera mozrdili citatisa, rac bevr rames Segvaxsenebs da aTvalsaCinoebs:

`grigol orbeliani pirveli aRmoCnda, vinc aRar moiwadina Zveli gziT siaruli da scada, principulad gamijnoda tradiciul poetikas. misi yvelaze adreuli

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leqsebidanac, miuxedavad imisa, aris Sig raime siaxle Tu ar aris, aSkarad ikiTxeba, rom man kargad uwyoda imJamindeli qarTuli poeziis yvela zemoCamoTvlili nakli, misma Taobam ukve moaswro evropul kvalze cotaTi ufro adre Semdgari rusuli poeziis gacnoba da cali TvaliT dasavleTiskenac gaixeda. konkretuloba, individualuri sawyisi, axali Tematika, sityvebis pirveladi mniSvnelobiT xmareba, amas moiTxovs axalgazrda grigol orbeliani Tavisi leqsisgan, moiTxovs, magram jerxnobiT Znelad gamosdis~ (gv. 73).

ioli ar gaxldaT es gza. `koWli riTma~ da mouxeSavi, zedmetad arqaizebuli striqonebi ucxo ar iyo misi adrindeli leqsebisaTvis, Tumca didma niWma Sesaferi nayofi SedarebiT adre gamoiRo. daviT weredianis poeturma alRom, utyuarma gemovnebam aqac iCina Tavi; man sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo `iaralis~ da Tqva, rom igi `...pirveli srulfasovani, maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebia Cvens axal literaturaSi~. gaxsenebac ki uxerxuli da daujerebelia imisa, rom gasuli saukunis ocian-ocdaaTian wlebSi totalitaruli reJimis msaxurni, uniWo da unamuso vulgarizatorebi am didebul leqss Wama-smis apologiad acxadebdnen.

daviT werediani, citirebis moxmobisas, momWirneobas iCens xolme, mxolod aucilebeli striqonebi moaqvs, raTa Semdgom msjeloba gaSalos. xsenebuli leqsis pirveli strofi ki, sadac novgorodSi gadasaxlebuli da iZulebiT momsaxure poeti peterburgs myof ufros megobarsa da moZRvars iarali SanSiaSvils, samSoblosa da iq gatarebul ukeTes dReTa mosagondad sevdamoZalebuli mimarTavs, mTlianadaa motanili:

Cemo iarali, netavi odes lxiniT aRvsilni vjdeT velsa mwvanes

Cveneburada Zveleburada vsvamdeT, viZaxdeT, iari-arali!

ioli SesagrZnobia, qarTuli garemosa da yofis gamosaxatavad, ra naRvelSereul silaRes asxivebs adresatis saxelTan (iarali) moxdenilad SeriTmuli ZvelisZveli SeZaxili — minamReri `iari-arali!~ (igive Cvens warmarTul RvTaebad miCneuli `harale~). am idiliur suraTs mosdevs kontrastebis mTeli wyeba. calkeul wvrilmanebs ver gamovedevnebiT. SezarxoSebul, kojris macocxlebel niavze SublmiSveril Tanameinaxeebs, cxadia, gauWirdebodaT mzes danatrebul mxareSi, sulisamomZrob siciveSi yofna, Zneli Sesaguebeli iqneboda `Rvinis wil-kvasi, mzisa wil-yinva!~ mkvlevari ufro am detalebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovan, faseul dakvirvebad gvesaxeba: `imJamindeli poeziis fonze gansakuTrebuli siaxlis elfers iZens dasasruls tonis uecari daweva, dRiur prozaSi gadanacvleba. yofiTi aqsesuarebi _ `yinva~, `kvasi~ _ poetis simartoves da sulier tkivils aranaklebi sicxadiT gvagrZnobineben, vidre amas namdvili godeba, soflis samduravebi, SeZlebda~ (gv. 82).

aq, ZiriTadad, nagulisxmevia samSoblodan mowyvetili adamianebis usazRvro wuxili, mZafri drtvinva, erT-erTi uZlieresi, dramatizmiT aRsavse strofidan rom ismis:

gardmoxvewilman Crdilos wyvdiadsa sadRa ixilos ca mSobliuri? Sen xar peterburRs- me novRorodsa, gareT mklavs yinva da Sin `ugari~.

warsuli xSirad gvaxsenebs Tavs. im droidan saukunis mere, moskovSi xangrZlivi yofnis Jams, sabWoTa epoqis gamoCenil poets grigol abaSiZes (magondeba misi leqsi `svenwkis Cveneba~) CrdiloeTSi nacxovrebi da damiwebuli winaprebis saflavTa monaxulebis Semdeg, Zalze mwuxare gancda dauflebia, `rogorc gvian mosul Wirisufals~, grigol orbelianis kvaldakval, imave hangze dauCivlia:

Cemo iarali, caSi muqariT, qari dabrunda yazarmobidan,

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gareT yinvaa da Sin ugari da isev TbilisSi gavla mominda.

samSoblos monatrebis motivebi mwvaved aris gamoxatuli, jer kidev naklebad Seswavlil, qarTul emigrantul poeziaSi (gavixsenoT Tundac saqarTvelodan samudamod mowyvetili, ucxoobaSi daberebuli da iqve damarxvis momlodine daviT guramiSvilis mware samduravi: `me viyav erTi Tavadi, mosaxle goris-ubansa... muniT gamtyorcna sawuTrom, gardamacila yubansa...~). amjerad erT maTgans, presnaSi, qarTvelTa dasaxlebaSi, mcxovreb (moxucebuli da dauZlurebuli, igi moskovSive gardaicvala), meTvramete saukunis Zalze Tavisebur emigrant poets dimitri saakaZes davasaxeleb. gamarTuli rusTveluri SairiT gawyobili, sevdiani iumoriT ganmsWvaluli misi baraTebi mraval safiqrals aRZravs. grigol orbelianis leqsis ganwyobilebas ramdenadme enaTesaveba dimitri saakaZis erTi baraTi, romelsac igi Tavis keTilismyofels da umcros sexnias, qarTlis mefe iases SviliSvils, didad ganaTlebul poets, dimitri bagrations ugzavnis. es baraTic, danarCenebis msgavsad, uwyalo bedis, daundobeli sawuTros saCivrebiT aris mopirTavebuli, magram oriode strofis amowerac ikmarebs, raTa zemoT naTqvami cxadi gaxdes. davakvirdeT baraTis tons, frazis ostatur mimoxras, moqnilobas:

veRar gaxlavar, batono, veRar vWam TqvenTan supebsa, aRarvin miwdevs tkbil Rvinos, arc midgmen sirCa-runkebsa, `kapustasa~ vkep, SeSas vWri- vizaxi epi-upebsa, siberiT dasustebuli, cremlsa vRvri Rapa-Rupebsa. . . . . . . . . . . ferxTac ar SemrCa, raRa vqna, Tqveni wyaloba nalebi, davxedav, Sovna ar ZalmiZs, cremliT mevseba Tvalebi, Culic ara maqvs sazamTrod, gulsa medeba alebi, naxeT, sofelman ra miyo, presnas mwunoben qalebi.

sityvam moitana da vfiqrob, dimitri saakaZe uTuod Rirsia, mis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze safuZvliani literaturuli narkvevi daiweros da sakuTari saxis mqone emigranti poetis memkvidreoba calke wignad gamoices.

aq isev damWirdeba mcire gadaxveva. erTxel, karga xnis win, saubrisas daviT weredianma miTxra _ `daviTiani~ albaT moigebda, kidev ufro cocxali wigni iqneboda, biblias cota naklebi adgili rom daTmobodao. Znelia am Tvalsazrisis sisworem dagaeWvos, miTumetes, saucxoo pastoraluri poemis `mxiaruli zafxulis~ (`qacvia mwyemsis~) bolo Tavebs Tu gadavxedavT. grigol abaSiZis ukve damowmebul `svenwkis CvenebaSi~, sadac moskovs TavSefarebuli qarTuli saTvistomos cxovrebis suraTebia daxatuli da bunebrivad Semodis guramiSvilis Tema, daaxloebiT igivea naTqvami, oRond am leqsis avtori samSoblodan gadaxvewil vaxtang meeqvses alaparakebs:

aris zmoba da gadaZaxili da majamebi Zmurad mijrili, Tvalebmwuxare da Tavdaxrili, karze modgeba guramiSvili. da mefe ityvis: `xedavT qoCoras, TiTqo ilocavs, Tvals viT inabavs, mTeli biblia leqsad moWora da Seejibra daviT winapars~.

axla kvlav mivubrundebi Sewyvetils. vidre uSualod teqstze dakvirvebas Seudgeboda, daviT weredianma grigol orbelianis `iaralis~ gamo winaswar aRniSna: `am leqsma uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina qarTuli lirikis ganviTarebaze, gavlena ganitota da SeiZleba iTqvas, Cvens dromdec moaRwia~. es realobaa da srulebiTac ar gaxlavT efeqtis mosaxdenad gamiznuli gancxadeba. iarali, rogorc erTguli megobrobis simbolo, ukve Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli qarTul poeziaSi. SegviZlia davasaxeloT tician tabiZis amave saxelwodebis leqsi (`iaralis~), romelic `cisferyanwelTa~ erT-erTma Tavkacma Tavis megobars miuZRvna da ase iwyeba:

aRar gvyolia bedi gamwyrali — Cvenc gvyavs iarali,

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Zma, Zmaze ufro erTguli, sando, SanSiaSvili, Zvirfasi sandro.

amaze adre, 1927 wels daiwera galaktion tabiZis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi leqsi `Cemo iarali!~, romelSic grigol orbelianis dauviwyari saxe ilandeba da sadac gamotirebulia romantiuli ferebiT daxatuli, dasangrevad ganwiruli Zveli Tbilisi. aTasnairi darbevebisa da qartexilebis gadamtan, fantastiuri warsulis qalaqs yoveli mxridan utevs da ucvlis iers uCveulo yofa, `axali sanaxavi~. am gasaocari leqsis striqonebSi marcvalTa ganzrax, Segnebulad darRveuli Tanafardoba iSviaTi sicxadiT gadmoscems ociani wlebis mRelvare ritms, mtexiarobas, TviT avtoris farul sevdas:

`Cemo iarali!~ ase qadagebda yabaxis gmiri, msgavseba lomis orbeliani, romelic aqebda Rvinos da salomes. is dro wavida! Tbilisi Zveli miingr-moingra, scivaT kaxurebs da nariyala, cremlebiT sveli, matareblebis kivils gahyurebs. me vdgevar mTaze, me vdgevar marto,. damTvrali axal sanaxaviTa, riTi gagarTo, rogor gagarTo? Cemo iarali, is dro wavida.

galaktionis es Sedevric grigol orbelianis leqsidan iSva, Tumca garemo, romelic masSia daxatuli, naklebad esadageba `yabaxis gmiris~ da misi ufrosi megobris droindel Tbiliss. ramdeni naRvelia Cagubebuli bolo striqonebSi: `riTi gagarTo, rogor gagarTo? Cemo iarali, is dro wavida~. aq poeti Tavis Tavsac dastiris. es iyo mcire xniT sulis moTqma. am leqsis da misi didi, `zarniSiani wignis~ Semdeg daiwyo xangrZlivi periodi, romlis manZilze galaktioni iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva Tavisi lirikis uZvirfases, uidumales Taviseburebebze, alag-alag gaelvebul iSviaT gamonaklisTa da bolo wlebis garda, lamis industriuli epoqis mesayvired iqca.

daviT werediani arsebiT, sakvanZo momentebs gamoyofs grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi, rac yovelmxriv gamarTlebulia da Sedegic mudam sasurvelia. aseT SemTxvevebSi saeWvo an gadasasinji araferia. saamiso magaliTis damowmeba ar gagviWirdeba:

`grigol orbelianis meore didi miRweva, romelsac `iaralisgan~ sami weli acilebs, aris `Cems das efemias~. am sami wlis manZilze poetis cxovrebaSi iseTi mniSvnelovani ambebi moxda, rom nawarmoebidan lamis sxva pirovneba gvelaparakeba. man sakuTari warsulidan bevri ram gadaafasa, rogorc politikurad, aseve pirovnulad, da gardatexis Zneli da mware wlebis gamocdilebam amjerad aRmsareblobiTi lirikis saxe miiRo, mxolod intimuri samyaroTi Semoifargla~ (gv. 83).

intonaciurad, Zlieri poeturi saxeebiT mdidari, kompoziciurad Sekruli es metad Rrmaazrovani leqsi (arcTu uSeniSvnod) araerTi kuTxiT aris ganWvretili, daZebnilia paralelebi, literaturuli wyaroebi, ramac biZgi misca mis Seqmnas.

werilSi calkea aRniSnuli isic, rom grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi Taviseburi ieri aqvs aRmosavluri poeziisTvis esoden damaxasiaTebel `muxambazis kilos~. swored am tipis leqsebSi warmogvidgina man dabali fenebis warmomadgenelTa (beJana mkervali, dimitri onikaSvili, lopiana, `qudCakecili~ yaraCoRelebi...) dauviwyari saxeebi da sasiyvarulo lirikis ramdenime nimuSic dagvitova. daviT weredians zustad aqvs miTiTebuli, rom grigol orbelianma `...aRmosavluri poeturi masala dasavlur gemovnebas miusadaga~. amis magaliTad lopianas piriT warmoTqmul yvelaze STambeWdav `muxambazs~ (`gind meZinos...~) imowmebs, rasac ganmazogadebeli, yuradsaRebi daskvna mosdevs:

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`es SesaniSnavi leqsi qarTuli poeziis im nakads udebs saTaves, sadac muxambazurma sazomma klasikuri xmovaneba miiRo-`Tavo Cemo~, `naxevari cxovrebis gza...~, `ninowminda, palatebi mefeTa...~ (gv.92).

aqve SegveZlo dagvematebina akakisave `aRmarT-aRmarT~, TumcaRa akakis lirikisadmi miZRvnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom `sulikos~ avtors grigol orbelianis poetikasTan Sexebis wertili Zalian cota hqonda~. es ki udavoa _ akakim `grigol orbelianisadmi sicocxlis bolomde mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba SeinarCuna~.

mkiTxveli Tavad darwmundeba, Tu rogor piruTvnelad, profesiuli keTilsindisierebiT aqvs daviT weredians Sefasebuli grigol orbelianis sxva qmnilebebic (`saRamo gamosalmebisa~, poema `sadRegrZelo~), magram vfiqrob, samomavlod igi kvlav miubrundeba am narkvevs (poetis _ grigol orbelianze dawerili naSromi winamdebare wignSi Semoklebuladaa Setanili.

Tanamedrove qarTvel mweralTagan erTaderTi jemal qarCxaZea, viszedac am wignSi daviT werediani Tavis azrs gamoTqvams. gardacvlili megobris literaturul saRamoze ramdenime wlis win warmoTqmuli sityva asea dasaTaurebuli _ `saTqmeli bevria~ _ da es imeds gvinergavs, misgan da sxvebisganac, momavalSi, gacilebiT mets unda velodoT uaRresad mniSvnelovan, ukompromiso Semoqmedze.

jemal qarCxaZis Rrma simboloebiT gajerebuli proza (moTxrobebi, romanebi), metad gonivruli werilebi da saubrebi, qaoturi wlebis fxizlad amsaxveli mebrZoli suliskveTebis publicistika jer kidev ar aris jerovnad Seswavlili da Sefasebuli. mis ganumeorebel pirovnebaSi (es didi iSviaTobaa) bednierad iyo Sezavebuli poeturobis ufaqizesi gancda, zRvardaudebeli, frTebSeukvecavi fantazia, niadag maZiebeli buneba da samagaliTod zusti analitikuri azrovnebis unari.

`adre wasuli kaci~ Tavisi siyrmis erTgul megobars daviT weredians Tavis yvelaze sando da gamgeb mkiTxvelad sTvlida da cocxlad darCenilma daamtkica, rom es marTlac asea.

mravalmxriv sayradRebo da damafiqrebeli, bevri jiqur naTqvami simarTlis Semcvelia poet nino darbaiselTan gamarTuli saubari (`leqsSi es elvarebaa saTargmni~), romelic 2003 wels almanax `sjanis~ meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynda da, ZiriTadad, poetur qmnilebaTa Targmnis problemebs exeba.

mosaubris mier dasmuli kiTxvebis Semdeg daviT werediani ambobs: `erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs~. piradi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, iqve acxadebs: `uryevi dogmebi ara maqvs. Cemi zogi Targmani TiTqmis Tavisufalia, zogi TiTqmis sityvasityviTi~. Tumca moxmobili magaliTi gvimxels, rom igi sityvasityviTi Targmanis momxre naklebad gaxlavT. aq SedarebiT mozrdili amonaweri dagvWirdeba: `gikiTxaven Targmnil striqons, romelic emociurad ubadrukia. ar varga, eubnebi, unda Seicvalos. pasuxad gimtkiceben, rom konceptualurad zustia, Secvlas ar saWiroebs. arsebobs sizustis aseTi kriteriumic. dedanSi ki am adgilas sul sxvagvari striqoni weria, elvare, eqspresiuli. koncefciis dacva, Tu es marTla koncefciaa, mTargmnels, rasakvirvelia, evaleba, magram Cemi subieqturi SexedulebiT, avtors, roca igi am striqons ambobda, Tavisi saukeTeso koncefciac ver daakavebda, mihyoloda Sinagan Zaxils. leqsSi, Cemi TvalsazrisiT, upirvelesad es elvarebaa saTargmni, sityva-sityviTi meoreulia~ (gv. 104).

aRsaniSnavia _ roca ama Tu im poets Targmnis, daviT werediani leqsSi yovelTvis am `elvarebis~ gadmotanas eswrafvis da sasurvel warmatebasac aRwevs.

aseve gulwrfelia igi, rodesac Riad, mokveTilad pasuxobs sakmaod rTul SekiTxvas sxvadasxva `izmebis~ urTierTmimarTebaze. momaqvs ramdenime nawyveti: `unda vaRiaro, rom Cemi ganwyoba yovelgvari `izmis mimarT savsebiT indiferentulia~ (gv. 106). momdevno gverdze vkiTxulobT: `literaturuli `izmebidan~ orad ori Cans namdvili da araefemeruli _ romantizmi da realizmi. es ori nakadi, romantikuli da realisturi, mudam arsebobda, manamdec, sanam me-19 saukuneSi terminologiurad gaformdeboda da literaturuli skolis statuss SeiZenda, da mas merec, roca es statusi dakarga. isini yvela mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Tanamonawileoben antikuri xanidan dRemde~. ara mgonia,

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vinmem saeWvod gaxados am pasuxis daskvniTi nawili, rac, sxvadasxva dros, manamdec araerTxel Tqmula:

`arc erTi mniSvnelovani Semoqmedi Tavis `izmSi~ ar CarCenila, yovelTvis amsxvrevda mag artaxebs, anda seriozulad arc arasodes uyurebda~ (gv. 108). CemTvis es azri saorWofo arasodes yofila. saerTod ki, visac literaturasTan da xelovnebasTan aqvs raime Sexeba, yvelas unda axsovdes igor stravinskis SeZaxili: `frTxilad iyaviT! moda swrafad gadis~.

Zalze sainteresoa, agreTve, saubari im saerToze (metaenaze), rac, gansakuTrebiT adreul safexurze, sxvadasxva qveynebis poetur nimuSebs erTmaneTs ase amsgavsebs: `es erTi poeturi ena, ase vTqvaT, metaena, sxvadasxva fonetikur da gramatikul sistemebSia Cawnexili. mTargmnelis movaleobaa, erTi enidan amoiRos da meoreSi Cawnixos~. metad faseuli dakvirvebaa, rasac Tamami, aranakleb mniSvnelovani da WeSmariti Tvalsazrisi mosdevs: `nuRar CamovTvliT, ra siZneleebs qmnis sxvadasxva enobrivi struqtura da sityvis sxvadasxvagvari JReradoba. da Tu poeziis Targmna mainc SesaZlebeli xdeba, swored mag metaenis wyalobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli~ (gv. 111).

winamdebare saubris erT-erTi Tema literaturuli modis zereled ayola, epigonoba, brma mimbaZvelobaa da daviT werediani kvlav Cveul pirdapirobas iCens am arcTu saxarbielo movlenis mimarT, ar erideba `kritikosebis didi nawilis~ gamaTraxebas, axlo warsulSi, saxelmoxveWili ucxoelebis mimbaZvelebs yovelnairad rom axalisebdnen, xolo qarTulis, `originaluris mimarT TiTqos daxSulni Candnen~ (112). aq igi CemTvisac friad sasiamovno gamonakliss ixsenebs, `TavisTavadobis mZafri SegrZneba iyo, rac guram asaTians maTgan gamoarCevda, ara mxolod weris daxvewili stili. mas pirvelaRmomCenis alRo hqonda, gzamkvlevebs ar saWiroebda, arc Sinaursa da arc ucxos~.

amis mowme Tavad vyofilvar. `ciskarSi~ Cemi muSaobis dros (prozis ganyofileba mebara) daibeWda giorgi baqaniZis saukeTeso, Sinagani mRelvarebiT aRsavse, dramatuli ganwyobilebis mozrdili moTxroba `ormoci dRe da ormoci Rame~. gurams Sevxvdi da vuTxari _ axalgazrda mwerlis, natanji kacis aseTi da aseTi moTxroba gamoqveynda, Sens garda imis sworad, kacurad Semfasebeli ar meguleba da gTxov waikiTxo-meTqi. ori kvirac ar gasula, rom imxanad sruliad ucnobi giorgi baqaniZis moTxrobaze guram asaTianma brwyinvale werili dawera. samwuxaro gaugebroba mgonia, rom igi mis oTxtomeulSi ar Seitanes.

CemTvis savsebiT gasagebia da sadReisodac erTob drouli, sagangaSoa is guliswyroma Tu gulistkivili, rasac daviT werediani Tavisi pasuxis amave monakveTSi gamosTqvams: `niWierebi mudam ufro cotani iyvnen da dResac ufro cotani arian, SemaSfoTebeli araferia. oRond erTi ram aris sasurveli, epigonebma da diletantebma ase veRar iparpaSon da daqiravebuli kritikosebis xana damTavrdes, ZmabiWobac mag SemTxvevaSi igive daqiravebaa~ (gv. 112). verafriT aisxlitav, verc verafers daamateb, mware, damsusxavi simarTlea. am jiSisa da jilagis kritikosebi niWsa da namusze Tanabrad mwyralad arian da urigo ar iqneba, maTi nacodvilari, drodadro, saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT, kuTvnili mivagoT.

aqtualuri da konkretuli xasiaTisaa nino darbaiselis bolo SekiTxva, ToTxmetmarcvliani sazomis momabezrebel sixSires rom exeba: `me meCveneba, rom TargmanebSi da Cvens poeziaSi misma intensiurma gamoyenebam Zalze gaaRariba qarTuli leqsis ritmuli repertuari, axali ritmebi TiTqmis ar iqmneba, an ki, aris kidev SesaZlebeli?~

SekiTxvas mosdevs delikaturi, dinjad awonili pasuxi, rac, vfiqrob, SemkiTxvels daakmayofilebda, mis SeSfoTebas ramdenadme Seanelebda da zogierT eWvsac gafantavda. ai, am pasuxis mTavari nawili:

`ramdenadac vxvdebi,ritms am SemTxvevaSi saleqso sazomis sinonimad xmarobT, saleqso sazomi ki, axalic rom moviZioT, erTferovnebisagan veranairad ver dagvixsnis, mTavaria ara sazomi, aramed is, sazomSigniT rac xdeba. sazomebi individualurma ritmebma unda gaavson, individualuri ritmi ki mxolod axal poetur informacias moaqvs, cxadia, yvelaze nakleb logikur informacias vgulisxmob. uamrav did poets,

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CvenSic da sxvaganac, amjerad rusTavelisa da vaJa-fSavelas saxelebiT davkmayofildeT, araviTari axali sazomi ar SemoutaniaT. galaktionmac ki Tavisi saukeTeso leqsebis udidesi nawili manamde arsebuli sazomebiT dawera, magram sruliad sxva JReradoba SesZina, aravisas rom ara hgavs~ (gv. 113).

kerZod, `mcire besikur~ anu ToTxmetmarcvlian sazomze daviT werediani sruliad marTebulad ambobs, rom `Cvens lirikosebs yovelTvis uWirdaT misi modreka. pirvelma baraTaSvilma SeZlo sruli poeturi muxtiT aevso, rac xSiradac ar ganmeorebula~ (gv. 114). bevrs, vinc kalams iRebs xelSi, ar awyenda daimaxsovros ToTxmetmarcvlian sazomTan dakavSirebuli daviT weredianis gafrTxileba Tu Segoneba, riTac es saubari mTavrdeba: `Zneli sazomia, mxolod didi eqspresiulobiT an Rrma meditaciurobiT xerxdeba xolme namdvil poeziamde misi azidva~ (iqve).

cocxlad, sxartad iwyeba `nawyveti saubrisa Jurnal `omegasaTvis~, romelic marine reviSvils gaumarTavs:

`_ Targmanis TeoriebTan ra damokidebuleba gaqvT? _ naklebad mainteresebs. _ arasaWiro saqmea? _ me es ar miTqvams, ubralod, praqtikul saqmianobaSi did daxmarebas ver gagiwevs~

(gv. 115). es fraza rom haiharad ar aris wamosrolili, amas daviT weredianis mravalwliani,

uaRresad nayofieri da poeziis WeSmarit damfasebelTa gamxarebeli mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba adasturebs.

oTxgverdian nawyvetSic ki bevri mSvenieri, sasargeblo dakvirvebaa, magram aq mxolod bolo abzacis amoweras davjerdebiT, vinaidan igi TviTon mopasuxis uryevi mrwamsi gaxlavT:

`erT-erTi umTavresi pirobaa, imas, rasac vTargmniT, kargad vgrZnobdeT. bloki ambobs, yoveli leqsi ramdenime sityvaze gadaWimuli karavia. sworad unda mivagnoT sayrden sityvebs, karvis gadaWimvisas ki garkveuli Tavisufleba Tu ar gamoviCineT, karavi Zalian ulamazo gamogviva. da es iqneba yvelaze didi araadekvaturoba. kargi leqsi, uwinares yovlisa, silamazes qmnis~ (gv. 118).

aravisTvis ar unda yofiliyo gasakviri, rom fransua viionis poeziis ubadlod mTargmneli, misi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Semomxazvel portretsac yvelaze ukeT mouvlida. mcire, magram uaRresad saxieri winasityvaoba, pirvelad 1986 wels gamocemul viionis leqsTa krebuls rom waumZRvara, yvelasaTvis kargad aris cnobili da mkiTxvels mxolod oriode, sakvarZo adgils Sevaxseneb:

`viioni frangul literaturaSi qronologiurad pirvel did lirikosad miiCneva, lirikuli sityvis pirvel maRal ostatad. aq igulisxmeba ara sityvis, carieli sityvis damorCileba da virtuozulad gariTmva, aseTi ram bevrs SeeZlo, aramed TviTon saTqmelis damorCileba, sityvis sizuste da emociuri Zala, daZabvisa da keklucobis gareSe~ (gv. 128).

ucnaur naRvels, nagvianevi sinanulis grZnobas aRZravs Rrma qveteqstis Semcveli, TavSekavebulad gamoTqmuli da faruli siamayiT ganaTebuli striqonebi, riTac es momxiblavi ese mTavrdeba: `patara sqolari~, romelic araTu `titanobas~ ar ibralebda, Tavis TavisaTvis poetic ki arasodes uwodebia, nela, magram daJinebiT ipyrobs im poetur sivrces, maRalfardovan `titanebsa~ da `zekacebs~ rom ekavaT. radgan literaturaSi sxva tendenciebma iZala. dRes ukve aRaravis eucxoeba, didi uwodos poets, romelic ubralo sagnebze ubralo sityvebiT laparakobs~ (gv. 131).

mSvenieria `marginalia mTargmnelisagan~, romelic daviT weredianma, Tavis droze, pol valeris erT-erTi urTulesi leqsis `zRvis sasaflaos~ miseul, srulqmnil Targmans daurTo. aq gansacvifrebel STabeWdilebas axdens saubari im ucnaur damTxvevebze, rac mTargmnels baraTaSvilis adreul Sedevrsa (`fiqrni mtkvris piras~) da pol valeris `zRvis sasaflaos~ zogierTi adgilebis Sedarebisas aRmouCenia. Tavadac gakvirvebulia: `SeiZleba eWvic ki aRgviZras, rac, samwuxarod, safuZvelsmoklebulia, rom avtors baraTaSvili wakiTxuli hqonda. ara mxolod

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`fiqrni~, aramed agreTve `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~, romlis erTi meditaciuri pasaJi xelaRebiT miTvisebuli gegoneba~ (gv. 132).

metad saintereso da damarwmunebeli wiaRsvlebis Semdgom `zRvis sasaflaos~ mTargmneli da striqon-striqon gamrCevi dasZens:

`aseTia am saxelganTqmuli leqsis sqematuri karkasi, baraTaSviliseuls rom TiTqmis srulad emTxveva. magram, cxadia, nawarmoebis siZlieres sqema, Tundac kargad agebuli,ver gansazRvravs. aq, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba sityvier qsovils eniWeba. niSandoblivia, rom pol valeri mxolod emociuri siaxlisken iswrafvis. azrebiT mdidarTa Soris mdidari kaci eTqmoda, magram maT igi prozad werda, leqsi misTvis xolod emociis samyaro da wminda sityvieri xelovneba iyo~ (gv. 135).

simboluri Cans, rom wignis mesame, bolo ganyofilebis (TargmanTa nimuSebi) karibWesTan fransua viionis sami leqsi gvegebeba. raodeni silaRe, ucTomel intonaciaTa ra simdidre, rogori elviseburi moqniloba, daubrkolebeli mimoxraa Tundac xilad warmodgenil striqonebSi. ori nawyvetis motanac sakmarisia imis SesagrZnobad, ra uzado ostatobiTaa gadmoRebuli silamazis daWknobaze mgodebeli, sawuTros daundoblobis warmomsaxveli ganTqmuli `balada Zveli drois banovanebze~:

romel mxareSi xarT gardasuli, xmaRa mimokrTis Tqveni maisis, sad aris flora, romis asuli? arqipiada? TeTri Taisi? nakadulebTan xmaSewyobili, tevrebisa da tyis binadari, sad ari eqo, maTi dobili? vaÁ, SarSandeli Tovli sad ari! . . . . . . . sad ari blanSi, sosani velTa, xmiT sirinozi,saxiT spekali? an beatrisa, alisa, berta, vin — dedofali, vin-sefeqali? sad ari Jana, mkvidri lorenis, ruans daflula visic Radari? caTa qalwulo, sad ars romeli? vaÁ, SarSandeli Tovli sad ari!

wakiTxvis mere, pirveli, rasac gaifiqreb, is aris, rom daviT weredianis Targmnili viioni ar SeiZleba, raimeTi Camouvardebodes dedans (ar vgulisxmob sityvaTa TamaSze damyarebul, uTargmnel frTian gamoTqmebs). erTma adamianma, vis gemovnebasac TvaldaxuWuli vendobi, miTxra — fransua viioni qarTvelad rom dabadebuliyo, Tavis baladebs, mcire Tu did anderZebs mxolod ase dawerdao. aseTi Sefaseba yovelgvar recenzias aRemateba.

sruliad gansxvavebuli, sxva kdemiT da sinaziT madlmofenili, camde, RmerTis sauflomde amaRlebulia didebuli `RvTismSoblis locva, dedisTvis SeTxzuli~. pirveli nakveTiT sacnauri da axlobeli xdeba sisadavesTan Sezavebuli idumaleba, rac xatad qceuli arsebis winaSe muxlmoyrili dedis vedrebas, mxurvale RaRadiss axlavs:

miwis mfarvelo, qalbatono, cis dedofalo, meox meqmen da ganmaride codvaTa lias, rCeulTa gverdiT, sadac uflis Suqi mogalobs, momec adgili Sens ubralo qristian diacs, vinc Tavad uwyis, ra mcirea, rac sagzlad miaqvs... magram iseTi siyvaruli gadgas naTebad, iseTi kdemiT aRsavsea Seni xateba, vgrZnob, Seni gulic Seni naTlis Tanabaria da yvela codvas usasrulod aRemateba. minda am rwmeniT vicocxlo da movkvde, mariam.

ocdaaTi weli mainc iqneba gasuli mas mere. maxsovs rogor melaparakeboda viionis poeziis intimur xasiaTze, sulierad eaxlobleboda, eTviseboda igi, xiblavda xuTi

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saukunis Sin ukvalod gamqrali poetis `kvimati Rimili~, makvilakoba. Zneli misaxvedri aRar iyo, mis saTargmnelad emzadeboda. marTlac, bevr drosac ar gauvlia, rom `mcire anderZi~ wamakiTxa. uzomod gaxarebuli, aRtacebuli davrCi. amas dabeWdvis meti araferi aklia-meTqi, vuTxari da meore dResve Targmani `ciskarSi~ gavaqane (jansuR Carkviani iyo redaqtori, mec iq vmuSaobdi), yvelam aRfrTovaneba gamoxata da `mcire anderZi~ uaxloes, saaxalwlo nomerSi gamoqveynda. Cems Taobas, umcrosebsac axsovT, raoden farTo gamoZaxili hqonda im fexbednier publikacias. `didi anderZic~ aseve didostaturad iTargmna. viioni calke wignad gamoica da qarTuli poeziis Zvirfasi kuTvnileba gaxda. xSirad mifiqria — iSviaTobaa, arasodes gamCenia survili, daviT weredianis Targmnil viionSi romelime fraza Tu striqoni sxvanairad aJRerebuliyo, Tund odnav Secvliliyo. srulyofileba, SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxva swored amas hqvia.

wlebi gadis, igi goeTes grandiozul qmnilebas -`fausts~ aris SeWidebuli da warmoudgenlad Zneli amocana sanaxevrod ukve daZleuli aqvs. gansacvifrebeli ostatobiT, sizustiTa da siZlieriT Targmnili monakveTebi, rac sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynda, rwmenas gvinergavs, rom roca es titanuri Sroma gasruldeba, xelT gveqneba qarTulad ametyvelebuli msoflio literaturis erT-erTi upirvelesi Sedevri, riTac Cvens kulturas SeeZleba yovelTvis iamayos. Tavs nu movityuebT _ daviT werediani sadReisod erTaderTia, visac am saSviliSvilo saqmis dagvirgvineba ase unaklod xelewifeba da arc imis Tqmas moveridebiT, rom amisTvis safuZvliani finansuri daxmarebaa saWiro. Tanac yvelam viciT, am dros wignis bazari mdidrulad gamocemuli originaluri da Targmnili yovlad usaxuri makulaturiT aris gadaWedili, iseTiT, umetesobis gadaTvalierebac ar mogindeba.

`anareklSi~ goeTes ori leqsia Setanili, `TxmelnarT-mefe~ da `mTvarisadmi~. ori sruliad gansxvavebuli lirikuli Sedevri sxvadasxva siZneleebis gadalaxvas moiTxovda mTargmnelisagan da sruliad ar gvikvirs, rom es siZneleebi Rirseulad aris daZleuli. orive SemTxvevaSi saucxood, unaklod aris gadmotanili ufaqizesi, momajadoebeli niuansebi, rac sagangebo dakvirvebis Rirsia, magram amjerad ar mogvixerxdeba.

aseve mSvenieria zRapruli ieriTa da naxevartonebiT gawyobili hainrix haines usaTauro (`***cxovrobda beri xelmwife~), romlis wakiTxvac WeSmariti poeziis SemcnobT msubuq sevdasa da siamovnebas mohgvris.

imis naTlad, mTeli siRrmiTa da sigrZe-siganiT warmosadgenad, Tu ra bednierebaa formis srulyofilad floba, aq dabeWdili pol verlenis erTaderTi sonetic ikmarebda. Tu raoden amaRlebulad da amasTanave sadad JRers igi qarTulad, amas bolo eqvsi striqonis mdinarebac gvagrZnobinebs:

SuadRe rekavs. madam, wadiT, milula Tvali. saocaria akrefili fexisxma qalis ra mogugune eqod Casdevs martokacs mZinars. SuadRe rekavs, yvavilebi mimovrwye karTiT. iZine! kaJis namsxvrevebiT imedi brwyinavs. ax, kidev rodis ayvavdeba seqtembris vardi!

Targmanebis ganyofilebaSi sakmaod srulad, fersavsed gamoiyureba artur rembo, vinac cxrameti wlisam xeli aiRo leqsebis weraze, Tumca Semdegdroindel evropul da msoflio poezias uRrmesi kvali daamCnia.

arsad rembos iseTi siwmindisa da mSvenierebisTvis ar miuRwevia, rogorsac asxivebs misi unatifesi `ofelia~. es gamaognebeli leqsi, zogjer, Suasaukuneebis cixe-simagris qonguridan gadmozneqili ucxo yvavili mgonia. igi `hamletis~ meoTxe moqmedebidanaa amozrdili. TvalnaTliv vxedavT avbediT adgils da saSinelebis macnes _ wylis zvirTebSi totebCakidul Zewnas. rembos magiuri striqonebi gonebaSemRvreuli ofelias nawyvet-nawyveti simRerebisa da dedofal hertrudas sulisSemZvreli monayolis ucnauri nazavia _ cis usasrulobaSi nasrol varskvlavTa badesaviT aris gaSlili da aciagebuli. mTargmnels mTeli Tavisi ostatoba mouxmia, Tavi ar dauzogavs, raTa originalis pirvelqmnili silamaze da ubiwoeba SeenarCunebina. sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iyo aseT simaRles daufleboda da ziareboda:

iq, sadac Wavlze, Rameulze, varskvlavebs sZinavs,

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irweva TeTri ofelia, didi sosani, ridemosili wyals mihyveba _ sad? saiT mdinars?- tyeSi marekTa xmebi ismis, Sors-eqosaviT... aTasi weli gaxda ukve, moarwevs Cqeri, mReris mwuxare TeTri landi, irxeva fata, aTasi weli, da kvlav Tavis sigiJes mReris, mReris, dudunebs dabal xmaze da niavs atans. adgeba qari, yvaviliviT gadaxsnis rides, mkerds daukocnis da Jriali daivlis neli. mis TavTan Zewna totebs wyalSi tiriliT kidebs, mis meocnebe maRal Sublze ixreba leli.

araamqveyniuri STagonebiT naqsovi goniswamrTmevi suraTi ramdenadme mainc rom Seikras, amas unda movadevnoT bolo, finaluri strofi, uromlisodac rembos Sedevrs is ciuri madli aRar eqneboda:

mgosani ambobs, rom varskvlavTa Suqze lelians amoivli da yvavilebiT aivseb kalTas, hyveba, rom cxadliv dainaxa man ofelia, didi sosani Rameul da sizmreul wyalTa...

sazomTa erTgvarobis miuxedavad, sruliad gansxvavebul esTetikas da poetikas warmoaCens, sxva Sinagani wyobisa da suliskveTebisaa leqsi `Tmis gamxilavni~, sadac rembos geniis axali waxnagi gamoCnda _ Cveulebrivi yofiTi wvrilmanis WeSmarit, amaRlebul poeziad qceva. ambavi yovlad arapoeturi, ubraloa _ `tanmaRali ori asuli, lamazi debi~ patara Zmis sawolTan Camomsxdaran da TmaSi Cabudebul mkbenars uxilaven. gancvifrebs TiTqmis mouxelTebel niuansTa, wamier ganwyobilebaTa elvare poetur saxeebSi gadatana:

da surnelovan siCumeSi ismis faxuli maT Sav wamwamTa, da tkacani civi da wvrili, xma eleqtruli TiTebisa wverwamaxulis, samefo frCxilqveS ganesrula pawia tili.

rembos yvelaze cnobili Sedevris, Tavbrudamxvevi xilvebiT aRsavse, poetis mouTokavi, sadavewarTmeuli ritmebiT datenili `mTvrali xomaldis~ Targmnas daviT weredianma didi dro da Zal-Rone Sealia, vidre winamdebare variants dasjerdeboda. movitan mxolod oriod strofs personificirebuli xomaldis TvalSeuvlebi siswrafiT monacvle monologidan, romelSic amdeni zaTqisa da mexTatexis Semdeg, peizaJi, foni mSviddeba, Tavs iCens poetis sayvareli, kontrastis universaluri xerxi:

cremliT vtirodi! ho, mwarea naRveli dilis, ho, yvela mTvare _ cxroiani, yvela mze-cxare! trfobis balRamiT garumbuli, ugono qmnili, zed xerxemalSi gadavifSvna, davinTqa barem! da Tu evropa mainc minda, patara fSanSi, Savsa da civSi, surnelovan mimwuxrSi dgoma, sadac mowyeniT Camuxluli, tboris win, bavSvi maisis peplad mofarfates gauSvebs xomalds.

krebulis aseTive mSvenebaa pol valeris gasaocrad Rrma, marTlac rom `rTulad aRsaqmeli~ uZlieresi leqsi `zRvis sasaflao~. Targmans odnavi bzaric arsad etyoba. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba ostatis gamocdili xeliT naWedi striqonebi: `dro brwyinvad iqca da Secnobad iqca zmaneba...~, `gars Cemi TeTri saflavebis gaSlila fara...~ `me var Sens SigniT idumali feriscvaleba...~

mcireodeni dakvirvebac kmara, raTa virwmunoT daviT weredianis mosazrebis siswore, roca man ramdenime paralelze migvaniSna `zRvis sasaflaosa~ da baraTaSvilis leqsebs Soris. SegviZlia amoviweroT ramdenime adgili, ramac SeiZleba arc ise Soreulad gagvaxsenos nikoloz baraTaSvilis intonaciaTa sidinje, azrTa mwyobri mdinareba, calkeul suraTTa filosofiuri Wvreta:

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cav, mSveniero, cav marTalo, damxede, vqrebi... . . . . . . magram sad gaqrnen gulis maTis xmani da Tqmani, xeloba maTi, suli maTi, sxvis arvis mgvani? . . . . . . da rasac bolo gabrZolebiT TiTebi mownavs, miwad miiltvis yvelaferi, TamaSsve erTvis! . . . . . . magram vin aris, arad uCndes am arad qmnili, am gamoxruli Tavis qalis maradi RreWa!

STabeWdilebaTa gasamTlianeblad, vfiqrob, zedmeti ar iqneba movixmoT am genialuri qmnilebis bolo strofi, sadac laRad, Zaldautaneblad vlindeba pol valeris yovlisdamZlevi poeturi xelovneba, marad maZiebeli, dauokebeli stiqiis leqsad gardamqmneli buneba:

cxovreba vcadoT, qari adga, nu vzraxavT nuras! qarma miipyro wigni Cemi, furclavs da xuravs, Zals ikrebs talRa, kldes efSvneba da ixafreba! TeTro furclebo,brma farfatiT gafrindiT SoreTs, Smago talRebo, daamsxvrieT es wylebi mdore, wynari Tavani, katarReba, mfrTonav-afreba!

daviT weredianis ZiriTadi principi, rom `leqsSi, upirvelesad elvarebaa saTargmni~ srulad ganxorcielda tragikulad daRupuli avstrieli poetis paul celanis leqsis _ `simRera udabnoSi~ _ Targmnisas, vinaidan celani erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Znelad dasaurvebeli avtoria da dednis teqstisadmi monuri morCileba, sityvasityviTi gadmoReba sasurvel nayofs ver gamoiRebda. pedantur kirkitsa da calkeuli saxeebis gaSifvras aq azri ara aqvs da leqsSi warmosaxuli ucnauri, zRapruli samyaros momxiblaoba, naRvliani idumaleba rom vigrZnoT, pirveli ori strofis amowera mainc mogviwevs:

gvirgvini Talxi foTlebisa, ekliani qviSrobi akris. Semovabrune Cemi Savra da xmaldaxmal sikvdils Sevebi. miwis bnel naJurs davewafe, mware ferfli davlie akris. avixsen zuCi, nabij-nabij daviare cis nangrevebi. brma iyo RmerTi, mkvdari iyo angelozi, mfarveli akris. aravin Canda, mSvidi ZiliT dameZina, Camdgmoda fesvad. xmliT aCexili iyo mTvare, ferflisferi yvavili akris da ZeZvnarebad gawvdil TiTebs daJanguli beWdebi ecvaT.

aseve didebulia meore uniWieresi avstrieli poetis (am qalbatons saucxoo prozauli qmnilebebic darCa) ingeborg baxmanis sevdiani tonalobis leqsi `nislis qveyana~, romelsac mTargmnelma zustad Seuxama Cveni xalxuri poeziis cxramarcvliani sazomi, `mTibluris~ saxeliT rom aris cnobili. aRsaniSnavia, rom ingeborg baxmanma, uaRresad daxvewili da mZafri SegrZnebebis Semoqmedma, paul celanis msgavsad, Tavad moiswrafa sicocxle. pirveli ori strofis amowerac dagvarwmunebs, momxiblavi aluziebisa da saSobao naZvisxis samkaulebiviT mocimcime metaforebis ra siuxve, rogori qaluri sinaze da gangebisi, esoden mimzidveli miamitoba gamokrTis ingeborg baxmanis metad Tavisebur poetur metyvelebaSi:

zamTrobiT Cemi sayvareli tyeSi binadrobs tyierebTan, diliT Sin unda gamovbrunde, icis melam da ecineba. Rrublebic rogor CamomZimdnen! Tovlma Camacva jubaCebi, Wirxlma saxelo damiqarga. zamTrobiT Cemi sayvareli xea, yvavebiT daxunZluli,

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Savi yvavebiT, bedSavebiT, da xeTa Soris memaleba, icis, rom qari saRamoTi Seyinul kabas mounamqravs da me Sinisken gamomaqcevs.

Targmanis ganyofilebas `iliadas~ pirveli simReris dasawyisi aboloebs, Tamami da ukve warmatebuli cda, rac TandaTan unda gamyardes, sasurvel gamocdilebad iqces.

aq mcire gadaxveva momiwevs. karga xnis win, roca aristofanes `frinvelebs~ vTargmnidi (Zveli berZnuli enis mcodneni mexmarebodnen), alag-alag, zogierT epizodSi, daqtiluri hegzametri unda gamomeyenebina da amis gamo damWirda homerosiseuli hegzametris Taviseburi imitacia, romelsac SeiZleboda Senacvleboda Cvidmeti, cxrameti, ocdaerTi marcvalic ki. hegzametri zedgamoWrilia (tyuilad hgoniaT, rom sazomsa da ritms erTmaneTTan kavSiri ara aqvs) amaRlebuli, gmiruli ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad, magram aristofanes komediebSi mas mkveTrad gamoxatuli parodiis ieri aqvs, riTac genialuri komediografi misTvis egzom aucilebel komediur efeqts qmnis.

daviT weredianis gadawyvetileba _ homerosis `iliadas~ pirveli simReris dasawyisisTvis daqtilur hegzametrs mimgvanebuli sazomi Seefardebina, erTaderTi swori da yovelmxriv gamarTlebulia, vinaidan verc besikuri ToTxmeti marcvali, verc rusTveluri Sairi (dabali da maRali), verc ocmarcvliani fistikauri homerosis poemebis TiTqosda mdore, Sinaganad danaRmuli mdinarebis, farTod mRelvare ritmis gadmosatanad ver gamodgeboda. didi niWisa da gamocdilebis mTargmnelma mkacrad dasazRvruli Tvrameti marcvali amjobina, magram radganac qarTulSi grZeli da mokle marcvlebi ara gvaqvs, uzarmazari poemis manZilze mxolod erTi, uryevad SenarCunebuli sazomi monotonurobas gamoiwvevs da Tu igi am uZneles, wisqvilis qvis kodvasaviT momqancvel Sromas gaagrZelebs, albaT variaciebis gamoyenebac mouwevs. daviT weredianis uaRresad mgrZnobiare, gafaqizebul poetur smenaze metyvelebs isic, rom striqonTa absolutur umravlesobas ormarcvliani sityvebi xuravs, rac berZnuli spondeis iluzias, mokveTilad Tqmis STabeWdilebas qmnis.

Targmanis tonaloba, dinji, epiuri sunTqva rom SevigrZnoT, saamisod oriode nawyvetis amowera mainc dagvWirdeba. jer vnaxoT, rogor udierad iSorebs agamemnoni saTxovnelad misul, gamosasyidis SemZlevel moxuc qurums, qrises, mSvenieri elenes mamas:

ar daginaxo, berikaco, Rrmamuclovan xomaldTa axlos, aq aRarc xani daixano, arc meored gabedo mosvla, Torem eg Seni jiRa-kverTxic veRar gixsnis RmerTiseuli. qals ver waiyvan, tyveobaSi, mxevlobaSi daberdes unda, mameulTagan mowyvetili, saxlsa Cvensa, argosis mxares, jara maqoni mitrialos, ukan aRar moixedo,gamaswar mrTelma!

pativmiugebeli, damcirebuli berikaci mrisxane agamemnonis `mzvaobar sityvas~, `brZanebas gorozs~ ki daemorCileba, ganSordeba iqaurobas, magram amquxarebuli zRvis napirs roca miadgeba, Semwed, Suris saZieblad aqavelebze Semomwyral apolons mimarTavs:

mSvildvercxlovano, Sen romelic gareSemo evlebi qrisas da wminda kilas, Sen, romelic tenedosSi Zalsrulad sufev, sminTevs, rodisme Tu lamazad damiTagnavs bomoni Seni, damiwvavs SenTvis Txebisa da kuratebis barklebi lurTi, Zirs ar damigdo es vedreba, Semisrule, rasaca SegTxov, Seni isrebiT azRvevine aqavelebs moxucis cremli!

Targmnil nawilSi myari,mudmivi epiTetebi, rac homerosis poemebs Tavidan bolomde gasdevs, marjvedaa SerCeuli (`aqilevsi fexmaliadi~, `vrcelmsufevi agamemnoni~, `cixe-qalaqs burj-galavnians~ da sxv.), oRond erTma sityvam _ `mJuJvarebam~ _ cota ar iyos, yuri momWra, mexamuSa. marTalia, aseTi aRnagobis sityvebi ki gvaqvs qarTulSi (`mZulvareba~, `mWmunvareba~ da misTanani) da `iliadaSi~ sisxlis tborebi dgas, sisastike, mebrZolTa mier erTurTis daundoblad Jleta iq xSiria, magram

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zemoT naxsenebi forma (`mJuJvarebas vucqerde spaTa~) naklebad egueba saerTo qsovils, miTumetes, manamde, sxva striqonSi igive sityva savsebiT bunebrivad zis (`omi da Jami erTianad amogvJuJavs aqavels yvelas...~). kacma rom Tqvas, aseT wvrilmanebze arc Rirs laparaki.

`anareklSi~ daviT weredianis ubadlo poeturi Targmanebis (Cems pirad azrad, gadaWarbebad nuravis moeCveneba amis Tqma) mxolod mciredi nawilia Setanili, magram amiTac naTeli warmodgena gveqmneba, raoden dasafasebeli da samagaliToa etalonis mniSvnelobis mqone misi mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, rac me, unda vaRiaro, zedapirulad mimovixile. erTi ki uciloblad unda iTqvas _ imdenad farTo da mravalmxrivia misi kultura da ostatoba, STabeWdileba gvrCeba, nebismieri epoqisa da ragindara stilisa Tu xelweris poetTa Targmna ZaluZs.

* * *

dasasrul, zogi ram Cveni warsulidanac minda movigono. amdeni xnis axlobloba

gvakavSirebs da erTmaneTis fasi, naklic da Rirsebac kargad viciT. mudam siamtkbiloba ar gvqonia. yofila SemTxvevebi, davmdurebulvarT, magram maleve vrigdebodiT. daurideblad mogaxlis xolme simarTles. laparakisas, SigadaSig, Tu rame SegeSala, mware-mware sityvebs gamourevs, Tumca ara iseTs, rom mogSxamos. ra dasamalia da arc me mcxia Tafli enaze, iolad vkargav wonasworobas da adamians SeiZleba vawyenino. masze erTguli da gamgebi aravin myavs. roca rame gamiWirdeba, pirvels mas vatyobineb. am sibereSi raRa drois damdureba da daubrebaa?! ras moxmarda Cveni cxovreba, sad wavida?! sananebeli bevri gvaqvs.

aravisTan ise xSirad ar davdiodi, rogorc daTo weredianTan, janaSias 5-Si, sadac deda-Svili pirvel sarTulze cxovrobda, patara binaSi. deida ia usazRvrod keTili adamiani iyo, Svilis amxanagebze gadayolili. martoxelam gazarda daTo. ramdenadac SeeZlo, arafers aklebda erTaderT vaJs, yovelnairad xels uwyobda, im Znel cxovrebaSic man gaukafa gza da Svilis warmatebebi didad axarebda. samwuxarod, mis daojaxebas veRar moeswro.

erTxel, zafxulSi, studentobisas, xels gadavyevi. universitetis ezoSi SoTa CantlaZesa da filipe beriZes Sevxvdi. cota xnis mere, meliqiSvilis quCaze, ludis sma daviwyeT da arayzec gadavediT. magrad nasvamebi, saRamos, filipesTan aRmovCndiT, Zveli Tbilisis ubanSi. didi erToTaxiani bina hqonda bambis rigze, meore sarTulze. fanjridan ganuwyvetliv Semodioda romeliRac saamqros daga-dugis xma da gvikvirda, iq filipe kiTxvas, muSaobas rogor axerxebda. universitetis biblioTekidan gamotanili robert bernsis veeberTela tomi edo magidaze da imas utrialebda, Targmnida. me arayi momekida da, taxtze miwolils, CameZina. SoTam da filipem, smaSi bevrad ufro gamobrZmedilebma, kartis TamaSi gaaCaRes. karga xnis gaTenebuli iyo, Tavatkiebuls,pirgamomSrals rom gamomeRviZa. SoTa da filipe isev karts atylaSunebdnen. davfeTdi, Sin araferi icodnen. saxeze wyali Sevisxi, gamovfxizldi da isini isev oTaxSi davtove, verisken gamoveSure.

amasobaSi, aforiaqebul dedaCems Tavisi damarTnoda. mTeli Rame, sawyali, sadarbazos karebTan meloda. diliT daTosTan wasula, gaugia misi misamarTi. daTo momiyva _ Turme dedaCemi da deida ia universitetSi swavlisas amxanagobdnen. qmrebdapatimrebulebi, gaubedurebulebi, mere erTmaneTs aRar Sexvedrian. daaxloebiT erT bedqveS aRmoCndnen oriveni, axalgazrdobaSive ulmobeli cxovrebis pirispir martod darCenilebi, arc ise iolad aRsazrdeli, arapraqtikuli, saeWvo, ganusazRvreli momavlis mqone Svilebis Semyureni.

Sexedes Tu ara patara ezoSi, dRis sinaTleze, erTmaneTs, erTdroulad wamouZaxniaT, _ goguca! _ ia! da atirebulebs erTmaneTi gadaukocniaT. ambebi gamoukiTxavT. warsuli gauxsenebiaT.

daTo mixvda visTanac viqnebodi Senaxvedri da dedaCems SoTa CantlaZis binaSi gahyolia iqve, meliqiSvilis quCaze, Rvinis qarxnis win rom saxli dgas. dedaCemi mere gaRimebuli igonebda. SoTa, cxadia, Sin ar daxvedriaT, magram dedamiss, gasaocrad

41

keTilSobil, moridebul adamians, deida elisos, imdenad mSvidi gamometyveleba hqonia (igi Seguebuli iyo SoTas bohemur gaWrebs), Cemi tanjuli mSobelic umal damSvidebula, gamobrunebula. mec saxlSi davxvdi. guli raze gamixeTqe, amdeni xalxi ratom Semawuxebineo, sayvedurebiT amavso. imis mere msgavsi raRac ar Camidenia. Tu damagviandeboda, winaswar vafrTxilebdi Cemianebs anda vurekavdi.

daToc xSirad imyofeboda Cvens ojaxSi. Cveulebad aqvs _ roca Semova, karadidan an Tarodan romelime, misTvis sasurvel wigns gadmoiRebs da kiTxulobs, zogjer xmamaRlac. is Soreuli Semodgomis saRamo axlac Tvalwin midgas, arasodes ar gamkrTaldeba da gaxundeba. misi usayvarlesi puSkinis toms furclavda. Tvrameti-cxrameti wlisa Tu iqneboda maSin (me masze wliTa da sami TviT var ufrosi). male miagno usaTauros, romelic mudam aRelvebda da gamorCeulad mowonda. miuxedavad am leqsSi CaRvrili sevdiani ganwyobilebisa, ar bezrdeboda. TiTqos axlac Camesmis ymawvili kacis uRrublo casaviT kriala, RvTaebriv melodias, Tavbrudamxvev stansebs ayolili xma:

Брожу лы я вдоль улиц шумных В хожу ль во многолюдный храм, Сижу ль меж юношей безумных Я предаюсь моим мечтам.

Я говорю: промчатся годы, И сколько здесь не видно нас, Мы все сойдем под вечны своды- И чей-нибудь уж близок час...

marTlac rogor swrafad gaiqroles wlebma. ukan moxedvac veRar movaswariT. is wamebi raRac saswauliT rom gacocxldebodes, ras ar davTmobdi. videokamera arc mas uyvars da arc me, televiziis ekransac gavurbivarT. dasanani kia, Cveni Sexvedrebi, saubrebi aRubeWdavi rom darCa, samudamod Caqanda JamTasvlis usasrulobaSi.

ocdaaTi wlisam dawera Cavlilis daubruneblobaze damwuxrebulma puSkinma es mRelvare striqonebi da yvelgan ukve sikvdilis aCrdili elandeboda. rogor uyvarda drostareba, Tanameinaxe megobarTa SeCveuli wre, lalisferi RviniT galiclicebuli brolis Wiqebis wkriali da axla samudamo gansasveneblis bnel TaRebs Wvretda; Tavs imiTRa inugeSebda,rom akldamis karibWesTan axali sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli `gulgrili buneba~ `maradi sicocxliT ibrwyinebda~.

vicodi, kontrastul suraTebze agebuli genialuri leqsi ama qveynis amaoebaze, sicocxlis mswrafl warmavlobaze erTi gabmuli oxvra iyo da azrs aRar mivyvebodi, mxolod Cemi megobris saamod mJRer, odnav naRvlian, wamRerebul xmas vismendi. Tan imasac vfiqrobdi, rom is netari, SedarebiT uzrunveli wuTebi aRarasodes ganmeordeboda, mere mosanatrebeli gamixdeboda da nagvianevi mogonebis garda, veRaraferi gamicocxlebda.

42

lali avaliani

interteqstualizaciisaTvis

fragmentebi

jer RmerTi mokvda (RmerTebis daisi), mere humanizmi (dehumanizacia), Semoqmedis roli dakninda, wminda STagonebas diskursi Caenacvla, teqstisa da avtoris daSoriSorebas teqstis gafetiSeba, `gadawera~ an, sulac, citirebis gareSe miTviseba mohyva.

am utrirebuli, magram angariSgasawevi mosazrebis arsSi CawvdomisaTvis gTavazobT `opoziciur wyvils~ _ or citatas qarTuli mwerlobidan:

`me mwams, rom msoflio RvTis qmnadia da xelovani misi TanaSemoqmedi~ (grigol robaqiZe, 1919 w.; ix. g. robaqiZe, `ori baraTi megobars~, gulbaT toraZis publikacia, gaz. `Tbilisi~, 1988 w., 219).

`ratom unda gainteresebdes Seqspiri, roca gaqvs `mefe liri?~ _ amas aka morCilaZe `madaTovuri~ trilogiis pirveli wignis personaJ knut hamsuns aTqmevinebs (ix. `gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tb., 1998, gv. 112).

orTave sazriss aqvs arsebobis ufleba: am gamonaTqvamTa Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis 80 wels moiTvlis, magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom grigol robaqiZe `modernizmis qadagad~ da reformatorad aris Seracxuli, xolo aka morCilaZes qarTuli postmodernizmis avangardSi moiazreben.

postmodernistuli interteqstualizaciis safanelia `teqsti TavisTavad~, sxvaTa teqstis sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoyeneba; rac, Zveli, nacadi xerxebisagan gansxvavebiT (aluzia, reminiscencia, kolaJi, parodia, mistifikacia...), ucxo teqstisadmi uceremonio, familarul, agresiul mimarTebas gulisxmobs.

postmodernistuli interteqtualizaciis SemswavlelTa (terminis damamkvidrebeli kristeva, 1967 w.; barti, derida, eko, Jeneti, velSi, griveli...) Teoriuli mosazrebani TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa, Tumca mxatvruli teqstis `praqtikosi~ mkvlevari iZulebulia zogjer iobis moTminebiT aRiWurvos da deteqtivis alRoc gaamJRavnos.

umberto ekos mier deklarirebuli _ gonebaSi `interteqstualuri enciklopediis~ damaunjebeli mkiTxveli, _ unda gamogitydeT, utopiuri cneba mgonia. ra Tqma unda, `aris mkiTxveli mSvenier wignis da aris mxolod gadamkiTxveli~ (galaktioni); `mkiTxvels~ galaktioniseuli gagebiT, rolan bartis epiTeti `aristokratulic~ miesadageba, ekos `sanimuSoc~ an vulfis `warmomsaxvelic~ (ix. Можейко М. А., `Интертекстуальность~, `Постмодернизм. Энциклопедия ~, Минск, 2001 г., стр. 335).

rac ar unda `sanimuSo~ da `enciklopediuri~ iyos mkiTxveli, interteqstis wyaros migneba zogjer SeuZlebelia; xSirad ki `gadamweri~ sruliadac ar niRbavs `gadaweril~ teqsts, piriqiT, _ sareklamod iyenebs: 2001 wels moskovis gamomcemloba `zaxarovma~ gamosca fiodor mixailovis sqeli tomi _ `idioti~. is sxva araferia, Tu ara dostoevskis romanis `axleburi~ wakiTxva, ufro zustad _ sworxazovani, zedmiwevniTi dekonstruqcia (wignis garekansac `Sesabamisi~ naxati amkobs, _ ZaRlze amxedrebuli SiSveli biWuna). arada, verc gamomcemels da verc avtors (fsevdonimad dostoevskis saxeli da mamis saxeli rom aurCevia _ sakvirveli Tavmdablobaa!) Seedavebi, radgan anotaciaSive gvamcnoben: romani `idiotis~ postsabWoTa gadamRerebaa, zogi ram Secvlilia, magram dednis kompozicia daculiao. dostoevskis axladgamomcxvari `memkvidre~ abzac-abzac, monuri morCilebiT misdevs dedans, Tumca personaJebs postsabWoTa realobis gaTvaliswinebiT ucvlis saxes: Tavadi miSkini saSa gagarinia, amerikidan dabrunebuli, kosmonavtis Soreuli naTesavi, memkvidreobas amerikidan Rebulobs; nastasia filipovna — nadia baraSkova fotomodelia; rogoJini _ banditi barigini da a. S.

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aseT kuriozul interteqstualizacias saqmis codniT, mwvave sarkazmiT da emociurad gamoexmaura literaturaTmcodne samuil lurie: `Случай уголовный, но не страшный. Обыкновенный плагиат, разве что с необычайным оттенком цинизма. К тому же пострадавшая сторона практически отсутствует~. magram `dazaralebuli mxare~ de-iure dostoevski, de-faqto ki mravalmilioniani rusulenovani auditoriaa, romelsac, mikibv-mokibvis gareSe rom vTqva, _ waubilwes genialuri mwerlis genialuri romani.

samwuxarod, postsabWoTa sivrceSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSic, ucenzurobam bevri `fiodor mixailovis~ msgavsi cinikosi-postavangardisti gaalaRa.

`Это грандиозный практический опыт пресловутой деконструкции~ _ askvnis samuil lurie (ix. Лурье Самуил, `Идиот под псевдонимом~, `Литературная газета~, 2001 г., № 11(5826).

`fsevdonims amofarebuli idiotis~ (rogorc lurie uwodebs avtors) qmedeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli an plagiati rom ar aris (uniWoba, mkrexeloba, cinizmi da epataJi ar aris `dasjadi~ qmedebani), amas postmodernizmis klasikisadmi mimarTebac adasturebs: `warsulis Sedevri postmodernistul konteqstSi SeiZleba mowodebuli iqnas ironizirebuli formiT rogorc banaluri, yvelasaTvis misawvdomi da gasagebi esTetikuri faseuloba. ...postmodernis epoqaSi, amaRlebuli sulieri misiis nacvlad, Sedevrebi gansxvavebuli misiiT warmodgebian: maTze miTiTeba xdeba im mizniT, rom xazgasmuli iqnas raime amaRlebuli ideis amaoeba an, ubralod, ironiuli formiT naCvenebi iqnas yofieri ideebis realuroba da komfortuloba warsulis amaRlebul idealebTan SedarebiT~ (ix. wifuria bela, `postmodernizmi~, kreb. `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobani~, Tb., 2006 w., gv. 242).

sxvisi (ara mxolod klasikosis) teqstis viTomda postmodernistul `gaTavisebas~ zogjer marTlac mivyavarT plagiatamde.

XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze espanur mwerlobaSi interteqstualizaciis niRbiT e. w. `plagiatorTa SeTqmuleba~ gamoaaSkaraves. amaze werda 2001 wels xuan kobo (madridis gazeTebi `el paisi~ da `el mundo~).

nobelisa da servantesis premiaTa laureats, cocxal klasikoss kamilo xose seles, romelmac ara mxolod espanur, aramed mTels laTinoamerikul samyaroze moaxdina zegavlena, mxcovan asakSi mware gamocda eloda: 1994 wels, espanurma gamomcemloba `planetam~ mis romans `wminda andresis jvari~ premia mianiWa. imJamindeli konkursis erT-erTma monawilem karmen formoso lapidom ramdenime wlis Semdeg seles romanSi Tavisi sakonkurso Txzulebis _ `karmeni, karmela, karminia~ _ vrceli fragmentebi aRmoaCina; gasaocari iyo msgavseba fabulasa da zogierT personaJs Sorisac. mas Semdeg, rac klasikosma yurad ar iRo axalbeda mwerlis mokrZalebuli miTiTeba, Seuracxyofilma formosom seles sasamarTloSi uCivla. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, 85 wlis klasikosisadmi pativiscema imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom sazogadoebrivi azri orad gaiyo: seles momxreni, rogorc maSvel rgols, ise CaeWidnen interteqstualizacias. male espanur presaSi diskusiac gaCaRda, sakmaod radikaluri deviziT, _ interteqstualizacia Tu plagiati? Turme nu ityviT, marto 2000 wels plagiatSi amxiles espaneTis ganaTlebisa da kulturis ministris moadgile, nacionaluri biblioTekis direqtori, cnobili filosofosi da sxv. magram, rogorc amboben, ZaRli yefs, qaravani midis... espaneTSi interteqstualizaciiT axla damwyebi avtorebic dainteresebulan (xuan kobos publikacia gamoqveynda moskovis gazeTSi `За Рубежом~, 2001 w.).

bolos da bolos, ra aris interteqstualizacia? inteleqtualebis rTuli asociaciebiT dayursuli, miniSnebebiT da Rrma qveteqstebiT aRsavse, kodirebuli da daSifruli teqsti, Tu, xavsi _ wyalwaRebul da wyalwyala, cxovrebiseul masalaSemoleul, xelmocarul, medrove Tu zarmac avtorTaTvis? Tanamedroveobis avangardSi myofi mwerlis, `msoflio moqalaqis~, usamSoblo da mSobliuri fesvebis uarmyofi, kulturuli globalizaciis apologetis mier niWierad da unarianad gamoyenebuli xerxi Tu `xelmrude~, plagiatisadmi midrekil avtorTa ioli gamosavali? Cemi azriT, _ erTic da meorec.

44

postmodernizmi, nagvianevad, magram didi siswrafiT rom gavrcelda CvenSi, TavisTavad, arc kargia da arc cudi: mTavaria, vin rogor gamoiyenebs mis arsenals da ra mizniT.

qarTvel kritikosTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom isini seriozulad dainteresdnen postmodernizmiT zogadad, kerZod ki misi qarTuli nairsaxeobiT; xazgasasmelia maTi sagangebo yuradRebac interteqstualizaciisadmi, miT umetes, rom am mxriv Tanamedrove Tu axlo warsulis qarTul mwerlobaSi mdidari masalis moZieba SeiZleba (ix. andro buaCiZis, levan bregaZis, qeTevan TavdiSvilis, Tinano TevzaZis, lana kalandias, manana kvaWantiraZis, nodar ladarias, nugzar muzaSvilis, zurab qarumiZis, zaza SaTiriSvilis, bela wifurias, maia jaliaSvilis da sxvaTa naSromebi).

ZiriTadad ori sazrisi dominirebs. andro buaCiZes miaCnia, rom postmodernizmi Tavis saukeTeso gamovlinebaSi ara

mxolod `meoradi xedvaa~, aramed maRali xelovneba, romlis miReba qarTul kulturas jer ar ZaluZs: `...gadamwyveti sityva individs, avtors, Semoqmeds ekuTvnis. rogori gulgrilobiTac unda ekidebodes postmoderni avtorobis reputacias, sulerTia _ avtori avtorad rCeba. postmodernuli kulturis avtoritets yvelaze metad swored originaluri da TviTmyofadi mwerlebi (borxesi, an igive nabokovi) inarCuneben. yovelive amas imitom vambob, rom am kulturis perspeqtiva Cvens qarTul poeziaSi, prozaSi da kritikaSi jer kidev samomavloa. postmoderni Rrmad ganaTlebuli, daxvewili gemovnebis mqone, sxvadasxva kulturebSi orientirebuli adamianebis Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. yovelive amas ki garkveuli mimarTulebiT gaweuli xangrZlivi Sroma unda daedos safuZvlad~ (ix. buaCiZe andro, `literaturuli retrospeqtiva da dRevandelobis rakursi~, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1998 w., 146-147). erTgvari radikalizmis miuxedavad, es mosazreba Rirssacnobad mimaCnia.

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba qarTul postmodernizms ukve literaturul faqtad miiCnevs. amis sailustraciod SeiZleba movixmoT maia jaliaSvilis saintereso statia `idealebi yoveldRiurobis konteqstSi. laSa imedaSvilis moTxrobebi~ (ix. almanaxi `literatura da sxva~, Tb., 2005 w., agvisto) an qeTevan TavdiSvilis `postmodernistuli monaqroli~ (iqve). am ukanaskneli naSromis avtoris Seuval mtkicebas, rom `Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturuli procesis erT-erT mTavar sayrdens postmodernizmi warmoadgens~ (iqve, gv. 15) gazviadebulad vTvli, iseve rogorc meore ukiduresobas: `2001 wlis 11 seqtembers, manhetenze, saerTaSoriso savaWro centris caTambjenze teroristebis mier gatacebuli `boingis~ SejaxebiT dasrulda postmodernizmi~ (ix. qarumiZe zurab, `didi TamaSis dasasruli, anu godo akakunebs~, Jurn. `arili~, 2001 w., 18 oqtomberi).

qaosisa da formis im WidilSi, postsabWoTa qarTul literaturas rom axasiaTebs, piradad me Rirssacnobad nairgvari interteqstualizacia, misi `nacionaluri Taviseburebisa~ da wyaroTa gamovlena mimaCnia. yvelaze warmatebulad mesaxeba `moTamaSe~ avtorebi, romelTa Soris, upirvelesad, `alalad moTamaSe~ aka morCilaZes da mis `madaTovur~ cikls mivapyrob yuradRebas. pirvelive wigni uxvad aris gajerebuli interteqstiT (dawvrilebiT ix. avaliani lali, `gamoTxoveba Zvel TbilisTan, Zrwola axali Tbilisis winaSe~, wignSi _ `Wabua amirejibidan aka morCilaZemde~, Tb., gamomcemloba `TeTri giorgi~, 2005 w., gv. 124-141), avtori sagangebo `SeniSvnebSi~ xSirad Tavad ganmartavs (arcTu didi sizustiT, zogjer tyuil-marTlis ganzavebiT an mistificirebiT) interteqstis wyaros.

interteqstiT gatacebam, albaT, garkveuli uxerxuloba unda agrZnobinos mwerals (ragind warmatebulic ar unda iyos misi `enobrivi TamaSebi~). TavisTavadma, niWierma da ganaTlebulma avtorma, romelmac pirvel romanSi _ `gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~ _ citaciis saSualebiT gamaogneblad harmoniuli disharmonia Seqmna (e. i. Rrma funqciuri datvirTva mianiWa interteqsts), uaRresad saxaliso boloTqma daurTo trilogiis meore romans _ `gaqrebi madaTovze~:

`aRmosavluri bodiSi

45

am wignis Txzvisas avtori malimal esesxeboda e. r. a. hofmanis, Carlz dikensis, aleqsandr puSkinis, anton Cexovis, gabriel sundukiancis, Wabua amirejibis da sxvaTa nawerebs.

is alal bodiSsa da madlobas uZRvnis am mwerlebsa da maT gmirebs, Tu rogorc gadamweri, ver gaswvda maT gancdaTa siRrmeebs an, sulac, erTi SalaSini moargo yvelas (bil saiqss, gogi wulaZes da sxvaTa)∗. is asgzis mets `ukacravaT~-s ityvis, oRond ki, guls gaimagrebs imiT, rom misTvis wera saxaliso saqmianobaa da Wadrakis erT ubralo, salaRobo partiasa hgavs.

amgvar partiaTa gaTamaSeba ki ar gaxlavs maincdamainc Wkvian kacTa saqme. mtveri baRdaduri qoSebisa, amis damweri~ (ix. morCilaZe aka, `gaqrebi madaTovze~, Tb., bakur sulakauris

gamomcemloba, 2001 w., gv. 276). pedanturad SevniSnav, rom hofmani ernst Teodor amadeusia da ara `e. r. a~. aka

morCilaZis oinebi rom vici, iqneb es Secdoma gangeb `gaapara~ wignis Wiebis gulis gasaxeTqad! sxvaTa Soris, amgvari oinebiT savsea wina romanis `komentarebic~ da ZiriTadi teqstic: `madam mari brose~, `giiom saganeli~ da sxv.

ratom aqcia istorikosma da didma eruditma gio axvledianma mari brose qalad? ra Tqma unda, `saRadaod~. piradad me Cvens mas-mediaSi ramdenjerme Semxvda Zalian Tavisufali da `ganaTlebuli~ kalmosnebis mier moxseniebuli `qalbatoni mari brose~; tragikuli bedis poeti saganeli (saganeliZe), romelmac Tavisi gvaris Sesabamisad `gion~ dairqva, avtoris mier ratomRac `giiomad~ gadakeTda. yovelive es wvrilmania, magram gasaTvaliswinebeli.

aka morCilaZe, erTob nayofieri avtori, interteqsts ar afetiSebs. misi bevri saukeTeso Txzuleba (`mogzauroba yarabaRSi~, `faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi~, `agvistos pasiansi~, `cecxlismfrqveveli~ da sxv.) pirwmindad `avtoriseulia~.

saerTodac, Tuki aka morCilaZes postmodernistad CavTvliT, ufro meti sabuTianoba gvmarTebs, marto interteqstualizacia ar ikmarebs.

Tuki `postmodernizmis mier warmodgenil samyaros suraTSi saerTod ar moiazreba Tundac raime saxis araenobrivi yofiereba~ (ix. kvaWantiraZe manana, `enis semiologiuri kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis~, kreb. `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~, Tb., 2006 w., gv. 98), aka morCilaZes postmodernistad ver miviCnevT; misi nawerebi dRevandeli qarTuli yofis aqtualuri realiebiT aris gajerebuli, sulerTia, mimarTavs igi interteqsts, Tu ara.

Tuki esTetikur da kulturul faseulobaTa gardasaxva materialur faseulobad (ix. wifuria bela, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 233) postmodernizmis ucilobeli atributia, arc am SemTxvevaSi memeteba aka morCilaZe postmodernizmisaTvis...

Tuki, `postmodernistuli xelovneba yvela formasa da yvela ideas iRebs, magram ise, rom arafris aRar sjera~ (ix. iqve, gv. 229), am SemTxvevaSic msgavsi suliskveTebis erTgulebas aka morCilaZes ver davwamebT. misTvis ucxoa dehumanizaciac da radikaluri nihilizmic. sxva sakiTxia, rom misi zogierTi Txzuleba advilad Tavsdeba postmodernizmis sqematur CarCoSi.

lev tolstois sityvebia: `Искусство писать хорошо для человека чувствительного и умного состоит не в том, чтобы знать, что писать, но в том, чтобы знать, чего не нужно писать~. aka morCilaZem (erT teleinterviuSi mozardebTan, romlebTanac ise grZnobda Tavs, rogorc Tevzi wyalSi, mwerali moulodnelad `gaixsna~, rac ar sCvevia, da, aRiara, _ SeSliliviT vwero...) yovelTvis icis, raze ar unda daweros.

tolstois brZnuli Segoneba rom gaeTvaliswinebina, erT niWier da ganaTlebul avtors saerTod ar unda daewera `trfoba wamebulTa~. es ukanaskneli Txzuleba zedmiwevniTi sizustiT gadmoscems postmodernizmis yvelaze bnel mxares — nihilizms, cinizmsa da mkrexelobas _ qarTvelTaTvis sakraluri religiuri da hagiografiuli teqstebis, vTqvaT pirdapir, amazrzeni parodirebiT. ∗ bil saiqsi Carlz dikensis `oliver tvistis~ personaJia, gogi wulaZe — Wabua amirejibis `daTa

TuTaSxias~ erT-erTi gmiri.

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Tanamedrove rus TvalsaCino prozaikosTa erTi nawili, mag., iuri mamleevi, postmodernizms, mis yovlismomcvel, `samyaroul~ nihilizms, ironiasa da skepsiss, _ miuReblad miiCnevs; is ki arada, amtkicebs, rom postmodernizmi CixSi moeqca da suls Rafavs. ase namdvilad ar aris; magram mamleevis erT-erT sayvedurs savsebiT viziareb: iqneb sakuTari TavisTvisac migepyroT ironiuli mzerao, _ sarkastulad mimarTavs igi postmodernizmis zedmetad sworxazovan mimdevrebs. is TviTironia da rbili iumori, rac gasaocar xibls sZens aka morCilaZis interteqstualur TamaSebs, zog qarTvel avtorTan, postmodernistad rom miiCnevs Tavs, _ saerTod ar gvxvdeba (samwuxarod!).

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa kote jandieris erT-erTi vrceli moTxroba `mayvliani~ (1992 w., gamoqveynda Jurnal `kldekarSi~), romelic `qarTlis moqcevis~ `apokrifad~ aris Cafiqrebuli. umberto ekos msgavsad, romelic ormagi kodirebis gziT aTanxmebs gasarTobs inteleqtualurTan, Zvel saukuneebs TanamedroveobasTan da mistikur eqstazs analitikurobasTan (ix. velSi volfgang, `postmoderni. erTi sakamaTo cnebis genealogia da mniSvneloba~, ix. kreb. `postmoderni rogorc aseTi~, Tb., `merani~, 1999 w.), kote jandieri, sruliad Segnebulad, nacad xerxs mimarTavs.

sqematuri da TiTqos modelirebulia moTxrobis Sesavali-mistifikacia: avtors (savaraudod, safrangeTSi emigrirebuls) xelSi Cavardnia laTinuri nayalbevi xelnaweri, Sesrulebuli xelovnurad daZvelebul qaRaldze; rogorc Cans, is gviandeli laTinuri manuskriptebis imitaciaa. Txzulebis saTauri da avtori arcerT katalogSi ar moixsenieba: `elioz mcxeTelis vnebani~ _ aRwerili XI saukuneSi aTonis mTis beris, ilarion alaznelisagan da laTinurad naTargmanebi wminda samebis eklesiis mRvdlis, kalistrate epigeosis (miwadganrTxmulis) mier, 1209 wels qalaq tiross~ (jandieri kote, `mayvliani~, Jurn. `kldekari~, 1992, , gv. 4).

`daeWvebis~ miuxedavad, avtors mainc saWirod miuCnevia gadmoqarTuleba Txzulebisa, romelic, `sxva ara iyos ra, garkveul adgils imsaxurebs literaturul ucnaurobaTa istoriaSi~ (iqve). aqedan daskvna: `qarTulidan Targmnili~ laTinuri xelnaweri albaT gviandeli imitaciaa, qarTveli avtori ki mxolod da mxolod xelaxali mTargmneli, _ teqstis amgvari `kodirebiT~ kote jandieri emijneba mas.

xelnaweris Tavgadasavalic ganzrax gamartivebulia, imavdroulad, burusiT moculi: misi mflobeli vinme prokle Wkadua, romelmac inglisis gemiT gamoaRwia saqarTvelodan, 1921 wlis 29 Tebervals (netav marTla nakiani iyo is Savbneli Tebervali?) stambulis britanul sazRvao hospitalSi tifiT aResrula. gamiznuli trafareti: qarTvels Tan axlda iSviaTi silamazis Cerqezi qali, arc meti da arc naklebi, _ `madam falestra~ (ironiuli gadaZaxili robaqiZesTan), romelic iseTi jojoxeTuri franguliT metyvelebda, rom misi monaTxrobidan mxolod `Jolis~ (frang. _ lamazi) amocnoba SeZles. stambulSi dakrZaluli Wkaduas CanTa falestras gadasces. 1928 wels, roca ucnobma qalma CanTa parizis qarTul saTvistomos Caabara, masSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos bonebTan erTad laTinuri xelnaweric aRmoCnda (kvlav ironiuli miniSneba: bonebi xom gaufasurebulia da, arc es ucnauri xelnaweria didi bedena).

radikaluri sxvaobaa (rogorc mosalodneli iyo) preambulasa da ZiriTad teqsts Soris.

Txzulebis amosavalia `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ (Cvenamde moRweulia xuTi redaqcia, daTariRebuli IX-XIII ss.) erTi fragmenti, umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli qristianuli rwmenisaTvis: huriaTa Temis mier mcxeTeli ebraeli eliozis wargzavna ierusalims, macxovris jvarcmis xilva, uflis kvarTis mcxeTaSi Camotana, misi gadacema RvTismoSiSi disaTvis, sidoniasaTvis, romelmac `daidva mkerdsa~ kvarTi uflisa da iqve aResrula.

`maSin sjulis mecnierTa maT gamoarCies elioz mRvdeli, kaci brZeni da mecnieri, da wargzavnes ierusalems.

...da kvalad daÁ igi misi viTarca miscemda mokiTxvasa, hrqva:

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_ Zmao sasurvelo! Rirs iqmnebi Sen xilvasa kacisa mis marTlisasa, romelsa hqvian iesu. da netar xar Sen da gevedrebi me, raTa rasaca Sexebul iyvnen xelni misni wmidani, anu Tu samoselTa misTa Sexebul iyvnen, ukeTu moitano, netar viyvneT.

...da viTarca miiwia ierusalems, Sekrebul iyo eri huriaTaÁ da daemtkica jvarcmad qristesi. xolo arasada eziara ganzraxvasa maTsa, aramed Sors dga igi.

...xolo viTarca aResrula nefisiTi vnebaÁ macxovrisaÁ, mixvda wiliTa kvarTi uflisa CvenisaÁ eliozs, viTarca weril ars: `ganiyves samoseli Cemi da kvarTsa Cemsa zeda ganigdes wili~.

...amissa Semdgomad warmovida elioz ierusalemiT saxed Tvisad. da daÁ igi misi miegeba da moexvia qedsa. xolo elioz gamoiRo kvarTi igi saufloÁ da misca mas da hrqva:

_ aha, romlisa-igi gsuroda, miiRe kvarTi misi! xolo viTarca miiRo dedakacman man kvarTi igi uflisaÁ, rameTu Sekecil iyo igi, da

imTxvia raÁ pirsa da daidva mkerdsa da xma yo cremliT da aRmouteva suli. ...xolo elioz SiSiTa Sepyrobilman daÁ igi sayvareli da wmidaÁ kvarTiTurT

dahkrZala miwasa Sina. da meyseulad aRmoxdes mis zeda xeni igi kviparozni da aRmoecena xesa mas qveSe yvavili mravalferi da sulneli~ (ucnobi avtori, `ninos cxovreba~, `Zveli qarTuli moTxroba~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1979 w., gv. 180-181).

am mcire epizodis vrceli apokrifia `mayvliani~ _ avtoris wignierebis, warmosaxvisa da unatifesi, STambeWdavi metyvelebiTi stilis nazavi. kote jandieri ar zRudavs fantazias, misi gmiris mravalwliani yaribobis tragikuli peripetiebi (Zlier rom gvagonebs Ze Secdomilis ganvrcobil Tavgadasavalsac da wmindanTa cdunebebsac), `zogadaRmosavluri~ anturaJi, didi codvilis didi simZimili, xorcis gvema da sulis usamano satanjveli, _ yovelive es mainc `qarTlis moqcevis~ zemoxsenebuli ambis CarCoSia moqceuli.

zedmetad mimaCnia yvela im `Seusabamobis~ aRnusxva, riTac `mayvliani~ emijneba pirvelwyaros. mxolod zogierTs warmogidgenT sanimuSod: eliozi pativcemuli mRvdeli ki araa, romelsac mcxeTel huriaTa Temi sagangebod wargzavnis ierusalims mesiis saqmeTa gasagebad, aramed, vaWar zenonis Svilia, biZam (zebulonma) 17 wlis asakSi rom iSvila da ierusalims waiyvana samarTlis Sesaswavlad. zebulonis moSurne Svilebma misi Secdena da daRupva ganizraxes (Sdr. iosebi da Zmani misni), kapernaumeli mdidari qvrivis indoeli sebias meSveobiT (sebias silamazis aRwera eliozis mier `qebaTaqebas~ gvagonebs, qalis monaTxrobi jataka _ Zvel indur igavebs); bavSvobis mogonebam _ Caburduli mayvlianisa da sidonias mayvaliviT Savi Tvalebis anazdeulma xilvam _ ixsna eliozi mruSobisagan, magram gladiatorTa Serkinebaze biZaSvilebis mier ZaliT wayvanilma _ `Sesva mZvinvarebis Rvino, ...datkba codvis cqeriT~ da sul male memTvraleobasa da bilw cxovrebas mieca.

`mayvlianis~ eliozi ara marto codvilia, aramed macxovris mier dawyevlili: `susti, nagvemi kaci, romelic Zlivs moaTrevda veeba jvars, ...gausworda Sua gzaSi ayudebul TvalCasisxlianebul eliozs, Sedga da sTxova gza daeTmo~... eliozis uars macxovris SeCveneba mohyveba: `...sikvdils inatreb, magram gageqceva sikvdili, sanam maRali xe ar atirdeba ukvdavebis cremlebiT da macocxlebeli mironi ar Camodindeba mis tanze, radgan sikvdilad mimavalma RvTis Svilma gza gTxova da Sen ar dauTme SeWirvebuls!..~ (`mayvliani~, gv. 22-23).

eliozis sneuli suli, ZrwoliT Sepyrobili, amaod eZiebs Svebas: arc qristes moZRvrebis Semecneba, arc marxva-gvema da locva-vedreba aRmoCndeba sakmarisi SendobisaTvis. moZRvari eliakimi, mas, wyeul codvils, uflis kvarTs gadascems. amgvari qristianuli TanalmobiT SeZruli eliozi udabnoSi gandgomas irCevs. Tumc iSviaTi mgzavrebi mas wminda kacad miiCneven, eliozi kvlav locvasa da xorcis daTrgunvaSi atarebs wlebs.

iseve rogorc erT dros sebiasagan mayvlianis zmanebiT daixsna Tavi, 90 wels mitanebul sneul meudabnoes mxsnelad kvlav mayvliani moevlineba: udabnos piras, mayvlianSi, gvelisgan monusxuli patara gogonas gadarCenis survili garindebidan gamoiyvans eliozs da codvasac Caadeninebs. gvelis mokvlis da gogonas xsnis sanacvlod (gogona sidonias sexnia aRmoCdeba), eliozs gonebis Tvali gaunaTdeba da pirvelad

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Caesaxeba imedi: `sidonia, sidonia~, tkbil-mware grZnobiT avsebda es saxeli. ...uceb mSvidi mtkvari gaaxsenda, iqauri mayvliani da sidonias mtkvariviT mSvidi, rbili xma. ...aq ra undoda? an risTvis movida? uwyalo RmerTisagan daviwyebuli, eWvebiT dasneulebuli da bnelSi myofi? ca ar indobda, iqneb mSobel miwas mainc ecxo salbuni misi sulisaTvis. ...eliozi wamodga, mRvimeSi Sevida, uflis kvarTi moixvia welze da gzas gaudga. ra mihqonda Tan? kvarTi uflisa, romelic JamTasvlisagan gaxunebuliyo da alag-alag CrCilisgan gawyalebuliyo? swavleba, romelic masaviT SesaZloa aravin icoda da romlisac swamda Tu ara, TviTonac ver ityoda? is midioda gansja-daxSuli, mxolod gulis Zaxils ayolili da siyvarulis xmas mindobili~ (ix. `mayvliani~, gv. 32-33).

finali emTxveva `ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebs, gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom eliozi Sendobilia.

`...sidonia mayvlianSi daasaflaves. meormoce dRes mis saflavze ucxo da Tvalwarmtaci xe aRmocenda. mis tans mironi sdioda, mironi kurnavda sneulT, sveti sicocxlis momniWebeli iyo, es iyo `sveti cxovlisa~. da eliozi mixvda, rom Sendobili iyo RvTisagan~ (`mayvliani~, gv. 35).

kote jandieris damokidebuleba cnobili siuJetisadmi, yvelaze uwinares, `iosebisa da misi Zmebis~ avtoris, Tomas manis mbeWdavi qalis cnobil gamonaTqvams gvagonebs, _ Zlivs ar gavige, ra gardaxda Tavs ioseb mSvenierso!

minda mkiTxvelis yuradReba mivapyro kote jandieris erT tendencias: eliozisaTvis, romelic diadi misiis mtvirTvelia, sarwmunoebaze upiratesia mSobeli miwa. mxolod samSobloSi dabruneba esalbuneba mis mtkivan suls, mxolod mcxeTaSi igrZno man `rogor uyvarda mTeli samyaro ganaTlebuli da gamTlianebuli siyvarulis usazRvro grZnobiT~ (`mayvliani~, gv. 35). eliozi ebraelia, magram, zaqaria WiWinaZis mosazrebiT, `saqarTvelos miwasa da niadagTan qarTveli ebraelic iseve iyo mikruli da miwebebuli, rogorc TviT qarTvelni~ (`qarTvelT israelni saqarTveloSi~, 1904 w.; citirebulia wignidan: sefiaSvili oTar, `xsovna~, niu-iorki, 2005 w., gv. 42).

analogiuria korneli kekeliZis Sexeduleba `ninos cxovrebis~ avtoris tendenciurobaze: `wiTeli zoliviT gatarebulia avtoris erovnuli tendencia, romelic gamoixateba mSobliuri qveynis gandidebisa da misi erovnul-kulturuli damoukideblobis dacvis survilSi~ (kekeliZe k., `qarTuli literaturis istoria~, t. I, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1960 w., gv. 532).

`mayvlianis~ epigrafSi, romelic Seamzadebs mkiTxvels Txzulebis suliskveTebis ukeT aRsaqmelad, ganyenebul fiqrs da gansjas moyvasis msaxureba (am SemTxvevaSi, _ gogonas gadarCena da Zmis momlodine sidoniasaTvis danapirebis aRsruleba) aRemateba. epigrafis avtoria vivekananda (1863-1902 ww., indoeli humanisti, religiis reformatori, iogi, adepti `universaluri religiisa~, romlis upirveles funqciad RatakTa daxmarebas miiCnevda):

`...gadade vedantas kiTxva, gansja da fiqri momavali cxovrebisaTvis. axla ki, dae sxeuli Tqveni emsaxurebodes moyvass. maSin me vityvi, rom Tqven uqmad ar mosulxarT CemTan~.

`mayvliani // mayvlovani // buCqi Seuwveli~, `Неополимая Купина~, bibliidan rom iRebs saTaves (ieRova almodebul mayvlianSi gamoecxadeba moses, saxarebaSi — is RvTismSoblis saxes ukavSirdeba) erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi simboloa msoflio literaturaSi. kote jandieris teqstSi is siwmindis, ubiwoebis, saTnoebis, siyvarulis, samSoblos metaforuli gansxeulebaa. mosalondelic iyo, rom `qarTlis moqcevis~ axlebur gadawera-wakiTxvaSi wminda ninos samyofels gansakuTrebuli funqcia dakisreboda (`xolo nino warvida mayvalTa maT Sina... eseviTariTa moRvawebiTa daadgra mayvalTa Sina eqvs wel~, ix. `ninos cxovreba~, gv. 175). aqve vityvi, rom mayvali, rogorc ubiwoebis Tu biwierebis mxilebis saxe-simbolo Cndeba kote jandieris Tanamedroveobis amsaxvel moTxrobaSi `saojaxo qronika~. sainteresoa, rom oTar WilaZis `godorSi~ mayvliani damsjelis rolSi gvevlineba: aq is daundobeli ekliani buCqia biwieri qalisaTvis.

kote jandieris `mayvliani~ postmodernizmis im elitarul frTas miekuTvneba, romelic erovnuli Tu zogadad, literaturuli tradiciisadmi `seriozul-ironiul~

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damokidebulebas avlens; xolo misi teqsti-`imitacia~, mimzidveli Txrobis garda, metyvelebiTi stiliTac sanimuSoa da misabaZi; garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, unikaluric aris, _ dRevandeli TiTqmis sayovelTaod dakninebul-damaxinjebuli qarTulis fonze.

`qarTul~ interteqstualizaciaze SeiZleboda kidev bevri ram Tqmuliyo, magram jerjerobiT amas davjerdebi.

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maia jaliaSvili

tkivilis metafizika

(lia sturuas leqsebis krebulze `Ralatsac mxolod kefiT igrZnob~, Tb., 2005)

`araviTari analizi! leqsi _ Seqmnis da SegrZnebis doneze,~_ wers lia sturua. leqsi, marTlac, kargavs Tavis mTlianobas, rodesac kritikosi anatomis gulgrilobiT kveTs da Cxreks misi unazesi qsovilis calkeul nawilebs. magram gana aseve ar eqceva xelovani realobas, rodesac fragmentebad Slis da ise amowers Tu gadawers striqonebad. leqsebi warmosaxuli realobebia, romelTa gasagebad damkvirvebeli, am SemTxvevaSi, kritikosi _ Tavisi umTavresi iaraRebiT _ TvaliT, guliT, suliTa da gonebiT xSirad aqucmacebs, raTa Semdeg ufro ganicados mTelis surneli, azri da musika. Cveni es werilic amgvari dakvirvebis mcdelobaa.

lia sturuas leqsebis axali krebuli (`Ralatsac mxolod kefiT igrZnob~ (`merani~, 2005) tkivilebiTaa gaJRenTili. poetis wuxili leqsidan leqsSi gadadis, itoteba, miarRvevs leqsisave sazRvars da mkiTxvelis gulsa, sulsa da gonebaSi miikvalavs gzas. es tkivili Tanabrad moicavs konkretulsa da sazogados, piraduls, erovnulsa Tu sakacobrios. krebuli saerTo paTosiT exmianeba guramiSvils: `vai, ra karga movsTqvemdi, metyodes vinme Tu bansa~. am SemTxvevaSi, bani mkiTxvelma unda misces, xma Seuwyos poetis fiqrebs, ocnebebs, survilebs, mis warsuls, awmyosa da momavals da maSin ukeT Seigrnobs poetis satkivars. es leqsebi natirlebia, ara tradiciuli folkloruli gagebiT, aramed SinaarsiTa da gznebiT.

es yovlismomcveli tkivili da glova mkiTxvels wignis ydidanve SemoefeTeba, romelzedac frans mezereelis `jvarcmaa~ daxatuli. jvarze gakruli macxovari maRalsarTuliani Senobebis, e.i. qalaqis, simbolurad, Tanamedrove civilizaciis fonze moCans. es naxati krebulis epigrafiviTaa (`dideba moTminebasa Sensa ufalo ieso~). samyaroSi da, upirvelesad, adamianis gulSi maradis meordeba misteria qristes jvarcmisa. zogi pavlesaviT, yoveldRe kvdeba qristesTvis, zogi ki mas iudasaviT yoveldRe gascems da jvars acvams. e. i. wignis mTavari tkivili `madlis fonis~ dakargvaa, uromlisodac cxovrebis zRvaSi dainTqmebi. ydis naxatze gamokveTilad Cans qristes jvarze milursmuli xelisgulebidan rogor mowveTavs sisxli da rogor gadaesxmeba qalaqs. `sisxliT xarT nayidi~, xmianobs Soridan pavles qadageba, `bralobis sisxli Tavzeda SviliTurT gardinTxieso~ (guramiSvili). lia sturuac maTi STamomavalia da es `mocxebuli~ sisxli awuxebs, magram TviTon rogor cxovrobs? leqsebi xom swored misi sulis dRiurebia, maradisobisa da wuTisoflis anabeWdebiT:

RmerTma damiZaxos TavisTan, daqucmacebuli xorci minanqris filebiT Semicvalos, Tavidan amawyos da Cemze, baRSi Caxatulze, miuTiTos samoTxis binadrebs: _ ai, qali, romelic dardma SeWama!

poetic jvarcmulia, rogorc pol valeri ityoda: `Tavisive sxeulis jvarzea gakruli. uRonod dabla daxrili Tavi daCxvletili aqvs sakuTari azris eklebiT~. lia sturuas poezia savsea am ekalTa metaforuli aRweriT. erTi ekali krebulis saxelwodebaSivea gacxadebuli. es aris Ralati. `Senc, brutus!~ yovel wams SeuZlia wamoiZaxos sasowarkveTilma, radgan swored Ralatis Sekrul wreze trialebs da gamosavals ver poulobs. erTaderTi nugeSi leqsebia, sityvebad qceuli tkivilebi, romlebic tanjvas, marTalia, ver aviwyeben, magram mis silamazes SeagrZnobineben. dekarteseuli, vazrovneb, e.i. varsebob, poets SeiZleba Seecvala, mtkiva, maSasadame,

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varsebob. tkivilis gareSe ar Seiqmneboda lia sturuas es axali krebulic. amitom arc erT striqonSi ar gaismis tkivilidan gaqcevis wyurvili, Cans mxolod misi Secnobis wadili. vaJasaviT, masac urCevnia: `balaxi viyo saTibi, ara mwadian celoba, cxvradve mamyofa iseva, oRond amSordes mgeloba~. mTavaria, amqveynad `gacivebuli leSiviT~ ar iaros, rac imas niSnavs, rom gamudmebiT unda itanjebodes, sxva Tu araferi, `gonebas fiqri stanjavdes~ (vaJa-fSavela).

mainc raze wuxs poeti? upirvelesad, adamianTa sulebis gauxeSebaze, rac mJRavndeba ara mxolod

erTmaneTTan, aramed RmerTTan, bunebasTan, sulieri Rirebulebebis, xelovnebis mimarT urTierTobisas. es tkivili araxalia, magram gansakuTrebiT gamZafrebulia XX-XXI saukuneebSi. am tkivilis poetur saxeebSi moqceva da gamoxatva lia sturuas Cawers Tanamedroveobis mniSvnelovan qarTvel Tu ucxoel poetTa siaSi. Tu rogor aisaxa krizisuli epoqa sxvaTa sulebzec, amis sailustraciod ramdenime paralels gavavleb. amerikeli robert loueli:

rogor gavuZloT am yvelafers? moyolebuli Teslidan bzemde tragediebs ar cnobs buneba. saidan modis es SeSliloba? albaT, awmyodan, ra Tqma unda, radgan Cven aq varT, awmyoSi, is ki warsuliT aris moSxamuli.

(`Cven viyaviT samoTxeSi~, zviad ratianis Targmani. J. `arili~, 2,2001, gv.33).

sparsi sohrab sefehri: meSinia, me saukunis movercxlili zedapiris meSinia. modi, rom ar SevuSindeT am qalaqebs, romelTa CaSavebuli miwa amweebis saZovrad qceula. gamaRe, rogorc kari, msxlis Camovardnis mxares_ am foladis cad amaRlebis saukuneSi.

(`TanamgzavrTa baRisken~, giorgi lobJaniZis Targmani. sohrab sefehris leqsebis wignidan `wylis fexis Cqami~, Tb. 2003, gv. 29)

amerikeli silvia plaTi: sivrce _ Sali gamoZenZili, civi mkvlelebi zed macviva qliavebiviT.

(`niki da Sandali~, lela samniaSvilis Targmani, silvia plaTis leqsebi, Tb.1999, gv.25

sparsi foruy faroxzadi: Cven miwaze sarevelebad amovediT da sarevelebiviT CavikrifebiT miwaSi. Cven gzad `araferi~ Semogveyara, Tavis JRal, fafaraSlil cxenze ijda da xelmwifesaviT migelavda...

(`zafxulis mwvane wylebSi~. giorgi lobJaniZis Targmani, foruy faroxzadis leqsebi, `meored dabadeba~,Tb. 2005, gv. 63).

am poetebs, romelTa sxva mravali saxelic SeiZleba daematos, aerTianebT ara mxolod sawuTrosa da maradisobis dapirispirebis tkivili, egreT wodebuli, egzistencialuri problemebi, aramed maTi gamoxatvis metaforulobac. lia sturuas, maT msgavsad, awuxebs harmoniulobis dakargva samyarodan da swored mas daeZebs warmosaxul saxeebSi.

misi erT-erTi upirvelesi satkivari, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli kulturis mimarT gamJRavnebuli nihilizmia.

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momitaneT erTi porcia galaktioni, mduRare gogla leoniZe da CaiSi SaqariviT Cayrili besiki!

poets swored amgvari nugbari enatreba, radgan am poetebs da maTi poeziis moyvarulebs `sulyvelas buldozeriT gadagviares~ (`nostalgia biblioTekis mimarT~). poeziis amgvari uaryofa araxalia, magram tkivili droSi ar cvdeba. jer kdev XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi klasikosTa mimarT aseTive gulgril sisastikeze werda griSaSvili:

qveviT, bazarze, kviradRiT, vanqTan, mtvrian quCebSi, dampals havaze. woniT viyide eqvsi girvanqa: SoTa, akaki da WavWavaZe.

maSin Tu klasikosebis wignTa furclebSi sanovages axvevdnen, axla `buldozerebiT gadauares~, e.i Tanamedroveoba met sisastikes iCens, is mTlianad Zirkvavs poezias yofidan, radgan misi `gamoyeneba~ SeuZlebelia, arada, rasac praqtikuli gamoyeneba ara aqvs, is ver reklamirdeba da verc gaiyideba Tanamedrove pragmatul sazogadoebaSi.

lia sturuas poeziis metaforuli ena natifi da gamWvirvalea. poeti samyaros mxolod imgvarad aRiqvams, rogorc leqsis striqonebSi xatavs. misTvis eleganturia seqtemberi, romelsac `oqros qinZisTavebiT Sekruli majebi, yelze beRurebis mZivebi~ aqvs. `rogor uxdeba lpobis gacrecili xaverdi da ra tkbilad Sedis zamTarSi~. (`mSvenieri egoizmi~). aseTi mgrZnobiare, saTuTi aRqmiT gamoirCeva faroy faroxzadic:

me gulmwuxare var... aivanze vdgavar da Ramis gadaWimul kans vexebi

(`Citi mokvdavia~. giorgi lobJaniZis Targmani). lia sturuas poeziis Tavisebureba isaa, rom misi saTqmeli (Sexedulebebi, wuxili,

sixaruli da sxva gancda) kodirebulia mxatvrul saxeebSi, yvelaze metad da xSirad ki metaforebSi. es kodebi mravalferovania da Sreobrivi. xandaxan erTi romelime saxis dekodireba ar gulisxmobs mis mTlian amoxsnas, gagebas, radgan erTi axsnili kodis miRma SeiZlebaaRmoCndes kidev sxva, romelic kvlav saWiroebs Sifris moZebnas.

leqsis axsna, ganmarteba, gageba ramdenime doneze mis wakiTxvas gulisxmobs: 1. unda gaugo avtors, Tu ris Tqma surda. 2. unda gaugo lirikul gmirs. 3. unda gaugo mxatvrul saxesac. lia sturuas poeziis Tavisebureba swored am gagebis sirTulea, Tumca es imas ar gulisxmobs, rom misi poezia Zneli aRsaqmelia. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven vgulisxmobT inteleqtualuri gagebis siRrmeebs, Torem am poetis leqsebi imdenad damuxtulia emociiT da gajerebulia azriT, rom misi gancda da gageba nebismier mkiTxvels SeuZlia.

zemoT naTqvams rom davubrundeT, gagebis pirvel doneze xdeba avtorisa da lirikuli gmiris erTgvari identifikacia. am SemTxvevaSi, leqsis striqonebSi ganfenili da warmoCenili (cxadi Tu kodirebuli) gancdebi, Sexedulebebi mTlianad miewereba avtors da igi gaiazreba swored mocemuli leqsis dro_sivrcul konteqstSi. am dros avtoriseuli `me~ monologebiT warmoCndeba, romelsac umTavresad aRsarebis, mkiTxvelTan gandobis funqcia eniWeba, Tumca, imavdroulad, avtori dialogs marTavs mkiTxvelTan, romelic am dialogSi mniSvnelovani figuraa da xSirad `diskusiis~ warmmarTvelic.

leqsis wakiTxvis meore doneze striqonebSi ganfenili emociebi da gansjani miewereba lirikul gmirs, avtoris Seqmnil axal personas, romelic gaucxoebulia Semqmnelisgan da mkiTxvelTan dialogSi Tavs avlens, rogorc `ucxo~, romelsac TiTqmis araferi (an cotaodeni) msgavseba aqvs avtorTan.

leqsis wakiTxvis mesame done gulisxmobs inteleqtualur mkiTxvels, romelic unda Caswvdes mxatvrul saxes, moixilos misi siRrmeebi, zedapiri, am SemTxvevaSi mxolod safarvelia idumalisa, ufro zustad, saidumlosi, romelic leqsis siRrmeSi devs, e.i. striqonTa miRma igulisxmeba im qronotopSi, romelsac qmnis saxeobrivi sistema. es ukve gulisxmobs mxatvruli saxis avtonomiurobis aRiarebas. mkiTxveli swored masTan marTavs dialogs da samyaros poetis mier SemoTavazebuli axali

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rakursebiT xedavs. mkiTxveli aqtiurad erTveba im TamaSSi, romelsac mxatvruli saxe warmarTavs, Tumca mkiTxvelis Tavisufleba ar izRudeba. TamaSi sworedac rom misi sulis, gulisa da gonebis Sesaferisad viTardeba.

lia sturuas leqsebis analizisas Cven ZiriTadad vsargeblobT hermenevtikuli praqtikiT, romelic gaiazreba, rogorc nebismieri mxatvruli teqstis axsnisa da ganmartebis universaluri meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi, teqstsa da mkiTxvels Soris hermes_mediatorad gamodis kritikosi, interpretatori, romelsac poetis sityva ara mxolod miaqvs mkiTxvelTan, aramed ganumartavs kidec. ganmarteba ki lia sturuas poezias warmoaCens, rogorc mocemulobas, romelic sxvadasxva mkiTxvels nairnairi interpretaciis saSualebas aZlevs, radgan Zalian gaxsnili mxatvruli saxeebi aqvs imisTvis, rom mkiTxvels guluxvad umaspinZlos.

poezia, sazogadod, yvelaze metad Seicavs araordinarul mxatvrul kodebs, romelTa gaSifvra warmoaCens leqsis siRrmes. rogorc cnobilia, hermenevtika homerosis eposisa da bibliuri teqstebis uZveles imnterpretaciebs gulisxmobda. igi iyo meTodologiuri Suamavali sakralur da arasakralur teqstebs Soris. hermenevtikis filosofiuri damfuZneblis, fridrix Slaimaxeris azriT, `interpretacia warmoadgens ukve Seqmnili produqciis Tavidan Seqmnas, anu kvlav Seqmnis mowesrgebul sistemas~ (irma ratiani, hermenevtika, wignSi `literaturis Teoria `XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~, Tb.2006, gv. 103)

lia sturuas poeziis Cveneuli analizisas leqsis saTqmelis rekonstruqciis safuZvelia intuicia. SeiZleba es interpretacia xandaxan absoluturad gansxvavdebodes poetis Canafiqrisgan, magram mTavari es cdaa, rogorc leqsis gacocxlebis saSualeba. sruliad seriozulad acxadebda tomas sternz elioti: `Cven imasac unda mivxvdeT, rasac TviTon Seqspiri ver xvdeboda~ (`hamleti~, wignSi: `ra aris klasika?~, Tb. 1996, gv. 15)

poeti erT leqsSi wers: iqneb, marTlac, ufro advili sakuTari leqsebis mokvlaa, vidre yureba, rogor klaven, maT sxvebi .

(`medea~) vfiqrob, am mkvlelobaSi, igulisxmeba mkiTxvelTan ukontaqtoba, rac nebismieri

poetis yvelaze didi tkivilia. amasTan erTad, albaT, fiqri dawerili striqonebis araswori interpretaciisa. es ukanaskneli SiSi verasodes daiZleva da poets yovelTvis eqneba gancda xifaTisa, romelsac SeiZleba gadaeyaron Sinidan (gulidan) gareT, usulgulo sivrceSi gaSvebuli Svilebi (leqsebi). `bevrma wyalma unda Caiaros, sanam mwerali da mkiTxveli erTmaneTs ipovnian, erTi alTasaa, meore _ balTas, TiToeuli cal-calke ki martosulia~ (andre Jidi `stefan malarme~, wignSi `xelovnebis sazRvrebi~, Tb.1994, gv.83).

krebulSi dabeWdili leqsebis umravlesobis lirikuli gmiri `mea~, romelic mkiTxvels esaubreba Tavis tkivilebze. es tkivili ganfenilia sxvadasxva opoziciur wyvils Soris, rogorebicaa: siyvaruli da siZulvili, tkivili da Sveba, erTguleba da Ralati, siTbo da sicive, sicocxle da sikvdili, Cveulebrivi da uCveulo adamianebi da sxva.

rogorc zemoTac aRniSneT, upirvelesi tkivili jvarcmis xsovnaa, poetis cnobierebis mZlavri arqetipi, romelic zedapirze sxvadasxva mxatvrul saxed amotivtivdeba. swored jvarcmis gaunelebeli tkivili amarTlebs adamianis arsebobas, romelic erTgan amgvari metaforiT cxaddeba:

sul atlasis broweulebi amoyara, simwifisgan rom ixliCebodnen, Cveni codvebis Camorecxvas lamobdnen, magram tkivilis gareSe SeiZleba gaRmerTeba?

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(`ukuRma mosayoli ambavi~) mravalmniSvnelovani kiTxvaa da im pasuxsac gulisxmobs, romelic istoriaSi

sisxliani asoebiTaa Cawerili. adamiani martoobisTvisaa ganwiruli. es misi udidesi tkivilia. TviTon poeti amave

wignis garekanze dabeWdil avtobiografiaSi SeniSnavs: `martosulobis sevdas xSirad paroqsizmamde mihyavxar. adamiani martoa tkivilSi, Semoqmedebis dros, sikvdilis pirispir, Tundac WirisufalTa jari ijdes mis panaSvidze da saerTo saflavidan amoRebul mocarts usmendes~.

iqneb angelozebic imitom gamovigoneT, rom tkivili davZlieT, martooba _ ki vera.

(*** `rogoria iq...~) am simartoves xandaxan arRvevdnen axloblebi, romlebic poets nel_nela

Camoscildnen, zogi saiqioSi wavida, zogmac uRalata. poeti `dakargul~ adamianad miiCnevs Tavs:

ramdenjer fexiT gadamiares, axla manqaniT? yvirils viwyeb, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi mesamedi baRi var, vdgavar da vyviri.

(`dakarguli~) am saxem eduard munkis cnobili naxati `yvirili~ gamaxsena. orivegan

sasowarkveTili Zaxilia `saerTo simSvidis~ fonze. da kvlav meordeba bneli sivrceebisken gatyorcnili: `vin gaigebs Sens Zaxils, Zaxils vin daijerebs? veravin ganugeSebs~ (galaktioni). saSineli da dauZleveli miusafroba poets realobidan kvlav poeziisken ubiZgebs. xSirad es aris musika, romelic, poetis azriT, RmerTma maSin Seqmna, rodesac samyaros aSeneba daamTavra, `xelT araviTari masala aRar hqonda da sevda daeufla. rogor mSvelis es metafizika~ (`poeturi licencia~) da mkiTxvelsac sTavazobs saSvels. `momenatreba musikis Tafli~ (***`Cemi bavSvobis zRapari...~). visac `silamazeze aqvs Tvali miwebebuli~, man `haerisgan unda gaikeTos cisferi Cai da svas sicocxlis bolomde~ (*** `ra vqeni...~), e.i. aramaterialuriT, warmosaxuliT isazrdoos. `Seval sakuTar TavSi da aRar davbrundebi~ (`matareblidan arsaiTken~), magram xandaxan mainc brundeba, raTa nanaxi da gaxsenebuli leqsebad aqcios. Svebas ki poulobs dedasTan, mamasTan, bebiasTan SexvedriT, romelTa saxeebs metaforebiT Zerwavs, raTa kvlav ganicados maTi siaxlovis sixaruli

bavSvobis saxli, sadac adamianebs da sagnebs uyvardaT erTmaneTi. roiali da bebiaCemi mocartis vercxlisfer qonebas iyofdnen wveTebi da namcecebi Cemken cvioda, maT Suqze gavizarde

(`lamazi mkvleloba~).

deda `gaugebar saWmels momitanda, iqneb, sulac Saqarmoyril vardebs

(*** `ramdenime qila rZis...~). axla igi samoTxeSi eguleba, `Tavidan fexebamde metaforaSia Cafluli~ (`SeiZleba,

tkivili Sevitano samoTxeSi?~). iqneb es samoTxe poezia iyos, sadac metaforad qceuli deda maradiul sicocxles aziara TviTonve, RvTis wyalobiT, radgan swored misgan mieca niWi metaforis gziT sikvdilis sicocxled qcevisa.

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poeti erTmaneTisgan ganarCevs Cveulebriv da uCveulo adamianebs, am ukanasknelebs miekuTvnebian xelovanni. maT Soris, upirvelesad, isini, romlebic xSirad SemoiWrebian am leqsebSi: vaJa fSavela, galaktioni, besik gabaSvili, firosmani, mocarti, van gogi, gogeni... isini yvelani dro-sivrcul bariers daZleven da poeziaSi erTmaneTs xvdebian. poeti maTTan grZnobs Svebas da sicocxlis mSvenierebas. van gogisTvis mTavari iyo saxe:

xis, mindvris, fexsacmelebis, romlebSic iebi amovidoda vaJa fSavelas gacnobis Semdeg saiqioSi... mzis upasuxobam mokla orive... Cven wneva mogvklavs, an infarqti, an romelime banaluri avadmyofoba, Cvens kvalze amova da amova xalxi, magram ara iebi.

(*** `linzebi _ SuSis dedebi...~) poetma vaJa fSavela da van gogi erTmaneTs Seaxvedra saiqioSi. es aris ucnauri da

originaluri dawyvileba, romelic ucnob, moulodnel gancdas badebs mkiTxvelSi da fiqrTa nakadebs warmoSobs. lia sturua ki Tavis poezias amdidrebs axali surneliT, xmebiTa da ferebiT.

am uCveulo adamianebs `erTi fexi balaxSi aqvT, meore _ caSi~ (`naturmorti~). roca dReebi Cveulebrivad midian, poeziisa da mSvenierebis gareSe, maSin azri

ekargeba cxovrebas, romelic `gZuls, rogorc parki Wias, romelic peplad veRar iqceva~ (`orSabaTidan kviramde~). amgvari poeturi saxeebi amxelen poetis midrekilebas filosofiuri gansjisaken, konkretuli gancdis ganzogadebisaken. erTferovneba, moklebuli gradaciebsa da metamorfozebs, poetisTvis sulieri sikvdilis tolfasia. amitomac realur dro-sivrces is poeziiT gardaqmnis, yoveldRiurobas is poeziis nawilad aqcevs da am gziT iqmnis mravalferovnebis iluzias, sizmriseuli logikiT gadis yofiTobs sazRvrebidan da Tavs leqsebs Seafarebs.

bodleri werda: `janmrTelma adamianma ori dRe SeiZleba gaZlos uWmelad, upoeziod ki ara~ (`romantikuli xelovneba~, Tb.1996, gv.13)

lia sturuas poeziaSi uCveulo adamianebi metaforebad iqcevian, magaliTad, vaJa fSavela, romelsac ase mimarTavs poeti:

miwaze dgaxar da balaxi gezrdeba fexebTan erTad, samelneSi iebis wveni asxia, iqidan amodixar kalmistariviT, gamxdari da weris mosurne... ...da kvdebi universitetis auditoriaSi, TvalebSi ki mTebis misamarTebi giweria.

(`vaJa fSavela~) ase moaqcevs mTel cxovrebas ramdenime striqonSi. aseTi poetebi varskvlavebad

iqcnen. dRes ki `ca aRar aqvs qalaqs~, amitom adamianebi veRarc varskvlavebs xedaven, e.i. aRar ganicdian poezias, aRarafrad uRirT Zvirfasi saxelebi, es ki maT sulier gaRatakebasa da sikvdils iwvevs.

isini, uCveulo adamianebi, cxovroben metaforaSi, romelic maTi TavSesafaria. galaktioni `welSi gatexa gamogonili cxenebis devnam da zambaxis simaRleze sworebam...~.

...fanjridan gavida, ara TviTmkvlelobis mizniT, aramed imitom, rom fanjara ufro axlos iyo casTan, vidre karebi...

(`guSin~)

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galaktionis sikvdilze bevri leqsi dawerila da kvlavac daiwereba. dawerilTagan ki, vfiqrob, es erT-erTi originaluri poeturi interpretaciaa. galaktioni fanjridan caSi gavida, laRad, umtkivneulod, ucodvelad. am metaforaSi SesaniSnavad warmoCnda galaktionisa da am leqsis avtoris sulieri naTesaoba.

lia sturuas yvelaze sayvareli poetis, rogorc TviTon ambobs, galaktionis poezia misTvis Svebis saufloa, amitomac evedreba:

SemiSvi Tovlis samSobloSi, gemudarebi, sadac mze ari, lurji ToSi, vercxlis zarebi... ... sevdis kideze gaSendeba Cemi samyaro Sen Semiyvane mis siRrmeSi, qarebis mxridan da cota, mainc Semiyvare im Seni cidan.

aqac igive wadili irekleba realobis sazRvrebis garRvevisa da poeziis saufloSi Sesvlisa, am SemTxvevaSi, es galaktionis samyaroa.

ulamazesi leqsia da didia cduneba misi mTliani citirebisa. sagulisxmoa, rom galaktionis xsovna poetisTvis niSnavs `saqarTvelos xsovnasac~,

romelsac xSirad iviwyeben `axali qarTvelebi~: Cveulebrivi, zomierad mofiqrali Tavebi, TeTri sayelos TabaSiriT

mxrebSi CaSenebuli~, maT gulze ver gadaivlis `cisferi atmebiT savse manqana~, isini Zlierebi arian, raTa gauZaliandnen `uxerxemlo meocnebeebs~ da `xelmeored moklan~ (`axali qarTvelebi~).

ase iWreba am leqsebSi dRevandeloba, mkacri da uxeSi, eklebiani. poeti cxovrobs qalaqSi, sadac `xSirad ferTxaven Tavis adamianebad: ginda qvesknelSi Cavardi, ginda cisken aiRe gezi~ (`Tafli gamotova~); `XXI saukunea, kanalizaciis milebSi Catenili vardebi _ aliyuri poezias!~ ( `gaaCere dro~);

saqmiani gaxda zarebi, sadRac geZaxian, raRacas gTxoven: intervius, leqsebs, nekrologs sakuTar Tavze. telefonis Zgididan ar Cans, rogori depresiis mduRareSi gidgas fexebi.

(`TanagrZnoba~) sakuTar Tavze nekrologis daweris Txovna tragikomikuria da xandaxan amgvari

ironiiTac aris gadalaxuli realobis uxeSoba da sisastike. poets es yovelive mainc ver gadaaCvevs, rom dainaxos: `gnolis frTebiT moSrialebs saRamo~, Tu Zalian gauWirdeba, samebis Crdilisken gaeSureba, `RvTaebrivi ariTmetikis monawile, sadac sami oTxze metia~ (`ucnauri ariTmetika~). Svebis wyaroa `yanCasaviT grZelkisera eklesia~. Tanamedroveoba RmerTs klavs nicSesaviT, magram ver auqmebs xilvas: `is qali, eklesiis CrdilSi TeTri fexebiT amosuli, romelic gaTenebas hgavs?~ (`es isev Tbilisia?~)

alvis xeebic tyuilad ar magoneben eklesiebs, axal, cis lurji zari darekavs~ (`infarqti~), `ukvdavebsgan wuTisofeli gamogvidno RmerTma.

(*** `vurev Cais kovzs...~) poeti ar erideba arc sakuTari uCveulobis xazgasmasa da gamomzeurobas:

dabadebidan broweulis xeze ufro viyavi gamobmuli WiplariT.

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marTalia, wignebs `klonirebul dednebad~ aRiqvams, riTac mianiSnebs avtorisgan maT gaucxoebaze. dedani TviTon avtoria, romelic Tavis aslebs qmnis, magram suls ver STaberavs. am SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels gadaeloceba es mniSvnelovani funqcia TanaSemoqmedebisa. man wakiTxvisas suli unda STaberos am klonirebul dednebs, romlebic yvelaze kargad Caenacvlebian cxovrebas, yoveldRiur erTferovnebas. mas `Seqspiris sonetebi umagrebs zurgs~ da `malarmes nisliani gamocanebi~, `tyuis akvareliviT fermkrTal leqsebs~ da `caxcaxebs sinatifisagan~ (`wertilis dasmis mcdeloba~).

quCaSi ki dadian eliotiseuli futuro adamianebi da usulgulod angreven uCveulo adamianebis Seqmnil samyaroebs. poeti ocnebobs ucnauri biblioTekis aSenebaze, raTa `viaroT iq, rogorc eklesiaSi~ (`aramoduri mowodeba~). es gvaxsenebs babilonis biblioTekis borxesiseul utopias. `yvelaze didi mwerlebi, im wuTebSi, roca pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvT gonebasTan, wignebis sazogadoebiT tkbebian. gana swored maTTvis ar iwereba es wignebi? gana maT ar gadauSlian win aTasgvar silamazes, romelic dafarulia Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis?~ (marsel prusti, wignis kiTxva, Tb. 1993, gv. 65)

lia sturua agrZelebs im uCveulo adamianTa tradicias, romlebic aRiarebdnen mSvenierebis, warmosaxvis aRmatebulobas realobaze. Tanadroul epoqaSi misi poezia is xidia, romelic mkiTxvels exmareba yvela im xelovanTan misvlaSi, romlebic saganTa miRma ixedebodnen.

nu Seeguebi Cveulebriv dRes! xaxviT da kartofiliT gamaZRars, mogSivdeba, vardebi Cayare RvinoSi, gabede da ZaRlis magivrad, bulbulze Tqvi, yefso...~ `...sxva Tu araferi SegiZlia, sikvdiliT SesZari Cveulebrivi uniWo dRe!

(`Cveulebrivi dRe~) poets siyvaruli aZlierebs, swored misi ZaliT upirispirdeba im adamianebs,

romelTac `sxvisi mwuxareba uxariaT~. poeti exmianeba `wamebul orbelians~, romelmac kargad icoda Suris fasi, Tumca leqsSi `Cems keTilismyofelebs~, poeti Surs niadags aclis, radgan:

sikeTe aRar gamaCnia, rom vinme Sevawuxo, jobia, uxarodeT Cemi mowyenili saxis danaxva, jobia uxarodeT.

es edareba qristianul mowyalebas mterTa dalocvisa. ase gardaiqmneba siZulvili siyvarulad.

poets ar surs, `keTildReobis simartives dasjerdes~, radgan icis misi moCvenebiToba. TviTon ki:

Tvalebis garda kefiTac xedav, Jruantelic aqedan givlis, Ralatsac, mxolod, kefiT igrZnob...

(`ukuRmarTi fiqri~). poeti gamudmebiT warmoaCens sakuTar `mes~, ara mkiTxvelis winaSe sakeklucod,

aramed TviTSemecnebisTvis. poeziiT surs gaxsnas sulis siRrmeebi da im labirinTebSi ixetialos mkiTxvelTan erTad. leqsSi `mokle avtobiografia~ Tavdapirvelad warmoCenilia bavSvobisdroindeli garemo, `xeebs maSin xmaurisgan Tavi ar stkiodaT~, mianiSnebs sakuTar gamorCeulobaze: `vaJa fSavelas Svili viyavi~, amitomac ver agebinebda bebias, `kurtuaziul poeziaze Seyvarebuls~, rom `pirSi Tu balaxi amogivida, veraviTari rZe da Tafli veRar giSvelis~. es exmianeba niko samadaSvilis striqonebs: `avadmyofoba egonaT, biWo, leqsebi, tanze gamonayari~.

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poeti izrdeboda metaforebiT, romlebic misi sasmel-saWmelic iyo, saxlic da TavSesafaric. izrdeboda da eTxoveboda yvelaze Zvirfass. xvdeboda, rom

gubeSi fexis tyapuni caze siarulia, sanam gamougdiaT bavSvobidan, rogorc samoTxidan

(`sanam~) mere ki `gavyide sityva, viyide laJvardi~ da sikvdilic metaforiT moiSinaura:

cas gavusworeb Tvals, iqneb, kaba Camomigdon axali, bambissamxreebiani, saidanac ufro iolad amoviyvan frTebs

(*** ~mtredi CamoiRvara...~) poeti ixsenebs erT-erT pirvel Sexvedras mistikasTan _ es iyo sityva

`bunebismetyveleba~, romelic man ase gaigo: `e.i. nebadarTulia kaklis xis magidasTan laparaki~. mas Semdeg ki imasac mixvda, rom `ars ena ram saidumlo~, amitomac ase xSiria mis poeziaSi dialogebi bunebasTan: `dedaCemma sarevela balaxis piriT SemomiTvala, rom melodeba~ (~vin xar axla~)

am krebulis leqsebi erTgvari dRiurebia, romlebSic, Cveni intuiciiT, Warbadaa avtobiografiuli (sulieri Tu fizikuri). marTalia, calkeul leqsebSi fragmentulad, magram mTlianobaSi warmoCndeba erTiani suraTi poetis `mesi~. am leqsebSi, upirvelesad, metaforebis gziT aRdgeba warsuli da poeti amgvarad moipovebs dakargul dros. es `aRsarebiTi lirikaa~. am leqsebSi aris `cnobierebis nakadebic~, dialogebi sakuTar TavTan da sxvebTan.

Caviketebi sizmarSi, rogorc oTaxSi yvela Cemi mkvdari Tbili xdeba da rbili wvimis wyaliviT...

(`sizmarSi cxovreba~) poeti amgvari `CaketviT~ Tavs aRwevs qaoss, romelic mis garSemoa da mJRavndeba

saganTa da movlenaTa harmoniulobis rRvevaSi. `da qalaqma nel-nela damiwyo waSla~ (`ocneba borjomis xeobaze~).

amitomac mTliand miendoba warmosaxvas, `sigiJes umatebs~, rom igrZnos, `hars wvimaSi narbeni ZaRlis suni aqvs~. warmosaxuli samyaro realuri dro-sivrculi movlenebidan iqsoveba da poeti imdenad `Tvreba~ cxadSi dasizmrebuliT, rom aRmoxdeba: `RmerTo, ar minda amdeni silamaze! meSinia misi...~ (exmianeba nacnob paradoqsul sasowarkveTas: ~sjobs, rom ar gqondes sulac samSoblo, anda ar iyos ase lamazi~ _ ticiani). ai, erTi aseTi `saSineli~ silamaze:

mucelgafatruli iaponeli ki zis da sakuTari nawlavebidan alublis wiTeli xe amohyavs Senc Tu dainaxav mis xanmokle yvavilobaSi jojoxeTis cxra garss da erT Tvalebgabrwyinebul samoTxes, iqneb, gaigo es esTetika

(*** `sul sxvagvari cxovreba...~). am esTetikiTaa Seqmnili es leqsebi, sadac tanjva da sixaruli, siTbo da sicive,

mSveniereba da simaxinje gamudmebiT msWvalavs erTmaneTs. leqsSi `warmosaxva~ poeti xatavs, rogor

miaqvT WianWvelebs raRac lurji tvirTi Cemi perangis naxevi xom araa? romelsac soroSi cad daikideben da eziarebian metaforul azrovnebas...

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...sikvdilis mere WianWvelebis cad iqce, romeli warmosaxva gauZlebs amas.

(`warmosaxva~) ase uCveulod da originalurad warmoidgens poeti aryofnaSi gadasvlas, sadac

gaagrZelebs Tavis poetur misias, mSvenierebas aziaros yoveli suldgmuli. am SemTxvevaSi, leqsis es saxe avtonomiurobas iZens da damoukidebel dialogs marTavs mkiTxvelTan, igi sikvdilis labirinTSi sanTeliviT miuZRveba mas, raTa iqauri jurRmulebi gaunaTos da idumalTan Seaxvedros. amgvari moulodneli poeturi saxeebiT lia sturua qmnis Tavis esTetikas, dRemde gamorCeuls qarTul poeziaSi.

am leqsebSi xSirad warmoCndeba fiqri gardacvlil axloblebze, maT Soris, meuRleze, SesaniSnav xelovanze, elguja amaSukelze:

vin xar axla? qari, romelsac Citebis Taiguli miaqvs RmerTTan?

(`vin xar axla?~) lia sturuas Seqmnili da warmosaxuli samyaro, marTalia qaosis fragmentebisgan

Sendeba, magram mxolod da mxolod harmoniis Sesaqmnelad. qaosi realobaa, harmonia ki sityvaTa feris, musikis, gemosa da azrisagan Seqmnili is nairferi mozaikaa, romelic yovel leqsSi gansxvavebul variaciebs qmnis da mudmivad mkiTxvelis molodinSia, raTa mis warmosaxvaSi ukve Seqmnilma mxatvrulma saxeebma axali feriscvaleba da am gziT axali sicocxle SeiZinon.

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zaza gogia

gigi sulakauris proza qarTul Sidakulturul konteqstSi

`ras ambob, Wama didi bednierebaa!~ _ meubneba amxanagi da mec gulwrfelad mecodeba sakuTari Tavi, ase martivad rom ver vxsni aseT martiv amocanebs~ (`bedniereba~).

gigi sulakauris am orwinadadebiani moTxroba — Canaxatis ironiuli samizne adamianis biologiuri kmayofilebis arsia.

`dagZlie Tu ar!~ _ am sityvebiT ilias `gandegilSi~ xorci SehyiJinebs sulis uZlurebas.

ufro adre ki platoni wers `fedrosSi~, rom suli sxeulSi moxvedris gamo iryvneba da ixreba uwesrigobisaken.

magaliTebis gaxseneba usasrulod SeiZleba, vinaidan sulisa da xorcis, fsiqiurisa da biologiuris, qcevisa da antiqcevis problema samyarosaviT Zvelia, misi eqsperimentuli kvleva-Zieba ki SedarebiT axali. eTologiis (cxovelTa qcevis Semswavleli disciplinis) erT-erT burjs konrad lorencs eWvi ar epareboda, rom cxoveluri qcevis kanonzomierebani adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis sferoebzec vrceldeba. `fsiqologiur mocartad~ wodebul lev vigotskis ki sruliad realurad miaCnda biologiur da fizikur anomaliaTa fsiqologiur zemoqmedebaTa saSualebiT aRmofxvra (aRniSnul Tvalsazriss `tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebis~ uZvelesi aRmosavleTis filosofiur-religiuri swavlebebi da TviT qristianobis praqtika umagrebs zurgs). vigotskim anomaliur bavSvTa fsiqologiuri aRzrdis skolac ki daaarsa, romlis arseboba dRemokle aRmoCnda, vinaidan sabWouri aRzrdis mTavari principi klasobrivi Segnebis kultivireba iyo da ara _ jansaRi fsiqo-socialuri Segnebisa. amis Semdeg mecnierma cocxali eqsperimentebis sanacvlod dakvirvebis obieqtad niSani (sityva), ena, umTavresad ki literaturis, xelovnebis, kulturis ena aqcia. Cveni biosocialuri Tu fsiqologiuri aqtivobis yofiTi planidan metyvelebis aqtad transformireba enis apercefciulobas efuZneba, romelic gonivrulad reagirebs movlenisa, da, saerTod, kulturis, nebismier gamowvevaze. gardasaxvis am aqtSi Sida Tu garegamRizianebelTa energia signalebad gardaiqmneba. Tuki kulturis gabatonebuli forma moumzadebelia maT misaRebad, tranzaciis anu Zvelidan axalze evoluciuri gadasvlis procesi usaSvelod iweleba da uwyveti warumateblobis xasiaTs iZens _ WeSmaritad Rirebuli tradiciac irRveva da axali kulturuli sivrcis aTviseba-modernizaciac mZimed mimdinareobs. qaosisa da socialuri anomiis pirobebSi ena, sityva, mxatvruli teqsti garda imisa, rom Tavad ganicdis mZime ryevebs da icvlis funqciur-semantikur datvirTvas, kulturis teqstis utyuar indikatoradac iqceva. umberto ekos Tu davujerebT, babilonis enaTa aRrevis Semdeg kacobriobas dRemde ver upovia ena, romelic Semecnebis WeSmarit instrumentad iqceva. magram ena, gansakuTrebiT mxatvruli, mudmivad icvleba, amitom mwerlobis molodini axalTan Sesaxvedrad ZvelTan ganSorebisaTvis mzaobasac gulisxmobs. gigi sulakauris sityvebic, `maS, mSvidobiT da gamarjoba Cemo samyarov!~ _ am Tvalsazrisis emociuri demonstraciaa. orive ukiduresoba _ droSi CarCenac da mxolod Zvelis uaryofaze agebuli novaciac marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. samwuxarod, dRevandeli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi es balansi darRveulia.

ganaxlebis utopiuri modelis erovnuli kulturis Semaferxebel Zalad ukufena, dRes ukve krizisul realobad qceuli gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan iolad prognozirebadi iyo. krizisis mizezebi sakmarisze meti aRmoCnda. xalxsa da xelisuflebas, sazogadoebis fenebs Soris ndobaze dafuZnebuli saerTo orientirebis arseboba, politikuri cnobierebis koncentraciis xarjze kulturuli cnobierebis dekoncentracia, saSualo da ufrosi Taobebis inteleqtualuri potencialis praqtikuli gamouyenebloba, naklovani codnis mqone saxelismaZiebelTa arnaxuli

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aRzeveba, uwyebrivi cenziT zneobrivis utifari gadafarva, ucxoelTaTvis eqsteritoriuli uflebebis miniWebis paralelurad sakuTari xalxis abuCad agdeba, subkulturis produqtebis gauTavebeli Semoteva da mravali sxva. erTi sityviT, qarTveloba TvaldaxelSua TviTcnobadobis unars kargavs.

`me da Cemi liza~ poet gigi sulakauris moTxrobebis pirveli krebulia, romelic Cveni kulturuli samkvidros ganadgurebiT gamowveul wylulebs gviSiSvlebs. kulturis ena ki mxolod azrTampyrobelia, diadi qmnilebebisa da qmedebebis ena araa. igi garemos enacaa, romelsac yvelgan SeiZleba SevxvdeT _ ubanSi, quCaSi, kafeSi, `spartakas saludeSi~, `tristanas duqansa~ Tu `asirieli alibegas~ daxlTan. yovelive amis gonebamde misatanad saWiroa: pirveli _ gamaxvilebuli periferiuli xedva da meore _ oficialuri kulturis bunebisaTvis aratipiur, artefaqtul movlenaTa miReba-aTvisebis unari.

axali saniSneebis aRmoCenisas axalgazrda mwerlebSi `Zvelebi~ xSirad gaRizianebas iwveven. magaliTad, gorki amreziT ucqerda dostoevskis, romelic, misi azriT, rusuli sulis simaxinjes aSiSvlebda. Tumca, Tavdac aranaklebi sisatikiT uswordeboda rusuli cxovrebis maxinj gamovlinebebs. msgavsi pozicia erT dros ilias mimarTac gamovlinda. magram yvela Teziss aqvs antiTezisic.

`Tu Cveni nawerebi ar mogwons, ukve kargia, e. i. raRac emociebi gamouwvevia SenSi _ ase amixsna erTxel otiam~, _ ixsenebs gigi sulakauri. TaobaTa Soris dialogSi otia paWkorias koreqtuli, amasTanave, brZnulad gaTvlili strategiuli svla mxolod aRtacebas imsaxurebs.

gigi sulakaurs arasodes izidavda istoriis mier motyuebuli mwerlis perspeqtiva, amitom drois gamowvevebze komunisturi mmarTvelobis wlebSic adeqvaturad reagirebda, roca poetis konfiguraciul kompoziciebsa Tu versifikaciuli kanonebis uaryofaSi tradiciebis Ralats xedavdnen. sinamdvileSi rig poetTa Tavisufali midgoma saleqso instrumentisadmi iyo ara tradiciebisagan, aramed kvaziesTetikuri Sablonisagan gandgomis daufaravi Jesti, qarTuli leqsis modernizaciisa da Ria saliteraturo sivrceSi gaRwevis wadili. mwerali movlenebze dResac adeqvaturad reagirebs, roca calmxrivad gagnebulma modernizaciam gardacvlil kulturas sasicocxlo tradiciebic Tan Caayola saflavSi.

movlenaTa ukiduresi polarizacia damRupvelia. krizisuli drois Zlevis procesi SedarebiT umtkivneulod mimdinareobs da kulturac ufro efeqturad icavs Tavs, roca modernizebul da aprobirebul kulturul proeqtebs axal istoriul pirobebSi TviTgamJRavnebis Tanabari Sansi eZleva (uvargiss dro Tavad moicilebs). kulturis uwyvetobis arsic xom warsulis mudmivi swrafvaa momavalSi realizebisaken. warsulis faseulobaTa Zaladobrivi gamoZevebis gziT axali tipis urTierTobaTa xelovnuri Canacvlebis cdebi tradiciasa da novacias Soris Tanafardobis logikas arRvevs, ris gamoc Sidakulturuli narativebis niSa TandaTan carieldeba.

am sakiTxs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT. axla ki oriode sityva erT konceptsa da mis literaturul gamovlinebaze.

intencionaloba aris Semecnebis forma, roca subieqti obieqtis (sagnis) gavrcelebul mniSvnelobas sakuTari azriTa da poziciiT avsebs. es pozicia epoqis specifikis, subieqtis asakisa da inteleqtualuri simwifis kvaldakval icvleba. moTxrobaSi `beladebis marSi~ liftSi gaWedili avtoris oreuli virtualurad adreuli bavSvobis asakSi gadainacvlebs da `pirdapir mcxeTis sadguris mziTganaTebul baqanze~ aRmoCndeba.

1961 weli. saqarTvelos xruSCovi da fidel kastro stumroben. rkinigzis sadgurebze pompezuri daxvedrebi, Taigulebi, misasalmebeli sityvebi da transparantebi, skolis merxebidan sadguris baqnebze ayrili mowafeebi. `arada, ra kargad iwyeba `zeimi~. garTobas da TamaSs aravin gviSlis, TeTr-wiTeli transparantebi Tvalsa da guls gvixarebs, beladebis veeberTela portretebi alersianad gviRimian, reproduqtoridan mxiaruli marSi iRvreba da Cvens guneba-ganwyobilebas (liftisgan gansxvavebiT) TavdaviwyebiT miaqanebs bolo sarTulisaken~.

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droTa ganmavlobaSi heroikuli Janruli pano farsad, Tavad zeimi ki zeimis imitaciad da karikaturul memkvidreobad iqca. verc `diadi beladis~, leninis, saxe darCa xsovnis naTel niSansvetad da oqtombrelis samkerde niSnidan momRimari oqroskululebiani `varskvlavbiWunac~ `brtyelTavian urCxulad~ gardaisaxa.

winamorbedi epoqis niSnebSi axali Sinaarsis mikvleva-warmoCena warmatebis sawindrad im SemTxvevaSi iqceva, roca postkulturis produqcias damkveTi da momxmarebeli hyavs, ngrevisa da uaryofis garda, Senebisa da damkvidrebis unaric gaaCnia, roca sazogadoebas mxolod mimRebi kulturis damamcirebeli roli ar akmayofilebs da mzadaa ormxriv urTierTobebze gadasasvlelad, politikuri elita ki _ sazogadoebis nebis anu sakuTari movaleobebis pirnaTlad Sesasruleblad.

Tuki xelisufleba yrua sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebisadmi da kulturis inteleqtualuri centris funqciasac TviTneburad iTavsebs, movlenaTa swori Sefaseba ferxdeba, ikargeba drois SegrZneba, igegmeba da xorcieldeba mdare epigonuri proeqtebi, romlebic reformebad inaTleba, kulturis subkulturiT gadafarva ki _ liberalur RirebulebaTa aTvisebad. mzrunvelobas moklebuli literatura, xelovneba, mecnierebisa da kulturis sxva dargebi usaxsro, uuflebo da Rirsebaayrili inteleqtualuri elitis sameurveo xdeba da ara _ saxelmwifosi da mTeli sazogadoebisa. qvelmoqmedebis calkeuli gamovlinebebi sulieri siduxWiris suraTs naklebada cvlis, rac yofiTi cxovrebis sferozec mtkivneulad irekleba.

osvald Spengleris azriT, adamianTa kulturuli sacxovrisis sulieri Tu materialuri samkvidros ambioni da sakraluri TavSesafari aris saxli. magram igi yovelTvis zedmiwevniT ar emTxveva Cveneburi fuZisa da keriis cnebas an ingliselTa `Cemi saxli Cemi cixe-simagreas~ princips. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli odiTganve ojaxis faseulobaTa erTguli damcveli iyo, igi Tanayofnis, korporaciuli cxovrebis wess aranakleb ufrTxildeboda, vidre _ individualurs anu `Cemi saxlisas~. Sesabamisad, saxlis cnebis istoriuli arsic mxolod Sidaojaxuri urTierTobebiT ar amoiwureboda. amis TvalsaCino dasturia Zveli Tbilisuri ezoebi (ratomRac italiurs rom vuwodebT), dasavleT saqarTvelos soflebis samezoblo RobeebSi gaWrili karebi, rac ucxoobisa da undoblobis elementebs aqrobda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi urTierTmijrili qviTkiris saxlebi, mtris Semosevis dros saerTo saxlad, saerTo cixe-simagred rom iqceoda. yvela am komponentis gaerTianeba-aglomeracias didi saerTo saxlis, samSoblos ideasTan mivyavarT, romelic xSirad saxelmwifos ideis Tanafardi ar aris. samSoblo _ sistemur urTierTndobaze damyarebuli msgavsTa erTianobis princips efuZneba, saxelmwifo ki _ politikur Zalauflebaze damyarebuli gansxvavebulTa erTianobis princips. amitomacaa, rom saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis periodebSic qarTvelisa da mravali araqarTvelisTvisac samSoblod rCeboda. aRniSnuli `xarvezis~ amosavsebad jer absolutisturi, Semdgom komunisturi ruseTis zeobis periodSi saWiro gaxda am ideaTa gaerTmniSvnelianeba. Soreuli aRmosavleTisa da sxva nomadur tomTa asimilacia SedarebiT iolad xorcieldeboda, tradiciul kulturebsa da maT Soris saqarTveloSi _ gacilebiT mZimed. mglisa da cxvris bednieri Tanacxovrebis miTis gasamtkiceblad adamianze zrunvis imitacia namdvil zrunvas unda damsgavseboda. amitomac xruSCoviseuli `daTbobis~ wlebSi gaaTkecda `diadi aRmSeneblobis~ tempebi: `angrevdnen Zvels da aSenebdnen axals anu yvelafers: sacxovrebeli xruSCovka saxlebs, saavadmyofoebs, saministroebs, trestebs, komunizms. TviT adamiansac ki aSenebdnen. erTaderTi, rasac verafers uxerxebdnen, kapitalizmi iyo. Tumca iq, SigniT, Rrmad swamdaT, rom kacobriobis es uborotesi urCxuli TavisiT gamoiWrida yels da aSS-s zecac samudamod erTaderT WeSmarit fers — alisfers miiRebda~ (`iq, sadac gvelodebian...~).

sabednierod, dros ver moatyueb, romelmac Cveni `patriot~-komunistebis socialisturi `samSoblo~ iliasa da vaJas `samSoblos~ binarul opoziciad aqcia.

adamiani sakuTar biografiul garemoSi cxovrobs, qveyana ki kanonebiT, romlebic xSirad Seuwynarebelia sazogadoebis zogierTi wevris moTxovnilebisadmi. am dros adamianSi ormagi instinqti iRviZebs _ morigebisa da ganxeTqilebis. morigebas konformizmisaken mivyavarT, ganxeTqilebas _ protestis an amboxisaken.

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protestis erT-erTi forma sistemisadmi undoblobiT gamowveuli TviTizolaciis, sakuTar pirovnul da zneobriv ganawesTan ziarebis `evqaristuli~ aqtia. `RmerTo, Sen Semqmeni, magram gavkadnierdebi da getyvi, me Cemi Tavi Tavad gamovigone, gavwrTveni da sakuTar Tavs sanavardod kari Tavad gavuRe~ (`vovas gamo~). sanavardod karis gaReba zogisTvis ganusjeli cxovreba da moemis `SejamebaSi~ gacxadebuli ironiuli deviziT xelmZRvanelobaa — iaro survilisamebr, Tuki policieli ar giTvalTvalebs, zogisTvis ki — morCilebis inerciisagan Tavis daRwevis wyurvili. `me da Cems megobrebs galaktionis cnobili leqsis mxolod erTi striqoni gvWirdeba _ `wyevlisagan gaTavisufleba~ _ wers gigi sulakauri. `wyevlisagan gaTavisufleba~ movaleobebisagan ar gaTavisuflebs. piriqiT, igi Seni arsebobis gamarTlebas gaZebninebs, romelic yvela epoqis Rirseul Svils Taviseburad warmoudgenia.

is, rac erTi kulturis an epoqisaTvis misaRebia, miuRebelia meorisaTvis. am azris Sesamowmeblad droebiT dantes, leonardos, miqelanjelos, paolo toskanelis, piko dela mirandolas, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis arnaxuli ayvavebis xanis itialiaSi gadavinacvloT. magram italia amave dros iyo Cezare borjas, franCesko sforcas, gaumaZRari mediCebis, sibilwiT ganTqmuli papebis samSobloc, samefoebad, saqalaqo respublikebad, sahercogoebad daqucmacebuli sxeuli.

ai, ras wers makiaveli `mTavarSi~, roca fizikur da materialur ZalTa mobilizeba gaxda saWiro dafleTili erovnuli sxeulis gasamTlianeblad. citatas mcire SemoklebiT baCana bregvaZis Targmanidan SemogTavazebT: `rac ufro guluxvi xar, miT ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba grCeba momavalSic guluxvobis gamosaCenad: gaRatakdebi da zizRis Rirsi gaxdebi. am sircxvilis asacileblad ki mtaceblobas unda mihyo xeli da yvelasaTvis saZulveli Seiqmne. amitom ufro gonivrulia, Seurigde Zunwis saxels, romelic iwvevs sircxvils siZulvilis gareSe, vidre mieltvode guluxvis saxels da Zalauneburad mtaceblad iqce, rac Tavs dagatexs sircxvilsac da siZulvilsac~.

axla XII saukunis saqarTvelosac gadavxedoT _ erTianobis, sulieri da materialuri Zlierebis epoqas. Sendeboda gzebi, monastrebi, kulturis axali kerebi, iwereboda `vefxistyaosani~. siuxve iyo ara mxolod samefo darbazebis, mTeli kulturuli sistemis niSani da Sinaarsi. swored am dros wers rusTaveli: `rasaca gascem Senia, ras ara _ dakargulia~.

am ori kulturisa da maTi lozungebis Sedareba gvarwmunebs, rom arc politikur-ekonomikuri krizisia mecnierebisa da xelovnebis uZlurebis maCvenebeli da arc guluxvoba _ invariantuli Rirebuleba.

rac Seexeba cud dros, is SeiZleba xelovnebis stimulatoric iyos da mesaflavec. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, roca saqarTvelo suls Rafavda, gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT iTxzveboda `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZelebebi da ubadruki sadevgmiro poemebi, romelTa gmirebi qveynebs azanzarebdnen. am dros ki Cveni qveynis mesveurTagan zogi renegatobda, zogic ki dampyrobTa mier samadlod gadmogdebul Zvlebsa xravda (romaul saturnaliebsa Tu qarTul `yeenobaSi~ mefis monad da masxrad gardasaxvis rituali aq realuri cxovrebis doneze xorcieldeboda).

magram amave epoqaSi moRvaweobdnen Teimurazi, arCili, sulxan-saba, guramiSvili _ politikurad Tu vera, SemoqmedebiTad realizebuli figurebi.

dro warmavalia, xelovneba _ maradiuli, romelsac ar uyvars diskretuloba da xangrZlivi Seferxebebi. sabednierod, Zveli sqemebi dResac moqmedebs da uvargisi dro mwerlebis uvargisobaze ar metyvelebs. sabolood arc erTguli mkiTxveli gadaSenebula. gigi sulakauris Cinebuli moTxrobebic, romlebSic Cveni arc Tu dalxinebuli cxovrebis codva-madli irekleba, imedis naperkals gvitovebs, rom wigni mxolod profesionalTa atributad ar iqceva.

gigi sulakauris xedva yovelTvis efeqturi da esTeturia, Tavad cxovrebis araesTetiur mxareTa gamovlinebebSic ki. misTvis ar arsebobs meorexarisxovani personaJi, ulamazo qali, `manqana, romelic fuliT imarTeba~ (gobsekis sityvebia); ar icis, ra aris ulmobloba, sarkazmi — mxolod iumori da TanamgrZnobi ironia, xSirad _ TviTironia; uyvars qalaquri cxovrebis wesi, ubani, quCa, megobrebi, uyvars sma, Zalian

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uyvars wigni, gansakuTrebiT egziuperis `patara ufliswuli~, ver mounelebia mamis, otias, biZinas dakargva; ar uyvars pirferebi, medidurebi, arc ufrosi Taobis `narcisi bumberazebi~ da arc momavali `uniWieresi narcisebi~, ar uyvars vales samxedro nawilSi gatarebuli `sborebi~, oficeri manvelovi, ar uyvars `zerkalnaia bolezni~, roca Ripiani mamakacebi sakuTari sxeulis intimur nawilebs mxolod sarkeSi xedaven, ar uyvars mZime dekoraciebi da uxvi figuruli kompoziciebi, magram arc sicariele uyvars. farTsa da sivrces nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs _ mTavaria adamianebiT iyos Sevsebuli, umjobesia _ TanamoazreebiT spartakas reliktur ludxanaSi mwerali da `daniela uria~ erTi xelismosmiT imaze rTul sakacobrio mniSvnelobis problemebs wyveten, `jadosnuri mTis~ gmirebma Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi rom ver moabes Tavi.

mxedvelobidan gamomrCa, rom g. sulkaurs poetebidan gansakuTrebiT galaktioni (gala) uyvars, amitom nawyvets movitan g. tabiZis leqsidan, romelic unisonSia mwerlis erT patara moTxrobasTan:

aris mkiTxveli mSvenier wignis da aris mxolod gadamkiTxveli...

Tavad moTxrobas ki `biblioTeka~ hqvia: `roca ucxo sapirfareSoSi, Taroze, sxva wignebs Soris sakuTari leqsebis krebuls

waawydebi, amaze didi saCuqari ra unda iyos WeSmariti SemoqmedisaTvis?! Sen xom Seni leqsebiT erTiorad uzrdi da uxaliseb im siamovnebas, rasac bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebs aniWebs janmrTel, normalur adamians?!~

mwerlis erTi Tvisebac gamoikveTa _ adamianis bednierebaze zrunva. xumroba iqiT iyos da msgavsi `gadamkiTxvelebi~ fiziologiuri da sulieri yabzobis SeuRlebis nayofni arian (Tumca zogierTi paraliteraturuli nayalbevi ukeTess xvedrsa da adgils arc imsaxurebs, rasac ver davabralebT gigi sulakauris Txzulebebs, romlebSic fiqri yovelTvis win uswrebs moqmedebas).

saqarTveloSi mtrisa Tu moyvaris saxeliT mosuls yvelaze mkafio kvali Tbilisze dautovebia, radgan igi iyo zogadkavkasiuri kulturuli da politikuri centric, mniSvnelovani savaWro qalaqic, ltolvilTa saimedo TavSesafaric da, Sesabamisad, gauTavebeli agresiis obieqtic. amaze metyvelebs misi demografiuli siWrele, narevi leqsika, qalaquri koloriti, ubanTa istoriuli saxelebi da mravali sxva faqtori. aseTia Cveni obieqturi realoba. realobis Semecnebis saukeTeso instrumenti ki aleqsandr florenskis azriT, aris sityvaTa erToblioba (ena) ara rogorc mxolod sistema, aramed, rogorc stiqiac. mecnieri gadasaxlebidan qaliSvils wers, rom mxatvruli ena qaRaldze gadmotanil niSnebs garda aqtualizebul, cocxal bgerebsac gulisxmobs, amitom am teqstebis xmamaRla wakiTxvas urCevs mas. florenski axdens ori Tvalsazrisis Sewyvilebas: erTi mxriv, fosleris mimdevrebisas, romlebic mxatvrul enaSi cocxali metyvelebis aqts aniWeben upiratesobas da, meore mxriv, sosiuris mimdevrebisas, romlebic mxatvrul enas niSanTa sistemis konteqstSi ganixilaven.

Tbilisuri `ena~ orive TvalsazrisiT gaaqtiurebulia gigi sulakauris prozaSi slengebi, Jargonebi, barbarizmebi, ucnauri sityvaTSeTanxmebebi semantikuri da leqsikologiuri TvalsazrisiTac sayuradReboa, rac Cveni dedaqalaqis sasaubro garemos garkveuli endemuri nakrZalis mniSvnelobas aniWebs. levan bregaZis JargonTa leqsikonis `repertuaric~ xom umTavresad Tbilisuri warmoSobisaa.

gigi sulakaurTan qarTveli, rusi, somexi, ebraeli Tu asirieli erTi `tomis~ adamianebi arian da mtyuan-marTalic zneobrivi niSniT ganikiTxeba da ara _ erovnuli Tu kuTxuri warmomavlobiT (sulakauris moTxrobis `iq, sadac gvelodebian...~ gmiri Tav-pirs uerTianebs skolis darajs, romelic moswavleebs cems). yovelive zemoTqmuliT arc quCuri cxovrebis momxibvlelobas vqadageb, arc _ Zaladobas kults. ubralod, samwuxaroa, rom Tbilisis ezoebi, quCebi Tu e. w. `birJebi~ dRiTidRe kargaven `safixvnos~ funqcias, sadac samarTlianobisa da urTierTTanadgomis pricipi ufro metad batonobda, vidre _ usamarTlobisa da Zaladobis.

sityvas imiT davasruleb, rom arCil da gigi sulakaurebma Tbilisuri yofis suraTebSi uZvelesi droidan arsebuli Tu mogvianebiT Semotanili da gaSinaurebuli enobrivi masaliT zogadqarTuli samyaros ulamazesi mozaika aawyves.

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inga milorava

Taobis portreti bnel interierSi

(laSa buRaZe, `bolo zari~)

Tanamedrove saliteraturo procesi Zalian rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da

mravalferovania. iseve, rogorc Cveni cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi, aqac mravali faruli Tu aSkara dineba erwymis erTmaneTs da yalibdeba erT nakadad, romlis sabolood Secnoba, SesaZloa, amocnoba, Zalian Znelia. literatura, mwerloba zustad mihyveba da aireklavs im viTarebas, rac Tanamedrove adamianis irgvliv SekumSul drosa da sivrceSia gacxadebuli. es exeba rogorc materialur, ise sulier sferos. da radganac mwerloba, sabednierod, jerjerobiT isev rCeba sulieri intensivobis gamovlenis erT-erT umTavres saSualebad, Zalze mniSvnelovania droulad da piruTvnelad Sefasdes an, ubralod, sworad da gulisyuriT wakiTxuli iyos yvela (an SeZlebisdagvarad yvela) nawarmoebi, romelic garkveul adgils ikavebs saliteraturo procesSi da Tavisi gamokveTili saxe da saTqmeli gaaCnia, swored am TvalsazrisiTaa sayuradRebo laSa buRaZis romani `bolo zari~.

romani aireklavs Tanamedroveobis umwvaves problemebs da mxatvrul qsovilSi, mxatvrul sistemaSi aqcevs `aq~ da `axla~ momxdars, nanaxs, gancdilsa da gaazrebuls. es teqsti upiratesad Tanamedrove da axalgazrda mkiTxvelzea orientirebuli, SedarebiT farTo masaze da upirveles yovlisa, misgan moelis reaqcias, magram, vfiqrob, rogorc nebismier art-qmnilebas sWirdeba sxvagvari Sefasebac, rac mniSvnelovani unda iyos rogorc mwerlisTvis, ise misi mkiTxvelisTvis. es ki ukve safrTxilo, SeiZleba, sariskoc kia da isevdaisev Cveni Tanadrouli cxovrebis da masze `damagrebuli~ literaturuli viTarebidan gamomdinare.

Cven, yvelani, mTeli sazogadoeba, mivubrundiT gvarovnul-Temur wyobilebas, ise, rom kapitalizmi ki ara (romelic arc ganviTarebula Cvens qveyanaSi), erT dros ayvavebuli feodaluri institutebic ki ukan movitoveT. postkomunisturi saqarTvelo erTianad gadaeSva gvarovnul-Temuri urTierTobebis morevSi, sadac sxvadasxva jgufi (Zalian ar minda gamoviyeno uazro politikur debatebSi gacveTili da mniSvnelobadaviwroebuli sityva _ klani), xan koreqtulad da xanac daufaravad da gaafTrebiT ebrZvis erTmaneTs gavlenisaTvis, Zalauflebisa da amqveyniuri netarebisaTvis. es exeba cxovrebis yvela sferos da maT Soris xelovnebasa da literaturasac. es ar aris mxolod im bedkruli erebisa Tu qveynebis problema, romelTac komunisturi qariSxlebiT gadaqelil sivrceze mouwiaT arseboba da kargad axsovT `samTavrobo~ literatura. sxva formiT da sxvanairi niRbiT msgavsi ram araeTrgzis e. w. Tavisufal samyaroSic Sobila. es bunebrivicaa, radgan literatura da xelovneba, rogori distanciac ar unda daiWiros realobisagan, mainc sabolood am realobazea dafuZnebuli da TviT yvelaze ganyenebul, abstraqtul saxeebsa Tu striqonebSic ki qvecnobieri (mis zemoT ki yofiT) doneze SeWrilia Tanadrouli da Tanaarsebuli garesamyaro.

dRes, am Cvens realobaSi literaturuli Temebi, jgufebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd moqmedeben da Tanaarseboben, zogi _ Zlieri da zogic _ susti da uCinari. iseve, rogorc sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi, sxva profesiul Tu araprofesiul dajgufebebSi, aqac didi mravalferovnebaa, sxvadasxvaa materialuri safuZveli, sulieri Tu xorcieli niadagi, romelic maT kvebavs. magram aSkaraa, rom qiSpi, xan faruli, xanac aSkara, aris da Zalebic xSirad (isevdaisev sruliad araliteraturuli da arasaxelovnebo winapirobebisa da saZirkvel-safuZvelTa gamo) araTanabaria. Zalian kargi iqneboda, idealuri, rom, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mwerlobaSi mainc yvela Temi gaerTianebuliyo da cxvarsa da mgels erTad moeZova. magram es utopiaa da aravin moityuebs Tavs iluziiT, rom amgvari ram an CvenTan an sadme SesaZlebelia, magram viTareba mainc sakmaod arasasurveli da daZabulia, rac arc saliteraturo process waadgeba, arc mTlianad sazogadoebas da arc calkeul adamians, miT umetes, Semoqmeds.

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rac mTavaria, aseTi Sekavebuli, mudmivad qariSxlis momlodine, drtvinvaSegubebuli sulieri mdgomareoba arTulebs ase Tu ise mainc gaTavisuflebuli saliteraturo procesisa da movlenebisadmi damokidebulebis _ aseve Tavisufalis, uSiSaris, gulwrfelis _ gamoxatvas. amgvari sirTule iCens Tavs roman `bolo zaris~ SemTxvevaSic.

dRes arsebobs literaturuli wre, jgufi, romelsac SeiZleba mediajgufic vuwodoT. maT winaSe iolad iReba bevri iseTi kari, romelic, SesaZloa, sxvisTvis samudamod daxSulia. isini mudmivad sxvadasxva saSualebebis meSveobiT Cndebian sazogadoebis winaSe da saxelmoxveWilnic arian. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba `bolo zaris~ avtoric. TavisTavad amaSi araferia cudi, piriqiT, Zalian kargia Tu mwerals asparezi miecema da mkiTxvelTan misasvleli gza eklebisgan gauTavisufldeba. mediasaxe da mediamwerali bunebrivad moitana drom. arc imas CavuRrmavdebiT ra meqanizmebiT xorcieldeba amgvari aRzeveba (miT umetes, rom pasuxi winaswar cnobilia _ kargad vwer, mkiTxvels vuyvarvar da imitomo), magram rTuli da, albaT, samwuxaro isaa, rom Cndeba am adamianebis xelSeuxeblobis gancda. daueWveblad unda miiRos yvelam is, rasac isini Seqmnian da iRaRadeben. meore mxriv, aris jgufebi, romelTac sxvadasxva mizezis gamo (politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu piradi kavSirurTierTobebidan gamomdinare) dResdReobiT naklebad gaumarTlaT, Tu am SemTxvevaSi marTebulia sityva `gamarTleba~, magram mainc myarad dganan TavianT poziciaze da mediamwerloba an mediamwerlis sruli miuRebloba dastexiaT Tavs. Sedegad Tu mediamwerlis naazrevs ver miiRebs an mkacrad Seafasebs literaturaTmcodneoba, am mwerlebis guliswyromas daimsaxurebs da xelSeuxebelis xelSexebas itvirTavs aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT. Tu moiwonebs rames maT teqstSi, racionalurs, mxatvrulad Rirebuls dainaxavs, meore mxares aRanTebs risxviT. da aris ase kritika SuaSi gaWyletili. arada, mediamwerlobasac unda ainteresebdes diTirambebisgan gantvirTuli, wrfeli azri, bolosdabolos mwerals xom sWirdeba mis samyaroSi erTxel mainc interesiT namogzaurebi adamianis STabeWdileba da arc meore, mesame an meaTe mxares unda aRizianebdes misTvis Tundac yovlad usimpaTio an mis poziciasTan ideur-mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT SeuTavsebeli saliteraturo procesis mier Sobili faqti, romelsac aucileblad sWirdeba Tavisi adgilis miCena, misi mniSvnelobis gamokveTa. dasanania, rom arsebuli viTareba aiZulebs kritikoss da mwerals, zogjer mkiTxvelsac, martoxela tramalis mglobaze daadebinos Tavi. miT umetes, rom zogjer yvelaferi qaris wisqvilebTan brZolas emsgavseba da isic unda iTqvas, rom am brZolaSi (Tumca arsebiTad aravin aravis arc ebrZvis, piriqiT, grZnobiT, gancdiT da literaturis Rrma pativiscemiT mimarTavs) damtvreuls erTi sanCo pansac ar gamouCndeba, rom suli moaTqmevinos da Wriloba Seuxvios. arsebul viTarebaze zeddarTuli sanCo pansas fsiqotipidan gamomdinare, dRevandeli sanCoebi garkveul TemSi iqnebian ukve Sesuli da Sefarebuli, sakuTar tyavs moufrTxildebian da amqveyniuri Tbili budidan daakvirdebian ra moxdeba.

SesaZloa, mkiTxvels gaWianurebulad da gadaWarbebulad moeCvenos rac vTqviT, magram yvela adamians Tavisi xedvis rakursi aqvs da Tavisi gamocdilebisa da fiqris Sedegad garkveuli Sexeduleba uyalibdeba. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba saqmes arafers avnebs, ufro _ piriqiT. imaSic Rrmada var darwmunebuli, rom am romanis da sxva monaTesave teqstebis ganxilva da Sefasebac ufro ukeTesi da Sedegiani iqneba maSin, roca dro Tavis saqmes Seasrulebs, procesebi Seicvleba, sxva viTareba Seiqmneba, roca yvelasTvis cnobili bunebrivi mizeziT, romelsac jerjerobiT veraferma, verc ekonomikurma Zlevamosilebam da verc sasargeblo kavSirurTierTobebma mouxerxa veraferi, roca am bunebrivi da zogjer Svebismomgvreli mizeziT aRarc mwerali iqneba am codvil miwaze da aRarc misi Tanamedrove Semfasebeli, maSin yvelafers ufro zusti da droSi gamowrTobili sityva miesadageba. Tanac mjera, laSa buRaZis romani `bolo zari~ im rangis nawarmoebia, romelic mxolod drois erT monakveTs ar ekuTvnis da iq ar CarCeba. is sicocxlisunariania da rogorc Tavisi epoqis erTi mniSvnelovani mxatvruli anabeWdi SemdegSiac miipyrobs yuradRebas. arada, arc am teqstis gaazrebis da Secnobis gadadeba iqneba marTebuli, vinaidan is mimdinare saliteraturo procesis ganuyofeli nawilia, Tanadroulobis umwvaves problemebs exeba da Taviseburad gamoxatavs am

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samyaros ganWvretisas aRZrul tkivils. isRa dagvrCenia warmovidginoT, rom yvela saliteraturo Tu arasaliteraturo nakadi Cavlilia an aRar arsebobs, yvelanairi pirovnuli Tu profesiuli ambicia (yvela mxris) damcxralia. movaxdinoT droSi distancireba da ase SevxedoT da moridebiT SevexoT ufaqizes struqturas, romelsac mxatvruli teqsti ewodeba da namdvilad sul erTia visi Seqmnilia.

laSa buRaZe Zalian niWieri mweralia, romelic flobs sityvas, frazas. is Tavisuflad da laRad qmnis mxatvrul qsovils. araviTari Zaldataneba, araviTari uadgilo yoymani an pauza. Txroba mTliani, savse da harmoniulia da erT uwyvet nakadad miedineba. mkiTxvelisTvis Txrobis amgvari ritmi iolad aRsaqmeli da xelmisawvdomia da es kargia, radgan ubraloebaSi aris Rirseba da simarTle _ oRond mwerliseuli simarTle. es teqsti gasagebi da axlobelia maTTvis, visac ZiriTadad mimarTavs avtori _ mozardebisTvis da maTTvisac, visTvisac moTxrobili ambavi erTi SexedviT droSi an sivrceSi Soria, magram mainc aseve gasagebi da amasTan mtkivneulic. mwerali mkafiod ambobs Tavis saTqmels. es misi simarTle da misi saTqmelia da sxva sakiTxia, vin rogor uyurebs da aRiqvams aq aRwerilis msgavs movlenebs an qmedebas. romanSi mxatvruli amocana srulyofiladaa Sesrulebuli _ mocemulia reliefuri, cocxali, fsiqologiurad damuSavebuli, socialur CarCoebSi zustad Casmuli, motivirebuli qmedebiT da fiqrebiT datvirTuli xasiTebi, urTierTobebi. iZerweba mkveTri, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli mxatvruli saxeebi. daxatulia samyaro, romelic mwerlis individualobiTaa aRbeWdili da amasTan sayovelTao tkivilsac acocxlebs da amZafrebs.

am teqstSi yvela personaJi TiTqmis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. isini, yvelani, wina planze, zedapirze, samoqmedo scenis piras arian gamoyvanili da ukan, farulad, amosacnobad aRarc aRaraferia datovebuli. erTi SexedviT mTavari gmiri TiTqos demuria, misi pirveli siyvaruli da cxovrebis maxinj realobasTan (TviTon ki ver acnobirebs rom maxinjia, verc bavSvobaSi da verc mere) Sejaxebaa Txrobis impulsis aRmZvreli, magram mainc demuri ar aris am mikrosamyaros centri. danarCeni personaJebic isea mowodebuli, rom Tanabrad aRmoCndes datvirTuli rogorc qmedebiT, ise garesamyaros miseuli aRqmiT.

Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilis (aravake), saxelis gamo mogvrili arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsiT Sewuxebuli, saTakilod gadaqceul wignTan urTierTobiT daTrgunuli, verSemdgari Zveli biWobiT da gauziarebeli, damamcirebeli pirveli siyvaruliT TiTqmis sasomixdili demuri garSemortymulia aranakleb STambeWdavi, gauazreblad sasowarkveTili da, ra guldasawyvetic ar unda iyos bavSvebis misamarTiT am sityvis moxmoba, amazrzeni TanatolebiT, TavianTi dauwereli maxinji kanonebiT, qcevis kodeqsiT da gamoSignuli leqsikiT es mozardebi daundoblad, gaSiSvlebulni warsdgebian mkiTxvelis winaSe. maTi urTierTobebi zedmiwevniT realisturad, metic, naturalisturadaa daxatuli. demurze aranakleb mniSvnelovania ninCos xasiaTi, romelic Tanamedrove popularuli gogona-kerpis ganzogadebul saxed warmosdgeba. Tavis mxriv ninCo, rogorc erTgvari avtoriteti, Tavisi garesamyarosadmi damokidebulebiT gasagebs xdis ra aris am patara sazogadoebaSi faseuli. ninCos miswrafeba kriminalisa da estradis groteskuli momRerlisadmi naTlad uCvenebs axali kerpebis warmoSobis gzas. am mozardebis viTomgrZnobebi srul sicarielesa da frustraciis pirobebSi warmoiqmneba. amasTan mweralma `Caidina~, ase vTqvaT, yvelaze `saSineli~ ram: adamianebs gamoacla zneobrivi xerxemali da mkiTxvelis Tvalwin, avanscenaze `gamoagdo~ amorfuli, lorwovani, darbilebuli, daclili sxeulebi, Segnebulad diskreditirebuli mozardebi.

Semzaravia saxedakarguli nadrikuCa, romelic erTdroulad kriminalicaa da tragikuli bedis adamianic, Tumca mwerals misi tragikulobisTvis didi dro ar dauTmia. albaT arc iyo misi mizani am adamianis da arc sxva adamianebis qmedebis saZirkvelSi Caxedva, arsSi garkveva. motivebi naCvenebia, Zireuli sababi _ ara da, vfiqrob, Segnebuladac. mwerali Tavisi romaniT cdilobs mxolod sinamdvilis anabeWdi Seqmnas. sinamdviles ki igi ase xedavs da, rac mTavaria, swored ase da amgvarad surs gamoxatos.

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ierarqam, romelic am mcirewlovanTa sabavSvo, mozardul Tu e. w. Tineijerul TemSi arsebobs, momagona maimunebis jgufis SigniT arsebul ZalTa gadanawileba. iqac aris gabatonebuli mamri, gabatonebuli mdedri da uuflebo Cagruli mamr-mdedrebis mTeli dasta, romelsac arc sasiyvarulo urTierTobebze miuwvdeba xeli da nasufraliTac kmayofili unda iyos. am teqstis zneobrivxerxemalgamoclil adamianebs (mozardebsac da zrdasrulTac) erTi nabiji ukliaT maimunobamde, cxovelobamde. da imis iqiT ki, vai da, iqneb, darvinis Teoriis mtkicebasac ki gamovkraT xeli. darvini am romanSi arsadaa naxsenebi, magram Tu reperis `religiur~ erTob `momxiblav~ repertuars da mRvdlis saxes gaviTvaliswinebT, didi manZilic ar aris iqamde. yovelgvari sulieri momzadebis, SeiZleba iTqvas, rwmenis gareSe maswavlebeli raRac ucnaur, farisevlur kavSirs ayalibebs mozardebsa da mRvdels Soris. aRsareba SeiZleba `kupalnikis~ Cacmaze kurTxevis miRebis problemas daukavSirdes, mRvdelma diskoTeka akurTxos da mere, yvelafris gvirgvinad, sponsorebs uxados madloba televiziiT. ra Tqma unda, aseTi ambebi xdeba. farisevluri da aragulwrfeli damokidebuleba religiisadmi sazogadoebis erT-erTi senia, magram am nawarmoebSi imdenad bevri ramaa groteskuli, sarkastuli, skeptikuri da cinikuric ki, rom mRvdlis ase warmoCena zedmetia, es sabolood angrevs yvelafers. maraTlia, mwerals surda ar daetovebina arc erTi mankieri mxare cxovrebisa, yvelaferi sulmouTqmelad amoexapa lafidan da talaxSeuSrobeli daelagebina gaognebuli mayureblis Tvalwin, magram raRac xelmosaWidi xom mainc unda darCeniliyo. Tanac sasuliero pirebis amgvarad warmoCenis sakmaod vrceli da mdidari praqtika aqvs sabWour mwerlobas da, ara mgonia, didad misabaZi iyos. magram es ukve mwerlis xedvis rakursis da metic, msoflmxedvelobrivi problemaa: am nawarmoebSi ar aris arc erTi naTeli adgili, erTi patara sxivi, erTi xavsmokidebuli totic ki, romelsac amdeni wyalwaRebulidan erTi mainc SeiZleba moeWidos. mwerali namdvilad gulwrfelia, roca aseT samyaros qmnis, yovel striqonSi igrZnoba, rom mas stkiva da awuxebs is, rasac xedavs, razec wers, rac dabada misma warmosaxvam realobaze dayrdnobiT. es misi xedvaa, misi aRqmaa (da ara dakveTa, risi mowmec komunisturi epoqis mkTxveli iyo).

rogorc yoveli individualuri saxe, misi mxatvruli samyaroc pativiscemas, rogorme Sewynarebas da SeZlebisdagvarad gagebas moiTxovs. magram aris amaSi cinizmis didi dozac. arc erTi Taoba am nawarmoebSi zogadkacobriuli da maradiuli TvalsazrisiT ar imsaxurebs adamianis saxels. rogorc Cans, mxatvruli amocanac es aris: naturalisturi xerxebiT daxatuli saxeebiT SeZras, zizRis, SiSis da uZlurebis grZnoba aRuZras mkiTxvels. magram Semoqmeds, mwerals, rogorc wesi, Tan dayolili aqvs Suq-Crdilis SegrZneba. Tu anabeWds qmni, zusts da naturalisturs, ki unda grZnobde, rom iq, sadac Savia, TeTricaa, sadac bnelia, iq sxivic kiafobs _ susti mainc, kari Tu ixureba, sadRac fanjara iReba, roca erTi mSobeli mxolod qarebs uSvebs, meore mSobeli baptistebs emsaxureba (lukma-purisTvis, ra Tqma unda), mesames wikebi sWirs, maswavlebels wesierad gaTxoveba ver mouxerxebia da skolis daraj qmars ingliseli qali arTmevs, roca skola TiTqmis sapyrobilea, sityva dafleTili, wigni abuCad agdebuli da `dagoimebuli~ nivTi, siyvaruli ekuTvnis kriminalebs, wrfeli grZnobebi — sasaciloa, yvela faseuloba _ gamrudebuli; roca mweralma, wignis Semoqmedma, SeigrZno da zustad gamoxata es `lokaluri apokalifsi~, roca Caamsxvria sarke da namsxvrevebidan gamoaxeda uzneo gmirebi, maxinjebi da ubedurebi (TviTon rom arc ician es ambavi, ise) xom bolomde ganicada es yvelaferi. TviTon xom mianiWa Tavis Tavs am yvelafris ganmsjelis da mkacri gamkicxvelis (amis faruli da xSirad arafaruli pretenzia sul igrZnoba romanSi) funqcia; roca ase moiqca, ratom aRar ifiqra Suq-Crdilze, ratom ver igrZno, rom Tundac misi _ ase zeaRmatebulis da yovlisganmsjelis _ msgavsi erTi naTeli, msubuqi Strixi romanis Sidasamyarosac sWirdeboda. Torem iq sruli sibnelea. siyvaruli Cawixlulia da beberi qalis vnebiT Canacvlebuli, mRvdeli _ uWkuo da, mgoni, arc mTlad morwmune. maswavlebeli _ ubadruki, mSobeli _ kidev uaresi da am bnel `interierSi~ Casresili mozardebis portretebi rialeben Tvalwin. mozardebi _ aTasgvari snoburi tkiviliT da vnebiT Sepyrobili usaxuri, `cocxlad mkvdari~ didobisTvis ganwiruli naxevaradamianebi. aq

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namdvilad sruli sibnele da siSavea. arc erTi feri, da raki ar aris dapirispireba, Tundac mkraTali naTelis uzarmazar Sav saburvelze gaelveba, maSin mxatvruli amocanac ganze darCeba: es mxileba ki aRar iqneba, aramed simaxinjiT garToba da xalisi.

arada, ZiriTadad interesiT mainc mozardebi kiTxuloben am nawarmoebs da mwerals namdvilad aravin sTxovs arc didaqtikosobas da arc moralistobas, misi pozicia isedac gasagebia, magram zneobrivi da, rac mTavaria, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT mainc, aucilebeli iyo im naTeli wertilis, sxivis arseboba, mxolod mkiTxvels gaagebinebs, rom rasac xedavs, bnelia, mxolod ukuni sibnele. imisTvis mainc, rom wamkiTxvelisTvis mTeli teqsti mxolod gasarTobad ar iqces, ar ixalisos, ar icinos, cotaTi SeezizRos, aRSfoTdes kidec, uares SemTxvevaSi, saerTod sicocxle mosZuldes, magram daaviwydes, rom sinaTlec arsebobs. SeiZleba Seeguos kidec, rogorc gardauvals da gamousworebels, im daumarcxebel sibneles, romelic daisadgurebs, roca Caqreba mze. asea, Tu ar Cans da ar ici da ar xedav mzis sxivs, sibnele misaRebi da bunebrivi gaxdeba. sibnele da... sikvdili. teqsti ki iqceva patara eSmakebiT dasaxlebul jojoxeTad. sikeTisa da sinaTlis gareSe mxolod jojoxeTia. da, sabednierod, es cxovreba (raki cxovrebis zusti anabeWdis Seqmnazea aqcenti gakeTebuli, amitom vambobT) jer ar gadaqceula srul jojoxeTad. aqve isic sakiTxavia, realurad yvela mozardi Tavisi axloblebiana aseTi saxedakargulia Tu ara. Tumca sabolood mainc ver SevedavebiT mwerals. es misi msoflxedvaa. moswons vinmes Tu ara, misi danaxuli samyaroa, misi mxatvruli Canafiqris amgvari xorcSesxma da Sxamiani nayofia. sjobs davijeroT, rom gamofxizleba da sarkeSi, Tundac mis namsxvrevebSi mkiTxvelis Caxedva iyo misi mizani. rogor moaxerxa da ra Sedegi miiRo, es sxva sakiTxia. Cemi azriT ki, Sedegi saSiSia. Zalianac saSiSi. gansakuTrebiT drois mocemul etapze. am wuTas. rom es ar iqces piriqiT, kidev erT impulsad imisTvis, rom adamians saerTod SesZuldes yvelaferi, impulsad nihilizmis da sakuTar meobaze uaris Tqmis, imis SegrZnebis, rom `axla~ da `aq~ ra sazizRaria yvela, rogor imsaxurebs dacinvas da ginebas, TamaS-TamaSiT Caqolvas, rom aseT adamianebs arafris miRweva ar SeuZliaT da arc arafris Rirsni arian, rom Cixia, mxolod Cixi da veravin ipovis pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra vqnaT? arc aqvT pasuxi, verc eqnebaT da arc aqvT ufleba hqondeT. imis iqiT ki TviTganadgureba an garedan wamosul gamanadgurebel talRebTan morCili Seguebaa. aqamde SeiZleba mivides keTili survilebiT dawyebuli sityvebiT TamaSi. miT umetes, roca mwerali ase laRad flobs sityvas da moqnilobas, sicocxles aniWebs teqsts.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nawarmoebis mxatvruli samyaro `brtyelia~, anu aRweriTi... mizezi isev mwerlis CanafiqrSia. mas miznad ar dausaxavs movlenaTa siRrmeSi SeRweva. mxolod faqtebi gaSala zedapirze. arada, cudi ar iqneboda (is mxolod survilia), Tu aq datrialebuli vnebebis safuZvelsac moiZiebda. bolosdabolos yvelafris saTave aq mainc snobizmia, romelic laitmotivad gasdevs mTel romans. yoveli qmedeba snobizmidanaa amozrdili. samoqmedo areali, lokali, sadac viTardeba movlenebi, zustad aqvs SerCeuli mwerals da pirdapir miuTiTebs am snobizmis warmoSobis adgilsa da fsevdokulturul sivrceze (qarTul variantSi). vakis, rogorc fsevdoelituri garemos fenomeni ar aris xelwamosakravi da es nawarmoebSic Cans. is ara marto Tbiliss, mTel saqarTvelos gadaswvda da garkveuli wvlili miuZRvis mraval procesSi. kargia, rom mwerali imaze wers, rasac kargad icnobs. SesaZloa, misTvis nacnobi da mniSvnelovani rom yofiliyo sxva garemoSi gazrdili mozardebis (Tu didebis) fsiqologia, sul sxva mxatvruli realobis Seqmnamde misuliyo. Tu ucnobi viTarebis gamoxatvas Seecdeboda, aseT emociur vels da STambeWdav saxeebs veRar Seqmnida. amjerad ki yvelaferi mxatvrulad damajerebelia. am romanSi postkomunisturi mozardi Taobis cxovrebaa aRwerili. sakuTari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare danamdvilebiT SemiZlia vTqva, rom mwerali zustia da amasTan did gansxvavebas ver dainaxavT sabWoeTis miwurulis vakis norCi mosaxleobis msoflgancdasa da `bolo zaris~ gmirebis Sinagan samyaros Soris. ra Tqma unda, Secvlilia dekoraciebi, anturaJi, leqsika, nawilobriv problemebic, magram garesamyarosadmi damokidebuleba igive darCa. es xom im soflidan Camosaxlebuli (yvelaze ar aris saubari, ZiriTadad), sakuTari provincializmiT (cudi gagebiT)

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Sepyrobili da misi damalvis mcdelobaSi gardasuli adamianebis mesame da meoTxe Taobaa, romelic uceb movida xelisuflebaSi an xelisuflebasTan axlo myofma gaikafa gza inteleqtualur sarbielze da garkveul ubanSi dasaxlda rogorc `axali aristokratia~. am `axali aristokratiis~ didma nawilma ki qedmaRlobiT da sxvisi Rirsebis damcrobiT mihyo xeli sakuTari warmomavlobis miCqmalvas. maTma STamomavlobam es procesi gaamwvava da ufro maRal rangSi aiyvana. verc danarCenma mosaxleobam ivarga da daicva Tavi da Seiqmna, axla ukve SeiZleba vTqvaT, e. w. vakis kulturul-fsiqologiuri fenomeni, Tavisi snoburi wanazardebiT, socialuri mankierebiT. es movlena airekla romanSi. ar iyo aucilebeli istoriul-socialur-ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri kvleva-Zieba Caetarebina mwerals, magram, vfiqrob, teqsts Rirebulebas SesZenda ufro siRrmiseuli wvdoma movlenaTa arsSi, am sakiTxis da fenomenis an sulac sxva (teqstSi bevri satkivaria miniSnebuli: kriminali, estrada) fenomenebis namdvili Sinaarsis warmoCena da sakmaod xatovani, magram mainc `brtyeli~ zedapiris qveS dafena.

rac Seexeba ukve ybadaRebul skabrezul gamonaTqvamebs an orazrovan scenebs (magaliTad, demuri da misi megobrebis TviTsiamovnebis suraTi, codvis suniT gajerebuli da a. S.), isini xSirad aRizianebs mkiTxvels, yuradRebas ufantavs. amgvari sityvebi, ra uxeSadac ar unda JRerdnen, sruliad bunebrivia amgvari teqstisTvis. mwerali lamis miwaze gacxadebul jojoxeTs gvixatavs da iq kazmulsityvaobis molodini, rbilad rom vTqvaT, uazrobaa da arc mxatvrulad damajerebeli iqneboda. Tu adamiani gadaSlis am wigns da maincdamainc am samyaroSi wava samogzaurod (kiTxva ki mogzaurobaa), misi binadrebis Sesaferis metyvelebasac unda Seeguos. isic meeWveba, rogorc xSirad amboben (vgoneb, arc avtorebi unda uaryofdnen bolomde amas), rom es gamoTqmebi epataJis an skandalurobis efeqtis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba. aSkaraa, rom amgvari msoflgancdis, amgvari mxatvruli mizandasaxulobis mqone teqstebSi Zaldautaneblad aRmocendeba aseTi `mSveneba~ da `margalitebi~. visac es teqstebi izidavs da xiblavs, keTili unda inebos da esec Seitkbos. asec xdeba. sxva sakiTxia, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulia Tu ara am gamoTqmebis amgvari didi doziT moxmareba. SesaZloa, skabrezuli nakadi simZafres ukargavdes da auferulebdes kidec saTqmels. erTi-ori `bilwi sityviT~ dartyma ufro mtkivneulia. Tu mwerlis amocana mxilebaa, albaT, esec gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu sicocxlis, adamianis, sakuTari Tavis da garesamyaros sabolood SeZuleba, nihilizmis da cinizmis WaobSi sabolood CanTqma — maSin ra Tqma unda, ara!

rogorc yovelTvis Semoqmedebis procesSi, `bolo zarSic~ mwerlis fiqrebis, tkivilebis da gancdebis sxvisTvis xelmisawvdom saxeebad `Targmaneba~ ganxorcielda. Seiqmna, kidev erTi axali samyaro, Tavisi adgiliT, saxiT da roliT. sabolood ki teqstis sicocxle mkiTxvelzea damokidebuli. Tu teqsti da mkiTxveli Sexvdebian, miiReben da gaugeben erTmaneTs, es samyaro gacocxldeba, amoZravdeba, bnelic ganaTdeba. es Sexvedra yovelTvis individualuria, SezRudva _ aranairi, pasuxismgebloba _ orive mxridan Zalian didi.

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miranda tyeSelaSvili

besik xaranaulis `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~

poeti wers prozas. literaturaSi, Cvens, qarTul literaturaSic, es ambavi arc

axalia da arc iSviaTi. saTqmelma, romelic lirikulma gancdam, emociam ver daitia, vrceli, epikuri Txroba moiTxova.

pirveli romani yovelTvis debiutia, ragind saxelmoxveWili poetic unda iyos misi avtori. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom mas ukve hyavs mkiTxveli, romelsac cnobili avtoris es siaxle ainteresebs da izidavs; meore mxriv, ucnob avtors mkiTxvelis molodini naklebs avaldebulebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, misgan pasuxismgeblobasac naklebs moiTxovs.

besik xaranaulis SemTxveva gansakuTrebulia. misi poezia TiTqos nel-nela midioda am pirveli romanisaken, is TandaTan, logikurad gardaiqmna prozad.

Tavis droze, poetma poeziad aqcia yofiTi, sametyvelo ena, poeziis sagnad ki _ erTi SexedviT yvelaze Cveulebrivi, yofiTi movlenebi (`kartofilis amoReba~, `mikarnaxe angelina~...)

Semdeg procesi nawilobriv Sebrunda. misi prozis sagnad iqca adamianis Sinagani arsi, gancdebi, is, rac, Cveulebriv, poeziis sagnad iTvleba.

besik xaranaulis pirveli romanis _ `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ uSualo winamorbedia oriode wliT adre dabeWdili `wigni amba besarionisa~, poema (Janris gansazRvra, vfiqrob, Zalze pirobiTia), vrceli prozauli CanarTebiT.

kritikosi Teimuraz doiaSvili ar daeTanxma im mkiTxvels, vinc `wigni~ xaranaulis poeziis mwvervalad miiCnia, mTeli adrindeli Semoqmedeba _ oden erTgvar poetur gansja-samzadisad `wignis~ Sesaqmnelad. misi azriT, `wigni amba besarionisa~ kidev erTi maRali qedia, romelic poetma mkiTxvelTan erTad gadaiara, mwvervali ki win aris. kritikosis simarTle `epigrafebma~ daadastura, romlisTvisac swored `wigni~ aRmoCnda mosamzadebeli samuSao.

Tavis mxriv, imis gansjisas, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba `epigrafebis~ miCneva mwerlis Semoqmedebis mwvervalad, besik xaranaulis mierve erT interviuSi, galaktionis sidiadis Sesaxeb naTqvami maxsendeba:

`sanam cocxalia ena, veravin gansazRvravs winaswar, ra nayofebisaTvis, rogor ixarebs igi da sanam sadme akvanSi iwveba bavSvi, veravin iqneba didi am qveyanaze~. igives imeorebs romanSic, homerosTan mimarTebaSi.

misive azris perifrazirebas rom mivmarToT, sanam cocxalia da SemoqmedebiTad aqtiuri mwerali, veravin ityvis, rom esa Tu is nawarmoebi misi Semoqmedebis mwvervalia, yvelaferi, rac aqamde iyo, mxolod am teqstis mosamzadebel samuSaos warmoadgenda.

miuxedavad amisa, `epigrafebi miviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ besik xaranaulis Semoqmedebis mwvervalad unda miviCnioT, ara imdenad Sedevris, avtoris saukeTeso nawarmoebis gagebiT, ramdenadac erTgvari Semajamebeli teqstis mniSvnelobiT.

bavSvoba, deda, winaprebi, TianeTi _ realuri da warmosaxuli, anu iseTi, rogoradac mis xsovnaSi iqca, iq mcxovrebi adamianebi, yvelani erTad am wignSi moTavsdnen da, rogorc mkiTxvels, iseTi gancda miCndeba, mwerals gauWirdeba maTTan mibruneba. TiTqos yvelaferi iTqva, gamomzeurda, gacxadda. amieridan igi did sakacobrio saTqmels, romelsac am viwro geografiul arealSi aqcevda da SesaniSnavad axerxebda Tbilissa da TianeTs Soris, erTi kacis cxovrebis istoriaSi mTeli kacobriobis modeli gadmoeca, sxva kalapots mouZebnis, sxva cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas. amgvar fiqrs Tavad mweralic midasturebs: `am suyvelafers rom davwer, mere unda gamovnaxo gza, saSualeba, rom amisgan gamovaRwio... dasruldeba ukusvla pirvelyofili wiaRisaken, CaiSleba gza dedis saSvilosken... saxlSi viyavi mSvidad, dedaCemisa da beboCemis garemoSi, sadac aRarasodes davbrundebi~...

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gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, qarTul literaturaSi postmodernis xana dgas. postmodernistuli TamaSebi, interteqstualoba, konteqsti, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis teqstTan...

2005 wels dastambuli `epigrafebi~ postmodernistul epoqaSi Seqmnili gansxvavebuli teqstia. postmodernistuli nawarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi garegnuli niSnis miuxedavad (asociaciebi, aSkara da faruli citacia, aluziebi), am wignSi, pirvel rigSi, ar igrZnoba postmodernistuli ganwyoba _ ironistul-nihilisturi, damcinavi, mkiTxvelTan moTamaSe; ironia, Tuki mainc aris, upirvelesad, sakuTari Taviskenaa mimarTuli da ara mkiTxvelisken. Tavdapirvelad, aq TiTqos saerTodac ar Cans mkiTxveli. adamianma Seagrova Tavisi cxovrebis yvela furceli, gonebaSi CarCenili yvela mogoneba erT wignad Sekra, kompaqturi saxe misca da Zvirfasi saunje Seqmna upirvelesad, sakuTari TavisTvis. TiTqos fsiqoTerapiuli seansebis Sedegia, sadac xSirad adamianebs dRiurebis, mogonebebis weras urCeven, cxovrebis tvirTisgan gasaTavisufleblad, marto TavisTvis wasakiTxi wignis Seqmnas. Cveulebrivi mokvdavni am davalebis Sesrulebas albaT, iSviaTad axerxeben, mwerlis xelidan gamosuli aRsareba ki erTi kacis kuTvnileba aRaraa, mxatvrul teqstad gardaisaxeba. Tanac, mwerali imitomac aris Semoqmedi, ise, TavisTvis arafers wers. es wignic sruldeba, arc meti, arc naklebi, msoflio premiiT dajildoebis ceremonialze warmosaTqmeli sityviT, romlisTvisac, avtors Tu davujerebT, yvela mwerali pirveli gaumarTavi striqonis dawerisTanave emzadeba da romelic ukve 40 welia mzad teqstobs masSic. (Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, romel msfolio premias gulisxmobs mwerali. isic, saTqmelia, rom `epigrafebma~ Tu msoflio ara, Tavisi qveynis upirvelesi premia namdvilad moutana).

besik xaranaulis `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ biografiuli romania, oRond, iseTi, romelsac herman hese `sulis biografiebs~ uwodebda:

`TiTqmis yvela Cemi prozauli nawarmoebi, rac damiweria, sulis biografiebia. saqme exeba ara ambebs, siuJetebs, personaJebs da a.S. isini, ZiriTadad, monologebia, romlebSic ganxilulia erTaderTi pirovneba, mis samyarosTan, mis sakuTar me-sTan mimarTebaSi~.

igive azria gamoxatuli xaranaulis romanis am fragmentSic: `yvelaferi dasruldeba, ambavic, Tavgadasavalic, omic, mSvidobac, qveyanac da samyaroc ki, magram arasodes dasruldeba erTi adamiani, diax, erTi! amitom vmReri me erT adamianze, radgan me es mergo, erTi adamiani da is unda gamovTqva. me ar mergo arc ambavi, arc Tavgadasavali, arc qveyana, arc xalxi da isini ar unda gamovTqva. me mergo erTi adamiani, erTs _ erTi.~

besik xaranaulis SemTxvevaSi, `sulis biografia~ SeiZleba `leqsebis biografiiT~ Seicvalos, radgan mis leqsebSi (poemebSi) avtoris mTeli cxovrebaa asaxuli, vinc mis manamdel Semoqmedebas icnobs, romanis wakiTxva ukve nacnob teqstTan xelaxali mibrunebis gancdas gauCens uTuod; leqsebSi gamoxatuli emociebi sinamdvilis simboloebia, metaforebiT daSifruli.

raki es teqsti romanis saxeliT mogvewodeba, is im literaturuli nakadis gagrZelebad SeiZleba miviCnioT, romlis Sesaxebac XX saukunis meore naxevridan werdnen literaturis Teoretikosebi da kritikosebi:

Tanamedrove romanSi sruliad aSkaraa subieqturi sawyisis momZlavreba da lirikuli potencialis zrdis tendencia. aseTi romani asaxavs samyaros mTxrobelis cnobierebaSi da ara samyaros TavisTavad. Tanamedrove romani introversiisadmia midrekili da mTeli yuradReba erTi personaJis sulier cxovrebazea mipyrobili. moqmedebas aq xSirad fiqrebi da saubrebi cvlis, gamoxatuli ara dialogis, aramed monologis formiT. aseT romanSi sityvaa qceuli individualobis gaxsnis universalur saSualebad da masSi yvelaze bunebrivad gaSiSvlebulia emocia, fiqri, gansja.

da main, `epigrafebi~ is teqstia, romlis ase martivad gansazRvra, literaturis Teoriis moSveliebiT, arc ise iolia. iseve, rogorc guram asaTiani, erT dros, besik xaranaulisave poemis _ `xeibari Tojina~-s Sesaxeb ambobda: `am poemaSi Cans is, rac literaturis arc erT Teorias ar eqvemdebareba~. aki eWvis Wia ar mSordeba, _ aris ki

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`epigrafebi~ romani? internetSi, litforumze, fsevdonimsamofarebuli mkiTxvelis Sefasebasac moviSvelieb: `xaranaulis `epigrafebi~ erTdroulad aris erT-erTi ugenialuresi qarTuli romani, erT-erTi ugenialuresi qarTuli poema, erT-erTi ugenialuresi qarTuli winadadeba, or aseul gverdze gaWimuli~. ugenialuresi, cota ar iyos yurs Wris. forumze advilia msgavsi maqsimalizmis gamoCena, Cem SemTxvevaSi ki, aseTi aRmatebiTi epiTetebis gamoyeneba ise, ubralod, ar Rirs, Tuki dawer, unda daamtkico kidec, rac, ara mgonia, SevZlo, Tumca, gulaxdilad vityvi, am teqstma (vfiqrob, yvelaze kargi gansazRvreba mainc esaa, teqsti xom yvelaferi SeiZleba iyos, dawerilic da isic, risi daWera da sityvebSi gamomwyvdevac ver movaxerxeT) maiZula erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme mivbrunebodi da ver SevZeli wignisTvis Taroze adgilis miCena.

nawarmoebis mTavari siaxle, mTavari Tavisebureba isaa, rom mas erTdroulad hyavs sami avtori da sami gmiri. Tanac, es sami erTia, erTarseba sameba. adamiani, romelic SeZlebs sakuTar TavSi ganasaxieros sameba da mkrexeli ar aris, SeiZleba iyos mxolod mwerali, romelSic erTdroulad cxovrobs 8-10 wlis, 14-15 wlis da cxovrebis naxevargzaganvlili adamiani. mwerlis erTi mTavari Rirseba kargi mexsiereba, marto faqtebisa da movlenebis ki ara, gancdebisa da grZnobebis zusti aRdgenaa. ramac 8-10-sas cremli, SiSi an sixaruli mohgvara, zustad imave gancdiT gaxseneba dResac. Tumca, aq mwerali imasac acnobierebs, rom `Seusabamoni arian axali sityvebi Zveli grZnobebis gadmosacemad, SeWideba ki gardauvalia~...

samasakovani gmiri lirikuli gmiria, avtorica da personaJic erTdroulad, radgan ar arsebobs principuli sazRvrebi avtorsa da gmirs Soris. avtori, rogorc nawarmoebSi realizebuli mTlianoba, mis mierve Seqmnili samyaros imanenturia, sakuTar TavSi moicavs asaxul, aw ukve `gmiris kuTvnil~ subieqtur formebs _ avtor mTxrobels, sakuTriv avtors, lirikul me-s da lirikul gmirs.

amasTan, gmiris cxovreba sworxazovnad, mis qronologiur TanmimdevrobaSi rodia warmodgenili, aramed im Sinagani aucileblobis Sesabamisad, romelsac gansazRvravs saTqmelis mTavari RerZisadmi am cxovrebis mimarTeba.

erTi-meores enacvleba xan 8-10-sas, xan 14-15-sas, xanac srulasakovani personaJis ambebi. 8-10-sas da 14-15-isas Tavgadasavlebi mesame pirSia gadmocemuli, srulasakovani pirvel pirSi mogviTxrobs, rac imis dasturia, rom mTlianobis miuxedavad, mwerali identifikacias zrdasrul personaJTan axdens. srulasakovanTan mTavari TviTrefleqsiaa, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba, sakuTari raobis garkvevis survili. saboloo jamSi, sakmaod Tamam aRsarebas viRebT. kritikos Teimuraz doiaSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, besik xaranaulis Semoqmedebis tendencia adamianSi reducirebuli qve-mes reabilitaciaa, `misi protagonisti aris ara iseTi, rogoric sxvebs, garemos surs iyos, aramed iseTia, rogoric aris, rogoradac uwevs gaZleba~. aqedan gamomdinare, mwerali sakmaod mtkivneulad iWreba Tavisi arsebobis uRrmes SreebSi, raTa mkiTxvels maqsimalurad SesaZlo gulaxdilobiT mouTxros SecdomebiT, codvebiTa da marcxiT aRsavse, magram mainc winsvlaze orientirebuli, didi adamianuri potenciiT aRsavse sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb.

SigadaSig, msjeloba sWarbobs, filologiur-filosofiuri gansjani; drodadro, is safrTxec mosCans, romlis Sesaxebac erT bolodroindel leqsSi sakuTar Tavs afrTxilebs avtori:

Sen ukve iseT zRurblze gadaxvedi da ukve iseT droSi Seabije, roca giCndeba axali xifaTi: yoveli Seni sityva anderZs ar emsgavsos... rom viTom Sen gindoda, viTom Sen migaCnda, viTom Sen giyvarda, gZulda, anda winaswarmetyvelebdi...

(`anderZi~)

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`14-15-isa `aRsarebas~ moridebia da Tavi uborialebia namdvilsa da gamogonils Soris. an ki, am xnis arsebas aRsarebas ra aTqmevinebs! xom Camoiqca zeca, xom gadatrialda cxovreba...~

8-10-sam pirvelad waikiTxa sadRac sityva `aRsareba~, swored am droidan iwyes masSi modena ucxo literaturulma sityvebma da frazebma. dedas hkiTxa da daaxloebiT gaigo, rom `aRsareba~ aris imis xmamaRla Tqma, rac gulSi icis kacma da malavs. am ganmartebam moxibla, rogorc namdvilma Tavgadasavalma, SemoqmedebiTi impulsi misca da weris dawyebisken ubiZga, axladaRmoCenili sityva SiSTan daakavSira da im ambebis Cawera daiwyo, risic an visic eSinoda.

Tavad avtoris TqmiT, `dabadebidan sikvdilamde adamiani erTi arsebaa. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, sxvadasxva asakSi rom sxvadasxvaa~; sabolood, XXI saukuneSi gadmobijebuli srulasakovani avtoris aRsarebas viRebT, bavSvobis mogonebebiT gajerebuls, raSic mas 8-10-sas da 14-15-sas nawerebic Zalian daxmarebia.

`epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ erTi adamianis ambavia, sadac araferia mogonili, idealuri. es aris namdvili, cocxali adamianis ambavi.

pirobiTad, wigni oTx nawilad (Tavad) aris dayofili, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani uamravi mozrdili da mcire fragmentisgan Sedgeba. amitom `epigrafebis~ nebismieri adgilidan wakiTxva SeiZleba, raki, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, arc qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobaa daculi da arc sxva raime kanonzomiereba.

fragmentuloba avtoris arCevania: `_ modi, fragmentebs SevaCvioT Cveni mkiTxveli. sinamdvileSi gabmulad araferi

xdeba. yvelaferi fragmentebad mimdinareobs. modi, SevayvaroT, modi, SevaCvioT, modi davarwmunoT fragmentebSi~. samjer gameorebac, mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebisaTvis, Cveuli xerxia xaranaulis Semoqmedebisa.

es darwmuneba teqstidan teqstamde grZeldeba, radagan fragmentuloba, fiqrTa asociaciuri mdinareba, Sinagani monologis principi is saerTo maxasiaTeblebia, rac besik xaranaulis poemebsa da romans aerTianebs.

fragmentulobis miuxedavad, `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ erTi mTliani ambavia, Tavad mkiTxvelis mier awyobili da gamTlianebuli im mozaikis natexebidan, mweralma rom daulaga win. saerTod, besik xaranaulis teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels mzamzareulad arasodes araferi eZleva, isini Tanamonawileobas, Tanamoazrovneobas iTxoven misgan.

Tumca, garkveuli kanonzomiereba ukve devs romanis dasawyisad 14-15 wlisas qalaqSi, did poetTan Sesaxvedrad wasvlis epizodis SerCevaSi, radgan gmiris cxovrebas, mis manamdel da Semdgom arsebobas azri am momentidan eZleva. Tu papisa da dedisZmisaTvis, sizmrebSi rom moudian asuls da das, misi amqveynad movlinebaa ukve cxovrebis azri, 14-15-isas marto ojaxis gagrZelebis movaleoba ar akmayofilebs. katastrofa sWirdeba, didi tragedia, yvelaferi sikvdilis anu imis garda, rac Semoqmedebas samudamod SeaCerebs. da ra SeiZleba iyos am asakSi yvelaze didi tragedia, Tu ara siyvarulSi imedgacrueba.

amitom midis qalaqSi, iqauri Seyvarebulis sanaxavad da didi poetisaTvis sakuTari, dedis kaligrafiuli xeliT gadawerili leqsebis rveulis saCveneblad; gulSi imediT, rom siyvaruli uRalatebs, did poets misi leqsebi ar moewoneba. ver warmoidgens, `risTvisRa SeiZleba icocxlos adamianma, Tu uyvars imas, viszec aris Seyvarebuli?... Tuki imas miaRwia, rom misi leqsebi moswonT?...~ unda moklas yvelaferi wakiTxuli da yvela sityvac, rac ki manamde arsebobda, unda moklas sakuTari cxovrebac, rom Tavidan daibados.

didi cvlileba esaWiroeboda 14-15-sas, radgan swamda, rom `risi dawerac ar SeiZleba, imis arc yureba Rirs da arc codna: vaJa-fSavelas Semdeg bunebaze wera Tavmoyvareobis uqonlobaa, `Cxikvic~ ki ar unda Tqvas patiosanma mesityvem, araTu `Svlis nukri~, 14-15-sas ki or saqmeSi undoda ufleba egrZno, siyvarulSi da poeziaSi... buneba 14-15-samde uTvalavis xelSi iyo gamovlili da warsuls ekuTvnoda... poeziasac, Tu ar unda warsulad iqces, bunebas ar unda emsgavsos.~ gacilebiT gvian, galaktionTan dakavSirebul interviuSic igives gaimeorebs: `Tu gavlenaze midgeba saqme, adreuli,

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tradiciuli leqsebi ufro savse mqonda misiT (galaktioniT), magram me es ar makmayofilebda. raRac sxva mindoda, is, rasac ver vpoulobdi imaSi, rac ukve Seqmnili damxvda.~

da es moaxerxa kidec, Tu maSin vera, mTeli Semdgomi SemoqmedebiT; besik xaranauli ise Semovida qarTul poeziaSi, TiTqos iq aravin daxvedrodao, werda mis Sesaxeb guram asaTiani. man sakuTari eniT, sakuTari leqsiT daimkvidra Tavi da mTeli Taobis, XX saukunis 70-ianelTa winamZRolad iqca.

gavlenis SiSisagan Tavis daRwevaSi, romelic mTel mis Semoqmedebas sdevda Tan, mwerals daexmara postmodernistuli xerxebis mTeli arsenalic, romlebsac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arcTu iSviaTad mimarTavs romanSi. kritikosi lali avaliani SeniSnavs: `besik xaranaulis poezia, bolo dromde (roca sruliad Segnebulad dainteresda interteqstualizaciiT) TiTqmis sul Tavisufali iyo aramcTu literaturuli zegavlenisagan, mis leqsebSi aluziebisa Tu literaturuli reminiscenciebis mikvlevac ki iSviaTi gamonaklisi gaxldaT~.

fragmentulobis miuxedavad, romanSi epoqis saxe ixateba. 8-10 wlis avtorisa da misi ojaxisaTvis, aseve garSemo soflebisaTvis, miwazec, caSic, cxovrebaSic sami sityva anu sami grZnoba iyo upirvelesi da usaSinelesi: SiSi, SimSili, SeSa. misi ambebic, ZiriTadad, am sami grZnobis irgvliv trialebs; 14-15-isasaTvis am sami sityva-grZnobidan mxolod erTi, SiSi, darCa ucvleli da gasagebi, radgan gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan mTel sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze cxovreba sagrZnoblad gamosworda. magram marto SiSi ar warmarTavda cxovrebas, misi fiqri da sinamdvile erTmaneTs saimedo TavSesafrobas uwevdnen. `saerTod ki, ra sinamdvile hqonda, rom advilad ver gahqceoda da ra fiqrebi, rom ver gamohqceoda.~

`epigrafebSi~ warmodgenili TianeTi, garkveulwilad, iqneb, warmosaxulic aris, magram ara iseTi, rogoric makondo an ioknapatofa. geografiuli da istoriul-eTnografiuli eqskursic saqarTvelos aRmosavleT mTianeTis am nawilSi sruliad realuria. TianeTi da misi mcxovrebni, _ qito papa, xevsuri bewina, deida ola, qarTulis maswavlebeli da misi gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli Zma, 8-10-sas da 14-15-sas megobari WiWia, misi rus-ukraineli, imperialisturi ideebiT Sepyrobili mama, valiko baduraSvili, dikvnianT ojaxi... mwerlis bavSvobis cocxali personaJebi arian. isini sxva qarTveli poetis prozaul teqstSi, `natvris xeSi~ daxatul sofel patarZeulsa da patarZeulelebs ufro hgvanan. es paraleli sakmaod gamWvirvaled ikiTxeba lamazi da Tavisufali znis mqone amoraZis qalebis, amoraZeebis mTeli ubnis aRwerisas, romlebic, `aSkara iyo, qals an patarZals RalatisaTvis virze ukuRma ar Sesvamdnen~ (gvaris semantika amoraluris asociacias aCens, magram raki amoraZeebis amoraluroba mxolod satrfialo TavgadasavlebiTaa gamowveuli da mas ukavSirdeba, espanuri sityva _ amor, siyvarulic amotivtivdeba). mTavari gansxvaveba am ori teqstis gmirebs Soris is aris, rom `natvris xis~ personaJebi TavisTavad arseboben mwerlis yrmobis samyofelSi, Sexvedrian mas, damaxsovrebian; avtoric maT Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, mxolod maT ambebs da ara sakuTar kavSirebs, urTierTobebs TiToeul maTganTan; gansxvavebiT besik xaranaulisgan, vis TiToeul personaJsac garkveuli kvali daumCnevia 8-10-sas Tu 14-15-sas cxovrebaze. maTgan umTavresi avtoris dedaa, ara marto romanis, misi poeziis upirvelesi personaJic. misgan gaqceva da masTan dabruneba mTeli Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi Temaa.

realurTan miaxlovebulia wignSi daxatuli saiqioc, radgan qarTuli folklorisa da eTnografiis kargad mcodne mwerals is swored am tipis masalis mixedviT aqvs aRwerili, eTnografiul CanawerebSi ki `xevsuris suleTs saaqaos feri da mimarTuleba etyoba~.

xalxuri andrezebi, Selocvebi, romelic uxvad aris gamoyenebuli romanSi, mTis salocavebisadmi mimarTuli savedrebeli leqsebic, xalxur kiloze Tavad avtoris mier gamarTuli, erTgvar CarCos uqmnian ZiriTad teqsts.

teqstis dasasruls, `devebis naburTalad~ wodebuli maRali goridan, Segulebuli oqrosferi lodi, srulasakovan personaJs, 8-10-sas da 14-15-sas erTad CamoaqvT, sakuTari xerxisa da Ronis SeerTebiT da dedis saflavze deben. besik xaranaulis romani

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_ `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis,~ vfiqrob, swored dedis saflavze dadebuli am lodis metaforuli gamoxatulebaa, dedis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili Zeglia. Zegli, romlsac epigrafad misive leqsis fragmenti waewereba:

nu tiri, rom raRac dasrulda, gaiRime, radgan es iyo.

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ada nemsaZe

identifikaciis problema Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi Cvens qveyanaSi metismetad datvirTuli iyo mniSvnelovani social-politikuri movlenebiTa Tu ekonomikuri ZvrebiT. sagrZnoblad Seicvala sabWoTa wyobilebidan TavdaRweuli sazogadoebis cnobiereba da Sexedulebani calkeul sakiTxze. azrovnebaSi Semovida pirovnuli da erovnuli Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxi.

am periodSi Seqmnili literatura exeba Tanamedroveobis mwvave problemebs, Tumc momxdar movlenaTa masStaburoba da mniSvneloba maTsave mxatvrul damuSavebas ar Seesabameba. miuxedavad amisa, Cvens xelT arsebuli literaturuli produqcia metnaklebad mainc iZleva imis saSualebas, rom SevZloT masSi epoqisa da sazogadoebis mtkivneul problemaTa wakiTxva da analizi.

XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnis qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe arsebul konkretul social-politikur Tu ekonomikur problemebs daerTo sxva, ufro globaluri xasiaTis problemebic. Cvens sazogadoebaSi bolo xans momxdarma mniSvnelovanma cvlilebebma aqtualuri gaxada identobis kvleva, rac dRemde, ZiriTadad, dasavluri sociologiisa da fsiqologiis interesis sagans Seadgenda.

identoba esaa adamianis fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar me-ze, romelic xasiaTdeba individualuri TviTgaigivebisa da mTlianobis subieqturi grZnobiT. igi farTo koncefciaa da moicavs yvela pirovnul Tvisebas, rac umeteswilad ganpirobebulia biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebiT.

ratom gaxda aseTi mniSvnelovani am problemis kvleva Cvens droSi? ratom vamaxvilebT ase daJinebiT masze yuradRebas? saqme isaa, rom adamianis jansaRi identobis dadgena da formireba aris pirovnebis ganviTarebis RerZi, safuZveli. pirovnebis fsiqikuri ganviTareba ori faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: vinikotis azriT, es aris is biologiuri safuZveli, riTac bavSvi ibadeba, anu `memkvidreobiT miRebuli potenciali~; pavlova ki Tvlis, rom amasTan erTad mniSvnelovania socialuri situacia da mSobelTa mzrunveloba, romelSic aRmoCndeba bavSvi (Павлова О. Идентичность: история формирования взглядов и её структурные особенности. Москва, 2001). Tavis mxriv, jansaRi sazogadoebis formirebaSi, rac eris arsebobis aucilebeli sasicocxlo pirobaa, umniSvnelovanes rols calkeul pirovnebaTa mier pozitiuri identobis mopoveba asrulebs. swored amitom iqca igi Tanamedroveobis erTerT mTavar gansaxilvel sakiTxad.

identoba normirdeba socialuri procesebiT. is socialuri procesebi, romlebic identobis formirebasa da SenarCunebas ukavSirdeba, Tavis mxriv, determinirebulia socialuri struqturis mier da piriqiT, identoba, romelic Seqmnilia organizmis, individualuri cnobierebisa da socialuri struqturis urTierTqmedebis wyalobiT, reagirebs mocemul socialur struqturaze — inaxavs, modificirebas uwevs da mis xelaxal formirebasac ki axdens. sazogadoeba qmnis istorias da am procesSi aRmocendeba specifikuri identobebi, Tumc es istoria iqmneba adamianTa mier, romelTac sakuTari specifikuri identobebi ukve gaaCniaT (Бокап Б. Социальное конструирование реальности. Москва, 2002). aqedan naTelia, rom identifikaciis procesSi sociumsa da pirovnebas Soris urTierTkavSiri ormxrivia.

identobis saxeebSi erTerTi mTavaria socialuri identoba. mis SinaarsSi moiazreba kulturis Taviseburebani, jgufis eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebi, zne-Cveulebani, adaT-wesebi, religia, zneobrivi imperativebi, materialur-ekonimikuri moRvaweobis specifika, romlebic gaerTianebulia cnebaSi — jgufis gamocdilebis organizaciis meTodebi. swored es `koleqtiuri mTlianobis rezervuari~, romlidanac individi iRebs Tavis socialur rols, gansazRvravs misi socializaciis Sinaarss da pirovnebis etapobriv formirebas.

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winamdebare werilSi Cven SevecdebiT, visaubroT mocemuli problemis asaxvis masStabebze Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaSi. amisTvis mogvyavs ramdenime mwerlis Semoqmedeba, sadac SedarebiT ukeT ikveTeba es sakiTxi (aqve SevniSnavT, rom amjerad Segnebulad ar vexebiT aka morCilaZis Semoqmedebas, radgan vTvliT, rom igi sakmaod did masalas iZleva am mxriv, rac calke saubris sagania).

identifikaciis ganxorcielebas xSirad win uZRvis krizisuli periodi, roca ver xerxdeba igiveobis dadgena sakuTarsa da sazogadoebriv cnobierebas Soris, roca adamians, ZiriTadad axalgazrdas, uWirs sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebuloba ama Tu im socialur jgufTan. aseTi SemTxveva sociologiaSi socialuri identobis krizisis saxeliTaa cnobili. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba identobis am saxis kriziss ganicdis umetesad, rac aisaxa kidevac literaturaSi.

socialuri identifikaciis krizisze miTiTeba nawarmoebTa saTaurebidanve iwyeba. eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi `ajafsandali~ cxovreba qvabis Zirze mimwvar ajafsandals damsgavsebia. ajafsandali _ adamianur arssmowyvetili, azrdakarguli cxovrebis metaforaa, romlis uaryofiT Sinaarss aZlierebs epiTeti _ qvabis Zirze mimwvari. igive SeiZleba iTqvas beso xvedeliZis axal romanze _ `uzarmazari bazari~. bazaric da ajafsandalic asociaciurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul movlenebze miTiTebaa, aurzauri, anarqia da uwesrigoba. identobis krizisis periodSi, roca myari adamianuri, kulturuli Tu zneobrivi faseulobebi iSleba, bunebrivia aseTi azrdakarguli cxovrebiseuli realoba. avtorTa mTavari saTqmelic esaa.

adamianuri urTierTobani imdenad gamofituli da arafrismTqmelia, rom erTi Taobis Svilebic ki veRar eguebian da ugeben erTmaneTs. ufskruli pirovnebaTa Soris, ufskruli ojaxis wevrTa Soris ara marto TaobebSi (ded-mama da Svili), aramed erTi Taobis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac ki gaCenila (da da Zma, coli da qmari). es miT ufro sagangaSoa, rom ojaxi socialurad yvelaze ufro myari struqturuli erTeulia da misi rRveva sazogadoebisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxe namdvilad ar aris. katos saxlidan wasvla aRar aRelvebs Zmas, metic, erTi kviris Tavze amCnevs am `axal~ ambavs, isic SemTxveviT (`ajafsandali~). ufskruli Cndeba erT dros siyvaruliT gagiJebul col-qmars, androsa da nanas Soris. TiTqos yvelaferi isev isea, rogorc adre, urTierToba ki dRiTidRe iZabeba. qmari ver mimxvdara mizezs, arc ojaxis dangreva surs: `ngreviT ra gamova?~ _ kiTxulobs igi (`uzarmazari bazari~). adamianuri urTierTobebisaTvis uaRresad SemaSfoTebeli es faqtebi realur krizisSi myofi sazogadoebisTvis ukve karga xania, erTerT damaxasiaTebel niSnad qceula.

Taobebs Soris gaucxoebis problema yvela droSi iyo da, albaT, metnaklebad yovelTvis iqneba kidec, es bunebrivia. cxovrebis winsvla gulisxmobs siaxleebis damkvidrebas SexedulebebSi, azrovnebaSi, rasac axalgazrdoba umal aitacebs xolme. Zveli TaobisTvis es siaxleebi yovelTvis gasagebi da misaRebi ar aris, rac maT dapirispirebas ganapirobebs. XX saukunis bolos am dapirispirebam TiTqmis kriziss miaRwia, radganac mama-Svils Soris Seucnobeli ufskruli gaCnda. zurab samadaSvilis roman `xmauriani dReebis~ personaJ givis ukvirs, rom Svils saerTod ver ugebs, sakuTari Svilis cxovrebiseuli pozicia mamisTvis auxsnelia. es ufro imitom ukvirs, rom isic `moZvelbiWo~ tipia Tavad da ara konservatiulad moazrovne mama. `verasodes vifiqrebdi, me Tu SvilTan saerTo enis gamonaxva gamiWirdeboda... saerTod ar mesmis am Taobis~ (samadaSvili z. xmauriani dReebi. Tbilisi, `saari~, 2006, 193), _ aRiarebs igi.

uaRresad mniSvnelovania pirovnebaTa fsiqosocialuri portretebi, romlebic aSkarad miuTiTeben identifikaciis am saxis krizisze. kulturologiis enciklopedia amas Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `fsiqosocialuri identoba imdenad xarisxi an mdgomareoba ar aris, ramdenadac yvela axali fsiqosocialuri maxasiaTeblis SeZenis uwyveti procesi, romelTagan TiToeuli xorcieldeba sakvanZo sasicocxlo ciklis gansazRvrul etapze, Seaqvs ra Tavisi wvlili pirovnuli igiveobis formirebaSi~. TviT identobis Teoretikosebi aRiareben, rom es aris mudmivad mimdinare procesi, romelmac dasasruls cxovrebaSi SesaZloa ramdenjerme miaRwios da kvlav dairRves. amas wyvetil identobas uwodeben. am gagebiT, identoba ar gvevlineba myar mdgomareobad, romlis erTxel miRweva sakmarisi iqneboda. Cven nawilobriv veTanxmebiT am mosazrebas, radgan

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cxovrebaSi, da Sesabamisad, literaturaSic, gvxvdebian adamianebi, romlebic Ziebis procesSi didxans imyofebian, Tumc es movlena ar aris farTo masStabis mqone. umetes SemTxvevebSi krizisi erTjeradia da igi sruldeba pozitiurad an negatiurad. identobis krizisi pirdapir kavSirSia literaturaSi xelaxla gaCenil socialur tip nakacarTan. metad mniSvnelovania, rom gasuli saukunis dasawyisis qarTul literaturaSi ase fexmokidebuli socialuri tipi _ nakacari _ Tanamedrove literaturaSi isev Cndeba. nakacari aris kacobasTan, kacobis cnebasTan Seuferebeli tipi. maT mimarT kiTxulobda ilia, kacia-adamianio? igi Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs fsiqosocialur, religiur da RirebulebiT kriziss. eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi `ajafsandali~ gvxvdeba XXI saukunis Teimuraz xevisTavi, `wignebidan amokiTxuli frazebis deklamatori mamuka~: `WkuadaxSuli, dabeCavebuli nakacari odindeli udabnosaviT Cakunculi isusneba mamikoebis nasufrals. Tanac madlieri...~ (rCeuli. Tbilisi, `marsi~, 2003, 200). ikveTeba axali niSani, rac XX saukunis nakacars ar axasiaTebda: mdidari mamikos nasufraliT sazrdooba da aranairi protesti sakuTari ususurobis gamo. axali nakacaric, Zvelis msgavsad, brZolisuunaroa, praqtikul alRosaa moklebuli, oRond Tavisi winaprisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom TviTkmayofilia, nasufralic yofnis, sakuTari Zalebis mosinjvas ar cdilobs. aris kidev erTi sayuradRebo da ufro sagangaSo faqti: Tuki XX saukunis dasawyisSi nakacarebi cotani iyvnen, dRes (anu saukuneTa mijnaze) isini sakmaod momravlebulan sazogadoebaSi. Teimuraz xevisTavi Tu bondo WilaZe tragikulad aRiqvamen TavianT uunarobas da cdiloben misgan Tavis daRwevas. es, garkveulwilad, iZleva Sedegs Tu ara, imeds mainc. axali drois nakacarebi ki arafris Secvlas ar apireben: `nasufraliT ikvebebian~ da `Tanac madlierni~ arian. mwerlis es SeniSvna mdgomareobis ukeTesobisaken svlaze namdvilad ar migviTiTebs. dRevandeli dRis nakacaroba pirovnebis fsiqosocialuri identobis krizisis erT-erTi niSania, rac gamoixateba naklebad gamovlenili pirovnuli individualobiT, susti TviTiniciativiTa da moClungebuli siyvarulis grZnobiT. nakacari pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba da uaryofs identobis ganxorcielebas. habermasi wers: `me, rogorc avtonomiurad moqmedi da sruliad individualizebuli arseba, SeiZleba myari viyo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me miviReb damtkicebas da aRiarebas rogorc saerTod pirovneba da rogorc individualuri pirovneba~. amrigad, pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, amisTvis brZola, xolo Semdeg am brZolis Sedegis aRiareba sazogadoebis mxridan. Cveni drois nakacarebi ki ar cdiloben pirvels da Sesabamisad, verc meores aRweven.

eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi `me, neka TiTi~ yuradRebas iqcevs 90-ianelTa mwerliseuli `naTloba~ _ `kibeebis Taoba~. es, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda martivi sintagma sakmaod didi da tragikuli Sinaarsis Semcveli daxasiaTebaa mTeli Taobisa, romelsac ganaCeni swored am `kibeebma~ gamoutana. maT 89 wlis areulobam skolis merxTan miuswro da aaglija mas, Tbilisis omma studentobas moswyvita, axladSeqmnili ojaxi afxazeTis omma daatovebina, xolo uimedo ekonomiurma viTarebam, kulturuli da pirovnuli identobis ganuxorcieleblobam qveynis gareT gaaqcia gadarCenisa da TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis gzebis saZebnelad. aseTia eka RaRaniZis xsenebuli moTxrobis `me, neka TiTis~ personaJi leve, `kibeebis Taobis~ saxe.

mniSvnelovani aq is aris, rom Taobis davaJkaceba xdeba ara merxTan, ara codniT, ara warsulis gamocdilebis kritikuli aTvisebiTa da Secdomis gonivruli gaanalizebiT, rac momavalSi naklebi Secdomis daSvebisa da fsiqosocialuri identobis ganxorcielebis winapirobaa, aramed _ quCiT. quCa ar aris cnobieri patriotizmis maswavlebeli, igi grZnobismieri, emociuri patriotizmis momcemia da im quCas da ubans ar scildeba, pataraa da umasStabo. Sesabamisad, aseT grZnobas simyarec naklebi aqvs. kibeze gaCenili patriotuli grZnoba momavalSi eris koleqtiur cnobierebaSi Tuki ar gamyarda, Tuki safuZveli ar SeiZina, isev quCaSi SeiZleba Caikargos. `kibeebis Taobasac~ ase daemarTa da moTxrobis personaJ levesaviT ucxoeTis sxvadasxva qveynebSi mimoifanta fizikuri arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. eri dacotavda, bevri axladSeqmnili ojaxi ukacod darCa, bevri Svili umamod gaizarda, rac pirdapir da erTmniSvnelovnad momavali Taobis fsiqosocialuri identobis krizisis mizezi gaxda. damaxinjda TaobaTa

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Soris arsebuli kanonzomiereba: awmyo _ warsulis Svili da momavlis mSobeli. identifikaciisTvis aucilebeli mamis rolic dedas daekisra. qalisTvis mxolod martoobac Zneli tvirTia, miT umetes, Tu amas zed Svilis damoukideblad aRzrda da pirovnebad Camoyalibebac emateba rTul socialur da zneobriv atmosferoSi. am yvelafris Sedegad ki miviReT XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnis kidev erTi tragedia: sazRvargareT Tavis damkvidrebisTvis wasuli da dakarguli mama, mamis ardabrunebiT gabrazebuli da saxlidan gaqceuli deda da yvelaze mZime Sedegi — mitovebuli Svili, fsiqosocialuri identobis krizisisTvis ganwiruli kidev erTi Taoba, romelsac aqedan gamosasvlelad mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedi unda hqondes.

Secvlil sazogadoebaSi krizisi daudga faseulobebsac. fsiqosocialuri identobis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli piroba myar zneobriv-moralur faseulobaTa qonaa. Tu adre vaJkacoba da samarTlianoba wesieri da patiosani adamianis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi iyo, axla isini `ganabis~ sinonomad miaCnia Caiqrolas (zurab samadaSvili, `xmauriani dReebi~). uwin qarTveli mamakaci qalis Seuracxyofas aravis apatiebda, magram dRes, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, isini amaze Tvals xuWaven. ra unda iyos vaJkacuri Tvisebebis aseTi gadagvarebis mizezi? mamakacebi xom ara marto qalTa, aramed, zogadad, sazogadoebis pativiscemas swored am TvisebaTa gamo imsaxureben! am fonze abesalomis SeniSvna, `adamianis sxeuli mis sulze bevrad sufTa da mimzidveliao~, sruliadac aRar migvaCnia religiur mkrexelobad, radgan es Cveni drois realobaa. rogorc Cans, XX saukunis adamiani imdenad gaRaribda da Tan dabinZurda sulierad, rom es `samSvivneli sxeulisa~ axla `codvil WurWelze~ usufTao gaxda.

zurab samadaSvilis romani `xmauriani dReebi~ sxva problemebTan erTad am satkivarsac exeba. arqivis amerikeli menejeri `ramodenime nabijiT uaxlovdeba CrdilSi msxdom qalebs da xis grZel skams fexs urtyams. skami yiravdeba, erTmaneTze CabRauWebuli qalebi ki miwaze danarcxebisagan gaWirvebiT ikaveben Tavs~ (samadaSvili, 130). iqve mdgari qarTveli mamakacebi, arqivis TanamSromlebi, uxerxulad iRimebian da arafers amboben. es movlena TavisTavad damakninebelia maTi mamakacuri bunebisaTvis, magram faqti erTiorad mniSvnelovani xdeba imiT, rom amas axalgazrdebi uyureben. `mamebis~ saqcielidan gamomdinare imedgacruebac maSinve ibadeba: `vifiqre, cemiT suls amoxdian-meTqi, eseni ki icinian~. aq aris `mamebis~ yvelaze didi Secdoma, roca isini ver acnobiereben sakuTar rols Svilebis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi. fsiqosocialuri identobis mopovebisas mTavari swored mamis mier micemuli magaliTia, Tanac saqmiT micemuls gacilebiT didi gavlena aqvs am SemTxvevaSi, vidre sityviT naTqvams. am arasasiamovno faqts erTi sasiamovno moulodneloba cvlis. Seuracxyofis scenas Seswrebuli biWi (Svili) ufro gamoxatavs ukmayofilebas, garegnulad mainc, Tu saqcieliT ara: `Cemi biWi dabRverili miyrdnobia manqanas, iyureba braziani TvalebiT... mivxvdi, ar moewona belis saqcieli~ (iqve, 131), ukmayofilebas ufro mwvaved gamoxatavs biWis megobari: `Caiqrola simwrisagan facxis Wers cxrilavs... igineba~ (iqve, 141). Znelia imis Tqma, axalgazrduli sisxlis bralia es Tu `SvilebSi~ WeSmariti mamakacuri Tvisebebi iwyebs Camoyalibebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imedismomcemia maTi protesti, radgan sakuTari pirovnebis povna, fsiqosocialuri identobis mopoveba SeuZlebelia pasiuri mdgomareobiT, aq saWiroa qmedeba, brZola, Tu saWiro gaxda, stereotipis ngrevac ki. swored amas gulisxmobs eriksoni, roca identobis kriziss ganmartavs. mis neofsiqoanalitikur koncefciaSi `esaa drois periodi, roca axalgazrda daZabuli gadaWris iseT kiTxvebs, rogorebicaa `ras warmovadgen me?~ `saiT mivdivar?~ axalgazrda adamians, vinc mtkivneulad ganicdis identobis kriziss, xSirad ara aqvs naTeli warmodgena sakuTar socialur rolze da isini ageben warmodgenebs imaze, romeli roli SeesabamebaT maT mocemul situaciaSi~ (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. Теории личности. Санкт-Петербург, Москва, Харьков, Минск, 2000, 237).

zurab samadaSvilis romani am mxriv arcTu uimedo suraTs iZleva. ekonomikurma krizisma, masobrivma umuSevrobam, qaosma, gaWirvebam adrianad `daamamla~ (oTar WilaZis `martis mamlis~ analogiiT), XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis axalgazrdoba. `Cemi asakis gadamkidem ukve bevri ramis miviwyeba movaswari, magram is mainc maxsovs, ro Tu ZaRls Wam _ ZaRli xar, Tu degenerati gyavs moadgiled _ degenerati xar, Tu nexvis suns iynosav

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_ nexvi xar, amitom, roca garemo ar mogwons, unda adge da waxvide iq, sadac Tavs ukeT igrZnob, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sen TavisTavad ukeTesi xdebi~, _ ambobs romanis axalgazrda gmiri, romelsac ubralod biWi hqvia. es biWi erT-erTia im uamravi biWidan, romelTac bevri sazizRrobisa da damcirebis naxva, bevri uRirsebo adamianis gverdiT cxovreba mouxdaT sul raRac 17-18 wlis asakSi da cxovrebam adrianad daakaca kidec. isini garkveulwilad gvanan oTar WilaZis `martis mamlis~ personaJ nikos. Tumc istoriulad sxvadasxva droSi cxovroben, TiTqmis sami aTeuli weli aSorebT erTmaneTs, magram maT Soris msgavsebac SesamCnevia: orives gamocdili aqvs omis saSineleba da aqedan momdinare borotebis aRzeveba. Tuki nikos mama uZluria da ver exmareba Svils, biWs mama hyavs, magram verc es `moZvelbiWo~ mamaa orientiri cxovrebis gzis gakvalvisas. esoden mniSvnelovani mamis roli aqac daTrgunulia. rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, Svilebi Tavad ukeT uReben alRos drois mier motanil problemebs, vidre _ ufrosebi. maT gacilebiT uWirT TanamedroveobasTan Segueba, vidre maT Svilebs, radgan mamebi sxvagvar sociokulturul sivrceSi aRizardnen da Camoyalibdnen pirovnebebad. rTul droSi dabadebul Svilebs ki TiTqos Tan dahyvaT am sirTuleebTan brZolis iaraRic. marTalia, es iaraRi xSirad sisastike da ulmoblobaa, magram im urTules xanaSi, romelSic aRmoCnda bavSvobis asaks axladgadabijebuli Taoba, mxolod tkbili, Tbili da Tavaziani sityviT Tavis damkvidreba SeuZlebeli iyo. cxovreba Tavis mkacr kanonebs karnaxobda da isinic iRebdnen mas survilis miuxedavad. eriksonis Teoriis mixedviT, `fsiqosocialuri identobis ingredientTa formireba oTnogenezSi mimdinareobs mniSvnelobis matarebel sxvebTan identifikaciis meSveobiT, romelTa wrec farTovdeba individis zrdasTan erTad. amas emateba sazogadoebis xasiaTic~. 90-ianelebsac swored sazogadoebaSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis mouxdaT `brZola~, romelic, SesaZloa, yovelTvis mosawoni xerxiT da formiT ar mimdinareobda, magram mTavari aq Sedegi iyo — fsiqosocialuri identobis ganxorcieleba.

amrigad XX saukunis miwurulisa da XXI saukunis dasawyisis qarTul realobaSi gamoikveTa socialuri da fsiqosocialuri identobis krizisis ramdenime saxe:

1) krizisi Taobebs Soris (mamebi da Svilebi); 2) krizisi Taobis SigniT; 3) krizisi erTi ojaxis sxvadasxva Taobas Soris (ded-mama da Svilebi); 4) krizisi erTi ojaxis erTi Taobis SigniT (da da Zma, coli da qmari).

sazogadoebaSi gamefebul socialuri identifikaciis kriziss adamianis funqciis dakargvasTan mivyavarT. es procesebi kargad Cans zurab samadaSvilis romanSi `xmauriani dReebi~. umiznod da usaqmod darCenili adamiani kargavs sakuTar daniSnulebas, risi gamoxatulebacaa sportuli skolis ezoSi erTad Sekrebili loTebi da mTvrali sportmsmeni. `sportuli skolis ezoSi socialuri Tanasworoba sufevs, profesional loTebs smaSi partniorobas xSirad eqimebi, maswavleblebi, msaxiobebi uweven xolme... exla ki mTvral kalaTburTels gadaveyare. mainteresebs, raze saubroben qeifis dros, an ra mizniT iwyeben erTad smas es sxvadasxva juris adamianebi!~ (gv. 61); `firmis xelmZRvaneloba ra mwerlis saqmea!~ (gv. 85). ras mivyavarT daniSnulebis krizisTan? qveyanaSi arsebulma sayovelTao socialurma gaWirvebam adamians arCevanis Tavisufleba waarTva, aiZula igi, nebismier samuSaos daTanxmdes fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis. gaCnda ormagi da sammagi standarti. cxovrebiseuli miznis uqonloba da sakuTari daniSnulebis Seucnobloba aris imis mizezi, rom `xmauriani dReebis~ erT-erTi personaJi rezo erTdroulad narkomanicaa, `ganabic~, eklesiasac aSenebs da samSoblos dasacavadac midis omSi. aseTivea `uzarmazari bazris~ personaJi kalec: viRac ucnobi `buxoi biZis~ gadasarCenad tansacmliani daufiqreblad xteba wyalSi, Tumc, amavdroulad, narkotikuli saSualebebis erT-erTi cnobili `wyaroa~ qalaqSi. sakuTar cxovrebiseul rolSi gaurkvevloba gaorebasa da paradoqsulobas iwvevs, rasac amCnevs ufrosi Taobis gamocdili Tvali: `banditoba, gvardieloba da aRmSenebloba erTad ar SeiZleba, an erTi unda iyo, an meore, an mesame~ (samadaSvili, 109). mniSvnelobaTa dakargvisa da kulturul-zneobrivi krizisis pirobebSi yvelafrisadmi, TviT xelovnebisa da rwmenisadmic ki, momxmarebluri damokidebuleba uCndeba adamians. materialuri keTildReoba xdeba prioriteti da am azrs eqvemdebareba garSemo

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yvelaferi. `klaviSs vin uyurebs, koka... mTavaria TeTri feri... ar ici, sada vcxovrobT? viRas unda dasakravad roiali...~ (xvedeliZe b. uzarmazari bazari. Tbilisi, `palitra ~, 2006: 8), _ ambobs romanis gmiri, xolo iqve gverdiT, uflis mier boZebul uflebas uRvTod swiravs mRvdelic: `gaparsuli-gauparsavi yvela gamoZalvazea~ (iqve: 84).

identobis zemoganxiluli saxeebi mWidro kavSirSi arian da, SeiZleba iTqvas, uSualod gamomdinareoben erovnuli identobis problemidan. oraswlianma monobam ers erovnuli TviTigiveobis problema gauCina. amitom misi gadaWra amdeni xnis Semdeg sakmaod Zneli aRmoCnda. dakarguli rom ipovo, jer misi dakargva unda gaiTaviso, mere ki dasabrunebeli gza eZebo. amis moxerxeba ukve naxevari saqmis gakeTebis tolfasia. XX saukunis 90-ianelebi pirvelebi mixvdnen am tragedias: `asanTis kolofis zomad daWrili formatisagan erovnul droSebs akeTebdnen yofili komkavSirlebis iniciativiT da gulze ibnevdnen~ (RaRaniZe e. moTxrobebi. Tbilisi, `merani~, 2001: 25). protestis gamoxatvis mizniT mTavrobis sasaxlis kibeebze dajdoma mxolod sawyisi etapisTvis Tu iyo gamarTlebuli. axla gzis moZieba iyo saqme.

eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi `me, neka TiTi~ kargad Cans, rom brZolis Sedegi sasurveli ar aRmoCnda. rodesac ilia WavWavaZe Tavis cnobil werilSi `eri da istoria~ qarTvelTa istoriul xvedrs da gadarCenis mizezebs aanalizebs, wers: drois Sesaferisi sikeTe vicodiT da aman gadagvarCinao, exla sisxlis Rvris omi ki aRar aris, oflis Rvris omis droao. XX saukunis qarTvelobas kidev erTxel daemarTa is, rac mravaljer damarTnia — warsulis mware gamocdileba verc amjerad gamoviyeneT da `drois Sesaferisi sikeTe~ ver SevarCieT. droisaTvis Seuferebeli xerxiT brZolaze araorazrovnad miuTiTebs TviT mwerali: `Tofis lulaSi mobinadre oboba, SeuCveveli ryeviT Sewuxebuli, Tavissave naqsov qselSi exveoda~ (iqve: 26) _ lelT Runias `uxmar satevars~ Jangi ukve dasdeboda. amas isev mamebis Taoba mixvda da daJangebul iaraRs kuTvnili adgili miuCina: `gekos~ Tofi xaliCaze dakida xanjlebis gverdiT~ (iqve: 26). (gavixsenoT uxeiros kedelSi garWobili Subi, romelic asevea funqciadakarguli da bavSvis safenebis gasaSrobad gamoiyeneba, oTar WilaZis romanidan `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~.)

identobaSi gaurkvevlobis dasturia kidev erTi didi tkivili _ afxazeTis omi _ rac srulebiT gamoucdelma da omisucodinarma Taobam iwvnia sakuTar Tavze. `kibeebis Taobas~ Tavisi misia jer ar daesrulebina. gmirobis ZebnaSi afxazeTis oms miaSures~, _ ambobs mwerali. moTxrobaSi naTlad Cans, sadamde mihyavs `kibeebze davaJkacebuli~ Taoba im saqmes, ris Sesaxeb warmodgenac ki ar aqvT da ideas, romlis miRmac daudgeneli da Tavsmoxveuli politikuri interesebi ilandeba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fsiqosocialuri identifikaciisaTvis esoden aucilebeli mamis roli 90-ianelTa mamebma kargad ver Seasrules, Secvlil sociokulturul sivrceSi Svilebs gzis gakvalvaSi ver daexmarnen. gzaabneulma axalma Taobam TviTonve scada gzis povna. Ziebis procesma ki isini iqiT waiyvana, saiTac saamisod ufro mokle gza dainaxes. brZoliT imis miRweva gacilebiT mokle droSi gaxda SesaZlebeli, rasac sxva viTarebaSi wlebi dasWirdeboda. amitom ambobs roman `xmauriani dReebis~ erT-erTi personaJi abesalomi: `kompleqsebi aomebT, iol gamosavals eZeben, advilia, xo ici, gamohkari TiTi da morCa, ukve kaci xar, viRacas SeaSineb, viRacas moerevi~ (samadaSvili, 164). esaa sabrZolo tradiciebis araswori aRqma. Zaladoba kacur arsTan miaxloebis iluziuri gzaa. amrigad, 90-ianelTa TaobisTvis Tavis damkvidrebis erT-erT saSualebad afxazeTis omic iqca. mainc ra iyo es omi? kompleqsebis moxsnis saSualeba Tu patriotuli grZnobis gamovlenis asparezi? an iqneb vaJkacisa da uSiSaris saxelis damkvidrebis gza? rogorc Cans, zogisTvis erTi, zogisTvis meore da zogisTvisac mesame. biWs afxazeTSi wasvla qalaqis mZime atmosferodan gaqcevis gamo unda (`waval afxazeTSi, movcildebi am gaugebrobas, aRar unda amas bevri fiqri~), rezos ki amas cxovrebiseuli miznis uqonloba aiZulebs (`xmauriani dReebi~).

Tanamedrove literaturam Cveni Taobis kidev erTi mwvave, tragediad qceuli problema wamoswia win: iaraRma brZolis survili gaaRviZa, magram radganac is mteri arsad Canda, visac am iaraRiT SevebrZolebodiT, isev sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg mivmarTeT igi. afxazeTis omis wagebiT gamowveulma imedgacruebam da Tanamdevma

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agresiam mxolod ziani moutana ers. iaraRma am situaciaSi gmiruli, patriotuli suliskveTeba ki ar aRZra, aramed _ piriqiT, samarcxvino grZnobebi wamoswia win. `iaraRis JRaruniT moseirne gazviadebuli ymawvilebi didxans daeZebdnen mters Tbilisis quCebSi. mere adgnen da erTmaneTs daerivnen. vis visi Jini hqonda, sul erTianad iyara~ (RaRaniZe, 27). marTvis gareSe darCenili Zala veRar moiToka da uamravi sicocxlec Seiwira.

im uaRresad tragikuli viTarebis miuxedavad, rasac Tanamedrove mwerloba aRwers, (uimedoba da sasowarkveTa, socialuri, fsiqosocialuri Tu erovnuli identobis krizisi), mainc ikveTeba imediani mermisis rwmena. identifikaciis krizisis warmatebiT dasrulebisaken migvaniSnebs roman `xmauriani dReebis~ finalic: misi asakisaTvis sakmaod bevris mnaxveli, uamrav gansacdel da tkivilgadatanili, jer kidev bavSvobis sazRvarTan mdgari biWi Zmis saflavisken midis. daRupuli Zma misTvis, asakis miuxedavad, yovelTvis didsulovnebis gansaxiereba iyo. nel-nela, maRla da maRla miiwevs Zma Zmis saflavisaken, ikvreba CaSlili genetikuri jaWvi da Tan sakuTar WeSmarit gzasac poulobs, romlis gavlamac identifikaciis dadebiTad ganxorcielebasTan unda miiyvanos adrianad `damamlebuli~ biWi.

momavlis usazRvro rwmeniT mTavrdeba moTxroba `me, neka TiTic~: `vuyureb TiTebs. vSli. isini Sori-Sors miiweven. movmuWav, erTad arian. gavSli, Sordebian. movmuWav, erTad arian... sul gaSlili an sul momuWuli xom ver iqnebian? ai, es aris saxlobanas TamaSis saidumlo~. bednieri momavlis suraTs xatavs dedis, mamis da babuisgan mitovebuli patara gogona, romlis gulSiac imedi uaxloesi xuTi adamianis kvlav erTad Seyrisa mis patara xelisgulze gacilebiT Zlieria.

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kritikis kritika

manana kvataia

`vizioneri, romlis gamgebic jerjerobiT aravinaa...~

es fraza nobeliant mweral niko kazanZakiss `Cemi francisk asizelis” gr.

robaqiZisadmi miZRvnil egzemplarze wauweria da amouxsnel vizionerSi robaqiZe ugulisxmia. nikolaus zomberti ki grigolze aseTi azrisa yofila: `dRes bevri laparakobs miTebze. aq, germaniaSi, iyo erTi vinme, visac marTla gaegeboda miTisa... Tu vinme imsaxurebda poetis saxels, es kaci gaxlavT, egzotikosi”... es Sefasebani ucxoeli mkvlevris Tomas hoizermanis axlaxan gamocemuli wignidanaa (ix. T. hoizerman. Amor fati (bedisweris siyvaruli) (londa-kardu-malStremi-lamara). gamomcemeli: fondi `Tanamedroveoba da memkvidreoba”, Tbilisi, 2006 weli. mTargmnelebi: lamara narouSvili, lamara ramiSvili. redaqtori: nino ramiSvili). wignSi Setanilia rogorc gamokvlevis Targmani, ise avtoriseuli germanuli teqsti. n. kazanZakisis grigol robaqiZisadmi mimarTuli sityvebi dResac aqtualuria, radgan, samwuxarod, verc qarTveli, verc ucxoeli mkvlevrebi jerjerobiT sruli saxiT ver floben da ver aanalizeben bolo xanebamde tabudadebuli gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiT memkvidreobas (erTgvari gamonaklisi akaki baqraZe gaxlavT). es, sxva mizezebTan erTad, imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom dRemde ar arsebobs mwerlis TxzulebaTa Tundac arasruli mecnieruli gamocema, dakargulia misi arqivi... mecnierTa nawili globalizaciis epoqaSi robaqiZis naazreviT gatacebas erTgvar `CamorCenilobadac” Tvlis.

Tomas hoizermani erT-erTi pirveli ucxoeli mkvlevari gaxlavT, visac Cven droSi grigol robaqiZis memkvidreobis safuZvliani Seswavla ganuzraxavs (TviT avtoris biografiul monacemebs wigni ar gvTavazobs).. amaSi misma robaqiZisadmi miZRvnilma satelevizio saubarmac dagvarwmuna, romelic `imedis” telearxma SemogvTavaza 2006 wlis 18 dekembers. ucxoeli mkvlevris gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiT daintereseba imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom CvenSi swored germanulenovani masalebis garkveuli deficitia, masalebisa, romlebic naTels mohfens mwerlis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis Tu biografiis ucnob mxareebs. vfiqrobT, amgvari kvleva-Zieba momavalSic bevr saintereso aRmoCenas gvpirdeba.

cnobili germanisti nodar kakabaZe miuTiTebs: `bolo wlebis dasavlur, upiratesad, germanulenovan, enciklopediebsa da leqsikonebSi, agreTve, msoflio istoriis kursebSi, rogorc wesi, upiratesad SexvdebiT or qarTvel mwerals, SoTa rusTavelsa da grigol robaqiZes, aris SemTxvevebi, roca rusTaveli gamotovebulia, darCenilia mxolod robaqiZe” (ix. `literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 1988 wlis 25 noemberi, gv. 10). am faqts kakabaZe mwerlis Semoqmedebis didi nawilis germanulenovnebiT xsnis. Sesabamisad, dRes gr. robaqiZis naazreviT ucxoelTa daintereseba sruliad bunebrivia, Tumca mTlad gasaziarebeli ar gaxlavT T. hoizermanis mosazreba, misi naSromis pirvelive gverdze rom vxvdebiT: `dRes mas aRaravin kiTxulobs. zogjer Tu gadafurclavs vinme mis wignebs, visac gasCenia survili meti Seityos saqarTvelos Sesaxeb”. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi Tavad gr. robaqiZe arafer SuaSia. albaT aq is “Tanamedrove mkiTxveli” ufro igulisxmeba, romelic aseve naklebad kiTxulobs homeross, Seqspirs, goeTes, rusTavels... amgvar nihilizms mwerlis literaturuli memkvidreobis safuZvliani kvlevis deficitic unda ganapirobebdes.

T. hoizermanis wigns simboluri saTauri aqvs: Amor fati (bedisweris siyvaruli) _ nicSeseuli fraza, misi moZRvrebis msgavsad, meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris msofliosaTvis marTlac garduval bediswerad rom iqca. fr. nicSes jer kidev 1887 wels

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uTqvams: `Tanamedrove evropas warmodgena ara aqvs, Tu ramdenad did problemebis borbalze var mijaWvuli da ra did katastrofas Sevicav me evropisaTvis”... Ecce Homo-Si ki miuTiTebia: `me vici, Cems saxelTan dakavSirebuli iqneba saSineli ram, uSvelebeli krizisi, romlis msgavsi miwas ar enaxos” (ix. k. gamsaxurdia. tragediis warmoSoba mistikis sulidan. gaz. `lomisi”, 1922 wlis 10 dekemberi). am sityvebiT genialuri filosofosis utyuari intuicia metyvelebda: Amor fati-s niSniT gaxldaT aRbeWdili gr. robaqiZis Tanamedrove bevri cnobili pirovneba, romelTac radikalurad Secvales kacobriobis istoria da romelTa erTi nawilis SesaniSnavi fsiqologiuri portretebi robaqiZis Semoqmedebamac Semogvinaxa. aRniSnul niSans axalgazrdobaSive atarebda Tavad grigoli, rasac misi 1917 wlis enkenisTviT daTariRebuli leqsi `avtomedalioni (pasuxad paolos)” mowmobs:

heladis Svili var erTguli me `amor fatis”, savnebo msxverplad gamzadili, viT savse Tasi.

msxverpliseuli mzadyofna leqsis sxva striqonebSicaa: Tasze Tass vamsxvrev, rom avmarTo kidev aTasi, TavaRebuli me sarke var yvela Tvalebis da maska Cemi qerqi aris mxolod cvalebis.

Amor fati gr. robaqiZis naazrevis erT-erTi centraluri ideac gaxldaT. Tomas hoizermanis naSromSi xazgasmulia kvlevis mizani: grigol robaqiZis

SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis fundamenturi SeswavlisaTvis wignis avtors germanul TxzulebebTan erTad mwerlis qarTulenovani nawarmoebebis gacnobac ganuzraxavs (rogorc gadmogvces, is flobs qarTul enas). naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `bevri safuZveli arsebobs robaqiZis qarTulenovani Semoqmedebis safuZvliani SeswavlisaTvis. erT-erTi maTgania misi mniSvneloba qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebisaTvis meoce saukuneSi. TavisTavad cxadia, rom grigol robaqiZis qarTuli Txzulebebis gacnoba dagvexmareba ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT germanul enaze gamoqveynebul mis nawarmoebebs”. mkvlevris Seswavlis arealSi amjerad robaqiZis dramatuli nawarmoebebi moxvedrila, radgan, hoizermanis samarTliani SeniSvniT, `bevri ram, rac Semdgom mis romanebSi Sevida, jer mis dramebSia gamokveTili. Cveni interesis saganic isinia. me maT Sesaxeb giambobT. ufro Rrma gansja ki momavlisTvis mimindvia”. gvinda SevniSnoT, rom gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba amgvari TvalsazrisiT jer Seswavlili ar gaxlavT.

warmodgenili wignidan Cans, rom T. hoizermani safuZvlianad icnobs da iyenebs mraval qarTul gamokvlevas, gr. robaqiZis dramebis teqstebs, gvTavazobs maT Sefasebas, maTi scenaze dadgmis istorias da sxva. amasTan, unda SevniSnoT, rom naSromSi naklebi adgili eTmoba TviT dramaTa analizs, struqturas, mxatvrul saxeTa sistemas, maT mimarTebas klasikuri Tu imdroindeli msoflio dramaturgiis nimuSebTan, robaqiZiseul gamomsaxvelobiT novaciebs, saxismetyvelebiT problemebs da sxva kardinalur sakiTxebs. Tumca yovelive es wignisadmi interess ar anelebs.

Tomas hoizermani kvlevis tradiciul meTods iyenebs da didi siyvaruliTa da rudunebiT eZebs grigol robaqiZesTan dakavSirebul yvela masalas. arsebuli samecniero literaturis gacnobasTan erTad mas, rogorc Cans, daxmarebisaTvis qarTveli specialistebisTvisac miumarTavs, rac mis naSromze sasargeblod asaxula.

wignis dasawyisSi mocemulia oTxi sxvadasxva Sefaseba, romelTagan TvalSi gvxvdeba 1947 wels galaktionis mier sabWoTa suk-Si naTqvami sityvebi: `grigol robaqiZe Cveni maswavlebeli iyo da misi erTaderTi danaSauli is aris, rom yvela boTls ar ergeboda”. T. hoizermani mimoixilavs mwerlis adreul Semoqmedebas, xazs usvams mis Rvawlsa da mniSvnelobas imdroindeli qarTuli literaturisa da azrovnebisaTvis, iqve mocemulia mokle cnobebi gr. robaqiZis biografiidan, aRdgenilia garemo, sadac mweralma bavSvobis wlebi gaatara da romelmac mTel mis Semdgom Semoqmedebas daasva daRi. `im zne-Cvevebsa da miTosur warmodgenebs, romlebic qmnidnen imereTis soflis saxes, igi arasodes gamosTxovebia. es unda gvedgas Tvalwin misi Txzulebebis kiTxvisas _ ara egzotika, aramed bavSvobis gamocdileba.. erT pirovnebaSi moqceulia aborigenica da eTnologic, bavSvobaSi nanaxsa da gancdils igi erTmaneTTan akavSirebda

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da maTSi eZebda dro-Jams daumorCilebel arqetipul msoflxatebs”, vkiTxulobT gamokvlevaSi.

mwerlis mxatvruli meTodisa da calkeuli qmnilebis SemoqmedebiTi saTaveebis Ziebisas T. hoizermani aqtiurad iyenebs TviT gr. robaqiZis aRniSnuli problematikisadmi miZRvnil Txzulebebs. am mxriv sainteresoa wignSi moxmobili fragmenti `Cemi cxovrebidan”, sadac naCvenebia mwerliseuli Semecnebis rTuli procesi goeTes Taurfenomenidan, nicSes zekacis ideidan, romlis dadastureba grigol robaqiZes dostoevskisTanac unaxavs, aRmosavlur filosofiamde. `saqarTvelo, rogorc aRmosavleTis raRac natexi, SesaZlebelia bolomde ganisazRvros mxolod da mxolod simbolizmis xazebSi”, werda gr. robaqiZe. sayuradReboa am fragmentis hoizermaniseuli komentari: `am arsebiTi gagebiT, robaqiZe simboluri meTodis erTguli darCa mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. miuxedavad imisa, rom man, mogvianebiT, simbolistur midgomaSi Secdomac aRmoaCina: zedmetad gadaWarbebuli warmodgena sagnisa, rogorc simbolosi, mTavrdeba `sagnis” ganadgurebiT da amis Sedegad `simbolos” sqematizeba mosdevs. es meTodi man ganavrco im mxriv, rom sagnis simbolod qcevis Zneli saqmidan gadavida ufro Znel saqmeze _ ambavis miTosad qcevaze”. T. hoizermanis dakvirvebiT, amgvari SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxva grigol robaqiZem Tavdapirvelad dramatul TxzulebebSi SeZlo.

rogorc cnobilia, 1916 wels robaqiZe Tavisi cxovrebis Semobrunebis wertilad Tvlida, radgan, rogorc samxedro moxele, sparseTSi moxvda da hqonda SegrZneba, rom istoriuli qaldeis miwaze Tavisi odindeli samSoblo aRmoaCina. iranuli mZafri gancdebisa da STabeWdilebebis mxatvruli xorcSesxmisaTvis mwerals Tavdapirvelad dramis JanrisaTvis miumarTavs, oRond ara tradiciuli formiT: `Tavisufali riTma avirCie, iseTi, aRmosavleTis magiur teqstebSi rom waawydeba kaci”, vkiTxulobT “Cem cxovrebaSi”. ase dauweria mwerals `londa”, `kardu”, `lamara”. Tomas hoizermani mkiTxvels acnobs aRniSnul piesaTa Sinaarss, maTi inscenirebis istorias da, rac sayuradReboa, eZebs gr. robaqiZis piesebsa da Txzulebebs (gansakuTrebiT, germanulenovan romanebs) Soris arsebul paralelebs. sxvaTa Soris, londasa da Tamazis samsxverplo mzadyofnasa da sikvdilSi mkvlevari im Amor fati-s xedavs, gr. robaqiZisa da saqarTvelosaTvis ase rom organulad eCveneba.

TavSi `robaqiZe da qarTuli Teatri” T. hoizermani Cerdeba gr. robaqiZis dramaTa qarTul scenaze damdgmel reJisorebze: kote marjaniSvilsa da sandro axmetelze da mokled axasiaTebs maT SemoqmedebiT principebsa da Rvawls. aqve motanilia fragmenti kote marjaniSvilis grigolisadmi miZRvnili werilidan “Svilebi mzisa da misi qurumi”. mzis qurumad didi reJisori robaqiZes Tvlida, `londas” Sesaxeb ki miuTiTebda: “londa aris namdvili dabruneba mzesTan. yvelaferi masSi aris mzisgan, sicocxle da sixaruli, sicocxle da sikvdili, es aris namdvili misteria mzisa, TviT arqiteqtonika piesisa aris mziuri”. sagulisxmoa, rom mkvlevari, sruliad marTebulad, gr. robaqiZis, rogorc qarTuli Teatris reformatoris, Teatraluri Rvawlis Sefasebas momavlis saqmed Tvlis.

Tomas hoizermani miuTiTebs, rom oskar uaildis `salomeas” robaqiZiseuli Targmani jer kidev 1919 wels daibeWda, 1922 wels ki Tbilisis konservatoriis darbazSi mweralma waikiTxa leqcia Temaze `Teatri, rogorc ritmi”, sadac, mkvlevris SeniSvniT, gr. robaqiZem `filosofiurad ganamtkica marjaniSvilis Teatraluri praqtika”.

naSromis avtoris kvlevis arealSia aseve robaqiZis ori drama: `jvari vazisa” da `kardu”, romelTa mxolod nawyvetebia SemorCenili (qorali `miwis sjuli” _ `jvari vazisas” nawyveti _ 1922 wels daibeWda, `kentavrebi” _ `kardus” nawyveti ki _ 1924 wels. es Temur lengis monologi gaxlavT). T. hoizermani am dramaTa pasaJebis gamoZaxils mwerlis sxva TxzulebebSi eZebs. amasTan, mkiTxvels acnobs `kardus” robaqiZiseul gagebas.

wignSi didi adgili eTmoba gr. robaqiZis 1923 wels Seqmnil fantasmagoria `malStrems”, romlis Canasaxi, hoizermanis miTiTebiT, gvxvdeba apokalipsuri ganwyobis leqsSi `qalaqi fenomeni” (1923 w.). ufro metic, am leqsSi metaforulad Casmul filosofiur cnebebs mkvlevari xedavs robaqiZis germanulenovani esseebis krebulSi:

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`demoni da miTosi”. sainteresoa avtoriseuli Zieba leqsSi naxsenebi istoriuli piris, azefis dadgenisaTvis, romelic realurad social-revolucionerTa partiis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosi gaxldaT, Tavad ebraeli, amavdroulad, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris, lpeves (mefis oxrankis) agenti. 1908 wels is ormag agentobaSi umxeliaT. am saxels gaiazrebs hoizermani `malStremis” meeqvse suraTSi, azefulis saxeSi. TviT dramis Sesaxeb mkvlevari wers: `malStremi” aRar scnobs nimuSad antikur tragedias. didi drois momcveli epikuri Teatri qmnis masStabur simboloebs imdroindeli viTarebisa, yovlis wamlekavi moreviviT rom brunavs da ufro gamanadgurebelia, vidre edgar alan pos amave saTauris moTxrobaSi”. aqve mimoxilulia `malStremis” suraTebis Sinaarsi da Sedgeniloba. es drama 1925 wels romen rolans arc ise moswonebia. amis miuxedavad, T. hoizermani Tvlis, rom is `saqarTvelos xanmokle periodis dokumenticaa, roca saqarTvelo Tavs Tvlida msoflios nawilad, qarTvel mwerlebs ki mTeli msoflio daufiqreblad miaCndaT TavianT TxzulebaTa asparezad”. avtoris azriT, amis gamoxatulebaa m. javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe”, k. gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili”, gr. robaqiZis `falestra”. sayuradReboa isic, rom mkvlevari “malStremis” Tematur gagrZelebad Tvlis 1932 wels ukve emigraciaSi daweril `Caklul suls”, xolo stilisturi da Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT is `gvelis perangis” winamorbediao. T. hoizermani `malStremis” sasceno warmodgenasac exeba. is dawerisTanave, 1924-1925 wlebis sezonze daudgams kote marjaniSvils, visac eZRvneba es piesa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sruliad marTebulia hoizermanis SeniSvna: `ra gambedavi unda iyo kaci, rom komunisturi okupaciis sami wlis Tavze, klasobrivi brZolis nacvlad, siyvarulis `propaganda” gaswio”. Tumca avtori iqve miuTiTebs, rom amgvari gambedaoba 1930-ian wlebSi Zvirad daujdaT kote marjaniSvilsa da sandro axmetels. am ukanasknelisaTvis mis winaaRmdeg gamarTul sasamarTlo procesze klasobrivi brZolidan gadaxvevis garda, mTavari braldeba swored siyvarulis gaRmerTebis idea yofila.

Tomas hoizermanis wignSi saTanado adgili eTmoba piesa `lamaras”, romelic mwerals 1924 wels k. marjaniSvilis STagonebiT Seuqmnia (aq gamoyenebulia gr. robaqiZis 1954 wels daweril Txzuleba: `lamara. mokle biografia”). sainteresoa T. hoizermanis daskvna: `lamaras dadgmiT robaqiZem, marjaniSvilma da axmetelma, romelmac marjaniSvilis avadmyofobis gamo TviTon daasrula dadgma, SeZles zustad miegnoT erisa da epoqis ritmisaTvis”. `lamara” scenaze 1926 wlis 29 ianvars warmoudgeniaT. `igi gadaiqca kavkasiis TviTmyofadobis manifestad sabWoTa Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, romelmac Tavisi sisxlismsmeli saxe gamoamJRavna im masobrivi daxvretiT, rac amboxebis CaxSobas mohyva”, wers naSromis avtori. aq 1924 wlis agvistos sisxliani tragedia igulisxmeba. miuxedavad piesis didi warmatebisa, komunistur presas robaqiZisaTvis brali “biologiur nacionalizmSi” daudvia, dadgmebi ki SeuCerebiaT.

wignSi moxseniebulia is mizezebi, robaqiZe ucxoeTSi emigrirebamde rom miiyvana. amasTan, isic cxadi xdeba, rom ucxoeTSi darCena Tavad mwerlisTvis sasurveli ar gaxldaT. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa emigraciaSi yofnis cxra Tvis Tavze gr robaqiZis mier germaniidan mixeil javaxiSvilisadmi gamogzavnili werilis fragmenti: `aq didi krizisia. mdgomareoba TandaTan uaresdeba, gansakuTrebiT, literaturul frontze... nuravin ifiqrebs, rom evropis sarbielze gasvla (amJamad) mwerlisaTvis mainca da mainc saxarbielo iyos. mSobeli miwa da misi Tbili wiaRi yvelaferia”.

sainteresoa T. hoizermanis dakvirveba: `es qveynebi: 1931-1945 wlebis germania da 1945-1962 wlebis Sveicaria, sadac is gardaicvala kidec, ar asaxula robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi. warmoidgineT, Tu ra Zneli iqneboda... sakuTar TavSi xeluxleblad Semoenaxa kardus samzeo. miseburad esec gaxldaT xsenebuli brZolis erT-erTi forma.” marTlac, 1931-1962 wlebSi ucxoeTis miwaze Seqmnili gr. robaqiZis rogorc germanuli, ise qarTulenovani Txzulebebi am sityvebis sruli dadasturebaa. TviT iseT teqstebSic ki, rogorebicaa `adolf hitleri” da `musolini”, mwerali axerxebs, adgili dauTmos qarTul realiebs, rom araferi vTqvaT mis sxva nawarmoebebze.

dasasrul, gvinda vifiqroT, rom Tomas hoizermanis udavod sayuradRebo wigns interesiT gaecnoba rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli mkiTxveli, visTvisac Zvirfasia yoveli didi moazrovnis Rvawli, imis miuxedavad, Tu uflis nebiT sad da romel epoqaSi

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mouxda mas moRvaweoba. amasTan, vimedovnebT, rom rogorc T. hoizermanis, ise qarTveli Tu ucxoeli avtorebis sxva uaxlesi gamokvlevebi xels Seuwyobs grigol robaqiZis vrceli da rTuli literaturuli memkvidreobis Rrma, mravalmxriv gaazrebas, raTa mwerali kvlav ar darCes `vizionerad, romlis gamgebic jerjerobiT aravinaa”...

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gaga lomiZe

qristianuli narativis apologia

rogorc kulturis Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, kulturis paradigmaTa cvlis da axali msoflmxedvelobebis Tu mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba yvelaze cxadad vizualur xelovnebaSi, kerZod, arqiteqturaSi vlindeba. swored am azrs aviTarebda postmodernizmis mkvlevari Jan fransua liotari. da radganac postmoderni vaxseneT, SegviZlia am mimarTulebis erT-erT mTavar postulats _ poziciebis pluralurobasac movuxmoT. amitomac, pirobiTad, arqiteqturis cneba gavafarTovoT, is wignis agebulebis mimarT gamoviyenoT da am TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT zaza SaTiriSvilis naSromi `narativis apologia”.

wigni sami nawilisgan Sedgeba (Tu ar CavTvliT winaTqmas): literaturuli narativi, nacionaluri narativi da avtobiografiuli narativi. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs winaTqmaSi: `pirveli nakveTi _ literaturuli narativi _ literaturuli teqstebisa da TviTon literaturis fenomenis gaazrebis cdaa. aq narativi, ZiriTadad, `xdomilebaTa gadmocemas” niSnavs... meore nakveTSi _ nacionaluri narativi _ narativi niSnavs rogorc `xdomilebaTa gadmocemas”, ise `maT axsnasa da gagebas”. mesame nakveTSi ki _ avtobiografiuli narativi _ avtori Tavad xdeba mTxrobeli anu naratori”. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom avtobiografiuli narativi, romelSic avtori analepsisisa da prolepsisis saSualebiT droSi mogzaurobs, wignis koncefciis, anu “uaryofiTi gamocdilebis” mniSvnelobis erTgvar gasaRebs iZleva. magram modiT, jer mxolod garegani TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT mesame Tavs _ wignis konceptualur nawils. Tuki am nakveTs `arqiteqturuli” TvalTaxedviT davakvirdebiT, aSkara gaxdeba erTi mxriv abzacebis e.w. dasavluri ganlageba, rodesac abzacebi erTmaneTisgan mcire manZiliTaa daSorebuli, xolo meore mxriv, CvenSi gavrcelebuli ganlageba, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rodesac abzacebi first line-is sistemiTaa agebuli. yovelive es ki TiTqos imaze migviTiTebs, rom avtoris am naSromSi erTmaneTTan Sejerebulia, erTi mxriv, berklis Tu stenfordis universitetebis, da, meore mxriv, Tbilisis universitetis, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dasavluri da qarTuli (an gnebavT, sabWoTa gamocdileba; Tan, avtori sakuTar Tavs erTgan TviTironiiT xom `Zvel sabWoTa inteligents” uwodebs) gamocdileba. magram es oden metafora da imis mcdelobaa, rom wignis bazisi (am terminis aramarqsistuli gagebiT) ganvsazRvroT.

naSromSi zaza SaTiriSvili axali drois narativTa erTgvar ternarul sistemas gvTavazobs: `XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli SeiZleba gamoiyos sami axali narativi: `liberaluri”, `ezoterikuli” da `revoluciuri”. axal droSi, rodesac prioriteti eniWeba burJuazias, eris, naciis cneba upirispirdeba monarqs, sakuTreba Rirsebaze win dgas, Tanasworoba ierarqias cvlis da adamianis uflebebi pirovnebis qristianul movaleobebze aRmatebulad miiCneva. Tavis mxriv, `ezoterikuli” da `revoluciuri” narativebi, romlebic saTaves `liberaluri” naratividan iReben, faSistur da komunistur narativebad gardaiqmna. magram ra aris Tanamedrove “liberaluri” narativi, romelic jeimsoniseul sistemaSi `progresistul” narativs Seesabameba? albaT, swored am sakiTxis dasmaa (Tu garkveva) am naSromis erT-erTi mizani. Tumca manamde ganvsazRvroT, ra Sedegi moitana axali drois narativebma. amisTvis TviT avtors movusminoT: `dRes Cvens Tvalwin erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ara gansxvavebuli civilizaciebi (rogorc es hantingtons hgonia), an modernuli da aramodernuli (`CamorCenili”) samyaroebi (rogorc fukuiama fiqrobs) da arc `imperialisturi dasavleTi” da `postkoloniuri aRmosavleTi” (rogorc amas Cagvagonebda eduard saidi), aramed `adamianis uflebebi” _ XVIII saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri koncepti _ da TviTon adamiani, romelic ufro metia, vidre misi uflebebi”. maSasadame, axali drois narativebis (erTi mxriv, `ezoterikuli” da meore mxriv, `revoluciuri”) wyalobiT, erTaderTi WeSmaritebis aRiareba totalitaruli azrovnebis niSnad gamocxadda da postmodernulma mravalmniSvnelovnebam erTaderTi WeSmaritebis idea CixSi moaqcia. da

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Tuki II msoflio omamde, met-naklebad, `literatura saskolo da sauniversiteto kurikulumis centraluri nawili iyo”, II msoflio omis Semdeg, nacizmis da faSizmis wyalobiT, literaturam privilegirebuli mdgomareoba dakarga da humanitaruli mecnierebebis adgili politikurma da sazogadoebrivma mecnierebebma daikaves, anu avtoris sityvebiT, `literatura dRes aris `oden literatura”... anu dRes literatura dakavebulia mxolod sakuTari TaviT”. Tumca avtoris mier dasaxelebul am mizezebTan erTad, am yvelaferSi albaT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana dehumanizaciis procesma, teqnikis ganviTarebam, masobrivi kvlavwarmoebis xanaSi individualobis dakargvam _ masobrivi tipis adamianis sasargeblod, razec `frankfurtis skolis” warmomadgenlebi _ beniamini, adorno Tu horkhaimeri miuTiTebdnen. TanamedroveobaSi literaturis arsis definiciisTvis zaza SaTiriSvili Zalian moxdenil formulirebas gvTavazobs: `sicrue sibrZnisa”, romelmac `sibrZne sicruisa” Secvala, sadac `sicrue” _ fiqcia, gamonagoni, literaturaa.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, zaza SaTiriSvili interpretaciis cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT, msoflmxedvelobrivi cvlilebis kvalad, `vefxistyaosnis”, rogorc qarTuli literaturis `kanonikuri” teqstis recefciis cvlilebebis analizs gvTavazobs. Tu XIX saukunemde `vefxistyaosani” ganixileboda, rogorc, erTi mxriv, saero fiqciuri narativi (`zRapari”) da meore mxriv, saero da imavdroulad `saRvTo” narativi, `Tergdaleulebis” xanidan poemas nacionalur narativad ganixilaven. modernistulis Semdgom xanaSi ki, vinaidan `dRevandeli dRe, nacionaluri narativis nacvlad, sxva politikur Tu kuluturul koniunqturas gvTavazobs. amitomac, rusTavelis poema Cvens Tvalwin oden literaturul teqstad iqca”.

zaza SaTiriSvilis wignSi am ZiriTadi Temebis garda kidev bevr sakiTxzea saubari _ iqneba es tfilisuri kulturis, anu `muxambazis kilos” da tradiciuli kulturis, anu `rusTavelis kilos” dapirispireba, galaktion tabiZis lirika, qarTuli modernistuli proza, `kavkasiis”, rogorc cnebis recefcia rusul romantizmSi Tu inteligentisa da inteleqtualis cnebaTa gamijvna. erTi sityviT, `narativis apologiaSi” araerTi sakiTxia dasmuli, romlebic SeiZleba damoukidebeli Temebis saxiT gaiSalos da sruliad axali naSromebi miviRoT. STambeWdavia `avtobiografiuli narativiseuli” uSualo ena, miniSnebis saSualebiT azris gamoTqma (Tundac delikaturi miTiTeba `gebeSniki” rad Rirs!) Tu konceptualuri `saidumlo Tavi”, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas, mxolod mravalwertilebis nakrebia Tu mravalmniSvnelovani dumilis gamoxatuleba. sagulisxmoa wignis bolos darTuli mcire naratologiuri leqsikoni da saxelTa saZiebeli, rac wignis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis.

bolos isev `avtobiografiul narativs” da winaTqmis masTan dakavSirebul frazas davubrundebi, sadac zaza SaTiriSvili amtkicebs, rom misi mizani `humanitaruli kulturis” narativTa dacva ki ara, maTi `ontologiuri SezRudulobis” Cveneba iyo. magram ramdenime striqonis Semdeg wers: `arsebobs iseTi naratiuli instancia, romelsac Tavad ZaluZs nebismieri drois, ambisa Tu mTxrobelis gansja da gamosyidva”. iqneb `uaryofiTi gamocdileba” swored dasavluri demokratiis krizisis gacnobierebas ukavSirdeba? iqneb `narativis apologia” _ es qristianuli narativis gasamarTleblad gamarTuli samsjavroa? bolos da bolos, eqsatologiur molodinSi xom yvelaferi moCvenebad iqceva, rac aqamde Rirebuli gvegona. yvelaferi oden “sizmris sizmars” emsgavseba da uferuldeba im `erTaderTi WeSmaritebis” winaSe, romelsac Cveni multikulturuli da pluralisturi xana ugulvebelyofs. yvelaferi da maT Soris, Tqven warmoidgineT, xelovnebac ki, jorjones `sami filosofosis” CaTvliT, romelic `narativis apologiis” garekanzea gamosaxuli.

erTi SexedviT, jorjones es namuSevari SegviZlia TviT wignis metaforadac miviCnioT da esa Tu is sakiTxi xelovnebis im kritikosebis kvalad varkvioT, romlebic tiloze gamosaxuli filosofosebis vinaobis Sesaxebac ver Tanxmdebodnen da erTni maTSi TviT jorjones, bosxis da leonardos metaforas xedavdnen; meoreni gamoqvabulis metaforaze dayrdnobiT da jorjones namuSevarSi Suq-CrdilTa gardatexis safuZvelze, mas platonis `saxelmwifoTi” STagonebad Tvlidnen... sxvebi ki

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amtkicebdnen, rom tiloze hermes trismegistusi, platoni da marsilio fiCino arian gamosaxuli. Tumca, amas axla raRa mniSvneloba aqvs....

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Jurnalistika

manana SamiliSvili

qarTuli Jurnalizmi globaluri sainformacio-kreatiuli

procesebis sistemaSi

informaciul sazogadoebaSi gadasvlis pirobebisdagvarad masobrivi

informirebis saSualebebic icvleba.am dros uamravi faqtori iCens Tavs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, media araTu ver SeZlebda srulfasovan funqcionirebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mis arsebobasac Seeqmneboda safrTxe. globalizaciisa da sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi masmediis regulirebis problema, saxelmwifos mxridan misi ekonomikuri kontrolis formebis, masmediis kanonmdeblobis, dasavlur demokratiebSi misi saxelisuflebo sam ganStoebasTan damokidebulebis principebi da formebi, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas dasavluri gamocdilebis gaziareba, _ ai, im problematikis arasruli nusxa, romliTac dRevandeli Jurnalistikamcodneoba interesdeba.

`vinc moqmedebs, yovelTvis usindisoa, sindisi aqvs mxolod mayurebels”,_goeTes es gauxunari sityvebi Tanamedrove mediisTvisac iseve marTebulia, rogorc misi pirdapiri adresatis_ xelisuflebisTvis. magram TviT cxovrebaa aseTi da ara misi pirmSo kerZo pirovneba. saWiroa drois gageba, im epoqisa, romelSic moRvaweob. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZleb Wvrito da dadge zedapirze, gabatonebul azrze maRla, Seqmna kvlevis sistema, sazomi, raTa momavlis gadmosaxedidan Seafaso da dainaxo realoba, misi namdvili raoba. magram, vgoneb, sasurvelis sinamdviled warmoCenis survils emsgavseba es azrebi. am moTxovnebis Sesruleba, poetisa ar iyos, gulidan sisxlis wveTebs moiTxovs da erTi konkretuli drois monakveTisTvis misi wayeneba, miT ufro, axalgazrda demokratiis pirobebSi, rodesac medias `gardatexis asakidan” gamoyolili kompleqsebisgan Tavis daRweva ase uWirs, samarTlianad ar CaiTvleba. mwyobri kvleviTi sistemis Camoyalibebas Tanmimdevruli Rvwa da xani sWirdeba. xolo, pirvel yovlisa, mecniereba Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb Seswavlis obieqtis dinamiurobas, ganviTarebadobas unda iTvaliswinebdes. mxolod am konteqstSia SesaZlebeli kvlevis swori mimarTulebis povna (presa xom sawuTrosaviT umdgradia, _ mudmiv cvalebadobaSia).

presis Tavisuflebaze da masze, rogorc saxelisuflebo instrumentze, politikur iaraRze saubari dRes ar dawyebula. igi didi xania qceula araerTi moazrovnis fiqris sagnad. TiTqmis saukunis win daiwera germaneli filosofosis osvald Spengleris `politikis filosofia” da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis gavlenis Sesaxeb masSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. ase gansajeT, drois aqsesuari rom CamogveSorebina, dRevandelobis analogias miviRebdiT. misi azriT, rogorc antikurma qveyanam, romis forumis saxiT, gamonaxa saSualeba masaze zemoqmedebisaTvis, ise Tanadroulma (cxadia, filosofosis epoqa igulisxmeba) evropa-amerikis politikam, presis saxiT, gavlenis iseTi are ipova, `romlis sulieri da fuladi Zliereba msoflio yvela kuTxemde swvdeba, romelSiac Sebmulia yvela da yoveli da iZulebulia ise ifiqros, ise iazrovnos, ise imoqmedos, rogorc es sadRac Sors myof pirovnebas mizanSewonilad miaCnia.”1

Spengleris azriT, dRevandeli presa (ucvlelad vtovebT rva aTeuli wlis winandel drois msazRvrels, Cvens SemTxvevaSi mxolod informirebis saSualebebi izrdeba _ m.S.) udidesi armiaa da mas saukeTeso organizacia aqvs. Jurnalisti oficeria,

1 osvald Spengleri, «politikis filosofia”, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 29.

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jariskaci ki- mkiTxveli da `aq is xdeba, rac yvela armiaSi: jariskaci brmad ijerebs...mkiTxvelma ar icis, Tu ra surT gaakeTon misi xeliT da arc movalea es icodes...amaze ufro saSineli satira azrovnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb swored aRar SeiZleba arsebobdes. Zvelad Tavisufali azrovneba ar iyo nebadarTuli. dRes mxolod imis azrovneba SeiZleba, rac usaTuod unda iazrovno da swored es aris Seni Tavisufleba”. am Tavisuflebis meore mxare is gaxlavT, rom yvelas aqvs ufleba ilaparakos, rac surs, magram swored presis saqmea, gauweven amas angariSs Tu ara: `presas SeuZlia yovelive `WeSmaritebas” sikvdili miusajos, is ar isurvebs `WeSmaritebis” gavrcelebas da es siCumis saSineli cenzura imdenad Zlieria, ramdenadac gazeTis mkiTxveli mona verafers igebs mis Sesaxeb.”2

aseTia `evropis mzis Casvenebis” avtoris mier danaxuli presis Tavisufleba Tanamedrove samyaros politikur anturaJSi. es meoce saukunis stilia, magram ocdameerTec ase iwyeba. filosofosma ara mxolod Tavisi Tanadrouloba gaiazra, aramed momavlis perspeqtivac gansazRvra. misive naTqvamis perifrazs Tu movaxdenT, mediis dRevandel mdgomareobas `siCumis diqtaturas” sworedac zedmiwevniT mivusadagebT. marTalia, yovelive aq monaTxrobi Cvens saTqmels asociaciuri paralelizmis principiT ukavSirdeba, magram msgavsi CaRrmavebani sxva masStabis kvlevis sferoa da metad aRar davyovndebiT.

dRes qarTuli masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi, avad Tu kargad, CarTulia, rogorc globaluri sainformacio _ kreatiuli (laT. creacio-Seqmna) procesebis sistemaSi, ise cxovrebiseul procesTa transformirebis dinamikaSi. ufro metic, masmedia Tavad warmoadgens rTulad organizebul sistemas, romelic funqcionirebs saerTo da specifikuri, mxolod misTvis niSneuli kanonebiT. mxolod am TaviseburebaTa kvleva mogvcems saSualebas, ganvsazRvroT mediis roli da adgili ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnieruli Jurnalistikis araerT aspeqtze metad sayuradRebo kvlevebi, zogierTi sakiTxis novaciurad gaazrebis mcdelobebi arsebobs, dRevandel qarTul Jurnalistikamcodneobas sasurvelamde jer bevri aqvs misaRwevi. es ki mxolod am mimarTulebiT uaxles samecniero kvlevebsa da dasavluri da rusuli mecnieruli Jurnalistikis TeoretikosTa TvalTaxedvebze dayrdnobiT, maTTan SesabamisobaSi qarTuli mecnieruli azris miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

swored Rrma mecnieruli analizi, problemaTa mTlianobaSi aRqma, sakiTxTa kompleqsurad Seswavla iqneboda saukeTeso saSualeba, rogorc qarTuli Jurnalistikis dRevandeli mdgomareobis asasaxad, aseve im SecdomaTa gamosasworeblad, Cveni media yoveldRiurad rom scodavs (amis sailustraciod Tundac zemoT moxmobili filosofiuri teqsti gamodgeboda). am gziT SevZlebdiT im damsaxurebuli Tu daumsaxurebeli undoblobis, skefsisis gaqarwylebas, ase xSirad rom gvesmis qarTuli masmediis misamarTiT.

JurnalistikamcodneobiT problemebze yuradRebis gadatana, dasavluri kvleviTi gamocdilebis gaziareba metad aqtualuri gveCveneba samkvlevro tradiciebis gadasinjvisa da maTi praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiTac. es gansakuTrebulad Rirebulia swored Tanamedrove etapze, rodesac sazogadoebrivi azris SeqmnaSi, gadamwyvets Tu ara, erT-erT mTavar rols Jurnalizmi asrulebs, rac xSirad fundamenturi Rirebulebebis, erovnuli cnobierebis rRvevis faruli, zogjer ki aSkara zraxviTaa ganpirobebuli da, arc Tu iSviaTad, politikur-ideologiuri dakveTis Sedegia.

am konteqstSi did mniSvnelobas iZens masmediis TviTregulirebis sakiTxi. sul axlaxan dasavluri Jurnalistikis eTikur normaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavebuli JurnalistTa profesiuli eTikuri kodeqsi (masTan dakavSirebuli presis sabWoebis, ombudsmenebis moRvaweoba da a.S.), rogorc Sinagani kontrolis forma JurnalistikaSi, CvenSiac cxare kamaTis Tema gaxldaT.

2 osvald Spengleri, dasax. naSr., gv. 31.

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masmediis moRvaweobis, dRes ase aSkarad gamokveTili, negatiuri tendenciebiT(zneobrivi safuZvlebis ngrevis xelSewyoba, araobieqturoba realur movlenaTa asaxvisas gansazRvrul socialur ZalTa sasargeblod, sazogadoebisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli mdgomareobebis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva, winaswarganzraxuli dezinformacia, insinuacia da a.S.) ara mxolod Jurnalizmis mkvlevrebi interesdebian, es problemebi literatorTa gansjis saganic xdeba.

maTi SefasebiT, _ `mwerloba mkiTxvelis Rrma Sinagan struqturebze, fsiqikis aracnobier plastebze da warmosaxvaze zemoqmedebs, anu pirovnebis fsiqoemociuri da kulturul-inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis ufro Rrma dones Seesityveba, Jurnalistika ki mxolod da mxolod masobrivi informaciis Sevsebisa da gacvlis zedapirul komunikaciur procesebSi monawileobs.”3 xolo mwerlobaze usafuZvlod moieriSeTa samarTliani kritikisas, `leqsTmwerTa” gverdiT Jurnalistebsac moixsenieben da Semoqmedebis am, erTgvarad gameorexarisxovnebul, sferoSi moRvaweobis ganmsazRvrelad da msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi profesiis sinonimebad `..zedapirulobas, naucbaTeobas, gaubraloebas, erTad ki _ arasafuZvlianobas” asaxeleben.4

samwuxarod, amgvar `epiTetebs” dRevandeli masmedia namdvilad imsaxurebs. marTlac, profesiuli teqnologiebis unificirebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi xSirad swored individualuri da TviTmyofadi sawyisi saWurisdeba; cxovrebiseul movlenaTa gaSuqebisas ikargeba originaloba da arastandartuli midgoma. magram xom ar SeiZleba es ganwyoba mTel Jurnalistur Semoqmedebaze gavavrceloT? gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis sapirwoned Tundac qarTveli mwerlebis brwyinvale publicisturi gamosvlebi, literaturuli perioduli gamocemebi, Jurnalisturi tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli, `oqros Sualedis” maZiebeli Jurnal-gazeTebi ikmarebda, romlebic yoveldRiurad bewvis xidze gavlis, politkoniunqturis `cxavSi” gatarebisa Tu sxva aTasi, Sina da gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebisda miuxedavad, WeSmarit faseulobaTa dacvasa da SenarCunebas cdiloben.

aqedan gamomdinare, xom ar ikveTeba, ase vTqvaT, orsaxovneba, e.w. `Savi” da `marTali” Jurnalistika da romeli faqtori _ subieqturi Tu obieqturi ganapirobebs `kargi” Jurnalistikis aRmocenebas? es kiTxvebi Tanamedrove politikis konteqstSi kidev ufro aqtualurdeba. amgvari Jurnalizmis deficitis pirobebSi sazogadoebas profesiuli da moqalaqeobrivi valis patiosnad aRmsrulebeli, piruTvneli Jurnalistebisadmi gansakuTrebuli moTxovnileba uCndeba.

am moTxovnilebis Sesasruleblad mravali winapiroba arsebobs. pirvel yovlisa, prioritetebi unda ganvsazRvroT,_ ra aris CvenTvis mniSvnelovani: dromoWmulis sarCuliT warsuli gamocdilebis upirobo negacia da ZiriTad RirebulebaTa devalvaciis am yovlismomcvel procesSi CarTul, iliaseul moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli, tradiciuli Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis maignorirebel da ucxouris gamfetiSebel JurnalistTa axalTaobisaTvis sadaveebis gadabareba Tu gonivrulad gaazrebul, warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis erTurTisagan mkveTrad gaumijnav meTodologiur sistemaze dafuZnebuli Jurnalisturi skolis Seqmna?

kargad gvesmis, rom Cvens mier warmodgenili modeli idealurTanaa miaxloebuli da oponentTaTvis friad momgebian, sakamaTo niuansebsac Seicavs, magram Tvalsazriss mdidari istoriuli gamocdileba gvimyarebs. warsuli is Zafia, saidanac dausruleblad vqsovT axal ideebs. saWiroa sifrTxiliT, rogorc ilia ityoda, `TviTmsjelobiT” gadavSaloT axali furceli; istoriis uZiro Widan sibrZne vwritoT, raTa gagviadvildes ZneladmisaRebi siaxlis SeTviseba. am miznis misaRwevad didi Zalisxmeva, Tavdauzogavi Rvwa da, rac mTavaria, droa saWiro. `marTali” Jurnalistika sazogadoebis moTxovnileba gaxlavT da adre Tu gvian mainc mogviwevs misken svla, ragind rTuladac ar unda gveCvenebodes.

3 m. kvaWantiraZe, `gameoreba”, “erovnuli mwerloba”, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 31. 4 iqve, gv. 35.

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saTqmeli ufro TvalnaTliv rom gamoikveTos, analogiisTvis moazrovnis sityvebsac moviSveliebT: `axlis Sesaqmnelad muxlCauxreli Sromaa saWiro, Zveli ki TavisTavad ganagrZobs arsebobas da Cveulebis yavarjnebs myarad eyrdnoba. axali unda vikvlioT; is Sinagan Sromas, msxverplSewirvas iTxovs; Zvels uanalizod viRebT, is mzaa, _ udidesi uflebaa adamianTa TvalSi; axals undoblad uyureben, radgan misi nakvTebi ymawviluria, xolo daZabunebul Zvels ise mieCvivnen, rom maradiulad eCvenebaT.”5

marTlac, stereotipebis msxvrevis, `rjulze umtkicesisgan” ganTavisuflebis procesi Zalze mtkivneulia. axali rTulad mkvidrdeba, nabij-nabij ikvlevs gzas. es krizisic misi Tanamdevi movlenaa, magram, rogorc amboben, `wyalni wavlen da wamovlen, qviSani darCebian”.. dro tarossac dawmends da yovelives kuTvnil adgils miuCens. aq gadamwyveti sityva masmediis adresats _ sazogadoebas ekuTvnis, man unda gaakeTos swori arCevani, raSic Teoriul mecnierebebs gzamkvlevis, maorientireblis roli eniWeba. ra Tqma unda, mza `receptebs” veravin SemogvTavazebs, magram Teoria praqtikis SedegTa aTvisebaSi dagvexmareba.

mkiTxvelis gemovnebis daxvewisa da dRevandeli `Jurnalizmis bumSi” misi sworad orientirebisaTvis garda Jurnalisturisa, literaturaTmcodneobiTi mecnierebebis saWiroebac naTlad ikveTeba. publicisturi gamosvla mxolod popularizatoris funqciis morgebas rodi niSnavs, igi mxatvruli saxeebiT azrovnebasac gulisxmobs. publicistika mxatvrul literaturas teqstis enobrivi organizebis araerTi parametriT enaTesaveba, upirveles yovlisa, emociur-eqspresiul struqturaTa siWarbiT.

saerTodac, mxatvruli literaturisa da Jurnalistikis Tanaarseboba metad mravalmxrivia. isini erTmaneTs avseben da aZliereben. erT-erTis srulyofilad Seswavla meoris TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebasac gulisxmobs. Cveni muSaobac am mxriv unda warimarTos. kerZod, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos literaturisa da Jurnalizmis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs, literaturuli mimarTulebebisa da mimdinareobebis (beletristika, eseistika, paraliteratura), literaturuli manifestebisa da SemoqmedebiTi praqtikis, Tanamedrove literaturis problemebis Seswavlas; metadre literaturis kritikas, rogorc mecnierebis, sityvis xelovnebisa da publicistikis sinTezs.

literaturuli kritika publicisturi Semoqmedebis saxeobad unda ganvixiloT. literaturuli kritikis erT-erTi saintereso da metad gavrcelebuli forma _ sagazeTo kritikuli gamosvla, masze morgebuli analitikuri da satiruli publicisturi Janrebi, Zalze qmediTi iaraRia Tanamedrove Jurnalistis xelSi. am SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli kritika, rogorc publicisturi ideis matarebeli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba (obieqtur sinamdvileze zemoqmedebis mxatvruli xerxi), uSualodaa CarTuli Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis social-politikur aspeqtSi. magram, unda gvaxsovdes, rom igi, rogorc erTiani ideur-esTetikuri fenomeni, gansazRvrul movlenaTa da sazogadoebis mier maTi aRqmis procesTa socialur-eTikuri regulaciis saSualeba gaxlavT da ara `sityviT damcirebis” gamiznuli, efeqturi ideologiuri iaraRi (rac Tanamedrove literaturuli perioduli gamocemebis magaliTebiT SesaniSnavad ilustrirdeba)..

unda gvaxsovdes, rom Jurnalisturi Semoqmedeba sociokulturuli da profesiuli fenomenis unikaluri da mravalsaxovani gamovlinebaa da, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania vikvlioT SemoqmedebiTi komponentis identuroba, warsuli da Tanamedrove, samamulo Tu ucxouri Jurnalistikis kreatiuli gamocdileba, raTa is praqtikul, qmediT instrumentad gardavqmnaT.

Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis specifika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is, erTi mxriv, integrirebulia SemoqmedebiTi gamovlinebebis saerTo sistemasTan, xolo, meores mxriv, _ socialur sferoSi. swored amitom axasiaTebs mas samyarosadmi SemoqmedebiTi

5 Герцен А. И., «Избранные философские сочинения», Москва, 1999 г., gv. 154.

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damokidebuleba, qmna da gardaqmna, SemoqmedebiTi TviTmyofoba, l. svitiCis TqmiT,6 zogjer “SemoqmedebiT ganukiTxaobamde” misuli gaxsniloba.

amasTan, Jurnalistur saqmianobas praqtikuli (funqciuri) organizaciis sakmaod uxeSi formebi axasiaTebs. am sferoSi warmatebis miRweva saTanado, winaswari momzadebis gareSe Znelia. aucilebelia muSaobis xerxebisa da meTodebis teqnologiur kompleqsTa safuZvliani aTviseba. Tumca, dagveTanxmebiT, rom yoveli Jurnalisti warmatebas, praqtikul efeqts, uwinaresad, Tavisi Sinagani Tvisebebis, piradi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT aRwevs.

problemebi, romliTac unda interesdebodes Tanamedrove qarTuli Jurnalistikamcodneoba, mravalSenakadiania. maTi CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. aqtualuri Tematikis grZeli nusxidan aqcentirebas mxolod ramdenime, metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxze gavakeTebT, _ iqneba es auditoriaze informaciuli zemoqmedebis meTodebi da formebi, dasavluri Jurnalistikis Janrebi, Jurnalisturi Semoqmedebis tipizacia (realobis adeqvaturi asaxva, sazogadoebis cxovrebis paraleluri, virtualuri modelis Seqmna. amisda mixedviT, Jurnalistur teqstebSi faqtebis prezentaciis meTodebisa da xerxebis cvalebadoba..7); masmediis Tanamedrove Teoriebze postmodernizmis filosofiisa da informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriis gavlena; evropeli da Crdiloamerikeli mecnierebis Teoriuli koncefciebi Tu qarTuli sinamdvilis aqtualuri problemebi, gamowveuli misi politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli sferoebis transformaciiTa da RirebulebaTa sistemaSi cvlilebebiT.

gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa imis garkveva, Tu ra amocanebi dgas Jurnalistikis winaSe globaluri da erovnuli problematikis Semecnebis, Seswavlisa da gadawyvetis procesSi; rogoria masmediis realuri praqtika _ JurnalistTa socialuri pasuxismgebloba da kompetenturoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, masmediaSi Tanamedroveobis aqtualuri problemebis adeqvaturad asaxvisa da maT gadaWraSi Jurnalistikis realuri monawileobisaTvis umTavresi xelSemwyobi faqtorebia.

magram upirvelesi mainc sakuTari, erovnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebaa da ara yovelgvari ucxouris gauazreblad morgeba, Tugind Zalze efeqturi da daxvewili iyos. amitom qarTulma mecnierulma Jurnalistikam unda SeZlos, Tavi gaarTvas miukerZoeblobis poziciidan mWvretis urTules amocanas da obieqturad Seafasos Cveni realobis Tanamdevi is mtkivneuli procesebi, sakuTar TvalTaxedvas damaSvraliviT rom iTxovs.

am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa `vardebis revoluciisa” da presis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi; Tu ra gavlena moaxdina aRniSnulma movlenam qarTul Jurnalistikaze, rogor Secvala presis saarsebo sivrce, ramdenad gansazRvra periodul gamocemaTa bedi, maTi xasiaTi da mimarTuleba. revoluciis robespieriseul Sefasebas Tu gaviazrebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes koconis adgils didi siCume ikavebs, _ aqedan gamomdinare TviTcenzuriT, TviTlikvidaciiT, TviTdasaWurisebiT anu nebayoflobiTi iZulebebiT.

mocemul periods pirobiTad `xotbidan-ganxiblvamde” SeiZleba ewodos, sadac mediaze TvalmidevnebiT Cveni uaxlesi istoria ikiTxeba. procesi Zalze naTlad ikveTeba _ revoluciis mebairaxtre gazeTebis umetesoba noembris dReebSive opoziciur Seferilobas iZens.. xolo am feriscvalebis mizezebis garkvevas Tu SevecdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom dRes gansakuTrebiT presas uWirs, romlis mimarTac xelisuflebam `arafrad Cagdebis” politika airCia. aSkarad Cans revoluciis Semdgomi tendencia _ gaCnda prosaxelisuflo da radikalurad opoziciuri gazeTebi, xolo `oqros Sualedis” maZiebelma, seriozulma gamocemebma asparezi daTmes an kidev daaTmobines..

dasasrul, vityviT, rom Jurnalistikas mwerlobis Canacvleba marTlac ar SeuZlia da verc mis sulier da kulturul misias itvirTebs. maT swored rom araferi aqvT

6 Свитич Л.Г, ,,Феномен журнализма,, , М., 2000. gv. 213. 7 ,,Методология прессы ,, изд-во С.-Петербург. ун-та, 2003. gv. 157.

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gasayofi, piriqiT, urTierTs unda avsebdnen da aZlierebdnen, ise, rogorc ilia gvmoZRvravda. Jurnalistika mwerlobasTan unda Tanaarsebobdes, rogorc misi Semadgeneli, misgan mosazrdoe, ganuyofeli nawili. xolo krizisi, razedac araerTgzis mivaniSneT, sxva araferia, Tu ar droebiTi, ucilobeli dayovneba axlis Ziebis, inovaciaTa gonivruli (da ara ukritiko!) aTvisebis xangrZliv procesSi.

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xelovneba

lela oCiauri

qarTuli kino dakarguli dros ZiebaSi

kideze

bolo 15-17 wlis ganmavlobaSi, kinematografistebisa da kinokritikosebis rigebSi mimdinareobda kamaTi `romelic sxvadasxva intensivobiT kvlav iCens xolme Tavs~ _ mokvda Tu ar mokvda qarTuli kino, krizis Jami dadga Tu yvelaferi dasrulebulia da xelovnebis es dargi saqarTveloSi ukve aRarasodes (yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes droSi) aRar aRorZindeba. aseT eWvebs safuZveli aqvs da isic bunebrivia, rom reJisorebi, romlebsac kritika `dastiris~, ~romlebic gulis siRrmeSi Tavadac orWofoben _ cocxalia maTi nawarmoebebi Tu mkvdari` TavianT `uflebebs~ icaven da amtkiceben, rom maTi yvela ubedureba ekonomikuri krizisidan gamomdinareobs, SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT ki yvelaferi wesrigSia da maT namuSevrebSi, am kuTxiT, dacemis kvalic ki ar arsebobs.

erTi mxriv, es pozicia simarTlis marcvlebs Seicavs. bolo wlebSi filmebis gadaRebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, wlobiT grZeldeboda, rac dabali procentiT, dafinansebidan an ufro xSirad, aseTis saerTod arqonidan, saxelmwifos mxridan kinos sruli ignorirebidan momdinareobda. xolo filmwarmoebis axal formebze gadasvla qarTvelma kinematografistebma, garkveul dromde, ver moaxerxes.

procesebma, romlebsac adgili hqondaT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, yofil sabWoeTis respublikebSi axali kanonebi da normebi moitana, rogorc yovelTvis da yvelgan xdeba, rodesac erTi formacia emxoba da mis nacvlad axlis Seneba iwyeba. am siaxlem axali kriteriumebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi danerga _ rogorc politikasa da Tu ekonomikaSi, aseve kulturaSi. da ~aRmosavleTis frontze~ cvlilebebi daiwyo _ erTi `mTavari~ mimarTulebiT — ukeTesobisken, da meore, samwuxarod, uaresobisaken. daingra, rac iyo da gardatexis etapis krizisma zemoqmedeba moaxdina yvelaferze, maT Soris, kinosa da kinematografistebze.

Semdeg yvelaferi kidev ufro garTulda. kinematografistebis gasamarTleblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovnebisTvis saqarTveloSi aRaravis ecala _ arc Tavad reJisorebs, arc saxelmwifos da arc xalxs. qveyanam erTimeoris miyolebiT gadaitana politikuri `afeTqebebi~, omebi (samoqalaqo da afxazeTis), teritoriebis dakargva... yovelive amisa da kidev mravali sxva mizeziT, qveyana gaRatakda. amas sazogadoebis sayovelTao sulieri krizisi daemata, ramac arc reJisorebis udides nawils auara gverdi.

meore mxriv, ar viqnebi marTali, Tu vityvi, rom am wlebSi araferi Seqmnila. arsebuli krizisebis miuxedavad aRmoCnda, rom 90-ian wlebSi gadaRebuli filmebis raodenoba ramdenime aTeuls aRwevs. Tumca sxvadasxva Taobis reJisorebis am namuSevrebSi raime gamorCeulad Rirebulis, raime axali, specifikuri tendenciis damadastureblis, saerTo suraTis Semqmnelis, Tundac, indvidualuris _ gamoyofa Znelia.

gamococxleba mxolod bolo sami welia daiwyo da erTi meoris miyolebiT gamoCnda filmebi, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, Tayvanismcemelic gamouCnda, romlebmac saerTaSoriso festivalebze, konkursebze aRiarebisa da prizebis mopoveba daiwyes da romlebmac aiZules kritika `gamotexiliyo~, rom yvelaze uaresi ukanaa.

rodesac saubaria Tanamedrove filmwarmoebis procesze da misi formebis Zieba mimdinareobs, bunebrivad Cndeba sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis survili

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da azri or wyaros Soris meryeobs _ saxelmwifo da kerZo dafinansebas Soris. is, rasac saxelmwifo kinosTvis yovelwliurad gamohyofs, kinowarmoebis srulyofilad warmarTvisTvis sakmarisi araa. magaliTad, bolo periodSi erovnuli kinocentri saxelmwifos meSveobiT weliwadSi erTi srul da ramdenime moklemetraJiani, dokumenturi Tu animaciuri filmis dafinansebas axerxebs (isic sakmaod SezRuduli TanxiT), xolo biujetis 25% proeqtis avtorma TavisiT unda moipovos.

am procentebis gadanawilebis garda aris meore gzac _ kerZo investiciebis mozidva, Tumca qarTveli biznesmenebi araTu mTlian, aramed nawilobriv dafinansebazec ZiriTadad uars amboben da arc erT da arc meore SemTxvevaSi kinoSi fulis Cadebas maincdamainc ar Cqaroben. es, erTi SexedviT, bunebrivicaa, radgan ar arsebobs kanoni qvelmoqmedebisa da sposorobis Sesaxeb, rac biznesmenebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs miscemda da amdenad, Seagulianebda kidec.

Tumca, isic faqtia, rom saxelmwifom weliwadSi ori srulmetraJiani filmis dafinanseba, albaT, mainc unda SeZlos. Tu yvelafers kerZo pirebs gadavabarebT, erT mSvenier dRes, SeiZleba, viRac gakotrdes, viRacas fuli aRar hqondes da xom ar SeiZleba, qarTuli kinos bedi mxolod sxvis imedad davtovoT.

cxadia, mTavari aqcenti damoukidebeli studiebis arsebobaze (ramdenime ukve arsebobs) unda gakeTdes, es sistemac ufro unda Camoyalibdes da Tu yovel wels saqarTvelo xuTi-eqvs films mainc gadaiRebs srulfasovan samuSao pirobebSi, savsebiT sakmarisi iqneba.

filmwarmoebis bolo da aranakleb mniSvnelovani etapi _ filmis gayidvaa. saerTod, msoflio kinoindustriaSi mTeli kontraqtebi, faqtobrivad, scenaris doneze ideba. sanam gadaRebebi dasruldeba, manamde ukve garkveulia, sad unda gavides igi, romelma televiziam unda iyidos da a.S.

Cveni mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. SeiZleba qarTuli scenari Zalian moewonoT, magram, radgan boloxans imdenad dakarguli iyo ndoba saqarTvelos kinematografis mimarT, rom sityvaze aravin dagvijerebs. jer ucxoel partniorebs unda gauCndeT rwmena, rom qarTvelebs marTlac SeuZliaT kargi filmebis Seqmna.

am etapisTvis yvela am mimarTulebiT arsebiTi gzis Tu ara, bilikis gakvalva mainc daiwyo. swori sadistribucio politika da kidev sxva siaxleebi, magaliTad, ucxoelebis gadamRebi jgufebis mowveva axal kinostudiebsa Tu laboratoriebSi, morigi safexuri iqneba qarTuli kinowarmoebis normalurad asamuSaveblad. SesaZloa, bolo 2-3 weliwadSi Seqmnili da axal saorganizacio, sadistribucio Tu komerciuli normebis farglebSi Seqmnili qarTul-franguli `13Tzameti~-c da qarTuli `gaseirneba yarabaRSic~, `Tbilisi-Tbilisic~ da qarTul-franguli `memkviderobac~ araerT warmatebas kidev moipovebs da erovnul kinematografs Selaxul reputacias aRudgens.

mogzauroba yarabaRSi da ukan

`mogzauroba yarabaRSi~ aka morCilaZis metad popularuli moTxrobaa, meoce saukunis qarTuli prozis gamorCeuli nimuSi da TiTqos im sivrcis pirveli garRveva, im movlenebTan pirveli cocxali Sexmianeba, romlebsac adgili hqondaT saqarTveloSi meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, maTze Tanamedrove adamianis _ xelovanis reaqcia imaze, rac kinom, samwuxarod, yuradRebisa da interesis miRma datova. vgulisxmobT qveyanaSi viTarebis Secvalas da garefaqtorebis zemoqmedebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebis udides nawilSi sulieri krizisi dawyebas.

albaT, moTxrobaSi devs iseTi ram, iseTi maradiuli marcvali, rac mis, rogorc literaturuli nawarmoebis popularobas apirobebs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme rom iaffasian literaturasa da aqedan gamomdinare, interesebis masobriobasTan, iaffasian sakiTxavTan ara gvaqvs, piradad CemTvis, udavoa.

im problemebs, rac nawarmoebis gmirebs, sazogadod, qveyanas awuxebs da rac yvelas Taviseburad esmis, bunebrivia, gansxvavebuli adamianebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen da es midgomis mravalferovnebasac gansazRvravs. albaT, amiTaa gapirobebuli filmis mimarT

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interesic, romelic levan TuTberiZem moTxrobis gamoqveynebidan 10 wlis Semdeg gadaRo da romlis pirvelma Cvenebebma saqarTvelos kinoTeatrebis ekranebze erT TveSi masSi Cadebuli Tanxis 20-30% amoiRo.

`yarabaRSi~ erT-erT mniSvnelovani momenti swored droSi ambis ganviTarebaa, erTgvari `qronikaloba~, TiTqmis istoriuli sizustiT aRwerili realuri foni, romlis garemocvaSic mTavari ambavi viTardeba. aqve unda iTqvas, rom mwerlis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mTavari da arsebiTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom es yvelaferi ganzogadebis umaRles xarisxSia ayvanili da aramxolod qarTul, aramed zogasakacobrio, aramxolod erT, Tumca ki metad mniSvnelovan drois monakveTs, aramed maradiul problemebs da dRevandelobasac exmianeba.

saerTod, konkretizaciidan modis Semdeg ukve raRac idea, romelic `muSaobs~ arakonkretul situacaSi, amitom kinos gansakuTrebiT uyvars konkretuli ambavi. filmSi ambavi unda xdebodes, unda iyos Txroba. esaa, ubralod, forma, rom Sen mayurebelTan kontaqti daamyaro da raRac saTqmeli uTxra. filmSi aRebulia Cveni cxovrebis erTi periodi, drois patara monakveTi da aqedan xdeba im ideis mowodeba, romelzec SeiZleba adamiani Cafiqrdes.

rodesac reJisori aseT nawarmoebs hkidebs xels, is garkveuli riskis winaSe dgeba. arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom moxdes acdena, daikargos literaturuli safuZvlis Rirsebebi, suli, mniSvnelovaneba, faseuloba, riTac esa Tu is teqsti xasiaTdeba da amdenad, misi ekranuli versiis Seqmna rTulia da iSviaTadaa warmatebuli.

aka morCilaZem mwerlobaSi Tavisi stili Semoitana. misi dialogebi martivi da sadaa. personaJebi Zalian sainteresoa da aranakleb sainteresodaa aRwerili movlenebic. siuJetebi yovelTvis saintereso da TxrobiTia. mwerals metad Taviseburi, kinematografiuli xedva aqvs, Zalian kargad `xedavs~ da gviCvenebs imas, rasac wers. misi nawarmoebebi TiTqos ukve gamzadebuli scenarebia da albaT, SemTxveviTi marTlac araa, rom ramdenime ukve gamoqveynebuli romanidan Tu moTxrobidan levan TuTberiZem swored ~mogzaurobis~ gadaReba ganizraxa da isic didi xnis SemoqmedebiTi pauzis Semdeg.

levan TuTberiZem scenaris avtorebTan _ aka morCilaZesa da irakli solomanaSvilTan erTad moTxrobis yvela arsebiTi Tviseba, xasiaTi, arsi SeinarCuna da amave dros, Seqmna misi kinematografiuli xati, TavisTavadi xelweriTa da avtoriseuli xedviT gamsWvaluli, kinoenaze ametyvelebuli, araerTi TvalsazrisiT mravlismomcveli namuSevari.

filmi kinostudiebis `aisisa~ da `remkas~ produqciaa, pirveli damoukidebeli saprodusero proeqti, pirveli qarTuli filmi, romelic damoukidebel studiaSi, kerZo dafinansebiT Seiqmna. amave dros esaa ara komerciuli, aramed SemoqmedebiTi koproduqcia, rolis SemoqmedebiT jgufs qarTveli, azerbaijaneli, somexi da rusi msaxiobebi, qarTveli mxatvrebi _ gogi tatiSvili, kote jafariZe, kompozitori nukri abaSiZe, memontaJe niko tarielaSvili, amerikeli operatori goran paviCeviCi, Cexi xmis reJisori mixail houdeki da memontaJe boris maCitka Seadgenen.

ambavi, romelic mkiTxvelis Tvalwin viTardeba, mTavari gmiris _ gios monaTxrobia. teqsti pirvel pirSia dawerili, misi mogonebebia, sulieri mogzauroba Tu mogzauroba sulSi, erTgvari aRsareba Sendobis gareSe, finalis gareSe, romelic TanadaTan kvlav Txrobis sawyiss, anu im dros ubrundeba, rodesac ambavi daiwyo, rodesac gio ukve Sinaa da mogzaurobac dasrulebulia, magram misi Sedgebi, winapiroba, gamoZaxili grZeldeba da sinamdvileSi araferi icvleba. swored esaa arsebiTi da mTavari.

aka morCilaZisTvis saerTodaa damaxasiaTebeli siuJetis aseTi restrospeqtuli ageba _ ambavi ara TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis procesSi gadmoicema, aramed ukusvliT, rac erTgvar pirobiT Sres, romeliRac `ganzomilebas~ qmnis da arsebiTad, axal realobasac, Tundac is metad pirobiTi iyos, rogorc, vTqvaT, `Sen TavgadasavalSi~ an ~agvistos pasiansSi~ gvxvdeba, sadac realoba da irealoba erTnairi TanafardobiT arsebobs, orive `sinamdvilea~ da savsebiT `misaRebia~.

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levan TuTberiZe, romelic, faqtobrivad, ar arRvevs moTxrobis struqturas, ambis Txrobas teqstisgan gansxvavebul formaSi aqcevs. magram is, rac moTxrobaSia Cadebuli da rac mis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTavar, generalur xazs warmoadgens, filmSic, faqtobrivad, SenarCunebulia miuxedavad imisa, rom teqsti ufro rTuli konstruqciisaa da garkveul `saidumloebebsac~ Seicavs, risi ekranze gadatanac ar, an ver moxerxda reJisoris individualuri xedvidan, movlenebis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebidan da isev da isev drois faqtoridan gamomdinare.

es bunebrivia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi kinonawarmoebTan da literaturuli pirvelwyaros Tavisebur aRqmasTan gvaqvs saqme. masze dayrdnobiT Tu masSi gavliT reJisori sakuTar saTqmels gamoxatavs. filmi miseuli, aramxolod moTxrobis, aramed sazogadod cxovrebiseuli, Tundac pirovnul-moqalaqeobrivi xedvisa da SemoqmedebiTi xelweris matarebelia. amave dros, filmi kinosTvis specifikuri gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis meSveobiTaa Seqmnili da ara, vTqvaT, Sinagani monologebisa Tu fiqrebis `gaxmovanebiT~.

TviT saTauris ufro seriozuli `mogzaurobis~ Secvla ufro msubuqiT _ `gaseirnebiT~, axali drois, ara filmis moqmedebis, aramed misi Seqmnis drois niSania, Tumca viRacisTvis es gaseirneba sabedisweroa, viRacisTvis ki _ silaRisa da sixarulis momtani. yarabaRSi fizikuri tyveoba giosTvis sulierze ufro ioli aRmoCndeba, goglikosTvis ki Tavisufleba yvelganaa da mas Tamamad SeuZlia iyos iq, sadac moswons.

vfiqrob, finalis Secvlac, erTi mxriv, filmis mTliani struqturidan gamomdinareobs da iqidanac, rom is sxva droSia Seqmnili, rodesac samyaros xedva aRaraa iseTi bindiTmosili, rogorc 10-15 wlis win iyo. amas filmis komerciuli mxarec apirobebs. magram garkveuli silaRisa da sivrceSi gaxsnilobis miuxedavad, finali mainc sevdiania da damafiqrebeli. moTxrobaSi ambavi dramaturgiuladaa sxvagvarad awyobili. reJisoris CanafiqriT ki, romelic filmis stilistikas, problemebze saubars, literaturuli teqstis siRrmesTan SedarebiT, msubuqi formiT warmarTavs, Zalian datvirTuli da damZimebuli dasasruli films sxva intonaciebs mianiWebda.

filmSi moqmedeba mayureblis Tvalwin, Tavidan bolomde, garkveuli qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT iSleba _ ambavi iwyeba, viTardeba da sruldeba. bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi, aqcenti ambis, siuJetis ganviTarebaze, movlenaTa jaWvzea awyobili da ufro qmediTia, vidre TxrobiTi, anu kinematografiulia.

TavisTavad moqmedebac, ZiriTadad, mTavari gmiris anu giosgan damoukideblad viTardeba. is ki ar yveba, aramed mis Sesaxeb gviyvebian da amdenad, xdeba aqcentebis bunebrivi gadaadgileba, Sinagani monologebi, fiqrebi Tu emocia moulodnelad ~gacocxlebul~ suraTad iqceva da am kompoziciaSi fragmentebis saxiT is tkiviliani epizodebi Semodis, romlebic gmirs yarabaRSi yofnis periodSi agondeba. amiT filmis struqtura moTxrobis formas erTgvarad uaxlovdeba, winamorbed istorias da misi gancdis mizezebs gvauwyebs da `yarabRul~, `Tanamedrove~ epizodebTan monacvleobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi TiTqos zedapirze amodis da saSualebas gvaZlevs qveteqsti Tundac erT gamoxedvaSi, erT frazaSi amovikiTxoT, oRond ise, rom mis siRrmeebSi Casvlis kidev erTi mcdeloba movaxdinoT. Tumca mainc rCeba is, rac sulSia, rac saxis _ niRbis miRma arsebobs. es sakmaod seriozuli Cafiqrebis pirobas qmnis, ramdenadac rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra xdeba am axalgazrda kacis Sinagan samyaroSi, ra awuxebs mas, ras ganicdis; axalgazrdisa, romlis msgavsic bevria, romelsac arsebobis, siyvarulis, arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba waarTves da Tavisufleba SeuzRudes. am yvelafris mimarT mayurebels, iseve, rogorc mkiTxvels, araerTgvarovani Tu arasworxazovani damokidebuleba uCndeba.

filmSi zustadaa aRdgenili meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis Tbilisis atmosfero, samoqalaqo omis periodi. Seqmnilia sazogadoebriv-politikuri da yoveldRiuri yofis amsaxveli metyveli suraTi. amave dros, is scildeba konkretul CarCoebs da ganzogadebas ganicdis rogorc saTqmelis ganvrcobis, aseve wamoWrili problemebis mxrivac.

filmis TiToeul personaJSi nacnobi konkretuli pirovnebis saxe SeiZleba amovikiTxoT, magram amave dros, isini krebiTi saxeebia, tipaJi, romelzec yofam,

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qveyanaSi arsebulma viTarebam, Zaladobisa da ganukiTxaobis sindromma Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina. isini im sazogadoebis saerTo mdgomareobis metaforebad warmosdgebian, romlis nawils adamianuri Rirsebebi daukargavs, nawils ki _ ZaliT akargvineben.

am fonze axalgazrdebis erTi jgufis, TiTqosda, piradi cxovrebis ambavi iSleba _ maTi miusafrobis, Tavsmoxveul yalb moralTan da damkvidrebul kanonebTan Seugueblobis ambavi. maT arCevani unda gaakeTon zneobasa da uzneobas, Seugueblobasa da morCilebas Soris. maT surT ibrZolon da Tavi daaRwion im marwuxebs, riTac sazogadoebas maTi damoneba surs.

Semdeg wre kidev ufro viwrovdeba da movlenebi ori ymawvilis _ giosa (levan doborjginiZe) da goglikos (miSa mesxis) Tavgadasavlamde dadis, mas Semdeg, rac isini azerbaijanSi narkotikebis sayidlad midian. bediswera maT yarabaRis konfliqtis zonaSi axvedrebs, sadac tyved uvardebian or dapirispirebul mxares _ azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs. mTeli kavkasia omSia Cabmuli da Zaladobis es realuri suraTi filmSi Zaladobis metyvel metaforad iqceva, Zaladobisa, romelic TiToeuli adamianis bedze airekleba.

omSi mTeli kavkasiaa CaTreuli, saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omi mimdinareobs, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi teritoriebis gayofisTvis ibrZvian, CeCneTis omamde ki ramdenime Tvea darCenili. garSemomrtymel rkalad ki ruseTia, romelic kavkasiis oTxive respublikaSi Tavis interesebs axorcielebs da situacias aqtiurad warmarTavs.

am viTarebidan gaqceviT (TviT yarabaRSi wasvlis mizezi _ narkotikebis SeZena _ garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, raRacisgan gaTavisuflebis metaforaa), iSleba ori axalgazrdis svla Zaladobis erTi mxaridan Zaladobis meore mxareSi, magram es odisea sabolood saxlSi dabrunebas mainc ar niSnavs. marTalia, dabruneba fizikurad xdeba, magram es ar niSnavs suliers, anu imas, riskenac adamianebi iswrafian, radgan iq viRac mouTmenlad elodebaT. giosTvis Sindabrunebis es aqti arafers niSnavs, radgan icis, rom araferi Seicvleba, radgan yvelaze mTavari da mniSvnelovani, rac am cariel samyarosTan akavSirebda da sicocxis wyurvils matebda _ sayvareli gogona da bavSvi, romelsac dabadeba ar ewera (kidev erTi metafora) _ mas sxvisma Carevam daakargvina.

yarabaRSi mogzauroba esaa ori axalgazrdis svla sakuTari Tavis, cxovrebis Sesacnobad, magram amave dros, sazogadod, adamianis sulisa da samyaros rTul labirinTebSi gasarkvevad. filmi adamianis Tavisuflebasa da Sinagan tyveobazea. im konfliqtebis Sesaxebaa, romlebic amqveynad mudam arsebobda, magram eqstremalur situaciaSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iCenda Tavs; im Sinagan winaaRmdegobaze, romelic pirovnebis nebas zRudavda da uxilavi tyveobis xlarTebSi xvevda mas. yarabaRSi moxvedrili axalgazrdebis xvedri sulieri patimrobis kidev erTi metaforaa. gios protesti, amboxi da gaqceva, tyveebis daxsna da megobris gaTavisuflebisken swrafva aramxolod fizikuri Tavisuflebis mopovebis mcdelobaa, aramed, pirvel rigSi, Sinaganis.

`gaseirneba yarabaRSi~ am Taobis adamianebis, yvela CvenTaganis tkivilze da imazea, rom es tkivili ar aris romelime konkretuli drois, adamianebis jgufis an eris warmomadgenlis xvedri. is masStaburia. Tavisuflebisaken swrafva, TavisuflebisaTvis brZola adamians dabadebidan Tan dahyveba. esaa filmi sulier Tavisuflebaze, imaze, Tu ra aris is, risTvisac ibrZvi, sworia misken swrafva, Tu ar aris swori.

sworia Tu ara filmis mTavari gmiri, rodesac TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis da aris Tu ara es Tavisufleba (an iqneb, is ufro sworia, rasac mamamisi eubneba da megobrebi urCeven? Tu globalurad SevxedavT, es sakiTxebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, magram ZiriTadad mainc, esaa filmi Sinagani, sulieri Tavisuflebisken swrafvaze da sevdaze, tkivilze, gaurkvevlobaze, gaorebaze, romelic yvelganaa: gioSi, mis megobrebSi, mamaSi, yvela adamianSi. rodesac mama, magaliTad, Tavis pozicias amarTlebs (rac giosTvis, sazogadoebisTvis an saerTod, zneobriobis TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia), SeiZleba, Tundac Zilis win, isic fiqrobs, sworia Tu ara, rasac akeTebs.

sworia Tu ara is, rasac somxebi da azerbaijanelebi akeTeben da aris Tu ara maTi dapirispireba brZola TavisuflebisTvis; Tu esaa omi sxvis dasamoneblad, sxvisi

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teritoriebis dasapyrobad, gnebavT, sakuTaris dasabruneblad; iyo Tu ara is omi, romelsac saqarTveloSi adgili hqonda, samarTliani; ras fiqrobdnen amis Taobaze isini, vinc maSin ibrZoda da ras fiqroben drois gasvlis Semdeg isini, vinc gadarCa.

`gaseirneba yarabaRSi~ esaa filmi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqcevian an moiqceodnen adamianebi konkretul viTarebaSi, anda maSin, rodesac maT cxovreba sxva pirobebis, sxva gansacdelis, sxva arCevanis winaSe daayenebda.

filmi mravali urTierTgadamkveTi da paraleluri xazisgan Sedgeba, ambavi dinamikurad, cocxal tempo-ritmSi viTardeba da mayurebels wamiTac ar aZlevs modunebis, inertulobis saSualebas. movlenebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT iSleba da sabolood, erT wertilSi iyris Tavs. dramatizmiT gamsWvalul scenebs lirikuli da msubuqi iumoriT gajerebuli epizodebi enacvleba. amave dros, mTel films Tan sdevs iumori da Txrobis zomieri silaRe, rac misi mTliani xasiaTis ganmsazRvrelia da rac, sabolood mayurebels im Tavisuflebis gancdas aniWebs, riskenac filmis gmirebi iswrafodnen.

dRes, rodesac qarTuli kinos krizisis Sesaxebaa saubari, ris mizezadac kinosamyaro saxelmwifo dafinansebis arqonas asaxelebs, saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen adamianebi, romlebmac saxelmwifo mowyalebis lodins, problemis gadawyvetis sakuTari gza arCies da erovnuli kinowarmoeba axal etapze aiyvanes.

maT daamtkices, rom sworad gaTvlilma finansurma Tu sawarmoo, gegmazomierma procesma SemoqmedebiTi ideebis, Canafiqris realizebasa da Sesabamisad, warmatebas SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli. safiqrebelia, rom films finansuri warmatebac eqneba, radgan is im iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens, rodesac mxatvruli Rirebuleba komerciul mxaresTanaa Serwymuli da masTan mSvidobianad da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobs.

~gaseirneba yarabaRSi~ pirveli qarTuli filmia, romelic ucxourma `seil agenturam~ sadistribuciod aiRo. ~yarabaRi~ mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlebs mis Seqmnaze daxarjuli Tanxebis TandaTan ~dabrunebas~. Tumca, filmi saqarTveloSi or ekranze gadioda da erT TveSi Cadebuli Tanxis 20-30% amoiRo.

SeiZleba iqvas, rom levan TuTberiZem `miTi~ qarTuli kinos gardacvalebis Sesaxeb erTi xelis mosmiT daangria da sazogadoebas xmamaRla auwya misi xelmeored dabadebis Sesaxeb.

CaawyveT rigSi ~13Tzameti~ tyvia yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom filmi, romelic aqtiurad

monawileobs qarTuli kinos daRupvis miTis ngrevis procesSi da seriozuli saerTaSoriso miRwevebic aqvs, axalgazrda reJisoris gela babluanis qarTul-franguli filmi `13Tzameti~-a. filmi, romelic frangul studiaSi LES FILMS la STRADA-Sia Seqmnili da romelmac ukve moswro msoflios erT-erTi prestiJuli da mniSvnelovani festivalis _ veneciis dapyroba, saukeTeso debiutisTvis `oqros lomisa~ da `fipresis~ prizis, luiji de laurentisis saxelobis premiis miReba, amerikis saerTaSoriso, mTavar festival `sandensze~ `gran prisa~ da Tbilisis saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze `vercxlis promeTes~ mopoveba.

ukve miRweuli warmatebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi xania, aravis usaubria qarTveli reJisoris filmze imdeni, ramdenic `13Tzameti~-ze, da vinc is naxa, advilad mixvdeboda, Tu ratom `moigo~ gela babluanma amdeni ~brZola~. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis yuradRebas gela babluani imiTac izidavs, rom igi cnobili reJisoris, 80-ianelTa Taobis da Tanamedrove qarTuli kinos erT-erTi lideris Temur babluanis Svilia. bunebrivia, rodesac reJisors aseTi mama hyavs, is interesis obieqti TavisTavad xdeba, rac Svils, amave dros, garkveul pasuxismgeblobasac akisrebs. rogorc amboben, `kvici gvarze xtis~, magram es `kvici~, sruliad `axali sisxlis~, sxva ~Seferilobisaa~, radgan sruliad axal kinos qmnis. igi samyaros mamisgan gansxvavebulad xedavs da saxavs, Tumca is energetika, is muxti, romelic Temur babluanis SemoqmedebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, gela babluanis

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filmSic aSkaraa da mZlavr nakadad vlindeba. am muxtis matarebelia (oRond sxva asapeqtSi) Temur babluanis meore Svili da gela babluanis umcrosi Zma giorgi babluanic, romelic `13~-Si mTavar, fsiqologiurad urTules, mraval umcires niuansze awyobil saxes qmnis da, faqtobrivad, mTeli procesi mihyavs.

rom vTqva, rom gela babluanis ~13~ kargi filmia, igivea, araferi vTqva. albaT, arc imis Tqma iqneba sakmarisi, rom, rogorc reJisorebs uyvarT xolme axsna, `es kinoa~. imis gansazRvrac Znelia, Tu romel JanrSia is gadawyvetili, radgan aq yvelaferia _ yofiTi dramac, romelic TiTqos deteqtivSi gadaizrdeba TrilerTan `miqsSi~, da tragediac, rac filmis msvlelobisas TandaTan mZafrdeba mTavari gmiris `ukanasknel amosunTqvamde.~

aq mniSvnelovania da `muSaobs~ yvelaferi _ siuJetic, romelsac reJisori saocari ostatobiT Slis da romelic sruliad moulodnel viraJebs akeTebs; atmosfero, romelSic moqmedeba viTardeba da romelic gansakuTrebuli damuxtulobiT gamoirCeva; Sav-TeTri firi, rac films Tavisebur faqturasa da gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs; siCume (umusikoba), romelsac mxolod realuri xmebi avsebs da saerTo atmosferos aqtiurad ajerebs; msaxiobebi da maT mier Seqmnili saxe-tipaJi, gansakuTrebiT ki giorgi babluanis gmiris mier, drois xanmokle monakveTSi srul gardasxvamde ganvlili gza.

gaocebas iwvevs is faqtic, Tu rogori simsubuqiT, laRad da TiTqos marTla erTi amosunTqviTaa Seqmnili urTulesi siuJetur-problemuri xazis Semcveli filmi, sadac arc erTi zedmeti kadri ar aris, sadac yoveli detali erTian, daxvewil mTlianobas qmnis _ qmediT gamosaxulebas realurisa da zerealuris, movlenaTa ganviTarebis, aseve filmis montaJuri gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT. filmi mayurebels pirveli kadrebidanve, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukiduresad daZabul mdgomareobaSi amyofebs, magram is, rac Semdgom xdeba, yovelgvar `normas~ scildeba da mas seriozul stress ayenebs.

filmi evropuli, ~ufro ki 60-iani wlebis franguli da qarTuli kinos saukeTeso tradiciebiTaa gadaRebuli, rac, SeiZleba iqvas, TviT evropaSic da, miT ufro, saqarTveloSi, ukve aRar arsebobs. amave dros is gamorCeuli saavtoro individulobiTa da mkveTrad gamoxatuli, umaRlesi klasis sareJisoro xelweriT gamoirCeva.

rogorc SemoqmedebiTi jgufis Semadgenlobis, aseve wminda SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetidan gamomdinare, filmi qarTul-frangulia. `13~ gela babluanma sakuTari scenariT gadaiRo. operatoria frangi qarTveli tariel meliava, romlis rolic filmis gamosaxveli faqturis SeqmnaSi ganuzomelia, memonataJea noemo moro, xmis reJisori _ didie lozahi.

reJisori mayurebels araerT xafangs ugebs da araerT naRms ufeTqebs cxvirwin. mTavari gmiri _ muSa sebastiani Camongreuli Weris napralidan danaxul ucnaur

garemoebaTa uneblie mowme da Semdeg am garemoebaTa monawilec xdeba. Tumca, ramdenad xdeba imis gacnobiereba da dagegmva, swori da utyuari gadawyvetilebebis miReba maSin, rodesac saqmeSi bediswera ereva?!

narkomani saxlis mepatronisgan ucnauri memkvidreobis miRebis Semdeg iwyeba axalgazrda kacis Tanamedrove odisea _ ucnauri, saxifaTo Tavgadasavali sabediswero adgilamde, sadac bedma sazogadoebisgan ganwirul 13 adamians mouyara Tavi. am xafangSi 12 sakuTari nebiT Sedis da erTi _ sebastiani _ 13 nomriT moTamaSe uneblied xdeba igi TiTqos iRbliani (rac gamorCeulad Zvirad fasobs), `rusuli ruletkis~ principiT TamaSSi mogebuli sabolood mainc ver imarjvebs.

moqmedeba safrangeTSi viTardeba, magram es araa is safrangeTi, romelsac mTeli samyaro icnobs Tu cnobs. ambavi, romelic filmSi xdeba, SeiZleba moxdes yvelan, sadac adamiani saxlobs da sadac sazogadoeba uimedodaa avad. gela babluani sadRac, safrangeTis provinciaSi, tyis siRrmeSi Cakargul saxls da masSi ganviTarebul movlenebs samyaros mikromodelad warmoadgens. is Sors cdeba mxolod erTi Tu 13 adamianis cxovrebis erTi monakveTis Sesaxeb Txrobas, anu im garemos farglebs, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba. scildeba igi im Temis farglebsac, romelic, pirveli STabeWdilebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gvegonos, rom films safuZvlad udevs.

am saxlSi anu samyaroSi _ mtrulad ganwyobil garemoSi, sadac yoveli wami, naTuris anTebasTan erTad sikvdilTan miaxloeba da masTan TamaSia _ Znelia

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gansazRvro, sad gadis zRvari sikvdilsa da sicocxles Soris. aq, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli xdeba imis garCeva, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba adamianoba, zneoba, morali, danaSauli Tu udanaSauloba, radgan esaa Caketili wre, sadac adamianebs bediswera axvedrebs da saidanac gamosavali, maSinac ki, rodesac es wre odnav ixsneba, ar arsebobs.

`13~ realobis saxieri anareklia. Caketili sivrce qmnis sulieri Caketilobis mtanjvel SegrZnebas rogorc sebastianisTvis, aseve mayureblisaTvis. esaa Tanamedrove adamianis tragedia, romelic samyaroSi gamefebuli ukanonobis, Zaladobis, uzneobisa da sxvisi bedis mimarT sruli gulgrilobis msverpli xdeba. mis Tavisuflebas bevri garemoeba zRudavs da cxovrebaSi radikaluri cvlilebebisken ubiZgebs.

sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze balansireba, isedac wonasworobadarRveul samyaroSi, rTulia da is gansakuTrebiT rTuli xdeba im axalgazrda kacisTvis, romelmac yofis yvela simZime sakuTar Tavze gamoscada, visac arsebobisTvis mravali winaaRmegobis daZleva uwevs, magram adamianis saxe, adamianuri Tvisebebi SenarCunebuli aqvs.

adamianis sicocxle erTdroulad Zviradac fasobs da fasic ara aqvs, imis mixedviT, RmerTi vis ra beds argunebs. TamaSi bediswerasa da did fulzea. Tanxa, romelsac moTamaSeebi Camodian, katastroful masStabebs iRebs. laparaki milionebzea da sikvdil-sicocxliT vaWrobaze. fsonze 13 adamianis sicocxle devs, 13 gansxvavebuli bedis adamianis, romlebic am TamaSSi sxvadasxva garemoebam moaxvedra.

`CaawyveT tyviebi, daatrialeT `barabani~, gaCerdiT, naTuras uyureT, rodesac ainTeba, Caxmaxs gamohkariT!~ _ avismomaswaveblad gaismis ~msajis~ es sityvebi TiToeuli moTamaSisaTvis da mayureblisaTvis. es procesi dausruleblad geCveneba. TamaSi Tavisi gziT midis, ufro da ufro rTuldeba, iZabeba, wre viwrovdeba, mizani axloa da Serkinebac finals uaxlovdeba. Tanamedrove `gladiatorebi~ sisxlissunnagemebi brbos winaSe, Tavadac am brbos nawili, magram amjerad arenaze barieris meore mxares, gamosuli da iqve samudamod darCenili, radgan kidev erTxel da ukanasknelad ar gaumarTlaT.

samagierod, gagvimarTla Cven, vinc qarTuli kinoTi odesRac ganebivrebulebi viyaviT da visac is gviyvarda, radgan `13Tzameti~, mravali dartymisa da mizanSi zustad moxvedrili gasrolis Semdeg, momavlis imeds gvaZlevs.

ra memkvidreoba gadasca Temur babluanma gela babluans da ra aris maTi

`memkvidreoba~?

70-iani wlebis bolodan da 80-ianebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac

sazogadoebam pirvelad ixila `beRurebis gadafrena~ da moinusxa, igi yovelTvis elodeba Temur babluanis filmebs da yovelTvis umarTlebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom reJisori Tayvanismcemlebs maincdamainc xSirad ar an ver anebivrebs da molodinic Zalze iweleba, yoveli morigi filmi esaa Sexvedra. nacnob babluanTan, magram, amave dros, sruliad axal, Secvlil da axal simaRleze asul mis xelovnebasTan.

rodesac 21-e saukunis saqarTveloSi gela babluanis `13Tzameti~ uCvenes, mayureblis reaqcia iseTive iyo, rogorc ukve Soreul 70-80-ianebis mijnaze. maSin `beRurebma~ naRmis gavardnis efeqti gamoiwvia. meore naRmi meore babluanma Tavisi Sokuri `13~-iT aafeTqa da axla ukve mesame afeTqebis dro dadga _ Temur da gela babluanebma, Temur babluanis scenaris mixedviT, erTad gadaiRes filmi`memkvidreoba~.

jer kidev cota xnis win, rodesac babluanze viwyebdiT xolme saubars, gasagebi iyo, rom igi Temur babluans Seexeboda. dRes, rodesac am gvars axseneb, ukve saWiroa daazisto _ mamaa is Tu Svili, xolo Tu am gvaris kidev erT warmomadgenelze visaubrebT, romelmac jer kidev `13Tzameti~-dan moxibla yvela gamorCeuli samsaxiobo monacemebiT, daxvewili saSemsruleblo maneriTa da aranakleb daxewili, keTilSobili garegnobiT, kidev erTi dakonkreteba mogviwevs _ giorgi babluani. msaxiobia Temur

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babluanis meuRlec _ lia babluani da qaliSvili olikoc, Tumca igi olga legrani gaxda meuRlis, aseve msaxiobisa da aseve babluanebis filmebis monawilis, gvaris mixedviT. amdenad, babluanebi bevrni arian da am SemTxvevaSi, raodenoba xarisxsac gansazRvravs.

am xarisxis demonstrirebaa `memkvidreobac~, romelic safrangeTis studiebSi _ NK2 da iseve, rogorc `13~, LES FILMS la STRADA-Sia gadaRebuli, qarTuli warmoSobis frangi operatoris tariel meliavas mier, qarTveli da frangi msaxiobebis monawileobiT.

ambavi, romelsac Temur da gela babluanebi TavianT axal da pirvel erTobliv filmSi gviamboben, erTi mxriv uCveuloa da meore mxriv, kargad nacnobi maTTvis, vinc saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciebs icavs.

saqarTveloSi stumrad myofi sami frangi da erTic, saqarTveloSi dasaxlebuli maTi Tanamemamule _ qarTuli enis specialisti, svaneTSi sisxlis aRebis wesis metad ucnauri faqtis momswreni xdebian. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom Temur babluanis mier SeTxzuli, Tumca, SesaZloa, realur istoriaze dafuZnebuli ambavi, qarTveli, saqmeSi met-naklebad Caxeduli, mayureblisTvisac ki Zrwolismomgvrelia. gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom gamorCeul kinematografiul nimuSTan gvaqvs Sexeba, sadac es yvelaferi Zalian maRali xarisxis mxatvrul ganzogadebas ganicdis da daxvewili gamosaxveli xerxebiTa da stiluri formebiTaa Seqmili.

danjRreuli, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT savse avtobusiT svaneTisken mimaval frang stumrebs xandazmuli mamakaci da axalgazrda daemgzavrebian, ucnauri tvirTiT, ucnaurad mdumareni. aRmoCndeba, rom es tvirTi kuboa papisTvis, romelic `xval~ unda moklan, radgan maT ojaxs sisxli marTebs. imisTvis, rom msxverpli ojaxis romelime axalgazrda wevri ar gaxdes, moxuci gadawyvets, Tavad iqces vendetis obieqtad. Semdeg, erT-erT svanur sofelSi iaraRmomarjvebuli, mosisxleebisken mimavali kaci uecrad bunebrivi sikvdiliT kvdeba da mis nacvlad SviliSvils klaven.

mTeli filmis ganmavlobaSi reJisorebi mayurebels daZabuli molodinis mdgomareobaSi amyofeben da es daZabuloba sxvadasxva detaliT, sxvadasxva miniSnebiT, movlenaTa ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapiT miiRweva. rodesac kulminacia dgeba, rodesac TiTqos ukve yvelaferi moxda, filmi axal mimarTulebas Rebulobs. ~eqSenis~ Janri jer momxdaris gamoZiebis, adamianTa qmedebis asaxsnelada gamiznuli, Semdeg ki maTi urTierTobebis, damokidebulebebis axali waxnagebis gamosavlenad. am yvelafers fonad saqarTvelos dRevandeli realoba, qaosi, danaSaulisa da sasjelis ukontroloba, qurdoba, iaraRiT ukanono vaWroba da tradiciebis `erTguleba~ udevs.

filmis TiToeuli personaJis _ jalaTis, msxverplisa da maTi istoriis uneblie monawilis _ cxovrebaSi TiTqos raRac icvleba, raRac xdeba maTs Sinagan samyaroSi. isini, da maTTan erTad mayurebelic, acnobiereben, rom is, rac erTi SexedviT egzotikaa, rac, erTi SexedviT lokaluri movlenaa, iseve exeba saqarTvelos am kuTxes, rogorc mTlianad saqarTvelos, iseve exeba erT konkretul adamians, rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebas. sadac ar unda arsebobdes is, romelic gaumarTlebeli `Tundac keTilSobili mizniT _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli SuRlis dasasruleblad iyos Cafiqrebuli~ saqcieliT Zaladobis gamwvavebas uwyobs xels da udanaSaulo msxverpls swiravs.

mogzauroba arsaiT grZeldeba

imis kidev erTi imedi, rom qarTulma kinom axali da swori kursi aiRo da Cveni

droisa da sinamdvilis kidev erTi mxatvruli asaxva moaxdina, gaCnda levan zaqareiSvilis bolo filmSic `Tbilisi-Tbilisi~. is marTlac bolo aRmoCnda am reJisorisTvis, romelic 2006 wlis zafxulSi moulodnelad gardaicvala. filmis gadaRebebi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda ara reJisoris axirebis, aramed im zemoxsenebuli mizezebis gamo, rac sazogadod Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturisa da, maT Soris, kinematografis ganviTarebis erT-erT Semaferxeblad iqca. aRsaniSnavia, rom `Tbilisi-Tbilisis~ Tematikis safuZvelSi Caido is garemoebebi, romlebSic levan

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zaqareiSvilsa da mis kolegebs uxdebodaT muSaoba da rac filmSi qarTuli kinos mdgomareobis amsaxvel suraTad Camoyalibda.

filmis mTavari gmiri _ daTo reJisoria. igi imisTvis, rom SimSilisa da siRatakisgan Tavi gadairCinos, sakuTari saxlis erT sarTuls aqiravebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom xelovneba aravis sWirdeba, daTo mainc ver cvlis xelovnebas xelosnobaze. dro masSi ver klavs Semoqmedis aqtiur suls, profesiuli kinokameris nacvlad videokameras iRebs da misi meSveobiT cxovrebaze dakvirvebas iwyebs. masalis ZiebaSi daTo SemTxveviT bazrobis teritoriaze xvdeba. rasac igi iRebs, misi obieqtivis sazRvrebidan gamodis da mayureblis Tvalwin ekranze aisaxeba. amgvari gadawyveta zaqareiSvilis mier realobis warmosaCenad gamoyenebul erT-erT sareJisoro xerxs warmoadgens.

garSemo WuWyi da nacrisferi, usaxuri atmosferoa. aseTad aRiqvams daTo da .cxadia, reJisoric, cxovrebas. did bazrobadqceuli qalaqi da Sesabamisad, qveyana, romlis mikromodelsac reJisori Cveni sinamdvilis am `aqtualuri~ metaforiT qmnis, masze damTrgunvelad moqmedebs. daTo swored bazrobaze gadaeyreba Tavis leqtors, baton oTars, romelic daxlTan vaWrobs. SeZrwunebuli axalgazrda kaci saxlSi brundeba da momaval filmze iwyebs fiqrs.

daTo bazrobaze yoveldRe dadis da realuri cxovrebis epizodebs akvirdeba. aq sxvadasxva asakis, socialuri fenis adamianebi erTad cxovroben, erTnair saqmianobas ewevian, magram bedis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, daundobelni, Seuwynarebelni arian erTmaneTis mimarT. Ria cisqveS patara miwis naglejisTvis maT SeuZliaT Tavs absoluturad yvelafris ufleba miscen.

mravalwliani pauza levan zaqareiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi da reJisorebis `gulgrili dumili~ Tanamedrove cxovrebisa da arsebuli problematikis mimarT, mkveTr metaforad iqca da TiTqos gadaZaxili hpova aleko cabaZis filmebTan, romlebic mosalodnel `xifaTze~ ufro adre gvafrTxilebdnen.

aq yvela erTi jaWviTaa gadabmuli. yru-munji nona Tavs mxolod imitom ar iklavs, rom Zma amqveynad marto ar datovos. maT sacxovrebels matareblis Zveli vagoni warmoadgens da d-Zma darwmunebulia, rom swored es vagoni daabrunebs maT afxazeTSi. jibgiri besos da sxeuliT vaWrobs, misi muStrebi ki policielebi arian bazrobidan. policia danaSaulebrivi samyaros erT-erTi rgolia.

yofili profesori da Tavis mxriv, filmis gmiric movlenebs akvirdebian, Tumca, bunebrivia, arafris Secvla ar SeuZliaT. cxovreba am adamianebisTvis im winaaRmdegobas warmoadgens, romelic unda gadailaxos. Cven iseTebi varT, rogorsac realoba gvqmnis da Tu Cvens beds mTlianobis detals SevadarebT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom samyaro swored aseTi detalebisagan Sedgeba.

levan zaqareiSvilma Tavisi gmirebi erT did xafangSi moaqcia. isini kedlebs exlebian, magram gareT gamosvlas ver axerxeben. wre Caketilia. qaosi batonobs. qaosis dros ki gadarCena rTulia. daTos es esmis da amdenad, mis scenarSi realuri cxovrebis personaJi _ Temo iRupeba, bazrobaze xelaxla moxvedrili reJisori ki Semzarav ambavs igebs _ Cxubis dros Temo sakuTar danas wamoego da marTlac mokvda.

ase gadaejaWva erTmaneTs erT mTlianobaSi sinamdvile da gamonagoni, Tumca daTos scenars realuri safuZveli aqvs da am realobam, masze dakvirvebam, misi asaxvis survilma filmis mTavari gmiri CixSi Seiyvana.

igi bevrisgan gansxvavebiT, konformisti araa. fulad garigebebze ar midis, ibrZvis adamianuri saxis SenarCunebisaTvis, cdilobs, ar iqces brbos nawilad, ar icxovros garedan Tavsmoxveuli normebiT. yofa mis cnobierebaze ar moqmedebs _ esec Cveni realobaa, romelic konkretulis sazRvrebs arRvevs da zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa orbitaze gadinacvlebs.

garemomcveli samyaro daTosTvis, erTi mxriv, dramatuli da, meore mxriv, SemecnebiTi aRmoCnda. swored aman misca SesaZlebloba CaRrmaveboda problemebs, Caswvdomoda maT da rogorRac gaerkvia is, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba.

qarTveli eris cnobiereba seriozulada Seirya da dazianda, man dakarga brZolis unari da Tviseba _ gaumklavdes Zalebs, romlebic upirispirdebian sazogadoebis

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survils Tu miswrafebas, Tavidan aicilos katastrofa da samSvidobos gavides. amdenad, miznis misaRwevad mas bevri winaaRmdegoba eRobeba.

grZnobebis, harmoniis dakargva, gamocdilebis daviwyeba, cxovrebis cocxali SegrZnebis gaqroba, niadagis gamocla, maradiul moralur-zneobriv safuZvelTan kavSiris unaris amowurva, rasac ase aqtiurad upirispirdeboda 60-70-iani wlebis kinematografi, iqca im krizisis mizezad, romelmac erTianad moicva Tanamedrove qarTuli kino.

swored is faqti, rom mravali dramatuli, tragikuli movlenis Semdeg, rac saqarTveloSi ganviTarda, Tanamedrove qarTveli reJisorebi am problematikiT, am sakiTxebiT ar interesdebodnen, umoqmedobaSi maTi braldebis safuZvlad iqca.

istoriis es gakveTili mexsierebas jer kidev SemorCa, magram es mxolod mexsierebaa da nostalgia imaze, rac ukve iyo, magram aRar ganmeordeba. nostalgia droze, ganSoreba sulier samyarosTan, iluziebTan. kacobriobis istoriaSi aseTi ramac araerTxel momxdara da xelovnebas msvleloba, ganviTareba droebiT Seuwyvetia. qarTul xelovnebaSic arsebobs amgvari `TeTri laqebi~, magram am jerze es gamoTxoveba Zalian didxans gagrZelda da lodinis procesi droSi usasrulod gaiWima. 10-15 weli istoriisTvis araferia, adamianisTvis, xelovanisTvis, kulturisTvis ki aTwleulebs udris.

is, rac moxda, Tavis filmebSi iwinaswarmetyvela aleqsandre rexviaSvilma. man TiTqos gansazRvra, ra moxdeboda samyaroSi da Tavis filmebSi igavis formiT asaxa is viTareba, Zaladobis is suraTi, rac 70-iani wlebis saqarTvelosTvis iyo damaxsiaTebeli da amiT XXI saukuneSi gamefebuli sulieri krizisis winaswarmetyveluri metaforuli xati Seqmna.

dRes axali realoba dadga. rac arsebobda, ver daibruneb, amitom win unda gaixedo da swored iq moZebno sayrdeni wertili. samyaroSi harmoniis mopoveba, albaT, warmoudgenelia, magram imis Sansi, rom ar daece, yovelTvis arsebobs.

levan zaqareiSvilis `Tbilisi-TbilisiT~, iseve, rogorc `gaseirnebiT~, `13~-iT da `memkvidreobiT~ TiTqos am danaSaulis gamosyidva moxda da isini iqcnen im ~Semdgar~ Tanamedrove nawarmoebebad, romlebmac qarTuli kinos Cixidan gamoyvana daiwyes. marTalia, iluziebis srul axdenamde, ndobis mTlianad aRdgenamde jer kidev Soria da amisTvis kidev bevria gasakeTebeli. matarebeli mxolod axla daiZra da saiT miemarTeba, ucnobia.

Cven kidev erTxel unda gadavxedoT warsuls, CavuRrmavdeT mas da Semdeg momavlisken gavixedoT _ iq bevri, jer kidev aRmouCeneli sabado gvelodeba.

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qeTi jiSiaSvili

dakarguli sivrcis ZiebaSi

tradiciulad, qalaqis filosofiaze saubari arqiteqturis stilis aRwerasa da analizs eyrdnoba, rac gulisxmobs ara mxolod sxvadasxva samSeneblo stilis monacvleobas, aramed gamoxatavs ,,epoqis suls”, ama Tu im epoqis xilul msoflmxedvelobas.

Tuki am mimarTulebiT ganvixilavT Cvens dedaqalaqs, TvalSisacemi xdeba misi saxecvlileba bolo aTwleulebis manZilze, rac sabWouri epoqis rRvevasa da axali formaciisaken swrafvas daemTxva. istoriuli warsulis yoveli politikur-ekonomikuri formacia sakuTar ,,qalaqs” qmnida. gviani kapitalizmisTvis qalaqis organuli forma megapolisia _ sarke, sadac Tanamedroveobis yvela paradigma mkafiod irekleba. aq gansakuTrebiT iCens Tavs inividisa da qalaqis obieqturi garemos urTierTobis sakiTxi, swored individisa da qalaqis dinamiuri urTierTproeqcia warmoqmnis im rTul sociokulturul kvanZs, romlis meSveobiTac qalaqis metafizikuri saxe ikveTeba.

aRniSnuli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT davakvirdeT Tbiliss: sabWoTa sistema, erTi mxriv, Tavis Tavze iRebda qalaqis ganaSenianebas: axali nagebobebi erTiani gegmis nawils warmoadgenda, meore mxriv ki Tavadve aregulirebda mis ganviTarebas. dedaqalaqi sistemis funqcionirebis gamWvirvale saxes warmoadgenda, misi kulturul- socialur funqcionirebis asparezs. sistema agvarebda qalaqis yvela socialuri sakiTxs, ganagebda misi TiToeuli elamentis arsebobas, anu zRvari sistemasa da qalaqis socialur-kulturul arsebobas Soris TiTqmis ar arsebobda. igi qalaqis yvela SreSi aRwevda, amitomac sabWoTa epoqis dasrulebasTan erTad qalaqs gamoecala sistemis mdgradi substancia da avtonomiuri ganviTarebis realuri Sansi mieca.

Tuki dRes qalaqis saxecvlilebis masStabs ganvixilavT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom qalaqi ufro damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri organizmi gaxda, romelic jer isev avtoidentifikaciis procesSia da sakuTari saxisa da potenciis gamovlena-damkvidrebisaken iswrafvis. ramdenad warmatebulia es procesi, ramdenad esTetur an marTebul formebs qmnis qalaqi, es calke Temaa. axali SesaZleblobebis Zieba, garkveuli geografiuli zonebis aqcentireba, centrebis gadanacvleba, axali funqciuri nagebobebis mSenebloba, sxvadasxva arqiteqturul stilTa SeWra.qalaqs mudmiv fluqtuaciur substanciad aqcevs, romelic damoukidebeli TviTregulirebiT xasiaTdeba. es procesebi mimdinareobs kapitalizmis danergvis fonze, rac, bunebrivia, ganapirobebs qalaqis saxecvlilebis veqtorsac. dedaqalaqi erTaderTi aRmoCnda, romelmac sakuTar Tavze aiRo axali moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis funqcia. axali saxis ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, rac sruliad ucxo da umniSvnelo iyo socialisturi reJimisdroindeli TbilisisTvis, qalaqis cxovrebis dominantad da sasicocxlo impulsad iqca. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmob ara zogadad dedaqalaqis rols qveynis an saerTaSoriso masStabiT, aramed kapitalistur urTierTobis mTel speqtrs, romelmac mTlianad daikava socialur urTierTobebSi rRvevis dros warmoqmnili vakuumi. sabazro ekonomikis formebi, romlebic ukve myarad damkvidrebuli da gamocdili iyo sabWouri sivrcis miRma, mtkivneulad misaRebi, da me vityodi, xSirad uxerxulic ki gamodga arsebuli socialuri garemosaTvis. miuxedavad rigi mkafiod gansazRvruli orientaciisa da socialur- ekonomikuri urTerTmimarTebisa Soris, qalaqsa da individs Soris es urTierToba jer kidev mouwesrigebeli da bundovania. ,,im wuTidan, rac sazogadoeba gaCnda, nebismieri, rasac igi iyenebs, misi moxmarebis niSnad iqceva” _ ambobs barti.(Elementi di Semiologia.cit.,II.I.4) arqiteqtura yvelaze funqciuri xelovnebaa, misi funqciis damkveTi ki sociumia.. arqiteqtura am sociumis ,,Sinagani moZraobis” niSanTa saukeTeso mauwyebelia da imavdroulad gardaqmnisaken ubiZgebs missave damkveT sociums. amgvari urTierTgavlenebi Znelad gasamijnia, rac kidev ufro arTulebs maT diferencirebul analizs. magaliTad, Tuki CavTvliT, rom socialur garemoSi dRes

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dominanturi adgili savaWro urTierTobebs uWiravT, maT Sesatyvis arqiteqturul movlenad SegviZlia miviCnioT qalaqis sivrceSi SemoWrili iseTi zonebi, rogorebicaa bazrobebi, maRaziebi, xSirad istoriul-kulturuli daniSnulebis SenobaTa gaqiraveba-gayidva kvebis obieqtebsa da sxva saxis savaWro dawesebulebebze. aseve gare vaWroba, sxvadaxva sareklamo abrebi. arqiteqtura, romelic socialurad yvelaze ,,gulaxdili” xelovnebaa, araorazrovnad mogviTxrobs qalaqis, anu sazogadoebis kulturul- istoriuli Rirebulebebis ukana planze gadasvlasa da mis adgilas axali prioritetebis aRmocenebaze. qalaqi ki, rogorc zearqiteqturuli substancia, am garegnuli niSnebiT Cveni yofis raobas ki ar asaxavs mxolod, aramed stimulis saxiT zemoqmedebs Cvenze. Tu ki stimuls ganvsazRvravT, rogorc SegrZnebaTa kompleqss, arsebuli arqiteqturis zegavlenas individze(ukuqmedeba Cvens mier ganxorcielebul cvlilebebze) Semdeg saxes miiRebs: Tblisis arqiteqturuli komunikacia metwilad samomxmareblo datvirTvis matarebelia, nagebobaTa kulturuli komunikacia ukana planze gadadis, rogorc ufro susti, naklebagresiuli. maSinac ki, rodesac kulturuli komunikaciis damyarebas cdilobs, igi saurTierTod iyenebs ,,arakulturul” enas, iqneba es koncertis afiSa Tu speqtaklis reklama. rogorc wesi, igi damfinansebel kompaniaTa ramodenime logos mainc Seicavs, rac misi mTavari mesijis garda, garkveul finansur urTierTobasa da valdebulebaze gvatyobinebs. ase rom, kulturuli plasti, romelic qalaqis metafizikuri saxis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo, TandaTan sagrZnoblad sustdeba. am movlenas paul Seerbarti memdegnairad ganixilavs: ,,Cveni kultura garkveulad Cvenive arqiteqturis nayofia. Tuki gvsurs, rom Cveni kultura ufro maRal safexurze aviyvanoT, iZulebuli viqnebiT _ rogorc ar unda SevewinaaRmdegoT amas, _ SevcvaloT Cveni arqiteqtura. aseTi transformaciis ganxorcielebas ki mxolod maSin SevZlebT, roca SevewinaaRmdegebiT im Caketil sivrces, romelSiac vcxovrobT.” (http://magazines.russ.ru/logos?2002/3/fris.html).

Tuki SevTanxmdebiT, rom qalaqi ar aris mxolod materialuri realoba, rasac Cven vxedavT, aramed misi arsi mdgomareobs im funqciebsa da gavlenebSi, romelsac igi saxelmwifosa da individze axdens, maSin SesaZlebeli gaxdeba zogierTi movlena swored am gavlenebis fonze ganvixiloT. Tbilisi mimzidveli gaxda, rogorc inteleqtualur- savaWro SesaZleblobaTa asparezi, ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobis intensiuri dineba centrisken, Sedegad ki gaizarda sivrciT erTeulze individTa koncentracia. aq vgulisxmobT ara mxolod raodenobriv maCvenebels, aramed komunikaciis mravalferovnebasa da sixSiresac. momxmarebelze orientirebuli axali kapitalisturi sabazro principebis damkvidreba imTaviTve Seicavs miswrafebas masaTa amgvari ,,dagrovebisaken”, maqsimaluri materialuri mogebis mizniT. amitomac didi qalaqebi, didi fuladi meurneobiT, sadac mosaxleobis msiydvelobiTi unari ufro maRalia, vidre patara qalaqebSi, masaTa amgvari akumulaciis erTgvar kerebs warmoqmnian.

zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom qalaqis arqiteqtura da yofa mTlianad daemorCila kapitalizmis principebs, amitom verc im fsiqologiur gavlenebs avicilebT Tavidan, romelic am wyobilebis samagaliTo gamovlinebisaTvis- megapolisisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. gazviadebuli iqneboda Cveni dedaqalaqis Sedareba evropul an amerikul megapolisebTan, sadac qalaquri cxovrebis nebismieri aspeqti _ komerciuli urTierTobebi, dasaqmebis bazari, teqnikur- inteleqtualuri moRvaweoba _ Seudareblad maRal intensivobas aRwevs da Sesabamisad, bevrad mZafr gavlenas axdens individis fsiqikur mdgomareobaze, magram isic cxadia, rom ganviTarebis axal veqtorTan erTad, Tavs iCens megapolisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi faqtorebi, romelTa erTobliobac TandaTan cvlis qalaqis aRqmas da ubiZgebs individs meti izolaciisa da Caketilobisaken. amis yvelze TvalsaCino da advilad SesagrZnob magaliTs droisa da sivrcis axleburi aRqma warmoadgens. axal mSeneblobaTa simravlem sagrZnoblad Secvala Tbilisis bevri ubnis iersaxe. qalaqis ganaSenianebis axali talRis masStabi molodinis logikur zRvars scdeba da yvela SesaZlebeli Tu SeuZlebeli mimarTulebiT edeba qalaqs. stilisturad gansxvavebul mravalsarTulian SenobebTan erTad iqmneba axali mikroubnebi, axali socialuri datvirTviT, rac socialuri aqcentebis axlbur gadanawilebas iwvevs. stilTa SeuTavseblobisa da xazgasmuli

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kontrastebis gamo sivrcis aRqmaSi garkveuli fragmentuloba Semodis. erTiani sivrce, rac erTian arqiteqturul xats ganapirobebda, nawilebad iSleba da aRqmaSiac kargavs mTlianobas, calkeul fragmentebad aRiqmebian sxvadasxva gareubnebic da centric, romelTac axali gadanawilebisas socialuri datvirTvac SeecvalaT. vinaidan sivrcis aTviseba yovelgvari winaswari gegmis gareSe, mxolod bazris moTxovna- miwodebis principiT mimdinareobs. individi wydeba misTvis nacnob sivrces. aseTi swrafi da qaotur saxecvlilebebis gamo, ver aswrebs axal formasTan adaptirebas da ver grZnobs Tavs am, TiTqos ,,TavisTavadi” procesis monawiled, rac iwvevs mis gaucxovebas, daSorebas sakuTari qalaqis arqiteqturuli sivrcisagan.

aranakleb mtkivneulad aisaxa qalaqis ritmis sagrZnobi aCqareba individis sulier cxovrebazec. qalaqis ritmi garkveul movlenaTa ganmeorebis intensiurobaa qalaqis SigniT. garda piradi sulieri gamocdilebisa, romelic aseve qalaqis xats atarebs Tavis TavSi _ individis yoveldRiur yofas metwilad swored ,,qalaquri movlenebis” erToblioba gansazRvravs. sityva ,,movlena” dRevandel realobaSi, ra Tqma unda, aRar atarebs Zvel mniSvnelobas da miTumetes adrindel xarisxs. movlena SegviZlia miviCnioT nebismier im ,,gamaRizianeblad,” rasac kapitalisturi manqana sakuTari miznisTvis, kerZod ki _ fuladi mogebis maqsimaluri gazrdisTvis iyenebs, magram am SemTxvevaSi arsebul miznebsa da mizezebs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvT, radgan gadamwyveti mxolod is fsiqologiuri Sedegia, rac amgvar daCqarebul temps axlavs Tan. garkveuli sixSiriT monacvle emociuri gamaRizianeblebi adekvatur reaqcias iwveven subieqtis mxridan. xSiri nerviuli aRznebis Sedegad ki subieqti ,,amoswuravs”, cveTs emociaTa marags da aRar reagirebs gamaRizianeblebze, rac misgan energiis uazro xarjvas moiTxovs. gulgrili, civi damokidebuleba nebismieri faqtis mimarT adamianis erTgvari sapasuxo TavdacviTi reaqciaa, erTaderTi iaraRi moZalebuli obieqturi realobis winaaRmdeg. rac metad agresiuli xdeba qalaqis obieqturi realoba, miT meti izolaciisa da avtonomiurobisaken iswrafvis subieqti. igi cdilobs Seqmnas kultura, riTac sapasuxo gavlenas moaxdens qalaqis obieqtur realobaze, cdilobs sakuTari originlobis damkvidrebiT xazi gausvas subieqtur uflebebs. yovelive zemoTqmuli iwvevs ,,individualuri kulturis” hipertrofias, risi mizezic devid frisbis azriT am orive obieqturi kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli avtonomiurobisaken swrafvaa. amasTan, obieqturi kultura erTiani da TviTkmaria, subieqturi kultura ki ,,Tanamedroveobis subieqtivizmis” pirmSoa da amitomac ,,disociaciiTa” da obieqturi kulturisgan ganze dgomiT xasiaTdeba. (Дэвид Фрисби. Разрушение города: Социальная теория, мегаполис и экспрессионизм1 http://magazines.russ.ru/logos/2002/3/).

qalaqis damTrgunveli zemoqmedebis valdakval, adamiani TavdacviT sulier formebTan erTad ,,materialuri TavSesafris” Zebnasac iwyebs. impulsi, romelsac qalaqis arqiteqturuli realoba gvaZlevs, subieqts iseTi sivrceebis Ziebisaken ubiZgebs, sadac igi daZabulobisa da yovlismomcveli nevrozulobis gancdisagan ganTavisuflebas SeZlebs. alternatiuli sivrce erTaderT moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes _ iyos didi qalaqisagan gansxvavebuli, radgan mxolod gansxvavebulobis dafiqsirebis safuZvelze gascems tvini ,,modunebis” signals. sivrce, romelic yvelaze metad akmayofilebs Cvens am moTxovnas, qalaqis Zveli ubnebia. amas mowmobs is gazrdidili yuradReba, rac am bolo dros Tbilisis evropuli da aRmosavluri nawilis mimarT gaCnda. uecrad da sagrZnoblad gazrdili fasebi am, dangrevis piras misul ubnebSi, mxolod maTi ,,prestiJuli” momavlis mauwyebelia.

qalaqis am nawilebis kulturul-istoriuli Rirebuleba yovlTvis saTanadod iyo dafasebuli. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT Zveli Tbilisis xis arqiteqturas epyrobodnen, romelic sabWour periodSi erTxmad aRiares qarTuli qalaquri yofisa da kulturis saxed, Tbilisis savizito baraTad. magram, vfiqrob, dRevandel viTarebaSi qalaqis am ubndebis win wamoweva mxolod maTi istoriul- kulturuli Rirebulebis gamo ki ar xdeba, aramed im faqtorebis gamo, romelTa gamokveTasac swored Tbilisis axleburma ganviTarebam Seuwyo xeli.

is, razec pirvel rigSi Rirs yuradRebis SeCereba, es is stiluri erTianobaa, romelic Zvel ubnebs axasiaTebT. TavisTavad cxadia, rom aq ar vgulisxmobT stilur

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igiveobas xis arqiteqturasa da evropul nagebobebs Soris (es msgavseba mxolod danarCeni qalaqisgan ,,gansxvavebulobis” safuZvelze myardeba), aramed am zonaTa daunawevrebel, xelSeuxebel landSafts, romlis sivrceSic jer kidev sustad igrZnoba mzardi qalaqis metastazebi. arqiteqturuli sivrcis araerTgvarovani qsovilsa da ulogiko fluqtuacias, didi qalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, aq ar vxvdebiT. sololakis, plexanovisa da Zveli Tblisis zonebSi axali mravalsarTuliani Senobebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. arqiteqturuli peizaJi erTiania, mTliani da daurRveveli. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad misaRebia moralurad an esTetikurad dabzaruli da naxevrad Camongreuli saxlebi, magram erTerTi Zireuli gansxvaveba Zvel da axal qalaqs Soris aq aSkarad vlindeba: es aris naklebad ekleqturi arqiteqtura, rac sivrcis erTiani aRqmis saSualebas iZleva. stabilurobis gancda, romelic am ubnebSi gadaadgilebisas gveufleba, erTgvari ,,vizualur modunebulobas” badebs. danarCen qalaqsa da Zvel ubnebs Soris arqiteqturul formaTa gansxvavebuli stiluri niSnebic aq axleburi konteqstiT Semodian subieqtis aRqmaSi. funqciuri stilis egzaltireba, romlic qalaqis cxovrebis yvela SreSi vlindeba, naklebad sagrZnobia Tbilisis im nawilebSi, sadac evropuli arqiteqtura Warbobs. Tuki Tqven qalaqis am nawilSi moxvdebiT, aucileblad SeamCnevT saguldagulod Semkul nagebobebs, fasadebis dekoratiul danawevrebas, xSirad _ modernistul motivebs, larnakebs, morTul fasadebs. am detalebis gamoyeneba didi xania aRar Tanamedrove esTetikuri Rirebulebebis gamo, agreTve maTi maTi siZvirisa da ,,ufunqciobis” mizeziT. amitomac es dekori kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom Cven gansxvavebul sivrceSi varT, im sivrceSi, sadac ,,ufunqcioc” SeiZleba iyos Rirebuli. rac Seexeba xis arqiteqturas, aq Zveli qalaqi sxvagvarad Semodis dialogSi. gamWvirvale arqiteqturuli sqemebi Ria kibeebiTa da xis rikulebiani aivnebiT Riaa uSualo komunikaciisaTvis. arqiteqturis amgvari dagegmareba axlo yofiT urTierTobebzea gaTvlili, rogorc nagebobaTa SigniT macxovreblebisaTvis, aseve mis gareT aRmoCenilTaTvisac. TiToeuli arqiteqturuli detali (Эко Умберто. Отсутствующая структура Введение в семиологию;ТОО ТК “ Петрополис“, 1998 г.- 432с. v.207. arsebuli situaciisas ukve kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, rom amgvari komunikacia misTvis ukve SeuZlebeli da ulogikoa. qvis kedlisa da rkinis karebebs miRma cxovreba erTaderTi saSualebaa gamijno sakuTari individualoba qalaqis realobisagan. interieris, dizainis bumi swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli, sakuTar samyaros adamiani xom swored binaSi qmnis. yofis imgvari forma ki, rasac xis arqiteqturaSi vxvdebiT, mxolod fantomia, romlis xilvac ukve muzeumad qceul nagebobebSi TuRa SeiZleba.

igive iTqmis am quCebis drosivrcul komunikaciaze. sasruli sivrce viwro quCebiT subieqts droisa da sivrcis daubrkolebeli daZlevis Sesaxeb atyobinebs da xsnis im kompleqss, rac transportiT gadaadgilebas da amasTan dakavSirebul uazro droiT danakargs axlavs Tan. qalaqis dadgenili marSutis daZabulobis alternativad Zveli quCebi individs umizno, ,,daugegmav” seirnobas sTavazobs.

swored amgvari alternatiuli sivrce, romlis Rirebulebac pirdapirproporciulia danarCen qalaqTan arsebuli gansxvavebisa, TandaTan ufro avtonomiuri xdeba. igi TiTiqos TandaTan emijneba saxelmwifos funqcionalur centr- dedaqalaqs da sakuTar Tavs sTavazobs gadaRlil adamians. igi arqiteqturas iyenebs, rogorc samarko niSans da TavdajerebiT gamodis ,,bazarze” _ sTavazobs daTrgunul individs: fragmentuli sivrcis nacvlad _ erTian arqiteqturul landSafts; yovlismomcveli mSrali funqciurobis sanacvlod _ dekoratiul ornamentsa da elitarul cxovrebis wess; Caketili, ganmartoebuli yofis magivrad Zveli ubani saerTo ezoebsa da aivnebs gamofens; nevrozuli siCqare aq SeiZleba nebieri, auCqarebeli xetialiT Seicvalos.

SemTxveviTi ar aris Zvel TbilisSi galereaTa siuxve. xelovneba alternativaa, sadac subieqti qalaqis agrasiisagan cdilobs Tavis daxsnas da sakuTari individualobis gamvlenas, amitomac xelovanTaTvis amgvari sivrce axlobelia da misaRebi. maT ki, visac mxolod moduneba surT, SeuZliaT Zvel TbilisSi gaxsnil kafeebs ewvion, sadac yvelaze metad igrZnoba, rom qalaqs ,,miRma” xar, samyaroSi, romelsac

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saerTo araferi aqvs arc kapitalistur msoflmxedvelobasTan da, miTumetes, sabWour xedvasTan. misTvis ucxoa am orive sistemis funqcionirebis kanonebi, Zveli qalaqi sistemis miRma arsebobs.

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axali wignebi, 2006 weli

Teimuraz doiaSvili. `orni erT navSi (RaRaniZis knini wigni da recenzenti kiknaZe)~. `saari~, Tb., 2006, 127 gv.

naSromSi gamowvlilviT aris gaanalizebuli m. RaRaniZis `sinamdvile da warmosaxva

daviT guramiSvilis `mxiarul zafxulSi~ (`lomisi~, Tb., 2002), warmoCenilia naSromis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis mcdaroba, konkretuli analizisas, teqstis interpretaciisas daSvebuli uxeSi Secdomebi, `daviTianis~ teqstis ganzrax Tu uneblieT gayalbebis SemTxvevebi.

T. doiaSvilis azriT, m. RaRaniZis mcdeloba, daviT guramiSvilis poema `mxiaruli zafxuli~ esqatologiur Txzulebad warmoedgina, sruli kraxiT, kuriozuli SedegebiT damTavrda. avtoris daskvniT, `RaRaniZis wigni nimuSia imisa, Tu ra da rogor ar unda iwerebodes literaturaze, miT ufro — klasikosebze~.

zaza gogia. saukuneTa gzagasayarze (literaturuli narvevebi), Tb., gamomcemloba `zekari~, 2006.

wigni moicavs literaturul narkvevebs, portretebs, recenziebs, eseistur

werilebs XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis Sesaxeb. `vecade, TiToeuli Taobis roli dinamikaSi, literaturuli cxovrebis mTliani konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT meCvenebina~, _ vkiTxulobT winasityvaSi. marTlac, avtori TaobaTa mxatvruli Semoqmedebis farTo speqtrs gviCvenebs. aq saubaria n. lorTqifaniZis, o. CxeiZis, p. WilaZis, a. sulakauris, j. Carkvianis, r. inaniSvilis, T. bibiluris, v. javaxaZis, g. doCanaSvilis, g. gegeSiZis, j. qarCxaZis, g. Coxelis, g. lomaZis, m. joxaZis, n. gelaSvilis, z. samadaSvilis, b. WoxoneliZis, m. aleqsiZis, j. TofuriZis, T. Calauris, m. abaSiZis, k. jandieris, T. Carkvianis, r. amaRlobelis SemoqmedebiTi ostatobis saintereso detalebze.

mniSvnelovania 80-iani wlebis qarTuli prozis literaturuli suraTi. zaza gogia mianiSnebs calkeuli avtoris SemoqmedebiTi individualobis Sesaxeb, mkiTxvels garkveul warmodgenas uqmnis XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebis kulturul-literaturul cxovrebaze, calkeul SemTxvevaSi zomierad kritikulia.

werili `kritikosi da literaturis problemebi~, uTuod siamovnebiT gaaxsenebs mkiTxvels guram asaTians, rogorc mkvlevars, kritikoss, pirovnebas. maia jaliaSvili. `sicocxlis saidumlo~. `wyarosTvali~, Tb., 2006, 256 gv.

gamovida maia jaliaSvilis axali wigni `sicocxlis saidumlo~, romelSic bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli literaturuli werilebia Tavmoyrili. wigni sakmaod mravalferovania. SemoTavazebulia XIX-XX saukunis qarTvel klasikosTa calkeuli nawarmoebebis axleburi wakiTxva da interpretacia. wignSi didi adgili eTmoba Tanamedrove mweralTa Semoqmedebis ganxilvas: jemal qarCxaZe, ana kalandaZe, oTar WilaZe, oTar CxeiZe, maka joxaZe, naira gelaSvili, Tamaz xmalaZe, giorgi lobJaniZe _ es arasruli siaa im avtorebisa, romlebzec wers maia jaliaSvili. wignSi Sesulia ramdenime werilic sazRvargareTul literaturazec, kerZod, nikos kazanZakisis, franc kafkas, herman heses da jon qiTsis Sesaxeb.

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maia jaliaSvili. `qarTuli modernistuli romani~, `wyarosTvali~, Tb., 2006, 256 gv. wignSi gaanalizebulia 20-iani wlebis axali tipis romanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebi da Taviseburebani. kvleva mimdinareobs evropuli modernizmis WrilSi da gamokveTilia is msgavseba-gansxvavebani, rac qarTul modernistul romans axasiaTebs evropulTan SedarebiT. saTanado yuradReba eTmoba miTosis mxatvruli funqciis, qarTuli modernistuli romanis struqturisa da problematikis analizs. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs modernizmis mxatvrul Taviseburebebzec, rac prozis ritmulobasa da feris mxatvruli funqciis gaazrebaSi mdgomareobs. sainteresodaa ganxiluli tropuli metyvelebis Taviseburebani.

naSroms erTvis daskvnebi, damowmebuli literaturis sia da reziume inglisur da rusul enebze.

irma ratiani. `qronotopi ilia zavzavaZis prozaSi~ (xuTi Txzulebis analizi). gamomcemloba `universali~, Tb., 2006.

wignSi ilia WavWavaZis xuTi nawarmoebis (`mgzavris werilebi~, `oTaraanT qvrivi~,

`kacia-adamiani?!~, `glaxis naambobi~, `sarCobelazed~) analizis safuZvelze warmoCenilia qronotopis Taviseburebani. gaanalizebulia avtoriseuli dro-sivrce, rogorc mxatvruli dro-sivrcis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pozicia; Txrobis dro-sivrculi struqtura, mxatvruli, anu siuJeturi dro da sivrce. warmoCenilia mxatvruli drois zogadi struqtura da misi realizebis formebi, daxasiaTebulia ilias prozisTvis niSandoblivi ZiriTadi sivrculi modelebi _ gza, sofeli, kar-midamo, saxli, qalaqi, duqani, saydari da peizaJuri foni. gaanalizebulia mxatvruli qronotopuli sistemis calkeuli komponentebi, maT Soris, personaJTa individualuri qronotopi, gzisa da Sexvedris qronotopi, perceptualuri dro da sivrce, mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi.

cisana genZexaZe. `mamulis Tavisuflebaze meocnebeni~ (XX saukunis 60-ianelTa axali lirikuli poema)~, Tb., `zekari~, 2006, 150 gv.

mkiTxvelma miiRo cisana genZexaZis statiebis krebuli `mamulis Tavisuflebaze meocnebeni~, romelSic Tavmoyrilia wignis avtoris recepciebi me-20 saukunis 60-ianelTa ganaxlebul lirikul poemaze. poemis konceptualuri da saxeobrivi Taviseburebebi, problematika da misi gadawyvetis gzebi ganxilulia o. WilaZis, j. Carkvianis, t. Wanturias, g. gegeWkoris, e. kvitaiSvilisa da v. javaxaZis lirikuli poemebis magaliTze. zoia cxadaia. `XX saukunis qarTuli lirikis istoriidan~, `merani~,.Tb., 2005 w., 232 gv.

wigni warmoadgens qarTuli lirikis istoriis ori, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani etapis _ 30-40-iani da 70-80-iani wlebis _ mecnierul-kritikul Sefasebas. Tanamedroveobis Tvalsawieridan avtori kargad xedavs qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis procesis rig Taviseburebebs. im sirTuleebs, romelTa daZlevac uxdebodaT qarTvel poetebs am winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse ideologiur-kulturuli epoqis mTel droiT WrilSi.

wignSi Sesulia calkeuli werilebi da recenziebi me-20 saukunis sxvadasxva Taobis qarTvel lirikosebze: SoTa CantlaZeze, niko samadaSvilze, gigi sulakaurze da sxv.

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s a r C e v i Tvalsazrisi

nugzar muzaSvili arsebobs, magram... ar arsebobs..................................................................................................3

daviT CixlaZe demiTologizaciis fenomenis Semotana axal qarTul poeziaSi......................................9

ivane amirxanaSvili saubari mZinare adamianTan (snobisturi refleqsiebi Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaze) ......................................................................................................................16

eqtorebi

emzar kvitaiSvili gauxunari wlebi...........................................................................................................................19

lali avaliani interteqstualizaciisaTvis (fragmentebi) .......................................................................42

maia jaliaSvili tkivilis metafizika....................................................................................................................50

zaza gogia gigi sulakauris proza qarTul Sidakulturul konteqstSi........................................60

inga milorava Taobis portreti bnel interierSi.........................................................................................65

miranda tyeSelaSvili besik xaranaulis `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~.......................................71.

ada nemsaZe identifikaciis problema Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi.........................................77

kritikis kritika

manana kvataia `vizioneri, romlis gamgebic jerjerobiT aravinaa...” ...................................................84

gaga lomiZe qristianuli narativis apologia............................................................................................89

Jurnalistika

manana SamiliSvili qarTuli Jurnalizmi globaluri sainformacio-kreatiuli procesebis sistemaSi...................................................................................................................92

xelovneba

lela oCiauri qarTuli kino dakarguli dros ZiebaSi ... (da)... .................................................................98

qeTi jiSiaSvili dakarguli sivrcis ZiebaSi........................................................................................................109

axali wignebi, 2006 weli.............................................................................................................114