krzysztof krajewski jagiellonian university department of criminology krakow - poland gaps in the...
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Krzysztof KrajewskiJagiellonian UniversityDepartment of CriminologyKrakow - Poland
Gaps in the knowledge base – evidence in the criminal justice
system and its implementation in practice
ConferenceIdentifying Europe’s information needs for effective drug
policyLisbon, 6 – 8 May, 2009
2
Basic question
To evaluate drug policies in any country, it is important to have information on three aspects of these policies:
1) to what extent criminal law and criminal justice interventions are directed towards supply of drugs and to what extent towards demand for drugs;
2) to what extent criminal law and criminal justice interventions regarding demand constitute either purely repressive interventions, or involve also alternative measures intended to divert offending drug users to the treatment system;
3) what are the reasons for eventual different patterns;
3
Indexed trends in reports for drug-related offences by broad type of offence in the EU Member States 2002–07
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-1
114
129132
60
100
140
180
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
All reports (976999)
Use-related reports (703309)
Supply-related reports (184841)
4
Offences type in reports for drug law offences in EuropeSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-2
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
2005 - Norway (n=9707)
2005 - Turkey (n=13229)
2007 - Croatia (n=7952)
2006 - United Kingdom (n=123967)
2007 - Sweden (n=21752)
2007 - Finland (n=16314)
2007 - Slov akia (n=644)
2007 - Slov enia(n=3720)
2007 - Romania(n=2749)
2007 - Portugal(n=11946)
2007 - Poland(n=63007)
2007 - Austria(n=24166)
2007 - Netherlands(n=19269)
2007 - Malta(n=630)
2006 - Luxembourg(n=282)
2007 - Lithuania(n=1734)
2007 - Latv ia(n=3966)
2007 - Cy prus(n=878)
2006 - Italy (n=68370)
2007 - France(n=134320)
2007 - Spain(n=278797)
2007 - Greece(n=15247)
2006 - Ireland(n=14830)
2007 - Estonia(n=7039)
2007 - Germany (n=248355)
2005 - Denmark(n=19526)
2007 - Czech Republic(n=2031)
2007 - Bulgaria(n=3947)
2007 - Belgium(n=37867)
Use-related offences Supply-related offences Use and supply-related offences Other type of offences
5
Proportion of cannabis related offences in reports for drug law offencesSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Table DLO-3
65,2
52,2
66,4
77,3
28,5
82,8
60
49,2 49,6
56,6
21 21,4
33
47,6
56,1 55,459
70,573,4
36,1
80,4
51,9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Bel
gium
Bul
garia
Cro
atia
Cyp
rus
Cze
ch R
ep.
Den
mar
k
Est
onia
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Gre
ece
Hun
gary
Irel
and
Ital
y
Latv
ia
Lith
uani
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Mal
ta
Net
herla
nds
Nor
way
Pol
and
Por
tuga
l
Rom
ania
Slo
vaki
a
Slo
veni
a
Spa
in
Sw
eden
Tur
key
UK
6
Indexed trends in reports for drug law offences by type of drug in the EU Member States 2002–07
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-3
123
107
159
0
50
100
150
200
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Cannabis (566945)
Heroin (85296)
Cocaine (104801)
Amphetamine (42302)
7
Indexed trends in reports for drug law offences related to drug use or possession for use in the EU Member States 2002–07
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-4
124
160
117
0
50
100
150
200
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Cannabis use (466626)
Heroin use (49185)
Cocaine use (69558)
8
Selection mechanisms in the criminal justice system:„funnel model”
Output:number of reported (registered) offences
Output: number of prosecutions
Output: number of convictions
Output: number of people serving prison term
Input: number of really committed offences
9
Tasks for the future
• it may be worth effort to learn more about and to attempt to explain significant differences in outcomes of the selection mechanism and criminal justice interventions between European countries;
• however, this may be difficult without certain data being available throughout Europe on the national level;
• targeted data collection and specific research projects may be necessary here;
10
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
627
524
358339 333
309 301 291 288
239212 207 204
185 179 174 165136
118 116 113 113
51 51
18 15 13 12
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Spa
in
Est
onia
Bel
gium
Den
mar
k
Irel
and
Fin
land
Ger
man
y
Aus
tria
Luxe
mbo
urg
Sw
eden
Fra
nce
Nor
way UK
Slo
veni
a
Cro
atia
Latv
ia
Pol
and
Gre
ece
Net
herla
nds
Italy
Cyp
rus
Por
tuga
l
Bul
garia
Lith
uani
a
Cze
ch R
ep.
Tur
key
Rom
ania
Slo
vaki
a
11
Drug use related offences rates in European countries (2007)Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
570
446
307
252 251226
210 208 197178
150 142 130 124108
89 7864 63 62
36 34 2914 9 7 7 2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Spa
in
Est
onia
Den
mar
k
Irel
and
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Sw
eden
Ger
man
y
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Slo
veni
a
UK
Latv
ia
Cro
atia
Pol
and
Cyp
rus
Nor
way
Por
tuga
l
Gre
ece
Italy
Net
herla
nds
Bul
garia
Lith
uani
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Tur
key
Rom
ania
Slo
vaki
a
Cze
ch R
ep.
12
Drug supply related offences rates in European countries (2007)Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
129
122
111
8178 78
70
57 55 55 5451
35 34 3328
25 23 23 22 2218 17 16
10 85 5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Nor
way
Bel
gium
Fin
land
Net
herla
nds
Ger
man
y
Est
onia
Irel
and
Spa
in
Pol
and
Cro
atia
Italy
Den
mar
k
Slo
veni
a
UK
Gre
ece
Sw
eden
Aus
tria
Cyp
rus
Por
tuga
l
Lith
uani
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Latv
ia
Cze
ch R
ep.
Fra
nce
Tur
key
Bul
garia
Rom
ania
Slo
vaki
a
13
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)- ranking according to the overall rate
Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Spa
in
Est
onia
Bel
gium
Den
mar
k
Irel
and
Fin
land
Ger
man
y
Aus
tria
Sw
eden
Fra
nce
Nor
way UK
Slo
veni
a
Cro
atia
Latv
ia
Pol
and
Gre
ece
Net
herla
nds
Italy
Cyp
rus
Por
tuga
l
Luxe
mbo
urg
Bul
garia
Lith
uani
a
Cze
ch R
ep.
Tur
key
Rom
ania
Slo
vaki
a
Overall drug offences Use related offences Supply related offences
14
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)- ranking according to the use related offences rate
Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Spa
in
Est
onia
Den
mar
k
Irel
and
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Sw
eden
Ger
man
y
Fin
land
Fra
nce
Slo
veni
a
UK
Latv
ia
Cro
atia
Pol
and
Cyp
rus
Nor
way
Por
tuga
l
Gre
ece
Italy
Net
herla
nds
Bul
garia
Lith
uani
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Tur
key
Rom
ania
Slo
vaki
a
Cze
ch R
ep.
Overall drug offences Use related offences Supply related offences
15
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)- ranking according to the supply related offences rates
Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Nor
way
Bel
gium
Finl
and
Net
herla
nds
Est
onia
Ger
man
y
Irela
nd
Spa
in
Cro
atia
Pol
and
Italy
Den
mar
k
Slo
veni
a
UK
Gre
ece
Sw
eden
Aus
tria
Cyp
rus
Por
tuga
l
Lith
uani
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Latv
ia
Cze
ch R
ep.
Fran
ce
Turk
ey
Bul
garia
Rom
ania
Slo
vaki
a
Overall drug offences Use related offences Supply related offences
16
Preliminary conclusions
• law enforcement effort in most countries seems to concentrate on the use related offences;
• this is especially visible in some countries ranked quite low on supply related offences, but being champions in use related offences rates, and because of this also champions in general drug offences rates;
• more precise knowledge is highly desirable about reasons for this pattern;
• this may be of great importance for evaluating impact of the law enforcement effort on various aspects of the drug problem;
17
Drug offences rates and conviction rates for drug offencesin European countries (2003)
Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Third Edition
610
288
172
561
78
197
123
258
78
128
262
139
207
87
44 5433
143
5529 16 22 22 26 27
8 70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Sw
itzer
land
Finl
and
Sw
eden
Icel
and
Irela
nd UK
Cro
atia
Ger
man
y
Ukr
aine
Net
herla
nds
Aus
tria
Mea
n
Fran
ce Italy
Pol
and
Por
tuga
l
Mol
dova
Gre
ece
Slo
veni
a
Hun
gary
Lith
uani
a
Cze
ch R
ep.
Slo
vaki
a
Geo
rgia
Bul
garia
Alb
ania
Rom
ania
Offences Convictions
18
Drug offences rates and convictions rates for drug trafficking offencesin European countries (2003)
Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Third Edition
67
103
3127
17
29
50
42
1814
9
3 2 10
20
40
60
80
100
120
Irela
nd
Sw
itzer
land U
K
Mea
n
Fran
ce
Aus
tria
Por
tuga
l
Slo
veni
a
Cze
ch R
ep.
Slo
vaki
a
Ger
man
y
Pol
and
Alb
ania
Cro
atia
Offences Convictions
19
Preliminary conclusions
• attrition rate (difference between registered offences rate and convictions rate) seems to be huge in case of some countries;
• this suggests that many registered drug offences are never prosecuted, and it never comes to conviction for them;
• as this rate seems to be generally lower in case of supply related offences, it may mean that use related cases are mostly responsible for that phenomenon;
• it is highly desirable to know why is it so: are these cases just dropped off for some reasons, or are they diverted to be dealt with in other way?
20
Conclusion
• gaps in the knowledge about criminal justice interventions in case of drug offences seem to be quite substantial throughout Europe;
• because of this the need to collect more data and to conduct research in this area seems to be especially acute!
Thank you for your attention!