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HOW-TO GUIDEGENDER-RESPONSIVE DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION

Copyright © 2012 Inter-Agency Working Group on DDR (IAWG)All rights reserved

We encourage the free use of the contents of this guide with appropriate and full citation.

Acknowledgements: This How-to Guide has been developed by Louise Dietrich and Thomas Winderl, supported by Michelle Glasser under supervision of Glaucia Boyer. The guide has been further developed and finalized by Rosan Smits, Leontine Specker, Agnieszka Wisniews-ka, Simon Tordjman, Sarah Preston Hanssen and Laura Ronkainen.

This publication is available online at http://unddr.org

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1. About this guide TheIDDRS,theOperationalGuideandtheHow-toGuide Whoshouldusethisguide? Howtousethisguide?2.GenderandDDR Defininggender Basicprinciplesforgender-responsiveDDR GenderconsiderationsinDDR Criteriaforgender-responsiveDDR CommongendergapsinDDRprogrammes

I.HOWTOINITIATEGENDER-RESPONSIVENESSDURINGTHEPEACEPROCESS Step1:BuildgenderandDDRcapacityofpeacenegotiationteams Step2:Ensurewomen’sparticipationinpeacenegotiations Step3:Includegenderprovisionsinpeaceagreements Step4:Linksecuritytogender-basedviolence Step5:Mobilizefinancialresourcesforgender-responsiveDDR

II.HOWTOPLANANDDESIGNGENDER-RESPONSIVEDDRPROGRAMMES1.AnchorGenderconsiderationsintheplanningphase Step1:Mainstreamgenderinpre-programmeassessments Step2:Identifypartners,capacities,influenceandinterests2.Makeplanningdocumentsresponsivetogender Step1:Mainstreamgenderinthesituationanalysis Step2:Maketheresultsframeworkresponsivetogender Step3:Makemonitoringandevaluationframeworkgender-sensitive Step4:Includegender-sensitiveindicators Step5:Ensuregender-responsivebudgetingforDDR

III.HOWTOIMPLEMENTGENDER-RESPONSIVEDDRPROGRAMMES1.Measureprogressthroughgender-sensitiveindicators Step1:Quantitativemonitoringofsex-specificdata Step2:QualitativemonitoringofgenderdimensionsofDDRprogramme Step3:Analysedatatomeasuregender-responsiveness2.EnsurethatDDRstaffisresponsivetogender Step1:Ensurethattherecruitmentprocessisgender-sensitive Step2:IncreasegenderawarenessamongDDRstaff Step3:BuildgendercompetenceamongDDRstaff Step4:Collaboratewithgenderexperts3.Makeorganizationalstructures,workflowsandinformationmanagementresponsivetogender Step1:Establishgender-responsivenessasjointresponsibility Step2:Createincentivesforgender-sensitiveinitiatives Step3:Providemanagementsupporttogenderspecialists Step4:Useknowledgemanagementtoenhancegender-responsiveness4.Workandcoordinatewithpartners

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How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 3

Step1:ProvidesupporttothenationalDDRcommission Step2:Strengthenpartnershipswithwomen’sandmen’snetworks Step3:Coordinatewithinternationalpartners Step4:Buildgenderawarenessandcapacitiesofimplementingpartnersand consultants5.Makeevaluationsgender-sensitive

IV.HOWTOCLOSEADDRPROGRAMMEINAGENDER-RESPONSIVEWAY1.Preparingagender-responsiveexitstrategy Step1:Identifygender-specificrisksthroughoutDDRprogramme implementation Step2:Identifypartnerstotakeforwardgender-relatedwork2.Buildingcapacityoflocalcounterparts Step1:Createacapacitydevelopmentstrategyfornationalcounterparts Step2:Buildcapacityofnationalcounterparts Step3:Shareyourinformationandexperiences3.Buildlinkageswithothergender-relatedinitiatives Step1:Ensurelinkageswithbroaderrecoveryprogrammes Step2:Ensurelinkageswithsecuritysectorreform

RESOURCEPACKAGEResource1: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogrammeResource2: Examplesofgender-sensitiveprovisionsforpeaceandDDRagreementsResource3: ExampleofaDDRresultmatrixwithgender-specificindicators-NepalResource4: Overviewofgender-sensitiveDDRassessmentsResource5: Keyentrypointsforgender-sensitiveassessmentsResource6: Identifyingpartners’capacities,influenceandinterestsResource7: MakingDDRresultschainsgender-sensitiveResource8: Examplesofindicators:trackinggender-responsivenessofaDDR programmeResource9: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRbudgetResource10: Recruitingnewstaff:QuestionsformappinggendercompetenciesResource11: Genderissuesascommonresponsibility:ExamplesfortermsofreferencesResource12: ChecklistofkeygenderrelatedresponsibilitiesforDDRprogramme managers

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How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR 4

How-to Guide: Gender-Responsive DDR

INTRODUCTION Armedconflictsmostoftenhaveprofoundimplicationsforgendernorms,rolesandidentitiesofbothmenandwomen.Notonlydotraditionalrolesandidentitiesshiftasaconsequenceofwar,butmenandwomenalsoliveandperformactsofviolencedifferently.Assuch,maleandfemaleex-combatantsandmenandwomeninotherwaysassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsalsohavedistinctneedsand points of resilience for peaceful reintegration. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration(DDR) programmes aim to deal with post-conflict security problems that arise when combatantsandassociatedgroupsareleftwithoutlivelihoodsandsupportnetworks.TheSecretary-GeneralhasstipulatedthatDDRprogrammesmustremoveobstaclestoparticipationbyfemalecombatantsandwomenandgirlsassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups,takewomen’sandgirls’specialneedsintoconsiderationinprogrammedesignandofferfemaleparticipantsandbeneficiarieswithequalaccesstoprogrammeservices1.

Notonlydoesthetransitionfromconflicttopeacecreateawindowofopportunitytopromotegenderequality, but DDR programmes also gain effectiveness and sustainability of results when differentexperiencesofmenandwomen,aswellastheroleofgenderidentitiesinexpressingandexperiencingviolentbehaviour,areaddressedthroughouttheDDRprocess.Forreasonsofbothefficiencyandequity,therefore,theUnitedNationsiscommittedtoensuringwomen’sequalinvolvementasparticipantsandbeneficiariesinlocaldevelopment,employmentcreation,front-lineservicedeliveryanddisarmament,demobilizationandreintegrationprogrammesinpost-conflictsituations2.

Although the awareness of the essentiality of incorporating gender considerations in DDR hasincreased, it does not always translate into practical implementation and mainstreaming genderinDDRprogrammes.Amongotherthingsthereasonsforthis includenarrowunderstandingof theconceptofgenderandlackofskills,resourcesorcoordinationduringplanningandimplementationofthe programmes.

Thisguideprovidesstep-by-stepinstructionsonhowtopracticallytranslategenderconsiderationsintoDDRprogramming.Itisdesignedtocomplementthegender-specificguidanceincludedintheUnitedNationsIntegratedDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationStandards(IDDRS)3.

1. ABOUT THIS GUIDE

Theobjectiveof thisHow-toGuide is toprovidepracticalguidance forDDRpractitioners tobetteraddresskeygenderissuesinordertoincreasetheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofDDRprogrammes.ItaimstoincreaseDDRpractitioners’abilitytotakeintoconsiderationthedifferentneedsandcapacitiesoffemaleandmaleex-combatants,supportersofarmedforcesandgroupsandtheirdependants.

Thisguide,togetherwithUNDP’s8PointAgendaonstrengtheninggenderresponsivenessinconflictpreventionandrecoveryandtheUNDP/BCPR’sGenderandDDRStrategy,constitutesacoordinatedapproachtosupportingtheimplementationofinternationalmandatesrelatedtogenderequalityinacrisispreventionandrecoverysetting.

1UnitedNations Security Council (2010):Women’s participation in peacebuilding: Report of the Secretary-General. 7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.2 Ibid.3 Inter-Agency Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (2006): Integrated Disarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationStandards.

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How-to guide: Gender-Responsive DDR

The IDDRS, the Operational Guide and the How to Guide

In 2006, the United Nations issued the Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS), and an accompanyingOperationalGuidetotheIDDRS(OG),whichsetoutthecollectivelyagreedstandardstoplan,manageandimplementeffectiveDDRprogrammes.GenderequalitywasbothmainstreamedthroughoutthestandardsandaddressedinaspecificchapteronWomen,GenderandDDR(chapter5.10).ThisHow-toGuidetowaswrittentocomplement the IDDRSandOG,providingadditionalpracticalguidancetowardsachievinggender-responsiveDDRprogrammes.

IDDRSModule5.10providesguidanceonhowtostrengthengender-responsivenessinthedifferentphasesofDDRprogrammes.ThisguidesupplementsthestandardsbyintroducingagenderresponsiveDDRprogrammecycleincludingpre-programmeprocesses,planning,implementation,monitoringandevaluationandprogrammeclosure.InadditiontothisHow-toGuide,morepolicyguidanceandcountryspecificexamplesonthelinkagesofgenderandDDRcanbefoundintheUNDPreport‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’4.

4UNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’.

Box 1: International commitments for gender issues in peace and security

UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) – Women, Peace and SecurityTheresolutionlinkswomentothepeaceandsecurityagenda,reaffirmingtheimportantrolewom-enplayinthepreventionandresolutionofconflict.Further,itstressestheneedtoincreasewom-en’sroleindecision-making.WithrespecttoDDR,itspecifically“encouragesallthoseinvolvedintheplanningforDDRtoconsiderthedifferentneedsoffemaleandmaleex-combatantsandtotakeintoaccounttheneedsoftheirdependants”.

UN Security Council Resolution 1820 (2008) – Women and Peace and SecurityTheresolutionexplicitlyrecognizestheuseofsexualviolenceasatacticofwarandacknowledgestheroleofwomenandgirlsinthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.Italsostressestheneedtorecognisesexualviolenceasasecurityissueandassuch,itistojustifyasecurityre-sponse.WithrespecttoDDR,itrequiresaddressingthestigmaandshamethatwomenencounterandassertstheimportanceofwomen’sparticipationinallprocessesrelatedtoendingsexualvio-lence.

UNDP’s 8 Point Agenda (8PA)The8PointAgendaisastrategicframeworkforactionandadvocacy,whichwasendorsedbytheUNDPAdministratorinNovember2006.ItrepresentsUNDP’scommitmenttoimplementingtheUNSecurityCouncilResolution1325onWomen,PeaceandSecurity(2000).Itsobjectiveisto:

1. Strengthenwomen’ssecurityincrisis;2. Advancegenderjustice;3. Expandwomen’scitizenship,participationandleadership;4. Buildpeacewithandforwomen;5. Promotegenderequalityindisasterriskreduction;6. Ensuregender-responsiverecovery;7. Transformgovernmenttodeliverforwomen;8. Developcapacitiesforsocialchange.

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Who should use this guide?

ThisHow-toGuideisintendedtobeusedbyDDRpractitionersatthestrategic,managementandimplementinglevels.ItisespeciallyustefulforanyoneinterestedinimprovingtheircompetenceinmainstreaminggenderissuesinDDR,whichis,oneofthekeyrequirementsofUNDP’sresults-basedmanagementcycle5.Aparticulartargetaudienceisthegenderfocalpoints(GFPs)withinDDR programmes.

Thisguidemayalsobeusedbynationalpartners,suchasnationalministriesinchargeofoverseeingDDR, national DDR commissions, regional and local governments, as well as internationalorganizationsandpractitionersworkingintransitionalandrecoveryframeworks.

How to use this guide?

Thisguidecanbeusedasacombinationofapracticalmanual,toolkitandareferenceguide.Itconsistsofthefollowingsections:

− How-toGuidecontainsadviceonoperationalizingIDDRSguidanceinagender-responsivemanner,followingtheresultsbasedmanagementcycle.Eachprogrammecyclephaseisbrokenintostep-by-stepguidanceonkeyconsiderationsandactionpointstomaketheDDRprogrammemoregender-sensitive.

− ResourcePackagecontainsasetofpracticaltoolssuchastemplates,samples,checklistsandkeyquestionstofacilitategender-responsivenessinDDR.

− Programmeexamplesillustrategoodpracticesofhowcertainprogrammecycleelementscanbemademoregender-responsive.

− AbibliographyreferencingthereadertofurtherreadingandrecentpublicationsrelatedtoDDRandgender.

2. GENDER AND DDR

While it is increasingly recognized thatgender identities canplaya role in continuedpatternsof violence and aggression among ex-combatants, DDR programming has lacked a sufficientframeworktounderstandandaddressthedifferentexperiencesofmenandwomenintheDDRprocessandtheroleofgenderidentitiesinviolence,bothofwhicharecrucialforincreasingtheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofDDRprogrammes.

Defining gender

Whereassexreferstobiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,genderisarelationaltermthatreferstothesociallyconstructednormsaroundroles,behavioursandattributesassociatedwithbeingmaleandfemaleandtherelationshipsbetweenwomen,men,girlsandboys,aswellaswithinsame-sexgroups.Theseattributes,opportunitiesandrelationshipsaresociallyconstructedand are passed on through socialization processes. They are context- and time-specific andchangeable.

5Formoreinformation,pleaserefertoUNDP(2002):‘ResultsBasedManagement:ConceptsandMethodology’.Online:http://web.undp.org/evaluation/documents/RBMConceptsMethodgyjuly2002.pdf.

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Thus,genderdifferencesarenotthesameasbiologicalsexdifferences.Forinstanceawoman’sabilitytobearchildren is relatedtohersex (biologicallydetermined),whereasmenbeingexpectedtobeprovidersfortheirfamiliesisrelatedtogender(learnedorculturallydetermined).Genderidentitiesarechangeableovertime,varybetweenculturesandareaffectedbychangesinsocial,political,economicandsecurityconditions.Bycallingattentiontotheseidentitiesthisguidedoesnotwanttoreinforcegenderstereotypes,butratherworkstowardstransformingtheminordertoachievegenderequalityandtoreducetheriskofviolenceandconflictinapeacebuildingsetting.

Box 2: Gender: A definition

The social attributes and opportunities associatedwith beingmale and femaleandtherelationshipsbetweenwomen,men,girlsandboys,aswellastherela-tionsbetweenwomenandthosebetweenmen.Theseattributes,opportunitiesand relationshipsare socially constructedandare learned throughsocializationprocesses.Theyarecontext/time-specificandchangeable.Genderispartofthebroadersocioculturalcontext.Other importantcriteriaforsocioculturalanalysisincludeclass, race,poverty level,ethnicgroupandage.Theconceptofgenderalsoincludestheexpectationsheldaboutthecharacteristics,aptitudesandlikelybehavioursofbothwomenandmen(femininityandmasculinity).

Theconceptofgenderisvital,because,whenitisappliedtosocialanalysis,itre-vealshowwomen’ssubordination(ormen’sdomination)issociallyconstructed.Assuch,thesubordinationcanbechangedorended.Itisnotbiologicallypredeter-mined,norisitfixedforever.Aswithanygroup,interactionsamongarmedforcesandgroups,members’rolesandresponsibilitieswithinthegroup,andinteractionsbetweenmembersofarmedforces/groupsandpolicyanddecisionmakersareallheavily influencedbyprevailinggender rolesandgender relations insociety. Infact,genderrolessignificantlyaffectthebehaviourofindividualsevenwhentheyareinasex-segregatedenvironment,suchasanall-malecadre.

IAWG(2006):IntegratedDDRStandars

Basic principles for gender-responsive DDR

InordertomakeaDDRprogrammegender-responsive,theprogrammecycleneedstobeplanned,implemented,monitoredandevaluatedinagender-sensitiveway.Gender-sensitivitymeansrecognizingthespecificneedsandrealitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboysbasedonthesocialconstructionofgenderroles6.Throughacknowledgingtheseneedsandexistingideasofmasculinitiesandfemininities,gender-responsiveprogrammesaddressthedifferentvulnerabilitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboys,andbuildontheirdifferentcapabilitiestoactasagentsofchange.

6Definitionof“gender-sensitivity”takenandmoderatelyadaptedfrom:WHO(2007):‘Engagingmenandboysinchanginggender-basedinequityinhealth:Evidencefromprogrammeinterventions’,p.4.

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Agender-responsiveDDRprogrammeisbasedonthreegeneralprinciples:

− Genderequality Theprogrammerecognizesandsupportstheequalrights,responsibilitiesandopportunitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboysinDDRprocesses.Thisdoesnotimplythatwomenandmenbecomethesame,butthattheprogrammetakesintoconsiderationthedifferentneedsandprioritiesofboth groups.

− Non-discrimination,fairnessandequitabletreatment TheDDRprogrammediscriminateagainstindividualsonthebasisofsex,gender,age,race,religion,nationality,ethnicorigin,politicalopinion,orotherpersonalcharacteristicsorassociations.ForDDRprogrammestoensurefairtreatmentofwomen,men,girlsandboysaccordingtotheirneeds,specialmeasuresmightneedtobeputinplacetocompensateforsocialorhistoricaldisadvantages.Thus,equitabletreatmentmightincludeequaltreatmentofallgroupsordifferenttreatmentthatisconsideredequivalentintermsofrights,benefits,obligationsandopportunities7.

− Centredonpeople TheDDRprogrammerecognizesthatpeoplerepresentingdifferentsexesandgender,aswellasthoseofdifferingagesandphysicalabilityhavedifferentsupportneeds.Theprogrammeactivitieshavetobeculturallysensitive,appropriateandrelevant,andofferspecificallydesignedservicesforeach group.

Buildingontheseprincipals,gender-responsiveDDRprogrammesstrivetoreachgender-responsiveobjectivesthatarenon-discriminatory,equallybenefitwomenandmenandaimatcorrectinggenderimbalances.While it is not always feasible to explicitlymention gender issues in the overall DDRprogrammeobjective(e.g.tocontributetopeace,reconciliationanddevelopmentinthesociety),itisnonethelessimportanttorememberthatgenderconsiderationsareanessentialpartofreachingthisobjectiveandmakingtheresultssustainable.

Gender considerations in DDR

Ingeneral,thefollowingaspectsshouldbeconsideredwhendesigningaDDRprogrammeorimprovingittobemoregender-responsive:

Women,men,girlsandboysaresocialized indifferentwaysanddifferentbehavioursareexpectedfromthem.Womenandmenperformdifferentrolesinthesocietyandtheserolesareoftenvalueddifferently.Similarly,armedconflict impactswomenandmendifferentlyandrequires theirspecificneeds to be taken into account after the conflict has ended. Differences are seen in patterns ofrecruitmentand in the rolesmenandwomenplaywithinarmedgroups.Theymay thusalsohavedifferentneeds,considerdifferentthingsimportantandmakedifferentchoicesinDDRcontexts.

Women andmen are integral parts of the same society. Interventions on one part of societywillunavoidablyhaveanimpactontheother,eitherimprovingsituationsorcreatingtensions.Aboveall,genderconsiderationsformthebasistothesocialrelationswithinwhichindividualsandgroupsact.Gender-responsiveDDRprogrammesmayfacilitatewomen’sempowerment,buttheoverallaimisonworkingwiththesocietyasawhole.

Groupsofwomenandmenarehighlyheterogeneous.Thereareimportantdifferencesnotonlyamong

7Definitionof“equitabletreatment”takenandmoderatelyadaptedfrom:ILO(2007):‘ABCofwomenworker’srightsandgenderequality’,p.92.

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groups,butalsowithinthem.Sub-groupsexistbasedonage,education,class,caste,religion,sexualpreference,ethnicityandraceamongothers.Womenandmenhaveaseriesofdifferent identities,whichcanemergeasdominantindifferentmomentsandcontexts.Genderidentityisnotnecessarilytiedtosex.Forexamplefemaleex-combatants’behaviourcanbeconsideredmasculinebythewomenandmenintheircommunities,andthusthereisneither“automaticsisterhood”amongwomennor“automaticbrotherhood”amongmen.

Althoughwomenexperienceawiderangeofviolence,notallwomenarevictimsandnotallperpetratorsaremen.Whereaswomenmaybemorevulnerabletosexualviolence,menmaybemorevulnerabletohomicideandforcedrecruitment.Bothmen’sandwomen’svulnerabilitiesdependonexternalandstructuralfactorsaffectingmasculinitiesandfemininities,ratherthanontheirsex.ADDRprogrammeismoreeffectiveifitbuildsonthecapacities,strengths,skillsandpointsofresilienceofwomenandmen,whiletakinggender-specificvulnerabilitiesintoconsideration.

Menhavegender-specificneeds,too.DDRprogrammeshaveprofoundimplicationsforgenderidentitiesofbothmaleandfemaleparticipants.Amongyoungable-bodiedmales,DDRmayleadtoamasculinitycrisis,whichinturncanincreaseviolentbehaviour.Forelderlyordisabledmen,ontheotherhand,itmaycreateopportunitiestorenegotiatetheirmasculinitiesvis-à-vistheexistinghegemonicidealofmanhood.Insomecases,ex-combatantsmaybeperceivedasathreattoeldersorauthoritieswithincommunitiesofreturn.Theymayfacerejectionortriggerconflictifreintegrationisnotsupported.Inthepost-conflictperiod,youthmayperceivethatpowerhasbeenreturnedtooldermaleeliteandthusfeelexcludedfromdecisionmaking.Ontheotherhandtheelders,affectedbythewaryears,duringwhichyouthhumiliatedandcommittedatrocitiesagainsteldersandchallengedsocialnorms,mightsometimesmistrustyouth.Thesemulti-layeredimpactsonhowgenderidentitiesandperceptionsofmasculinitiesareformedmustbetakenintoaccountinDDRprogramming.

Genderroles,identitiesandnormsarefluidandmaydifferaccordingtogroupandcommunity.Withinarmedgroups,genderroles,identitiesandnormsoftendevelopdifferentlythaninthecommunitiesofreturn.Thismaycausetremendousreintegrationchallengesforbothfemaleandmaleex-combatantsafter thewar has ended, if their gender-related expectations and behaviour no longer fit societalnorms8.

Boxes3and4demonstratesomeexamplesofhowthewomenandmenmightexperiencetheDDRprocessdifferently.

8Formorebackgroundonthegenderdimensionsofviolence,pleasereferto:UNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceandDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’.

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Box3:ExamplesofgenderdimensionsinexperiencingtheDDRprocessLossesduringdisarmament Maleex-combatant-specific

lossFemaleex-combatant-specificloss

• Symboliclossofidentityasfighterthroughsurrenderofweapon• Lossofsecurityandprotection• Lossofpower,respectandstatus

• Symboliclossofpowerandmanhoodthroughsurrenderofone’sweapon

• Lossofsomedegreeofequality,respectandprotectiongainedinrelationtomalecounterparts

Lossesduringdemobilization Maleex-combatant-specificlosses

Femaleex-combatant-specificlosses

• Warfamily• Economicsupport• Securityandprotection• Belonging,comradeshipandsocialsupport • Identityandsenseofpurpose • ‘Herotozero’-lossofstatusandprestige

• Lossofstatusandrespectgainedasafighter• High-rankingmenmaygainkeypoliticalpositionsinnewgovernment;however,lowerrankingmenmaybepassedoverandexperiencedisillusionmentorfeelbetrayedbycommanders

• Lossofsomedegreeofequality,respectandprotectiongainedasafighter• High-rankingwomenmayberelegatedtolowerpositionsorbepassedoverforkeypoliticalpositionsinthenewgovernment• WAAFGanddependantsmaybeseparatedfrommaleex-combatantsandlosesourceofsocial/economicsupport

Box4:Potentialchallengesandexpectationsfacedbymenandwomenduringeconomicreintegration

Male ex-combatants Female ex-combatantsExpectations:• Expectationtobe‘provider’• Expectationtoacquireworkthatisconsidered‘manly’• Desireforjobthatprovidesasourceofdignityandrespect

Expectations:• Expectationtoreturntotraditionaldomestic/caretakingrole• Expectationtoacquirejobthatisconsidered‘women’swork’• Morelikelytoacceptlowerstatusandlowerpayingjobs

Challenges:• Disempowermentduetolimitedlivelihoodandemploymentoptionsandinabilitytofulfillexpected‘provider’role• Acceptingwomen’snewroleas‘provider’andtherealorperceivedcompetitiontheyposeinthejobmarket

Challenges:• Disempowermentduetolackofequaleconomicopportunities• Doubleburdenofdomesticandincome-generationresponsibilities

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Criteria for gender-responsive DDR

ForaDDRprogrammetobegender-responsive,itshouldaddressthedifferentneedsandcapabilitiesofwomen,men,girlsandboysinallaspects,includingorganizationalarrangements,theprogrammecycleitselfandexternalrelations.

− Organizationalarrangementsareresponsivetogenderwhengendercapacityismainstreamedinhumanresources,organizationalstructuresandworkflows,andinformationandknowledgemanagement.

− Agender-responsiveDDRprogrammecycletakeswomenandmen’sgender-specificneedsandcapacitiesintoconsiderationinallofitsstages(assessment,planning,design,implementationandmonitoringandevaluation).Gender-responsiveprogrammeimplementationisbasedonunderstandingtherisksandopportunitiesrelatedtogendernormsinagivensociety,identifyingandaddressinggender-specificneedsandcapacities,andensuringequalaccesstoandbenefitfromDDRprogrammeservices.

− Gender-responsivenessinexternalrelationsmeansstrengtheningpartnershipsforgenderequalityinaccordancewithUNDPmandates,aswellascollaboratingwithwomenandmen’sorganizationsandDDRimplementingpartners.

Programme example 1: Croatia - Addressing men’s gender identities and needs

Sixteen years after the end of the war, Croatia still faces challenges in terms of violence,particularlyfamilyviolence.Menintheageof30-50-theagegroupthatlivedthroughthewar-areoneofthegroupswiththehighestriskforcommittingactsofintimatepartnerviolence.ViolenceinCroatiaishighlygender-driven:thevastmajorityofarmedcrimesinCroatiaarecommittedbymen.Womenrepresent2%oftheperpetrators,butconstitutealmost50%ofallvictims,reflectingthegenderaspectofdomesticviolence. In order to address these persisting levels of violence, theMinistry of Interior and UNDPinitiatedanawarenessraisingcampaign.Thecampaigntriedtoencouragecitizenstoreportviolenceandpromoteawarenessofthefactthatfamilyviolenceandviolenceagainstwomenarenotonlyprivatematters.Theoverallaimoftheprojectwastoengagemenandboysinpreventingviolentbehaviour.

Inordertoachievethis,malerolemodels,suchasthePresidentofCroatiarecordedmessagesto support the campaign. To reach out to youth, the campaign used modern means ofcommunication, such as a Facebook site named “Living a Lifewithout Violence”, featuringvideosandothermaterial.

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Box 5: Getting the concept right

Gender-responsiveDDRisNOT: − SimplydesignatingagenderfocalpointwithintheDDRprogramme; − Aone-offexercise; − Adhocmeasurestargetingwomen; − Astand-alonechapterorsectionwithinaprogrammedocumentorreport.

Common gender gaps in DDR programmes

Overthelastdecadeprogresshasbeenmadeinacknowledgingthatthespecificneedsoffemaleandmalecombatantsandassociatedgroupsshouldbeaccountedfor.However,DDRprogrammestypicallyfacetwokeychallengesintermsofgender:

− Lowformalregistrationlevelsofwomenandgirls; − Insufficientattentiontothespecificneedsofwomen,men,girlsandboys.

Low formal registration of women and girls is characteristic formany DDR programmes. There isan inconsistency between numbers of womenwho participated in armed conflict and thosewhoeffectively register inDDRprogrammes.Femaleex-combatantsandwomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsfacecomplexbarrierstoformalregistrationandequalaccesstoDDRprogrammebenefitsandservices.

Duetothis,anumberofwomenandgirlsself-demobilize.Asaresulttheyareleftalonetodealwithwar traumas,psycho-socialdistressandhealthproblems. Inaddition, theydonot receivefinancialsupport, skills development assistance or benefit fromemployment creation. Socially isolated anddestitute–andoftenwithdependants–womenaremorevulnerabletoabuseandexploitation,suchashuman traffickingorprostitution. Exclusionofwomen fromDDRprogrammes thusperpetuatescyclesofsexualviolence.

Box 6: Avoiding gender gaps in DDR programmes:

− UnderstandthatgenderequalityisapriorityinDDRprogrammes; − Acknowledgethatgender-mainstreamingneedstostartasearlyaspossible; − Ensureadequatefundingthroughforwardlookingcoordinationinordertoallowforcomprehensiveandsystematicinterventionsandtoovercomepiecemealapproach;

− IncludeadequatelytrainedpersonnelwhounderstandbothDDRandgenderandhaveaprovenexpertiseongender-specificinterventions;

− Ensurethatsex-disaggregateddataisanalysedandeffectivelyusedduringplanninganddesignoftheprogramme.

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Reasonsforlowregistrationlevelsareoftengender-related.Forexample,existinggender-normsmaypreventwomenfrommakingthemselvesknownasamemberofanarmedforceorgroupoutoffearforsocial stigma.TheDDRprogramme itselfmightalsoexcludewomenthroughgender-insensitivepublicinformationcampaignsorbysettingnarroweligibilitycriteria.

DDRprogrammestypicallydonotsufficientlyaddressthegender-specificneedsofeitherwomenandgirlsormenandboys.Todate,thefocusofeffortstointegrategenderintoDDRpolicyandprogramminghasbeenonaddressing theparticularneedsof femaleex-combatantsandwomenassociatedwitharmed forces and groups (WAAFG).On theotherhand, although themajority ofDDRprogrammeparticipants aremen, DDR policy and programming guidance often neglect the fact thatmen arealsobeing shapedbychangingnormsaroundmanhood.Thusmen’sexperiencesofDDRand theirreintegrationintosocietyisoftennotaddressedformagender-perspective. Recognizingthatforbothmenandwomentheconflict-affectedgender identitiescanplayarole incontinuedpatternsofviolenceandaggression,DDRprogrammescanalsoofferuniqueopportunitiestoaddressissuessuchaspost-traumaticstressdisorders,intimatepartnerviolenceandoveralllevelsofviolenceinpostconflictsocieties.

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Links to Resource Package

RESOURCE1:ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogramme

Further Reading

Barth, E. (2002): ‘Peace as Disappointment: the Reintegration of Female Soldiers in Post-ConflictSocieties:AComparativeStudyfromAfrica’,InternationalPeaceResearchInstitute(Prio),Oslo.

Farr, V. (2002): ‘Gendering Demilitarization as a Peacebuilding Tool’, Bonn International Centre forConversion,Bonn.

Klot,J.(2006):’AForwardLookingReview–GenderMainstreaminginCrisisPrevention’,UNDP/BCPR.

Inter-AgencyStandingCommittee(2006):‘GenderHandbookinHumanitarianAction.Women,Girls,BoysandMen.DifferentNeeds–EqualOpportunities’.

Schroeder,E.(2005),‘Multi-CountryDemobilizationandReintegrationProgram(MDRP),GenderDeskStudy’,WorldBank,Washington.

Storr,W.(2011):‘TheRapeofMen’,TheObserver,17July2011.

Stemple,L.(2009):‘MaleRapeandHumanRights’,HastingsLawJournal,Vol.60:605,pp605–646,2009.

Theidon,K.(2009):‘ReconstructingMasculinities:TheDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationofFormerCombatantsinColombia’,HumanRightsQuarterly,2009.

United Nations Development Fund forWomen (2004): ‘Getting Right, Doing it Right: Gender andDisarmament,DemobilisationandReintegration’,NewYork.

Inter-AgencyWorking Group on DDR (2006): ’Integrated DDR Standards, Chapter 5.10 –Women,GenderandDDR’.

UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’.

Relevant Links

PeaceWomen,Women'sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom:http://www.peacewomen.org/

UNDDR:www.unddr.org

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I. HOW TO INITIATE GENDER-RESPONSIVENESS DURING THE PEACE PROCESS

Peaceagreementshavebecome relevant roadmaps forpeacebuilding,defining strategicprioritiesfor stabilisation and state reform. As such, peace agreements often offer important platforms forgender-sensitivepolicymakingandprogrammingforsecurityanddevelopment.PeacenegotiationsandagreementsalsolaythegroundworkforDDRprocessesandarethereforethefirstentrypointforanchoringgenderconsiderationsinfutureDDRprogrammes.

Women’sparticipationinpeacebuildingisnotonlyamatterofwomen’sandgirls’rights,butwomenare also crucial partners in building lasting peace through economic recovery, social cohesion andpoliticallegitimacy9.Practicehasshownthatpeacenegotiationteams’genderandDDRcapacityandwomen’sparticipation inpeaceprocessesareprerequisites forefficientlyaddressinggender issuesinDDR.Althoughnotallwomen indecisionmakingpositionsapplyagenderperspective topeacebuilding,theyaremore likelytodosothanmen,partlybecausetheyaremoreaccessibletootherwomen10.Inordertomaximisethepotentialforgender-responsiveDDRprocesses,gender-sensitivityshouldbepartofallstagesofthepeaceprocess,includingpeacenegotiations,thepeaceagreementandpost-conflictplanningframeworks.

Thefollowingstepsarerecommendedtolaygroundworkforgender-responsiveDDRduringthepeaceprocess:

− BuildgenderandDDRcapacityofpeacenegotiationteams; − Ensurewomen’sparticipationinpeacenegotiations; − IncludegenderprovisionsinDDRagreements; − Linksecuritytosexualandgender-basedviolence; −Mobilisefinancialresourcesforgender-responsiveDDR.

9UnitedNations Security Council (2010):Women’s participation in peacebuilding: Report of the Secretary-General. 7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.10 Ibid.

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Step 1: Build gender and DDR capacity of peace negotiation teams

UnderstandingtheimplicationsofgendertoDDRiscrucialtothesuccessoftheprocess.ToensuremeaningfulincorporationofgenderconsiderationsinDDRprogramming,thenegotiationteamsneedtohaverelevantknowledgeofbothissues.

Actionpoints:

− Strengthengenderexperts’capacitiesinDDRandsupporttheirinvolvementindraftingDDRprovisionsinpeaceagreements.

− Developtrainingstoincreasegenderawarenessofbothmaleandfemalemediatorsbeforetheybegintheirassignment.

− ProvideinformationabouttheDDRprogrammeandprocesstoanysubsidiarybodiesorsub-committeesthatfacilitategender-orientednon-partyandNGOinputsandinvestmentsinthepeaceprocess.

Step 2: Ensure women’s participation in peace negotiations

Experience indicatesthatwomen’sparticipation inpeacenegotiationsandthe inclusionofgender-responsiveDDRprovisionsinpeaceagreementsareconnected.Inadditiontowomenparticipatinginthenegotiationsasformalmembersofthenegotiationteams,theyalsoplayanimportantroleinlocalandcommunitylevelpeacebuildingasmembersofthecivilsociety.EqualparticipationinformulatingtheprovisionsforDDRlaysthefoundationforaddressinggender-specificneedsandpointsofresilienceintheimplementationprocessitself.

Actionpoints:

− Supportthedevelopmentofastandardisedprotocolthatensuresrepresentationofcivilsocietyorganizations,women’sgroupsandgenderequalityadvocatesinformalpeacenegotiationsandconsultationsrelatedtoDDR.

− SupportgenderbalanceinpeacenegotiationandDDRplanningcommitteestoensurethatatleast30%ofthemembersarewomenorgovernmentalinstitutionsanddepartmentswithgender-relatedmandates.Thiscanbeachievedthroughdevelopingincentives,suchasconditioningfundingandsupporttotheinclusionofwomeninnegotiatingteams.

− Ensurethatatleast15%ofthefinancialsupportprovidedforpeacenegotiationsisallocatedtowomen’smeaningfulparticipation.

Step 3: Include gender provisions in peace agreements

Peaceagreementsoftenworkasabasisforthetransitionallegalframework.Gender-responsiveDDRprovisions inpeaceagreements can serveasanefficientmeans toholdnational and internationalinstitutionsaccountable for takinggender intoconsiderationwhen implementing theprogrammes.Theycanalsoserveasawayofliftinggenderissuesonthepoliticaldialogue.Inordertolayafoundationfor future DDR programmes, peace agreements should textually include gender considerations,addressingtheissuebeyondsolelymentioningthepresenceoffemalecombatants inarmedforcesandgroups.

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Actionpoints:

− Encouragetheinclusionofathoroughanalysisofexistinggenderroles,identitiesandnormsofcombatantsandcommunitiesintheDDRprovisions.

− Promotetherecognitionofwomen,men,girlsandboysassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsasequalparticipantsofDDRprogrammesalongwithfemaleandmaleex-combatants.

− EnsurethatthepeaceagreementspecifiesthesignificantrepresentationofwomenandgenderfocalpointsinnationalDDRcommissionsandotherbodiesmandatedtodesign,manageandevaluateDDRprogrammesandprocesses.

Step 4: Link security to gender-based violence

Asa critical security componentofpeaceagreements,DDRprogrammesmustwork togetherwithother security actors in addressing the implications of the conflict to gender-based violence andespecially sexual violence. Elevated levels of sexual violence accompany almost all conflicts11, andthusmanyformercombatantsandmembersofassociatedgroups–womenaswellasmen–haveexperienced,witnessedorcommittedactsofsexualorgender-basedviolence.Changinggendernormsand identities,combatants’ socializationtoviolenceandresultingcontinuedpatternsofaggressionposea threat tosecurity inpost-conflictandpeacebuildingsettings.Therefore,peaceagreementsshouldincludetextualprovisionsregardingsexual-andgender-basedviolenceinrelationtotheDDRprocesses.Specialemphasisshouldbeputonbreakingthecontinuationofviolentbehaviourwithinthenewsecuritysectorthroughmerging,shrinkingandretrainingthemviaDDRprogrammes.

Actionpoints:

− Ensurethatthepeaceagreementrecognizethethreatofsexualviolenceaswellastheneedforidentifyingperpetratorsandprohibitingtheirrecruitmentintonationalsecurityforces.

− Ensurethatpeaceagreementrecognizestheneedforgender-responsivereconciliationandpublicsafetyprogrammesforcommunitiesreceivinglargenumbersofex-combatants.

Step 5: Mobilize financial resources for gender-responsive DDR

Besides supporting the textual inclusion of gender-responsive provisions in peace agreements,adequate measures should be taken to ensure their actual implementation to ultimately enablegreatergendersensitivenessofDDRprogrammes.Fromtheveryoutsetoftheconflict,post-conflictneedsassessmentsshouldspecificallyplantodedicateandallocateappropriatefundingtoensurethatgender-responsiveprovisionsareactuallyimplemented.

Intheareasofruleof lawandsecurity, includingDDR, inpost-conflictsettings,thecurrent levelofresourcesallocatedforgender-specificissuesislow.AreviewofsixPost-ConflictNeedsAssessments(PCNAs)conductedsince2002showsthatonly0.9%ofthemmentiongenderinrelationtoDDRontheoutcomelevel,0.1%attheactivitylevelandnoneattheindicatorlevel.Only0.4%oftheoverallbudgetsallocatedforthesesixPCNAswereappointedforfundinggender-relatedDDRissues12.Itisimportant

11UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil (2010):Women’sparticipation inpeacebuilding:Reportof theSecretary-General.7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.12 Studyconducted for thisHow-toGuide,basedon thedatabase thatwasused for theUNWOMENpublication“Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence”, in UNWOMEN (2010):

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toincludegenderinthedesignofPCNAsinordertolaythegroundworkforresourcemobilizationforgender-relatedDDRinitiatives.

Implementing gender-sensitive DDR programme elements requires substantial financial resources.Whereasdisarmament,demobilizationandup tooneyearof reinsertion supportare funded fromassessedbudgets,reintegrationprogrammesarecoveredfromvoluntarydonorcontributions.Thus,particularlyinrelationtoreintegration,financialresourcesforgender-specificactivitieswillneedtobesecuredasearlyaspossibleintheplanningphaseofaDDRprogramme.

Voluntary contributions regularly come from bilateral donors, in-kind contributions, nationalgovernments, UN agencies, loans from international financial institutions and the private sector.Overall, it isadvisabletobecreative,timelyandcooperativeandtoengagewithdonorswhoplacegenderissueshighontheagenda,whilealsotryingtogetnewdonorsengaged.Trustfundsandfundraisingmechanisms,suchasdonorconferencesandconsolidatedappealsprocesses(CAPs)andpost-conflictneedsassessments(PCNAs)mayofferalternativefundingsources.Donorconferencesserveascatalystsforthepledgesandcommitmentsmadebythedonorsforpost-conflictreconstructionandpeacebuildingstrategies.Itisthereforecriticalthatwomenandgenderexpertsparticipatenotonlyinpeacenegotiations,butalsoindonorconferencestoensurethatthepledgingprocessconsidersandaddressesgender-specificDDRpriorities.

Beawarethattiming iscrucial,asdifferent fundingallocationcycleswillaffect theplanningof theoverallDDRprogramme.

Actionpoints:

− Ensurethatfundingisspecificallyallocatedtowomen’sandgenderissuesinthepeacebuildingframework.Trackthattheminimumof15%ofprogrammebudgets,stipulatedintheSecretary-General’sreportonwomen’sparticipationinpeacebuilding(A/65/354–S/2010/466),isreached.

−Makesurethatsufficientresourcesareallocatedforthereintegrationoffemaleex-combatantsandwomen,men,girlsandboysassociatedwitharmedgroups.

− EncouragenationalDDRcommissionstoworkcloselywithgovernmentministriesinchargeofgenderandwomen’saffairs,and–especiallywheregovernmentsareresponsibleforallorpartoftheDDRprocess–withwomen’speace-buildingnetworks.

− Supportgenderequalityadvocatesand(women’s)civilsocietyorganizationstocreateajointagendaandactionplanforpeacebuildingandreconstruction.Thiscanbereachedforexamplethroughorganizinganationalgendersymposiuminpreparationofthedonorconference.

−Makesurethatfemaleleadersparticipateindonorconferencesandthattheirprioritiesareincludedintheoutcomedocument.

‘ResourcesonWomen,peaceandsecurity’.Online:http://www.unifem.org/materials/item_detail.php?ProductID=186).

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RESOURCE2:Examplesofgender-sensitiveprovisionsforpeaceandDDRagreements

Further Reading

Arnault, J. (no date): ‘Good Agreement? Bad Agreement? An Implementation Perspective’, Centerof InternationalStudies,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton.Online:www.stanford.edu/class/psych165/Arnault.doc.

Bell,C.andO’Rourke,C.(2010):‘PeaceAgreementsorPieceofPaper?TheimpactofUNSCResolution1325onPeaceProcessesandtheirAgreements’,InternationalandComparativeLawQuarterly,2010,59.

Chinkin,C. (2003): ‘PeaceAgreementsasaMeansforPromotingGenderEqualityandEnsuringtheParticipationofWomen’,UnitedNationsDivisionfortheAdvancementofWomen,EGM/PEACE/BP.1.

Koppell,C.andO’Neill,J.(2010):‘GenderSymposiaduringDonorConferences:AModeltoGuaranteeWomenLeadersaVoiceinSettingPrioritiesforReconstruction’,TheInstituteforInclusiveSecurity.

UN General Assembly (2010): ‘Women’s Participation in Peacebuilding: Report of the Secretary-General’,7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.

UNWOMEN(2010):‘WhatWomenWant:PlanningandFinancingforGender-ResponsivePeacebuilding’.

UNWomen (2010): “Women’s Participation inPeaceNegotiations: ConnectionsbetweenPresenceandInfluence”,inUNWomen(2010):ResourcesonWomen,PeaceandSecurity.Online:http://www.unifem.org/materials/item_detail.php?ProductID=186.

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II. HOW TO PLAN AND DESIGN GENDER-RESPONSIVE DDR PROGRAMMES

InordertoensurethatDDRprogrammeseffectivelyandsustainablyaddressthedifferentexperiencesofmen andwomen in the DDR process and acknowledge the implications of gender identities inrelationtoviolence,genderperspectiveneedstobemainstreamedandaddressedasearlyaspossibleinthedesignandplanningofDDRprogrammes.Thissectionprovidesguidanceonhowtointegrategender-sensitiveelementsintotheDDRprogrammeplanningcycle,including:

1.Thepre-planningphase;2.ThedevelopmentoftheDDRprogrammedocument.

Box 7: IDDRS 5.10 GuidanceGender-sensitive background information

IntheDDRprogrammeplanningphase,itisimportantthatpractitioners“gainagoodunderstandingofthelegal,political,economic,socialandsecuritycontextoftheDDRprogrammeandhowitaffectswomen,men,girlsandboysdifferently,both in armed forces and groups and in receiving communities. Identify thedifferentneedsofwomen,men, girls andboys in accordancewith the specificrolestheyplayedascombatants,supportersordependants.”

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1. ANCHOR GENDER CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PLANNING PHASE

Twostepsarerecommendedtostrengthengender-sensitivityofDDRprogrammedesignandplanning:

Step1.Mainstreamgenderinpre-programmeassessments;Step2.Identifypartnersandcapacitiestostrengthenthegender-responsivenessoftheDDRprogramme.

Step 1: Mainstream gender in pre-programme assessments

Mainstreaming gender in pre-programme assessments for DDR means that the varying needs,capacities, interests,priorities,powerand rolesofwomenandmenaremadevisible,bothamongprogrammeparticipantsandinreceivingcommunities. Note thatmainstreaminggender in theassessmentphase requiresmore than just the inclusionofgender-specificquestionsorcomponents.Gendershouldbeananalyticalframeofreferenceinallpre-programmeandcontextualassessmentsinordertoanalysetheimpactandinfluencesofconflictandpost-conflictrealitiesongenderroles,identitiesandnorms.

Box 8: Three clusters of assessments generally inform the design of a DDR programme:

− Pre-programmeassessmentsareconductedbyDDRprogrammespecialistsandinclude:• Socio-economicprofilingofprogrammeparticipantsandbeneficiaries,

includingspecificpsychosocialneeds,generalskillsandcompetenciesandperceptionstowardsreturningex-combatantsbyhostcommunities;

• Marketsurveys,includingtheabsorptioncapacityofthelocaleconomyandidentificationofjobopportunities.Stigmatizationoftypicallymaleorfemalejobsshouldbeavoided.

− Contextualfactorsandconflictdynamics,definingthepeacebuildingandstabilizationenvironment,areassessedthrough:• Contextanalysisthataddressesregionalparticularities,political,socialand

economicspecificsandculturalaspects;• Conflictandsecurityanalysis,assessingtherootcausesanddynamics

oftheconflictandaddressesopportunitiesandobstaclesforpeaceandsecurity.

− Gender-specificanalysesbringoutgenderdimensionsofviolence,gender-specificvulnerabilitiesofwomenandmenandtheexpectedimpactsofthesegenderdimensionsandnormsonDDRprogrammes.

Specificgenderanalysescanbecarriedout,butitishoweverimportanttonotethatdisaggregationofdatabysexandgenderconsiderationsrevealcrucialinformationinallassessments.

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Actionpoints:

− Ensureadequategenderexpertiseintheassessmentteamthrough:• Includinginternational/nationalgenderexpertsintheassessmentteam;• DeployingDDRexpertstogetherwithgenderspecialists;• Trainingstatementtakers,informationgatherersandinterpretersongenderconceptsand

gender-specificmethodology;• Ensuringthatadequatefundingisavailableinordertoallowparticipationofrelevantexperts

andinformants;• Involvinginternational,nationalandlocalexpertsandpractitionersworkingongenderequality

andwomen’sempowermentthroughkeyinformantinterviewsandvalidationsessionswithstakeholders.

− Analysegenderdimensionsintermsof:• Data:Gathersex-disaggregatedqualitativeandquantitativedataandanalysegenderrolesand

normsthatitmayreveal;• Roles,imagesanddiscourses:Assessgenderdynamics,rolesandimagesofagivensociety• Needsandpointsofresilience:Identifygender-specificneeds,capacities,experiencesand

knowledgeofwomenandmen;• Powerrelations:Mapwomenandmen’saccesstodecisionmakingpositionsandresources;• Vulnerability:Assessgender-specificvulnerabilitiesamongwomenandmen.

− Translateassessmentfindingsintorecommendations:• Includekeygender-responsiverecommendationsintheexecutivesummary;• Mainstreamgenderdimensionsthroughoutthefindingsinthenarrativesectionandinclude

gender-specificsections;• Recordpotentialobstaclesforbothwomenandmen’saccesstoDDRprogrammebenefitsand

services(e.g.lackofaccesstoinformation,decisionmaking,childcarefacilitiesormeansoftransportation,stigmatizing gendernormsorshiftinggenderidentitiesasaresultoftheconflictandpeacebuildingprocess,insecurity);

• Registerthesourcesofdataforfurtherconsultationandnamekeygenderequalityinformantsinterviewed(ifpossibleandsafe).

− Validateassessmentwithkeystakeholders:• Makesurethatavalidationworkshoptakesplacewiththeparticipationofgenderexperts,

genderresourcepersons,delegatesfromministriesinchargeofgenderandwomen’sissues,keygovernmentalorganizations,internationalagencies,UNagenciesandinternationalorganizationsworkingontransitionalorrecoveryframeworks.

• Ensureinclusionofgenderaspectsatastrategictimeduringthevalidationworkshoptoensureparticipationofkeydecision-makersandstakeholders;

• Allowequalandsufficientspeakingtimeforgenderexpertsandreserveadequatediscussiontime.

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Step 2: Identify partners, capacities, influence and interests

Engagementwithpartnerswithspecificgenderand/orDDRexpertise iscrucial forthesuccessofagender-responsiveDDRprogramme.Duringthepre-programmephase,itisthereforeimportanttogetaclearoverviewofthecapacities,interestsandinfluenceofkeystakeholdersthatcouldplayaroleinsupportingtheDDRprogramme.

Actionpoints:

− Identifytheexistingfinancial,humanandtechnicalcapacitiesandgapsintermsofgenderamongnationalcounterparts,multinationalorganizations,andcivilsocietyactors;

− IdentifytheinfluencethatdifferentpartnersmayhaveintermsofthegenderandDDRagenda; − Identifytheinterestpartnershaveinbeinginvolvedingender-specificelementsoftheDDRprogramme;

− IdentifythemainrolespartnerscanplayinthevariousphasesoftheDDRprocess,includingamappingofalreadyexistinginitiativesthatcouldbelinkedtotheDDRprogramme.

Program example 2Republic of the Congo: Identifying and profiling women associated with armed forces and groups during pre-programme assessment

The longperiodof armed conflict in theRepublic of theCongo influenced theeconomicandsocialsituationofbothcivilianwomenandfemaleex-combatantsandsupportersofarmedforcesandgroups.Womeninthecountryhadexperiencedlargescalesexualassaults,batteringandotherviolations,resultinginthespreadofHIVinfections.ItwasfearedthatwomenwouldbereluctanttojointheDDRprogrammeoutoffearofstigmatizationrelatedtotheirconflicttimepast.

IntheplanningphaseoftheDDRprogramme,asurveywascarriedouttoidentifywomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups(WAAFGs).Theidentifiedwomenwere then organized in cooperatives where they received technical trainingon production, storage, processing and sale of commodities. These economicactivitiesallowedwomenforthefirsttimetoengageinprofitableandsustainableeconomicactivities.

TheUNDPcountryofficeinBrazzavilleinitiatedanewcommunity-basedapproachtoenhancegenderequalityandensurethatWAAFGswouldparticipateinDDR.ThroughmixingDDRparticipantswithcivilianwomeninvulnerablesituations,theprogrammeallowedWAAFGstojoinDDRandbenefitfromreintegrationserviceswithoutobligingthemtopubliclyunveiltheirpast.

The initiativestosupportandprotectwomenwerestrengthenedwithstrategicinformation and communication activities that included community meetings,radioprogrammesandotherawarenessraising initiatives.Theprogrammealsoaimedatstrengtheningthecapacitiesofwomentoemergeascommunityleadersthroughtrainingsessionson leadershipandgender issues.Asaresult,manyofthewomenwereabletoparticipateinvotingandotherpoliticalprocessesintheircommunities.

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Box 9: Contingency planning – DDR pre-planning phase

Whattodoifnogenderanalysistookplaceinthepre-planningphaseofaDDRprogramme?

Ensurepoliticalwillandmanagementsupport − Ensureexplicitandpublicsupportfrommanagementstructurestofasttrackgender-responsiveness.StudytheDDRmonitoringandevaluationframework,existingreportsandreviewsandattaininformationoncurrentandfutureprogrammeandprojectopportunities;

− Ensureappropriateallocationoffinancialandotherresourcestogender-specificactivities; − Ensureactiveandmeaningfulparticipationofgenderexpertsatyearlyrevisionsofthemonitoringandevaluationunit.

Mapcurrentandfutureprojects −Mapon-goingassessmentprocesses; − Considerpossibilitiestodesignandrolloutgender-specificsurveys.

Createandstrengtheninternalprogrammecooperation − TalktoUNCountryTeammembersinvolvedintheDDRprocessandsupporttheirgenderequalitywork,payingspecialattentiontomonitoringanevaluationspecialistsorunit.

− CreateopportunitiesforknowledgeexchangeongenderdimensionsoftheDDRprogramme,e.g.throughpresentations,briefingsandmeetings;

− Communicatewithrelevantresourcepersonsinheadquartersandcountries; − CommunicatewithfieldofficesandprofessionalswithdirectcontacttoDDRprogrammeparticipants;

− InterviewandengagewithDDRcolleaguestoestablishpriorityareasandentrypointsforgenderequalitywork.

Strengthenexternalpartnerships − Identifykeystakeholderstoensuregendermainstreaming.Thesemightincludeministriesresponsibleforgenderissues,women’sorganisations,men’sgroupsengagedinpromotinggenderequalityandinternationalNGOsworkingoncommunity-basedgender-transformationamongothers;

− Identifyandseizeopportunitiestoraisegenderontheagenda(e.g.InternationalWomen’sDay,workshops,events,media);

− Inviteexternalstakeholderswithgenderexpertisetoproposeamendmentsontheconductedassessments.

Beproactive − Identifytheessentialneedsforanalysisinordertomakethepre-programmephasegender-sensitive;

− Identifylikelyfuturegapsintheprogrammedesignasaresultofthelackoffocusongenderatthepre-programmephase(i.e.whataretheimplicationsfortheresultsframework,monitoringframeworkandevaluations);

− Beinformed:conductadesktopresearchandinterview(local)genderexperts.

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2. MAKE PROGRAMME DOCUMENTS RESPONSIVE TO GENDER

Thefinal step indesigningaDDRprogramme is creating the synthesis ina singleDDRprogrammedocument. A DDR planning document can be part of a United Nations Development AssistanceFramework (UNDAF), a UNDP Country Programme or UNDP Country ProgrammeAction Plan or astand-aloneDDRprogrammedocument.Whicheverformittakes,aresults-basedUNDPprogrammedocumenttypicallyincludesthefollowingelements,eachofwhichneedstobegender-sensitive:

− Contextualanalysisandastrategicapproach; − Resultsandbudgetingframework,outliningoutputs,activitiesandinputs; −Managementarrangements; −Monitoringandevaluationplan.

Genderconsiderationsneedtobeexplicitlyincludedinallelementsoftheplanningdocument.Itisalsoconsideredagoodpracticetobesex-specificandexplicitlyrefertowomenandmenwhereverpossible.Thiswaygenderperspectivecanbemaintainedthroughouttheplanningandimplementationoftheprogramme.

Ingeneral,gender-sensitiveplanningdocumentsshould:

− Explicitlymentiontheapproachtakentogenderinthegivencontext,withspecificreferencestointernationalmandatesrelatedtogender(e.g.SecurityCouncilResolutions1325and1820),UNDP’sexistingcommitments(e.g.policyframeworks)andexistingnationalcommitments(e.g.CEDAW);

− Includeexplicitentriesonwhatimmediate,gender-specificresults,productsandservices,areexpectedtobedelivered.

− ExplicitlymentionhowtheDDRprogrammetakesintoaccount(problematic)gendernorms,thedifferentstrategiesadoptedforworkingwithwomenandmen,andhowanyprogresswithregardtoimplementationofthesestrategiesismeasured.

Fivestepsarerecommendedformakingtheprogrammedocumentgender-responsive:

Step1.Mainstreamgenderinthesituationanalysis;

Step2:Maketheresultsframeworkresponsivetogender;

Step3:Makemonitoringandevaluationframeworkgender-sensitive;

Step4:Includegender-sensitiveindicators;

Step5:Ensuregender-responsivebudgetingforDDR.

Step 1: Mainstream gender in the situation analysis

Most planning documents include or build upon an analysis of the situation aDDRprogramme isoperatingin.AnanalysisofthecurrentsituationcanbetypicallyfoundintheUNCommonCountryAssessment (CCA), in part II of theUNDevelopmentAssistance Framework (UNDAF), in the initialchaptersofaUNCountryProgrammeorintheDDRprogrammedocument.

ToensurethatgenderissuesareanintegralpartofDDRprogrammeplanning,anysituationanalysisforaDDRprogrammeneedstoincludeagenderperspective.

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Actionpoints:

− Includequantitativeandqualitativesex-disaggregateddataasbasisforthesituationanalysis; − IncludeanalysisofcapacitiesofthenationalgovernmentandnationalDDRcommissionstoaddressgenderdimensionsoftheDDRprocess;

− Analysetendenciesofgenderdynamicsovertimeanddescribehowlocalpeopleandparticipants’understandingsofmasculinitiesandfemininitiesarerelatedtoviolence;

− Reviewdataonhowpatternsofviolenceaffectbothwomenandmenandhowthesepatternsmightevolveinthefuture.

Step 2: Make the results framework responsive to gender

A results framework consists of inputs feeding into indicative activities, which again allow DDRprogrammetodelivercertainoutputs.Theseoutputsinturnshouldresultinoutcomesand,ultimately,impact.Tomakearesultsframeworkresponsivetogender,alllevelsoftheresultchainmustbesex-specificandreflectgenderasanimportantdimensionofDDR.

Box 10: Key challenges in designing a gender-responsive results framework:

− Impact,outcomesandoutputsarebroadresultsandrequireashortandpreciseformulation.Gender-responsiveandinclusivelanguageisoftenneglected.Theconceptof“ex-combatants”,forexample,concealsthewomeninthegroup,oftenleadingtothembeingoverlookedinpracticeaswell.

− Thefocusonquantitativeresultspromotesatendencytofavourasex-specificratherthangender-specificformulationofoutcomes,outputs,activitiesandindicators.NotethatforaDDRprogrammetoberesponsivetogender,bothsex-specificandgender-addressingapproachesarecritical.

Impactisalong-termeffectonanidentifiablepopulationgroupproducedbyanintervention.Impactscanbeintendedorunintended,positiveornegative. IntheDDRcontext, impact istypicallyrelatedtoenhancedsecurityandstability.DDRprogrammescontributetotheimpactsaspartofthewiderengagementoftheUNCountryTeamandotheractors.

ThefollowingquestionsexamineDDRimpactsfromagenderperspective:

− Howhassecuritybeenenhancedforwomen,men,girlsandboys? − Howarewomen,men,girlsandboysparticipatinginsustainingpeaceintheirsociety?

Box11:Examplesofimpactstatementswithagenderperspective:

− “Peaceissustainedthroughtheactiveinvolvementofwomenandmen,girlsandboys,irrespectiveoftheirpreviouspoliticalaffiliationorethnicbackground.”

− “Nationaldevelopmentbenefitswomen,men,girlsandboysequally,irrespectiveoftheirpreviouspoliticalaffiliationorethnicbackground.”

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Outcomesareshortormedium-termeffectsofthebroaderoutputsoftheUNCountryProgramme,towhichtheDDRprogrammecontributes.DDRprogrammeoutcomestypicallyrelatetosustainablereintegrationofex-combatantsandassociatedgroupsintotheircommunitiesofchoice.

WaystoexamineDDRoutcomesfromagenderperspectiveincludethefollowingquestions:

− Havemaleandfemaleparticipantsbeenabletofindemployment?Whatkind?Doesthesituationdifferfromwhatisculturallyperceivedappropriateformenandwomen?

− Hasintimatepartnerviolencebeenreducedinparticipants’familiesorinthereceivingcommunitiesingeneral?

− Haveattitudestoviolencechangedamongtheparticipantsandreceivingcommunities?

Outputs are products and services which result from programme activities and contribute to theachievementofanoutcome.DDRoutputstypicallyrelatetodisarmament,demobilization,reinsertionsupportand reintegrationofex-combatantsandassociatedgroups,aswell as support to receivingcommunitiesreceivingandnationalcapacitybuilding.

ThefollowingquestionsexamineDDRoutputsfromagenderperspective:

− HowdofemaleandmaleparticipantsandbeneficiariesperceivetheDDRprocessandthereintegrationphase?

− Canwomenandmenfullytakeadvantageofskillstraining? − DoDDRreinsertionkitstakeintoconsiderationwomen’sspecificneeds,includingreproductivehealthneeds?

− Dopsycho-socialassistanceservicesaddressgenderdimensionsofviolence?13

•

13UNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’

Box 12: Examples of outcome statements with a gender perspective:

− “Individualsandcommunitiesareprotectedfromviolence.Thenormsaroundviolence,includinggender-basedviolence,domesticviolenceandsystematicrapehavechanged.”

− “Thecommunitiesaccepttherolesofbothmaleandfemaleex-combatantsinthelabourmarket.”

Box 13: Examples of output statements with a gender perspective:

− “Bothmaleandfemaleex-combatantssuccessfullyreintegrateintotheircommunityandtheirhomesinanon-violentandsustainablemanneranddonotposeathreattotheircommunityorfamily.”

− “Maleandfemaleex-combatantsareeconomically,psychosociallyandpoliticallyreintegrated.“

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Activitiesareactionsthataretakentocreateinputs.DDRactivitiescanbeexaminedfromagenderperspectiveforexamplebyaskingthefollowing:

− Doprogrammeschedulesandtrainingopportunitiestakewomen’sreproductiverolesandresponsibilitiesintoconsideration?

− Domenandwomenhaveequalaccesstomicrofinanceprojects?

Box 14: Examples of activities with a gender perspective:

− Organizingworkshopsonangermanagementandcopingmechanismsforstress.Theworkshopsarespecificallydesignedaroundthenotionofmasculinitiesandfemininitiesincrisis,targetingmenandwomendifferently.

− Sensitizingmaleandfemaleex-combatantsandcommunitymembersonuniversalhumanrights,women’srights(e.g.stipulationsoftheSecurityCouncilresolutions1325and1820),psychologicaltraumahealing,leadershipskillsandconflicttransformation.

Step 3: Make monitoring and evaluation framework gender-sensitive

GenderneedstobeconsideredwhendefiningthescopeofDDRprogrammemonitoringandevaluation.TheDDRmonitoringandevaluation(M&E)planshouldreflectgenderconsiderationsthroughincludinggender-relatedquestionsinthemonitoringandevaluationstrategy.

Actionpoints:

− Includesex-andgender-specificquestionsinkeyM&Equestions. − EnsurethattheM&Eframeworkpromotesasex-disaggregatedassessmentofprogresstowardsDDRresultsinordertofosteradifferentiatedandnuancedjudgementofsuccessoftheprogramme.Chopbroaderquestionsintosex-specificcategories.

− PromoteanM&Emethodologythatassessesthetransformationof(violent)genderroles,identitiesandnormsamongprogrammeparticipants,inordertobeabletoevaluatethesustainabilityoftheprogramme’sobjectiveoffacilitatingparticipants’returntocivilianlife.

MostDDRplanning documents contain amonitoring and evaluationplan. TheM&Eplan providesconcreteguidelinesonhowkeyquestionswillbetrackedandanswered.Theplantypicallyconsistsofthreeparts:anarrativecomponent,amonitoringframeworkwithindicatorsandanevaluationplan.

Actionpoints:

− DescribeinthenarrativesectionhowgenderaspectsaretrackedandanalysedovertheDDRprogrammecycle.

− Seethatthemonitoringframeworkincludesclearindicatorsandprovidesguidanceonwhatdataandinformationistobecollected,howoftenandbywhom.

−Makesurethattheevaluationplanincludesadescriptionofwhenandhowgender-specificevaluationsorreviewswilltakeplace.

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Step 4: Include gender-sensitive indicators

Indicatorsareakeycomponentindefiningthedetailsofthemonitoringandevaluationframework.DDRprogrammesuseindicatorsonthreelevels:keepingtrackofoutputs,monitoringprogresstowardsoutcomesand,eventually,assessingimpact.Indicatorsshouldincludeagenderperspectiveonallthreelevels.ExplicitlyassessingDDRprogrammesfromagenderperspectivecontributestotheassessmentofoverallefficiencyoftheprogramme.

Theobjectiveofmonitoringresultsfromagenderperspectiveisto:

− TrackifandtowhatextenttheDDRprogrammeservesbothwomenandmenintimeandaccordingtoplan,andwhetherbothgroupscanfullytakeadvantageofthebenefitsandservicesprovided(outputmonitoring);

− Trackifandtowhatextentprogrammeinterventionshavepositiveeffectsonwomenandmen’slives(outcomeandimpactmonitoring).

Wheretheresultmatrixislessresponsivetogender,genderperspectivecanbeintroducedorenhancedinthreeways.

Actionpoints:

− Introducenew,gender-sensitiveindicatorsthatexplicitlytakeintoconsiderationgenderroles,identitiesandnorms.

− TounveilgenderdimensionsofDDRprogrammes,manyindicatorscanbedisaggregatedbysexinadditiontotrackinganoveralltrend.However,inordertokeeptheindicatorframeworkfunctionalforthepurposeofefficientlytrackingprogressandmakingcorrectiveactionswhereneeded,theamountofindicatorsshouldbekeptlimited.Carefulconsiderationisthusneededtodecidewhichindicatorsarethemostfeasibleandproducethemostintegralinformationwhendisaggregatedbysex.

Box 15: Examples of M&E questions with a gender perspective: Sex-specificquestions:

−Whatisthelevelofsatisfactionwithsexualandreproductivehealthservicesamongmaleandfemaleparticipants?

−Whatistherateoftrainingprogrammecompletionbymenandwomen?

Examplesofgender-specificquestions: − Howdomaleandfemaleex-combatantsregardtheirrolesinthesocietyafterDDR?

− Howdotheserolesrelatetotheirperceptionoftheirmanhoodandwomanhood?

Examplesofsex-disaggregatedM&Equestions: − Howcontentareex-combatantswiththesupportprovidedbytheDDRprogramme?

− Isthereadifferenceinopinionbetweenmaleandfemaleex-combatants?

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− IftheDDRcontextdoesnotallowforreliableandaccuratedatacollection,benchmarkscanbeusedasanalternativeforindicators.Benchmarksmaynotbedirectlyconnectedtotheprogrammeperformance,butcanbehelpfulinkeepingtrackofcontextualchangesthataffectmaleand/orfemaleprogrammeparticipants.

Box 16: Examples of gender-sensitive DDR indicators

Gender-sensitiveindicators: − Percentageofparticipants(maleandfemale)whoreporttobeunlikelytoresolveadisputeathomewithviolence;

− Theamountofactivitiesundertakentoraiseawarenessagainstgender-basedviolenceandthepercentageofDDRparticipantsactivelyenrolled(maleandfemale);

− Percentageofparticipants(maleandfemale)whoexperiencethattheyhavefoundtheirplaceinthecommunityofreturn.

Sex-disaggregationofindicators: − Generalindicator: − Levelofsatisfactionwithhealthservicesamongprogrammeparticipants. − Disaggregatedbysex: − Levelofsatisfactionwithhealthservicesamongfemaleprogrammebeneficiaries;

− Levelofsatisfactionwithhealthservicesamongmaleprogrammebeneficiaries.

Gender-sensitivebenchmarks: − Changesinsocialandeconomiclifeofprogrammeparticipantsthroughmeasuringself-perceptionpriortoreceivingDDRsupportandaftertheyhavereceivedassistance.

− CommunityperceptionoftheDDRprogrammeandmaleandfemaleparticipants,before,duringandaftertheDDRprogrammehasbeenoperational.

− Followingindividualcases,whicharerepresentativeforthedifferentgroupsofDDRprogrammeparticipantssoastocaptureopportunitiesandvulnerabilitiesthatarespecificforacertaintargetgroup.

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Step 5: Ensure gender-responsive budgeting for DDR

TheDDRbudgetshouldreflectthevaluesandprioritiesoftheprogramme.Translatinggender-sensitiveassessmentsandprogrammedocumentsintoimplementationrequiressubstantialfinancialresourcesfor both the overall DDR programme and to specific gender-focused projects. Gender-responsivebudgetingcontributestotheadvancementofgenderequalityandtheuseofagenderlensthroughoutthe programme cycle. Aminimumof 15%of the total programmebudget should be dedicated toprojectswiththeprincipalobjectiveofadvancinggenderequalityandaddressingwomen’sandgirls’

Programme example 3Nepal - Gender-sensitive indicators

Ten years of conflict in Nepal made it clear that without comprehensivelyaddressing gender issues, peace and development cannot be fully achieved.Nepalesewomenatlargehavebeensubjectedtomultiplediscriminationbecauseofcasteandethnicity,aswellassocialdiscriminationandunequalopportunities.Nepalesemenalso face vulnerabilities in termsof adjusting to their new rolesandresponsibilitiesinthepost-conflictsituation.Asaresultofaregistrationandverificationprocesscarriedoutin2007,4,008Maoistcombatantsweredischargedfromthecantonmentonthegroundofbeingverifiedasminors(under18yearsofage)andlaterecruits(recruitedafter2006ceasefire).30%ofthedisqualifiedpeoplewerewomenandgirls.TheUNInteragencyRehabilitationProgrammewithparticipationofUNICEF,UNFPA,UNDPand ILOhasbeen supporting the socio-economic rehabilitationof these ex-combatants and associated groupsback tocivilianlife.

TakingintoaccountthecontextoftheprogrammeintermsgenderandculturalnormsinNepalandfollowingtheneedsassessmentoftheseVerifiedMinorsandLateRecruits(VMLRs),agender-sensitiverehabilitationprogrammewasdesignedin 2010. Gender-specific aspects were incorporated in the whole programme,includingthebudget,rolesandresponsibilitiesofeachagencyandimplementationguidelines. Tomonitor progress, the programmeused an indicatormatrix thatintegrated both development of gender capacity of the programme staff andgender-specificneedsoftheVMLRs.

StaffmembersfromUNICEF,thenationalCAAFGworkinggroup,andUNIRPfieldstaffattendedajointworkshop,thepurposeofwhichwastoestablishacommonunderstanding of gender considerations during the programme. TheworkshopalsocreatedaforumforthedifferentpartiestoanalyzeandreflectonthegendercontextinNepal.Anotherworkshopwasorganizedwithanetworkoflocalwomen’sorganizationsengagedinsupportingsocialrehabilitationoffemaleVMLRsatthecommunitylevelthroughde-stigmatizationinitiatives.

Datacollectedontheprogrammedemonstrates thatasa resultof thegender-sensitiveapproach,women–constituting30%oftheVMLRs–form40%ofthetotalVMRLsparticipatinginrehabilitationandeducationprogrammes.

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specificneeds14.

Gender-responsive components in a budget are oftennot visible, asDDRprogrammebudgets areusuallypresentedasaggregateditemlineswithshortcategories.Gender-responsivenessoftenonlybecomesvisiblewhenanalysingthefinerconstructionofthebudgets.Gender-specificconsiderationscanbeincludedinthenarrativesectionofthebudget,recordinghowitwasbuiltandwhatassessments,reportsandconsultationsthatbudgetwasbasedon.

Therearethreewaystomakethenumericsectiongender-responsive:

− Sex-specificexpendituresincludespecificactivitiestargetingdifferentgroupsofmaleandfemaleex-combatants,supportersanddependants(e.g.incomegeneratingprojectsforyoungfemalesandmaleswithcomputerskillsorfinancingaradiocampaigntoreachself-demobilisedmothers);

− Equalopportunityexpendituresrefertoaffirmativeactiontonarrowtheadvantagegapbetweenmenandwomen(e.g.basicliteracyandnumeracyformaleandfemaleex-combatantsorprovisionofchildcarefacilitiesinordertoallowfemaleparticipantstoparticipateinDDRprogrammeservices);

− GendermainstreamingexpendituresrefertointernalDDRprogrammedispositionsaimingtomakingtheprogrammemoregender-responsive(e.g.gendercompetencetrainingforDDRpractitioners,fundinggender-sensitiveprimarydatacollectionorconductingresearchonviolentmasculinitiesinaspecificregionofthecountry).

14UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil(2010):Women’sparticipationinpeacebuilding:ReportoftheSecretary-General.7September2010,A/65/354-S/2010/466.

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Box 17: Contingency planning - DDR programme design

WhattodoifgenderwasnotconsideredwhendesigningaDDRprogramme?

CooperatewithDDRprogrammemanagement − TrytoamendDDRprogrammedocumentsandmaketheresultsframeworkandindicatorsgender-sensitive;

− Proposegenderconsiderationstobeaddedtotheprogrammedocumentasanannex; − Beactiveatyearlytargetnegotiationsandadvocateforgenderequalitycommitmentsandtheparticipationofallstaffmembersingender-relatedwork;

− Includegenderconsiderationswhenreviewingworkplansandtimetables.

EngageM&EspecialiststoincludegenderintheM&Eframework − Usemid-termreviewsandevaluationsasanentrypointforgender-sensitivecorrectivemoves;

− Includeadditional,gender-sensitivequestions; − Createadditionalgender-sensitiveindicators; − Supporttheinterpretationofsex-disaggregateddataandmakegenderdimensionsvisible.

Asfallbackoption,designaseparategenderstrategy − Astand-alonegenderstrategyisonlythesecondbestoption,sinceitdoesnotformanintegralpartoftheprogrammedocument.ChoosethisoptiononlyiftheDDRprogrammedocumentcannotbeamended.

− ConnecttheseparatestrategytotheDDRdocumentasmuchaspossible.ConsultM&EstaffextensivelyanddisseminatethestrategywidelyamongDDRprogrammestaff.

− Includethefollowingpartsinthestrategy:genderequalitystatement,impact,outcomesandoutputs,aworkplanwithtimeframesandresponsibilities,aswellasagender-responsivebudget.LinktheDDRdocumenttoeverypartoftheseparategenderstrategytoestablishalinkbetweengenderconsiderationsandthesuccessoftheoverallDDRprogramme,aswellastoincreasethepotentialtoinfluencepoliticalcommitmentsandbudgetallocation.Ensureadequatefundstoimplementthecreatedgenderstrategy.

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DDR pre-planning phaseRESOURCE3:ExampleofaDDRresultsmatrixwithgender-specificindicators(Nepal)RESOURCE4:Overviewofgender-sensitiveDDRassessmentsRESOURCE5:Keyentrypointsforgender-sensitiveassessmentsRESOURCE6:Identifyingpartners’capacities,influenceandinterest

DDR programme designRESOURCE7:MakingDDRresultschainsgender-sensitiveRESOURCE8:Examplesofindicators:trackinggender-responsivenessofaDDRprogrammeRESOURCE9:Checklistforarapidassessmentofgender-responsivenessofaDDRbudget

Further Reading

CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency(1999):‘CIDA’sPolicyonGenderEquality’,CIDA.

Mazurana,D.(2005):‘WomeninArmedOppositionGroupsinAfricaandthePromotionofInternationalHumanitarian Law and Human Rights’, Geneva Call & the Program for the Study of InternationalOrganization(s),Geneva.Online:http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/women_armed_groups_2005.pdf

Reiman,C.(2003):’WhatGenderAnalysisDoesandDoesNotInvolveinPeaceBuilding’,KOFF.Online:http://www.swisspeace.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/KOFF/genderperspective.pdf

UNDP(2009):‘How-ToGuide:HowtoPlanandManagetheMonitoringandEvaluationofDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationProgrammes’,UNDP/BCPR.

UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:TechnicalNote–KnowingtheWhatandtheHow’,UNDP/BCPR.

UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:SelectingIndicators–SignpostsofDevelopment’,UNDP/BCRP.

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III. HOW TO IMPLEMENT GENDER-RESPONSIVE DDR PROGRAMMES

ImplementingaDDRprogrammeinagender-responsivemannerrequiresajointandcoordinatedeffortoftheDDRteamatalllevels.Subsequently,allDDRstaffmembersareaccountableformainstreaminggenderinDDR.

ManagingDDRinagender-responsivemannerrequiresattentionparticularlyinfiveareasofstrategicimportance:

1. Measuringprogressthroughgender-sensitiveindicators

2. Ensuringprogrammestaff’scommitmenttogenderequity

3. Makingorganizationalstructures,workflowsandknowledgemanagementresponsivetogender

4. Workingwithpartnerstostrengthengender-responsiveness

5. Conductinggender-sensitiveprogrammeevaluations

Box 18: IDDRS 5.10 Guidance: Implementing DDR in a gender-responsive way

− Developaccountabilitymechanismstoensurethatallstaffiscommittedtogenderequity.

− IncludegenderexpertsaspartofDDRstructures. − EncouragenationalcommissionsonDDRtoworkcloselywithgovernmentministriesinchargeofwomen’saffairsandwomen’speace-buildingnetworks,toemploywomeninleadershippositionsandtoestablishgenderfocalpoints.

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1. MEASURE PROGRESS THROUGH GENDER-SENSITIVE INDICATORS

WhentheDDRprogrammestarts,programmestaffbeginsaconstantmonitoringofprogresstowardsexpectedresults.Gender-responsivemonitoringofaDDRprogrammeincludesthreecomplementarysteps:

Step1.Quantitativemonitoringofsex-specificdata

Step2.QualitativemonitoringofgenderdimensionsoftheDDRprogramme

Step3.Analysingdatatomeasurethegender-responsivenessoftheprogramme

Programme example 4 Northern Sudan, Blue Nile State - Monitoring the gender-responsiveness of a DDR programme

The demobilization process in the Blue Nile State (BNS) in northern Sudan waslaunched in February 2009. Among other participants, the process also targetedSudanese femaleex-combatants (FXCs)andwomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups(WAAFGs).

AspartoftheSudaneseDDRProgramme,UNDPfundedaprojectfocusingontheeconomicandsocialreintegrationof445WAAFGsand651FXCs intheBNS.BothgroupsreceivedtrainingandindividualeconomicreintegrationpackagesaspartoftheregularDDRprogrammeinSudan.Additionally,theprojectofferedsocialandpsychosocial services to respond to the specific vulnerabilities and capacities ofthesetwowomengroups.InMarch2010WAAFGsbegantoreportproblemsatthecommunitylevel,asotherwomenwerefeelingthattheyshouldalsobenefitfromtheDDRprogramme.Theprojectcauseddiscordatthecommunities,impedingthereintegration of the DDR participants and even sometimes leading to ostracism.Gainingthisinformationfedintorealtimeprojectchanges.Thesocialcomponentsof the reintegration schemewere changed into community-based activities, thusbenefitingWAAFGs,FXCsandwomeningeneral.Therevisedprojectapproachwasdividedintofourmaincomponents:

− Aciviliantrainingpackage(including1076WAAFGs/FXCsand200civilianwomen);

− Psychosocialcounselling(20maleand100femalecounsellorsin6localitiesofBNS);

− Community-basedprojects(targeting91WAAFGs/FXCsand109civilianwomen); − Gender-basedviolence,reproductivehealthandHIV/AIDSsensitizationactivitiesforallcommunitiesincollaborationwithUNFPA(targeting445WAAFGsand200civilianwomen).

Gender-sensitiveplanningandacommunity-basedapproachwereneededtobuildpeacebetweenWAAFGsandcivilianwomen.Monitoringoftheprogrammeprogressallowedrequiredcorrectivemeasurestobemadeinordertoachievetheseresults.

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Step 1: Quantitative monitoring of sex-specific data

Continuouslyupdatingquantitativedatatomeasuretheprogresstowards indicatorsdefined intheplanning stage is thebasis formonitoring.Monitoringgender-responsiveness is an integralpartoftheoverallquantitativemonitoring.Thekeytoolforquantitativemonitoring,includinggender-relatedmonitoring, is an indicator tracking sheet. Monitoring sex-disaggregated indicators is importanttoassure thatDDRservicesandassistance isdelivered toallprogrammeparticipantsand that theprogrammerespondstotheirneeds.EvenifsomeindicatorsintheoverallDDRindicatorframeworkare not explicitly disaggregated by sex, gender-responsive M&E requires tracking additional sex-disaggregated data.

Step 2: Qualitative monitoring of gender dimensions of DDR programme

On topof trackingquantitativedata, M&Especialistswillneed tocollect, collate, storeand sharequalitativedataongenderdimensionsoftheDDRprogrammeinanarrativesection.Thedatatypicallyincludesfieldreports,reportsfromimplementingpartnersandotherinformationongender-relatedissuesbytheDDRprogrammestaff,partnersornationalandinternationalorganizations.

Additionally,dataongenderaspectsrelatingtotheDDRprogrammemaybeavailablethroughfindingsof focus groupdiscussionsor case studiesdone toget specific feedbackor informationon certaingroups.Mediamonitoringandobservation,aswellasdiscussionswithspecialreferencegroupsareotherimportantsourcesforacquiringqualitativeinformationtosupportdecisionmakingduringtheDDR programme.

Programme example 5Sudan - DREAM and gender-sensitive data collection

Accurate information of the DDR participants is crucial for the programme toplanappropriateservices.InthedemobilizationsitesinSudan,UNDPhasworkedto improve its data collection through developing a database called DREAM(Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and SALW Control ManagementInformationSystem). In thedatabase,alldata isdisaggregatedbysex.Throughoffering baseline data on the target audience, DREAM has helped UNDP staffmembers to better understand ex-combatants’ needs and capacities. DREAMalsohelps indifferentiatingthespecificneedsofmaleand femaleparticipants,aswellasthedifferencesstemmingfromvariousgeographicbackgrounds.UsingthedatabaseUNDPhasbeenabletodesignprogrammes,suchasHIVawarenesscampaignsandliteracyandnumeracyskillstrainings inresponsetothespecificneedsofthetargetaudience.

Basedonthecollectedliteracydata,forexample,UNDPdesignedpeacebuildingprojects for groups of women (female ex-combatants, women associatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsandcivilianwomen)infourcommunities.TheseprojectsincludedteachingliteracyandnumeracyskillsthroughamethodcalledREFLECT,whichteachesparticipantstoreadwhilealsoaddressingcommunitydevelopmentissuesandfoodprocessing.Trainingswereofferedincommunitycenters,whichwereopenondifferentdaysformen,womenandchildren.

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Step 3: Analyse data to measure gender-responsiveness

TomonitortheprogressoftheDDRprocess,programmestaffandtheM&Eunitwillfrequentlyanalysequantitative and qualitative data.Newdata acquired from tracking the set indicators needs to beanalysedand interpretedby linking itwithother information, includingreports fromimplementingpartners,specificconsultanciesandfieldvisitreports.

ThegendercompetenceoftheDDRM&Estaffiscrucialforasuccessfulgender-sensitiveanalysisandinterpretation of quantitative and qualitative data. In theDDR context, relevant secondary data istypicallyabsentorverylimited.Inadditiontothis,reliabledataisoftenscarceduetounderreporting(e.g. the number of victims of sexual violence). Thus a lot of relevant gender-specific informationavailableisanecdotal,basedonimpressions,perceptionsandobservationsandpresentedinanarrativeform. Making a meaningful link between quantitative data and qualitative information throughevidencingtendenciesandformulatingthemintosoundargumentsserves in increasingtheweightofthisinformationandthusimprovingitsuseforgender-responsivedecisionmakinginprogrammemanagement.

Gender-sensitivedataanalysisalsoimpliesconsiderationsonhowdataiscollected.Inordertomakebothmen’sandwomen’svoicesheard,thisprocessshouldentailparticipatoryapproaches.Agender-sensitivedatacollectionprocesscalls forcommittedstaffmemberswhoare interested inexploringculturallyappropriatewaysofgatheringinformation.Peoplecollectingdatashouldspecificallyconsidertheculturalcontextandnormsinordertoknowhowtoapproachcertaintopics.Itisalsoimportanttotrytoaccommodatetothecommunity’scircumstancestotheextentpossible,e.g.throughadaptingtowomen’sworkschedulesandadditionalrequirements,suchastranslators,childcarefacilitiesorsinglesexmeetings.Itisimportanttoincludespecificrecommendationsongender-sensitivedatacollectionmethodsinthemonitoringplanoftheDDRprogramme.

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Box 19: Gender-sensitive data collection

Examplesofdatacollectionmethods: − Focusgroupdiscussions:Collectingfeedbackfromrepresentativesofaparticulargroup.

− Referencegroups:ContinuousfeedbackontheDDRprogrammeprogressfromindividuals,suchasNGOrepresentativesandcommunityleaders,whoareselectedbasedontheirknowledgeofthelocalcontext.

− ShortinterviewswithmaleandfemaleDDRparticipants:Gettingasnapshotofparticipants’viewsandperceptionsoftheDDRprogramme.

− In-depthinterviewswithmaleandfemaleDDRparticipants:AcquiringqualitativedataonanybehaviouralchangeresultingfromtheDDRprogrammeactivities.

−Mediamonitoring:CollectinginformationonincidentsandtrendswithinthecommunityatlargeandhowtheseissuesrelatetogenderandDDR.

− (Participatory)communityobservation:Collectingqualitativedatae.g.onhowpublicspacesareusedandbywhom,communityeventsandtrends,reintegrationchallengesforDDRparticipantsandthecommunityatlarge,andhowtheseissuesrelatetogender.

Keyconsiderationsforgatheringdatainagender-sensitivemanner: − Genderbalanceintheassessmentteam:Ensurethatassessmentteamsincludebothmenandwomenandcarefullyconsiderbothadequateexperienceandgenderbalance.

− Levelsofconfidentiality:Useappropriatemethodsdependingonthesensitivityoftheissue(e.g.one-on-oneinterviews,focusgroupdiscussionsorsurveys).

− Culturalappropriateness:Considerwhatcanbeasked,bywhomandhowitshouldbephrased.

− Accesstoinformation:Considerwomen’sandmen’saccesstoinformation(e.g.literacylevels).

− Informationgathering:Besensitivetowhichinformationsourcesshouldbeusedforacquiringrelevantandaccurateinformation(e.g.nationalgovernment,internationalagenciesorNGOs,localwomenormen,fromwhichethnicbackground).

− Interpretation:Carefullyconsiderwhoshouldactasinterpreters.Importantaspectstothinkaboutincludeinterpreter’ssex,ethnicandpoliticalbackground,ageandknowledgeofgender-sensitiveterminology.

− Timeconsiderations:Trytoaccommodatetotheparticipants’scheduleandresponsibilitieswhenchoosingthetimeandplaceforinterviewsordiscussions.

− Travelrestrictions:Thinkhowtoensurereachingthegroupsyouintendtoreach(e.g.findoutifwomenareallowedtotravelontheirown,andifnot,arethereothermeanstoreachthem).

− Levelsofrepresentation:Gatherenoughinformationfromdifferentsourcesandincludekeyinformantsonimmediateneedsofwomen(e.g.midwivesandfemaleleaders).

− Creativity:Finddifferentwaystoaskdifficultquestions.

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Box 20: Contingency planning – DDR monitoring

Whattodoifadequategenderconsiderationsarenotincludedinthemonitoringplan?

Ensuremanagementsupport − EnsurepoliticalwillandactivesupportfromDDRmanagementtoincludegenderconsiderationsinthemonitoringplanafterwards.

− Ensureadequatefinancialsupportandbudgetallocationsforgender-sensitivemonitoring. − Reviewcurrentplansforquantitativemonitoring(indicators)andqualitativedatacollection,aswellasmethodologyfordataanalysis.

− Ensurethatdatagatherersandinterpretersreceiveadequatetrainingonhowtocollectinagender-sensitiveway.

Revisemonitoringframework − Lobbyforachangeintheoverallmonitoringframework(indicators,evaluationplan,etc.)toreflectgenderissues.

− Starttotrackandreportonadditional,quantitativedatarelatedtogenderissuestogetherwiththeM&Eexpertsandpartners(e.g.NGOs).Thedataisoftenreadilyavailablefromexistingdatasources,liketheDDRdatabase.

− IncooperationwiththeM&Eexpertsandexternalpartners(e.g.NGOs),starttotrackadditionalgender-relatedqualitativedatafromtheDDRprogrammestaffandotherstakeholders.

− CollaboratingwiththeM&Eexperts,startanalysingthecollecteddatafromgender-perspective.Startreportingonthegender-relatedfindingsforexamplethroughregularwrittenreportsandpresentationstoDDRmanagers.

2. ENSURE THAT DDR STAFF IS RESPONSIVE TO GENDER

Therecruitmentandmanagementofstaffentailsimportantconsiderationsformainstreaminggenderin the DDR programme. To ensure that the programme staff members have a gender-responsiveapproachtoDDR,thefollowingstepsarerecommended:

Step1.Ensurethattherecruitmentprocessisgender-sensitive

Step2.IncreasegenderawarenessamongDDRstaff

Step3.BuildgendercompetenceamongDDRstaff

Step4.Collaboratewithgenderexperts

Step 1: Ensure that the recruitment process is gender-sensitive

DDRprogrammesshouldstriveforabalancebetweenmaleandfemalestaff.ExperienceshowsthatachievingthisisespeciallyachallengeforDDRmanagementstructures.Aquotasystemisoneoptionforfasttrackingwomen’sinclusionintoDDRprogrammes.Inordertofindrequiredexpertise,DDRjobdescriptionsshouldalsoexpressthatDDRstaffis jointlyresponsibleforgender-considerations.Therecruitmentpanel forDDRstaffneedstobegender-balancedandsensitizedwithregardtogenderissues.

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Theselectionprocessmustfullytakeintoconsiderationandgiveweighttothegenderqualificationsoftheapplicants.Thisincludesvettinggendercompetency,experienceandstancetogenderissuesinthe DDR process.

Step 2: Increase gender awareness among DDR staff

GenderawarenessandsensitivitysetprerequisitesfortheDDRstaff’scapacitytoidentifyandmakeuseofopportunitiestopromotegenderequalityandtoaddressgenderissuesduringtheDDRprogramme.ThereareseveralopportunitiestopromoteinclusionofgenderontheDDRprogrammeagenda.

Actionpoints:

− OrganizeeventstopromoteSecurityCouncilresolutions1325and1820andUNDP’s8PointAgenda.

− Supportjointgendertrainingopportunities,bringingtogetherrepresentativesofdifferentagencies. − Institutearegularinternalmeeting,duringwhichgender-relatedprogress,risksandopportunitiesforDDRarediscussed.

− Intheabsenceofagenderadviser,organiseself-learninggroupsforincreasinggenderawarenessanddiscussinggender-relatedissuesfrompersonalexperience.

Step 3: Build gender competence among DDR staff

DDRmanagersneed toensureappropriatepossibilities for staffmembers to increase theirgendercompetenceandskills.Gendercompetencereferstoa)thesensitivityandanalyticalskillstoidentifyunderlyinggendernorms,andb)thecapacitytoprogrammaticallyincorporategenderdimensionsinDDR programmes.

The degree of gender competence and type of skills required of DDR programme staffmembersdependsontheir levelofresponsibility(e.g.managementlevel/project level),theareaofexpertise(e.g. planning/M&E/partnerships/programme officers) and also the duty station (e.g. field office/countryoffice/headquarters).

Twoassessmentswillhelpinspecifyingwhatkindofformaltrainingisrequired:

− DailyactivityprofileestablisheswhatDDRpractitionersdoonadailybasis.Differentactivitiesrequiredifferentgender-relatedcompetenciesinordertoachievetheoverallDDRprogrammeresultsinagender-responsiveway.

− GendertrainingsurveyestablisheswhatformalgendertrainingDDRstaffmembershavereceived.

Basedondailyactivityprofilesandgendertrainingsurveys,needsforenhancinggendercompetenciescan be assessed. DDR staff can be classified in groups according to their need for specific gendercompetenciesandtrainingcanbearrangedaccordinglytoprovidethemwithrelevanttoolsonhowtodotheirworkinagender-responsiveway.

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Programme example 6Colombia – Enhancing DDR staff’s understanding of gender identities

TheOfficeof theHighPresidentialCouncil forReintegration (ACR) inColombiafoundthattransformationofex-combatants’genderidentitiesasaconsequenceoftheconflictandpost-conflictsettingsaffectedtheirreintegrationtocivilianlife.Inordertorespondtoex-combatants’specialneedsstemmingfromthechangeof both feminine and masculine identities, ACR developed a so called ‘trafficlight framework’ as part of their gender strategy. The framework categorizesex-combatants in three groups (red, orange and green) basedon their specificsupportneedsintermsoftheirperceptionsofgenderidentities.

Thethreecolourcategoriessignifiedthefollowing: − Red:Ex-combatantsarecharacterizedbyhegemonicorviolentmasculinitiesandfemininities,exacerbatedbyconflict;

− Orange:Ex-combatantsarecharacterizedbymasculinitiesorfemininitiesincrisisand/orbytraditionalgenderroles;

− Green:Ex-combatantsarecharacterizedbyaperceptionofgenderequalityandnon-traditionalgenderroles.

ACRusedthe‘trafficlightframework’totrainDDRprogrammestaffandraisetheirawarenessontheimportanceofgender-sensitiveprogramminginthereintegrationprocess.Theuseoftheframeworkincreasedthefieldstaff’scapacityandcreatedawarenessonhowDDRparticipants’genderreconstructionsandreproductionsmayvaryindividuallyandoverthedifferentstagesoftheirlives.

Aftermappingwhatgendercompetenciesarerequiredandbywhom,formalgendertrainingcanbedesigned.Todeliverformaltraining,acombinationoffourparticularskillsisrequiredfromthetrainingfacilitators:

− Technicalgenderknowledge; − Experienceofimplementinggender-responsiveprogrammesinaConflictPreventionandRecovery(CPR)context,andideallyexpertiseinDDR;

− In-depthknowledgeofthespecificcountrycontext; − Dispositiontoapplyknowledgetotheareaofexpertiseoftheaudience.

FormaltrainingisanimportantstepinincreasingthegendercompetenceofDDRstaff.Trainingneedstobeconsistentandrepeated.Additionally,gendercompetenceneedstobeputintopracticeinday-to-daywork.PeerassistancefromotherstaffmemberswithadvancedgendercompetenceorpunctualsupportfromDDRgenderspecialistsorgenderfocalpointsisessentialinsupportingthis.

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Step 4: Collaborate with gender experts

Besides promoting increased gender competence among all staff members, the DDR programmeshouldalsoensurethatadequatesupportofspecialisedgenderexpertsisavailableandused.

Actionpoints:

− Asanidealoption,trytoengageafull-timeresidentgenderexpertintheDDRprogrammeandthenationalDDRCommission.Ifafull-timegenderexpertisnotavailable,assignastaffmembertoworkasapermanentgenderfocalpoint.

− Tapintospecializedgenderexpertisebyengagingshort-termgenderconsultants.

Box21:EngaginggenderexpertiseintheDDRprogrammeTypeofexpert KeyconsiderationsandchallengesGenderexpert Must have decision making power in order to

operate;Shouldhavedirectaccesstomanagementstructures; Should have influence on budgetallocations; Can mentor other staff members andconducton-the-jobtraining;Cantraintranslatorsongender-sensitivityandterminology;Sustainabilityofgenderexpertise in theDDRprogrammeovertimeneedstobeensured(e.g.sufficientfunding).

Genderfocalpoints(GFP) Public and sustained support from managementis needed for GFP to be able to work effectively;Responsibilities as a GFP should be explicitlyincludedintheToR;Needsdirectaccesstoallunitsasgenderequalityisacross-cuttingissueinallwork;TheexistenceofGFPmustnotdilutetheprogrammestaff’s joint responsibility for gender equality; TheGFPrequiresadequatetrainingtoworkasaresourcepersonforotherstaff.

Genderconsultants CanprovidehighlyspecificinputstoDDRprogrammes;Areoftenused togather information fromprimarysources; Shouldwork closelywith permanent DDRstafftoenhancesustainabilityofgendercompetenceandskills.

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3. MAKE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES, WORKFLOWS AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIVE TO GENDER

Fourstepsarerecommendedtobuildorganizatioalstructures,workflowsandinformationmanagementinawaythatsupportsgender-specificgoalsinaDDRprogramme:

Step1:Establishgender-responsivenessasjointresponsibility

Step2:Createincentivesforgender-sensitiveinitiatives

Step3:Providemanagementsupporttogenderspecialists

Step4.Useknowledgemanagementtoenhancegender-responsiveness

Step 1: Establish gender-responsiveness as joint responsibility

DDRprogrammemanagementshouldcontinuouslyremindthestaffofthefactthatoverallresponsibilityforgenderresponsivenesslieswitheachindividual.Permanentgenderexperts,genderfocalpointsandgenderconsultantssupportgender-responsiveefforts,butcannotandshouldnotbesolelyresponsibleforthem.

Step 2: Create incentives for gender-sensitive initiatives

In order to highlight the importance of the issue, DDR programmes need to create incentives topromotegenderinitiativesamongDDRprogrammestaff.

Actionpoints:

− Includegenderissuesintoworkplansandtargetagendasofindividualstaffmembersandreviewprogressthroughtheannualperformancereviewprocess;

− IncludegenderissuesintoworkplansandtargetsettingoftheDDRunitasawhole; − Establishmotivationandrewardschemesforgender-responsiveness(e.g.usingpromotions,offeringtrainingopportunities,givingreadingtimeorpublishinglessonslearnedpapers);

−Monitorprogressongenderresponsivenessthroughrecurrent(bi-annual)genderreportsoftheDDR programme.

Step 3: Provide management support to gender specialists

DDRmanagersneedtoprovidesupporttoDDRgenderexpertsorgenderfocalpointsinfivekeyareas:

− Publicsupport:DDRmanagersneedtopubliclysupportgenderexpertsintheirwork. − Financialresources:ThepoliticalcommitmentofDDRmanagersshouldbereflectedinadequatebudgetaryallocationforgender-relatedactivities.Genderexpertsshouldbeabletomakedecisionsovertheuseoftheseresources.

− Communication:GenderexpertsneedtobeabletocommunicatedirectlywithDDRmanagement,forexamplethroughregularmeetings.

− Capacitybuilding:GenderfocalpointsofDDRprogrammesneedtobeadequatelytrained,sothattheyhavesufficientmeanstosupporttheirpeersandthewholeprogrammetowardsgender-responsiveness.

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− Information:Tofunctionproperly,DDRgenderexpertsneedtobeabletoobtaintimelyandin-depthinformationontheprogressoftheDDRprogramme.Thustheyneedtobeincludedinmeetingswherethisinformationisexchanged.ItisalsoimportantforgenderspecialiststobeabletosetupcommunicationchannelswithotherDDRunits.

Box 23: Contingency planning - Management Structures

Whattodo,ifgenderequalityhasonlyreceivedlimitedattentioninmanagementstructuresandinternalworkflowsofaDDRprogramme?

Mapgenderexpertise − Obtainaclearunderstandingonthestaff’sgendercompetency,includingformal,informal,practicalandacademicexperience;

− Createworkprofilesforeachareaofresponsibilityinordertoevaluatethetypeofgenderexpertiseneeded;

− Designateandtrainagenderexpertandappointgenderfocalpointsinregionaloffices; − Inabsenceofagenderexpert,securefundingandfasttrackthehiringprocess.

Supporttheestablishmentofanincentivestructureforgenderinitiatives

− Supportmanagementandstaffininstallingprogrammelevelmotivationandincentivestructuresforgender-sensitiveinitiatives;

−Worktowardsestablishingindividualgender-responsivetargets,whicharetobeevaluated.

Facilitatetargetedandcontext-specificgendertrainings − ReadIDDRSChapter5.10and“BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)”(UNDP,2011);

− Considerpeer-to-peereducationandjointworkinggroups; − Askthegenderresourcepersoninheadquartersforregion-specificgender-relatedmaterials,suchasreportsandliterature,andrefertoUNDP/BCPR’sgender-relatedknowledgeproducts;

− Arrangeavisitofthegenderresourcepersonfromheadquarterstotrainandsupportprogrammestaff;

− Helptheprogrammestafftoestablishcontactsthroughprovidinginformationaboutgenderfocalpointnetworks.

− Creategender-responsivepartnerships −Mapexistinggenderexpertiseandinitiativesatnationalandlocallevels; − Establishcommunicationwithnationalstakeholders,suchasministries,universitiesandNGOs;

− Organiseeventsinordertobringalltherelevantpartiestogether; − Support,lobbyforand,ifnecessary,financerecruitmentofagenderfocalpointandresourcepersoninthenationalDDRCommission.

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Step 4. Use knowledge management to enhance gender-responsiveness

Knowledgemanagementcoverstheprocessofcreating,organizing,sharingandusingknowledgefordevelopment results. Inorder to improve the implementationandresultsofUNDP-supportedDDRprogrammes,practitionersbuildonreflectingonandsharingofpreviousexperiences.

The followingfive tools areparticularlyuseful formanaging andenhancing knowledgeongender-responsiveDDR:

−Missionreporttemplatesshouldincludeasectionongender-responsiveprogrammeconsiderations.

− Conceptnotesareshortdiscussionpapersexploringandconceptualizingnewtopics,emergingtrendsandcross-cuttingissues.Theyshouldbeappliedtotheregionalcontextandculturalspecificitiesofbothwomenandmen.

− Lessonslearnedpapersreflectonpastpracticeandincludeconcreterecommendationsforimprovingprogrammeperformanceinthefuture.Thenormalcycleofpreparingandsharingalessonslearnedpaperconsistsofresearch,drafting,reviewinganddisseminationtootherpractitioners,aswellasfollowup.

− Comparativeexperiencespapersarecompilationsofexperiencesonacertaintopic,showcasingvariousapproachesanddistillingcommonalitiesandsharedchallenges.ComparativeexperiencespapersareagreattoolforexchanginginformationamongDDRgenderfocalpointsindifferentregionsandcountries.

− BriefingnotesaregenerallypreparedbyDDRstaffmembersforseniormanagementinpreparationofkeymeetingsortoinformthemonmainprocesses,resultsoroutcomesoftheDDRprogramme.Highlightinggenderspecificchallenges,resultsorimplicationsinbriefingnoteshelpsingettingorkeepinggenderconsiderationsonDDRprogrammeagenda.

4. WORK AND COORDINATE WITH PARTNERS

DDR is part of a larger peace building and recovery strategy and thus relies on collaboration andcoordinationwithlocal,nationalandinternationalactorstomaximizetheeffectivenessoftheprocess.

There are many potential entry points for working with partners in order to strengthen gender-responsiveness of the DDR programme. These entry points include peace building frameworks,informationgathering,humanresources,materialandlogisticalsupportandcommunitydevelopment.

Withrespecttobothcoordinationandcollaborationefforts,itisimportanttoengagewithpartnersthatareinvolvedinDDRand/orgenderrelatedprojects.Notallpartnerswillhaveexpertiseonboth,butbybringingstafffromthetwopracticeareastogether,thislinkcanbestrengthened.15

15PleaserefertoChapterIVonGender-responsiveExitStrategiesformoreguidanceonhowtodevelopthecapacityoflocalpartners.

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Programme example 7Cooperation for gender-responsive reintegration and fortified peace

TheregionofAcehfaceswideeconomicandsocialdevelopmentdisparitiesanditisespeciallychallengingforwomentoequallyaccessemploymentopportunitiesor benefits offered through official government programmes. Furthermore,womenhavesufferedfromrapeandsexualviolenceduringtheconflict,buthavehadlittleaccesstojusticeorpsychosocialtraumarecoverysupport.Amulti-donorstakeholderreviewonAcehnotedthattherewasatendencyfordomesticconflictsbetweenmen andwomen to escalate into violent incidents in the geographicareaswheretheconflicthadbeenthemostintense.Thecapacityofthelocalandprovincialgovernmentagenciestoaddressgenderissueswaslimited.

In2010UNDP initiateda strategicUN inter-agencycollaboration togetherwithUNFPAandUNIFEMinAcehandtheMenasPartnersJointRegionalProgrammein Bangkok. As part of the project, UNFPA, UNIFEM and UNDP each broughttogether their technical strengths to deliver a joint inter-agency pilot projectthatrespondedtothespecificneedsofwomeninAcehSeletandistrict.TheUNagenciesandlocalorganizationsexchangedinformationandjointlycoordinatedtheiractivities inordertostrengthensocialreintegrationofex-combatantsandassociatedgroupsbyofferingreproductivehealthandHIV/AIDScounsellingandpsychosocialsupport.UNalsoinitiatedaninter-agencypilotprojectfocusingonwomen’ssocio-economicreintegrationandrehabilitationthroughacommunity-basedapproachinconflict-affectedvillages.

The activities, involving public awareness campaigns as well as building localcapacity on interventions on gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS, engagedstakeholdersfromvariousgovernmentsectorsandcommunities.Throughtheseinitiatives, theprojectaimedataddressing thediverseaspectsof reintegrationand peace stabilization from the perspective of women’s support needs. Thisinvolved establishing a men’s network and initiating activities against gender-basedviolence.

TheUNDPprojectteamusestheexampleofAcehtoillustratetheimportanceofinvolvinglocalgovernmentsasdirectimplementingpartnersattheearlieststageofplanningtoenhancetheircapacityforprojectdesignandimplementation,aswellastodevelopastrongsenseofownership.

(AGender-ResponsiveApproach toReintegrationandPeaceStabilization:PilotProject inAcehSelatanDistrict2010.)

The following elements should be considered when working together with partners in order tostrengthenthedesignandimplementationofagender-responsiveDDRprogramme:

Step1.Providegender-specificsupporttothenationalDDRcommission

Step2.Strengthenpartnershipswithwomen’sandmen’sorganizationsandnetworks

Step3.CoordinatewithinternationalpartnersworkingonDDRand/orgender

Step4.Supportgenderexpertiseofimplementingpartnersandconsultants

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Step 1: Provide support to the national DDR commission

ThenationalDDRcommission(NDDRC)isatakeypositionwhenimplementingDDRprogrammesanditisthuscrucialtostrengthentheNDDRCmembers’genderawareness.

Actionpoints:

− StrengthengendercompetenceoftheNDDRCstaffandministriesinvolvedinDDRprojectimplementationbyofferinggender-specifictrainings.

− FundapermanentortemporarygenderexpertintheNDDRCand/orlineministries. − SecondagenderresourcepersontoNDDRCand/orlineministries. − Providebackstoppingandcontinuoussupportingender-relatedquestionstoNDDRCandlineministries.

− Providetechnicalsupportforthecreationandset-upofagenderunitwithinNDDRCand/orlineministries.

Step 2: Strengthen partnerships with women’s and men’s networks and organizations

As key stakeholders and important sourcesof information, localwomen’s andmen’sorganisationsarevaluablepartnersduringthepreparation,designandimplementationofgender-responsiveDDRprogrammes. These local organizations often have access to valuable information on communityperceptionsofreturningmaleandfemaleex-combatantsandmembersofassociatedgroups,aswellastheirspecificneedsandsuitablesocio-economicreintegrationopportunities.

Thefollowingentrypointsforcooperationshouldbeconsidered:

−Women’sorganisationsandnetworkscouldplayanimportantroleinmobilizingsupportfortheDDRprocesse.g.throughencouragingmentohandinweapons,promotingnon-violentmessagesandsupportingex-combatants’reintegration.

− Partnershipswithwomen’sorganizations,particularlywiththosefocusingonpreventionofviolenceandpeacebuildingissues,shouldbestrengthenedinordertoenablewomentoplayastrongerroleinDDRprogramming.

−Men’snetworksandorganizationshavethepotentialtoplayacentralroleineffortstoreachouttomaleex-combatants,theirfamiliesandcommunitiestoaddressandtransformgendernormsandperceptionsthatsupportviolence.

− Experiencehasalsoshownthatmen’snetworksandgroupscanbekeypartnersinpreventinggender-basedviolencethroughtheirabilitytoreachouttomalepeers.

Strategicpartnershipswithwomen’sandmen’sorganisationsneedtobeconstructedandmaintainedon an on-going basis. Institutional strengthening and increased capacities will contribute to thesustainabilityofprogrammeresults.

Step 3: Coordinate with international partners

InordertoestablishthenecessarylinkagesbetweentheDDRprogrammeandbroaderpeacebuildingandrecoveryinitiatives,coordinationwithinternationalpartnersinvolvedineitherDDRorgenderis

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crucial.TheSub-WorkingGrouponGenderandHIV/AIDSoftheInter-AgencyWorkingGroup(IAWG)onDDRsupports thiscoordinationat theheadquarter level. Inaddition to this, specificeffortsarerequiredtoensurecoordinatedeffortsatcountrylevel.

Actionpoints:

− EnsureregularcoordinationwithothermembersoftheUNCountryTeamworkingoninitiativesrelatedtoDDRand/orgender.ThiscoordinationmechanismcouldbelinkedtoexistingIAWGstructuresonthecountrylevel.16

− Engagewithnon-UNstakeholdersworkingongenderissuesand/orDDR(i.e.EU,WorldBank,non-governmentalorganisations).

− IdentifypotentialforsynergiesaswellaspossibleoverlapandgapsineffortsofdifferentDDRandgenderinitiatives.

− Identifyandmakeuseofcomparativeadvantagesofpartnersinordertoincreasetheoverallefficiencyandeffectivenessofprojectimplementation.

− StrengthenresourcemobilizationeffortsthroughjointlyidentifyingneedsrelatingtogenderandDDR.

16NB:ThePolicyCommitteeissuedadecisionon23November2011,recommendingthat“peacekeepingoperations,specialpoliticalmissionsandUNCTswillestablishcountrylevelinter-agencyworkinggroupsonDDRtoserveasoperational/implementingcoordinatingbodies ledbytherelevantmembersthathavethecomparativeadvantages”.Thesecountrylevelworkinggroupsarealsoreferredtoascountrylevelormini-IAWGs.

Programme example 8Sudan - Supporting Hakamas to serve as messengers of peace

TheHakamasareagroupoftraditionalfemalesingersfromSouthernKordofanregioninSudan,whohaveplayedaveryinfluentialroleinspreadingmessagesofreconciliation throughout the country. Traditionally, theHakamaswomenhavebeen known to provide support to male combatants during times of conflict.Thesewomenwouldaccompanymen to front lines, singing songs togalvanizethemintocombat.Theirsongsincludedmessageslinkingmasculinitytoviolenceandevenpromotinggender-basedviolenceaspartofwar.TheHakamasarewellrespectedandlookeduptointheircommunities.

In2006,UNDPandNorthSudanDDRCommission implementedaproject thattrained these traditional singers in issues such as peace building, education,humanrights,HIVawarenessandDDR.Asaresult,theHakamaswomenchangedtheirmessageandhaveembracedanewroleassingersandmessengersforpeace.UNDPalsorefurbishedsomeconcerthallstowelcometheHakamasastheytravelaroundthecountrytosing.TheHakamaswomennowvisitdifferentregionsofSudansingingmessagesofreconciliationandinvitingthecommunitytoembracepeace,progressanddevelopment.

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Step 4: Build gender awareness and capacities of implementing partners and consultants

Inaddition to theDDRstaff, implementingpartners,externalconsultantsandevaluatorsalsoneedtoworkinagender-responsiveway.Anumberofstepscanbetakentobuildthegenderexpertiseofthese groups.

Actionpoints:

−MakesurethatcontractsandToRsforimplementingpartnersreflectgenderconsiderations. − Lookfordemonstratedgenderexpertiseduringtherecruitmentprocessofconsultants. − Usegenderlenstovetprojectproposalsofpotentialimplementingpartners. − ProvideimplementingpartnerswithkeyguidelinesofUNmandatesandpolicydocumentsongenderissues.

− Encourageimplementingpartnerstopromoterepresentationandmeaningfulparticipationofwomenbothintheirorganizationalstructureandtroughtheiractivities.

Programme example 9Sudan (Blue Nile State) - Identifying synergies between the DDR programme and other initiatives

As part of a pilot project on psychosocial reintegration in the Blue Nile State,the Psychosocial Trauma Centre of the International University of Africa (IUA)has developed a 3 Tier Psychosocial Referral System, providing screening andcounselling toDDR participants. IUA also developed awide public informationcampaigndesigned to raise awareness ofwar traumaand combat stigma. TheprojectwasoriginallyenvisionedtobeonlyforfemaleDDRparticipants,butduringapsychosocialassessmentin2010,highnumbersofunaddressedtraumaamongmenwereidentified.Therefore,theprojectwasextendedtoprovidesupporttoanycommunitymemberrequestingit.

Theprojecttrained103communitycounsellorsfromvariousregionsonrapidpost-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)screening,psychosocialcounsellingandreferralaswell as communication skills (Tier1).DDRparticipantswhowerediagnosedwithmid to high PTSD symptomswere referred to appointed staff ofMinistryofHealth (Tier2). IUA trained theseministry staffmembersoncomprehensivepsychosocialscreeningandcounselling.Wheremoreextensivecareisnecessary,the participants are again referred to IAU’s Psychosocial Trauma Centre inKhartoum(Tier3).

Toraisepublicawarenessonpsychosocialissues,IUAinconjunctionwithUNDPandNorth SudanDDRCommission developed a psychosocial radio drama thatwasbroadcastedacrosstheregion.Asaresult,especiallythereputationoffemalepsychosocial counsellors increased, improving the likelihood of more womenseekingtheirservicesandbeginningtheprocessofhealing.

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Box24:StrategicentrypointsforcollaborationongenderandDDRAreaofcollaboration EntrypointsforcollaborationPeacebuildingframeworks Internationallevel

CoordinatewiththeUNCountryTeamandnon-UNpartners(e.g.EU,WorldBank)onintegratinggenderinplanningdocumentsthatprovidetheframeworkforDDR.NationallevelLobbytosecureagender-responsiveMemorandumofUnderstandingforDDR.LocallevelLobbyformeaningfulparticipationofwomenandtheirorganisationsinsettingupthelegalframeworkforDDR.

Informationgathering InternationallevelReflectonrelevantcomparativestudiesfromdifferentcountries.NationallevelSupport partners in making data collections gender-sensitive (sex-disaggregatedandgatheredinagender-sensitivemanner)andsupportpartners in conducting or commissioning comparative studies ongender-specificissuesthroughouttheDDRprogramme.LocallevelCollaboratewithlocalpartnersongatheringgender-specificinformationtheyhaveaccessto,suchascommunityperceptionsofreturningmaleandfemaleparticipantsandgender-responsivereintegrationoptions.

Humanresources InternationallevelSupport participation of gender experts, such as representativesof national governments in charge of women or gender issues, orrepresentatives of international organizations like UNWOMEN, innationalandinternationalmeetingsandconferences.NationallevelTrainmembersofthenationalDDRcommissionandlineministriesandensuretheirparticipationingender-relatedDDRprocessesLocallevelMakesurelocalexpertiseandinputisusedforinformationgathering,planning and implementation of the DDR programme, as well asmonitoringandevaluation.

Materialandlogisticalsupport

AlllevelsProvide material and logistical support to partners for organizinggender-relatedevents.

Communitydevelopment InternationallevelPromote and support the use of participatory approaches andrepresentation and consultation of partner organizationsworking ongenderissues.NationallevelCollaborateoncarryingoutgender-sensitivecommunityassessmentsforinsupportofreintegrationprojects.LocallevelUsecommunityconsultationsthroughouttheDDRprogramme.

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5. MAKE EVALUATIONS GENDER-SENSITIVE

Inadditiontocontinuous,mostlyinternalmonitoring,DDRprogrammestypicallycommissionnumerousevaluationsatdifferentphasesoftheprogrammecycle.Evaluationsaresystematiceffortstocrediblyanswerin-depthquestionsaboutDDReffectiveness,efficiency,sustainabilityandimpact.

Tomake evaluations sensitive to gender, two aspects need to be taken into consideration. Firstly,for all evaluations, theevaluation teamwill need tooperate ina gender-sensitivemanner.Amongotherthings,thisincludesconsideringthecompositionoftheevaluationteam,thegenderexpertiseofevaluators,and thewaydata is gathered. It isparamount that the recruitmentprocessand theToRsfortheevaluationtaketheseaspectsintoconsideration.Additionally,evaluationsshould–wherepossibleandappropriate–answerspecificgender-relatedquestions.Althoughthetotalnumberofkey questions for evaluations should be limited, at least one question in aDDR evaluation shouldreflectgenderconsiderations.Thiskeyquestionongendershouldrefertotheextenttowhichfemaleandmalecombatants,supportersanddependantsconsiderthattheDDRprogrammeaddressestheirneeds.

AnotherimportantaspecttoconsideristowhatexpenddidtheDDRprogrammemakeuseofgender-relatedopportunitiestomaketheprogrammemoreeffective.

Box25:EntrypointsforgenderconsiderationsinDDRprogrammeevaluationsTypeofevaluation Gender-relatedentrypointsFormativeinternalevaluations

− Includegender-specificfindingsfrompilotinterventions;

− Includeevaluationofgender-responsivemechanisms;

− EnsureclosecollaborationofM&Especialistsandthegenderfocalpointinplanningandcommissioningtheevaluation.

Mid-termevaluations − IncludequestionsmeasuringtowhatextenttheDDRprogrammeisoperatinginagender-responsivemanner;

− Assessthelevelofgendercompetencyamongstaff; − AssesstowhatextentToRsofDDRstaffaregender-sensitive;

− Ifpossible,includeagenderexpertintheevaluationteam,oralternativelyincludeanevaluatorwithgenderexperience.

Terminalevaluations − Includekeygender-specificquestionsfromtheDDRprogrammedocument;

− EvaluatetheextenttowhichtheDDRprogrammeinterventionshaveaddressedwomen’sandmen’sdifferentstatusandaccesstoservices;

− Includeagenderexpertontheevaluationteam.Ex-postevaluations − Evaluatetheextenttowhichtheprogrammehas

contributedtosustainablepeaceinthesocietyasawhole,servingbothwomen’sandmen’sspecificneeds.

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Monitoring a DDR Programme RESOURCE10:Recruitingnewstaff:questionsformappinggendercompetenciesRESOURCE11:Gender-specificresponsibilities:examplesfortermsofreferences

Management StructuresRESOURCE12:Checklistofkeygender-relatedresponsibilitiesforDDRprogrammemanagers

Further Reading

UNDP (2005): ‘Knowledge and Information Management Strategy for the Crisis Prevention andRecoveryPracticeArea’,UNDP/BCPR.

UNDP8PointAgenda,Toolkit

UNDP(2009):‘How-ToGuide:HowtoplanandmanagethemonitoringandevaluationofDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationprogrammes’,UNDP/BCPR.

UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:TechnicalNote–KnowingtheWhatandtheHow’,UNDP/BCPR.

UNDP(nodate):‘RBMinUNDP:SelectingIndicators–SignpostsofDevelopment’,UNDP/BCPR.

UNSecurityCouncilResolution1325(2000),S/Res/1325,2000.

UNSecurityCouncilResolution1820(2008),S/Res/1820,2008.

Relevant Links

Batliwala, SandPittman,A (2010): ’CapturingChange inWomen’sRealities:ACriticalOverviewofCurrentMonitoring& Evaluation Frameworks andApproaches’, Association forWomen's Rights inDevelopment.Online:http://www.awid.org/Media/Files/Capturing_Change

UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeandtheWorldBank Institute(2010): ‘DevelopingGenderStatistics:Apracticaltool’UnitedNations,Geneva.Online:http://genderassets.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/developing_gender_statistics.pdf

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IV. HOW TO CLOSE A DDR PROGRAMME IN A GENDER-RESPONSIVE WAY

The objective of a gender-responsive exit strategy is to ensure a smooth transition from DDR tosustainabledevelopmentandbroaderstabilizationstrategies,suchaseconomicrecoveryandsecuritysectorreform(SSR),whiletakingintoaccountthedifferentneedsandopportunitiesforbothwomenandmen.TheoveralltransitionprocessattheendofaDDRprogrammewillaffectfemaleandmaleparticipantsandbeneficiariesdifferentlyduetotheirdifferentneeds.

IntheprocessofplanningtheDDRprogramme,exitstrategiesshouldbeconsideredfortwopossiblescenarios:

− ADDRprogrammeisclosedaftertheprogramme’sobjectiveofsupportingacertainnumberofex-combatantsandmembersofassociatedinbecomingstakeholdersofthepeaceprocessismetwithinthescheduledtimeframe;or

− ADDRprogrammeneedstobeclosedduetochangesinthepolitical,socialorsecurityenvironment,thuspreventingtheprogrammefromstartingorbeingcompleted.

InordertoensurethataDDRexitstrategyisgender-responsive,thefollowingshouldbeconsidered:

1.Planningforagender-responsiveexitstrategyofaDDRprogrammeispartoftheoverallDDR planningprocess

2.WorkingwithandbuildingcapacityofnationalandlocalcounterpartsinvolvedingenderissuesandDDRisimportanttopreparefortheexitphase

3.Identifyingandstrengtheninglinkagesofgender-relatedDDRinitiativeswithbroaderrecoveryandpeacebuildingprojectsiscrucialforsustainability

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1. PREPARING A GENDER-RESPONSIVE EXIT STRATEGY

GenderisoftennotconsideredafirstpriorityoftheDDRexitstrategy,andbroad-basedlobbyingisthusrequiredtoensureprojectcontinuationandfollow-upinagender-responsivemanner.Inordertodoso,itisimportanttomakesurethatplanningforagender-responsiveexitstrategybecomespartoftheoverallDDRplanningprocessandstartsasearlyaspossible.

Thefollowingstepsarerecommendedthemaketheexitstrategygender-responsive:

Step1:Identifygender-specificrisksthroughoutDDRprogrammeimplementation

Step2:Identifypartnerstotakeforwardgender-relatedwork

Step 1: Identify gender-specific risks throughout DDR programme implementation InordertodevelopabetterunderstandingoftheimplicationsandpossibleconsequencesthatclosingtheDDRprogrammemighthaveongenderdynamics,itisimportanttoidentifygender-specificrisksthroughouttheDDRprogramme.Thisinformationformsthebasisfordevelopingagender-responsiveexitstrategy.

Actionpoints:

− Identifytheimplicationsofeachpotentialriskongendernormsandroles,aswellasthevulnerabilitiesofmaleandfemaleparticipants;

− Createasetofgender-specificearlywarningindicators; − Recordtheresultsachievedinaddressinggender-specificneedsandvulnerabilitiesamongmaleandfemaleparticipants.

Step 2: Identify partners to take forward gender-related work

InpreparationofaDDRprogramme,astakeholderanalysisshouldhavebeencarriedout,identifyingkeypartnerstoworkwithintheplanning,implementationandmonitoringofaDDRprogramme.Ideally,theanalysisshouldbeupdatedona regularbasis.Exit strategycanbuildonthisanalysis, focusingnowmoreonfindingthosepartnersthathavetheinteresttotakeforwardgender-relatedworkafterclosureoftheDDRprogramme.Inpreparationfortheexitphase,theanalysisfurtherexaminesthepartners’existingcapacity,influenceandadditionalsupportneeds.

Alongwiththegender-relatedriskanalysis, thestakeholderanalysis formsabasis fordevelopingajoint,gender-responsiveexitstrategythatensuresthecontinuationofgender-relatedactivitiesafterthe DDR programme.

2. BUILDING CAPACITY OF LOCAL COUNTERPARTS

Governmentsandothernationalimplementingpartnersinpost-conflictenvironmentsoftenrequirecapacitybuildingtobeabletocarryongender-relatedworkortomaintaintheachievedresultsaftertheclosureofaDDRprogramme.Itisthereforeimportanttocloselyworkwithnationalcounterparts

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toencourageownership,commitmentandsuccessfuldeliveryofservicesthateventuallyincreasethesustainabilityoftheresults.

Threestepsarerecommendedforbuildinglocalcounterpartsgenderexpertise:

Step1:Createacapacitydevelopmentstrategyfornationalcounterparts

Step2:Buildcapacityofnationalcounterparts

Step3:Shareyourinformationandexperiences

Step 1: Create a capacity development strategy for national counterparts

Inordertomaintaingender-specificfocusandincreasethesustainabilityofDDRprogrammeresults,sufficientcapacityof thenationalgovernment,NGOsandotheractorsneeds tobe reinforcedwellbefore the transfer of the programme services to them. A national gender capacity developmentstrategy, formulated jointly by all key stakeholders involved in DDR programme follow-up, is animportanttoolforthis.

ThestrategyshouldbedevelopedearlyonduringtheDDRprogramme.Ideally,nationalactorsshouldleadtheprocessofformulatingandimplementingthestrategyinordertomaximiseownership,withinternationalcounterpartsprovidingsupportwhereneeded.

Actionpoints:

− PromotegenderbalanceandexpertiseinteamsinvolvedindevelopingtheDDRexitstrategy. − PromotethoroughconsultationsofnationalandlocalstakeholdersthroughouttheDDRprocess; − Facilitatenetworkingandcooperationofnationalstakeholders.

Step 2: Build capacity of national counterparts

Building the capacity of national stakeholders is an essential part of improving the efficiency andsustainabilityofthegender-relatedworkandresultsoftheDDRprocess.Asthisisalengthyprocess,capacitybuildingactivitiesneedtobeontheagendathroughouttheDDRprogramme.

Actionpoints:

− Engagelineministriesandnationalinstitutionsinchargeofgenderandwomen’sissuesinallphasesoftheDDRprogrammeandworkwiththeminordertoallowforagradualbuild-upofcapacity.

− Placeorsecondgenderexpertstorelevantpartnerorganizations,suchasnationalDDRcommission,lineministriesandimplementingpartners.Inadditiontoworkingforgender-responsiveprogrammeresults,includetheresponsibilitytoenhancereceivingorganization’sgendercompetencyintheToRsoftheseexperts.

− TrainnationalDDRcommissionstaffingenderissueseitherbyconductingacountry-specifictrainingcourseorpromotinginternationaltrainingopportunitiesonDDRandgender.

− ConducttrainingsongenderequalityforregionalDDRofficesorencouragetheirparticipationininternationalDDRandgendertrainings.Considerspecificlanguageneedsandmaketraining

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agendasascontextspecificaspossible. − Engagebothwomen’andmen’sassociationsorgroupsasearlyaspossible.Thereisagrowingnetworkofmen’sorganizationsactivelyinvolvedingenderissues17.However,thelackofstrongmen’sorganizationstopartnerwithisanon-goingchallengeinmanypost-conflictenvironments.

− Allocatesufficientfinancialresourcesforthecapacitydevelopmentprocess. − Allowtimeforagradualtransferofresponsibilityovergender-relatedworktonationalgovernmentinstitutionsandimplementingpartners.

17MenEngageisaglobalalliancewithover300institutionalpartnersaroundtheworld.Online:www.menengage.org.

Programme example 10Sudan (Blue Nile State) - Building capacity of local counterparts

AspartofthesocialreintegrationprocessofUNDP’sDDRprogrammeforwomeninBlueNileState,Sudan,UNFPAimplementedanawarenessraisingcampaignintegratingissuesofreproductivehealth,HIV/AIDSandgender-basedviolence.OnecomponentofthecampaignwastheOneManCanmanual,producedbySonkeGenderJusticetostopdomesticviolence,andadaptedtoSudanesecontextbyalocalNGOcalledMubadiroon.

OneManCancampaignpromotestheideathateachindividualcancreateabetter,moreequitable andmore justworld. The campaign encouragesmen to take action andworktogetherwithothermenandwomentopromotehealthyrelationships.Thevaluesofthecampaign included commitment to gender equality, happiness, dignity and supportingwomentoachievetheirrighttohealth.Theprojectusedparticipatoryapproachesandtookintoaccounttraditionalandculturalnormstomakethecampaignsuitableforbothmenandwomen.

Mubadiroon,supportedbyUNDP’sRuleofLawprojecttrainersinBlueNileState,trained30individualsontheOneManCanmanual,includingnurses,staffofSudanNationalAIDSProgramme,people livingwithHIV/AIDS, ex-combatants,HIV-peereducators (trainedbyUNMISHIVin2009),actors,mediaandlocalNGOs.These30individualsthensupportedthetrainingof60communitylevelpeereducatorsonreproductivehealth,HIVorgender-basedviolenceintheDDRprogrammecommunitiesofreturnintheBlueNileState.Thesepeereducatorsinturndevelopedoutreachandawarenessraisingstrategiestailoredtosuittheirowncommunities.Atthesametimethesefacilitatorsworkedwithcommunityeducatorstodevelopacomprehensivepublicinformationcampaign,reachingapproximately19,500individuals. Community leaderswere engaged in this process by recordingmessagesonreproductivehealthtobebroadcastedinthelocalradio.

Womenwelcomedthefactthatmenwerealsotargetedthroughthisproject,allowingthemtoopenlydiscusstheirtraditions,culturalpracticesandgender-specificvulnerabilities,aswellasbarriersandperspectivesofwomen’sroles.Overall,thesetrainingsandawarenessraisingcampaignshaveledbothmenandwomentoreflectandmoreopenlydiscussgenderandissuessuchasgender-basedviolence.ManyoftheprojectparticipantsandfacilitatorshavesuggestedthemanualandtheawarenessraisingcampaigntobereplicatedinotherareasofSudan.

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Step 3: Share your information and experiences

Tocomplementthetechnicalcapacitybuildingsupporttolocalcounterparts, it isalsoimportanttohandoverallexistinggender-related informationandmaterialsgatheredovertheDDRprogrammeperiod.Sharingof lessonslearnedandbestpracticesservesinenhancinglocalpartners’abilityandexpertisetoaddressgenderissues.Typesofinformationandmaterialtobehandedoverinclude:

− Sex-disaggregateddata; − Studiesongender-specificissues; − LessonslearnedonaddressinggenderissuesinDDR,includingprogrammeevaluationsandreviews;

− Contactdetailsofrelevantlocalandinternationalresourcepersons.

3. BUILD LINKAGES WITH OTHER GENDER-RELATED INITIATIVES

As reintegrationprogrammesdependon voluntary contributions and are thus limited intime, thesustainabilityofDDRprogrammeresultsdependshighlyonlinkagesmadewithbroaderandlonger-termpeacebuildingandrecoveryprogrammes.Thisalsoappliestogender-specificsupportprogrammesorinitiatives,indicatingtheneedtoseekforeffectivelinkagesandtohandresponsibilitiesovertoactorsthatcantakeforwardactivitiesandsustainprogrammeresultaftertheclosureofaDDRprogramme.

PracticehasindicatedthatakeychallengeinthisprocessistheplanningofsuchlinkagesearlyoninDDRprocess,atatimewhenotherprioritiesoftenprevail. Inaddition to that, sufficient resourcesarerequiredinordertoallowtimeforagradualhandover. Inordertoensuresmoothhandoverofresponsibilities,twostepsarerecommended:

Step1.Ensurelinkageswithbroaderrecoveryprogrammes

Stap2.Ensurelinkageswithsecuritysectorreform

Step 1: Ensure linkages with broader recovery programmes

Actionpoints:

− Createsynergieswithbroadersocio-economicanddevelopmentstrategies(e.g.UnitedNationsDevelopmentAssistanceFramework(UNDAF)andPovertyReductionStrategyPaper)throughtheentireDDRprocess,includingspecificlinkagestobroadergender-specificstrategies.Inotherwords,makesurethatreintegrationbecomespartofwiderrecoverystrategies.

− Engageprivatesectorandpromotegender-responsiveemploymentopportunities. − Planreintegrationprogrammestobetransferredintogender-responsivecommunitydrivenconflictresolutioninitiativesanddevelopmentprojectsenhancingsocialcohesion.

Step 2: Ensure linkages with security sector reform

TogetherwiththeDDRprogramme,securitysectorreform(SSR)playsandimportantroleinpreventingresurgenceofarmedconflictandsustainingpeaceinapost-conflictsetting.Aftertheconflictformer

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combatantsareoftenofferedtointegrateintothenewsecurityforces.Itisimportanttonotethatinpost-conflictenvironmentsviolentbehaviour, related togender rolesandexpectations inandafterconflict, isoftenreflected inthenewformalsecuritysectoraswell.Ex-combatantswhohavebeensocialized toviolentbehaviourduringconflictare in riskof transformingviolentpatterns into theirworkon thesecuritysector18.These implicationsofgendernormsandroleson thesuccessofSSRand the securityenvironment ingeneral, shouldbeaddressedaspartofagender-responsiveDDRprogramme.

Actionpoints:

− Assessgenderdimensionsofviolenceandtheirimplicationstosecuritysector. − Ifnecessary,extrapolategender-sensitiveDDRprogrammeactivitiestothewidersecuritysector.

Theabsenceofwomenfromthesecuritysector isnot justdiscriminatory,butcanrepresenta lostopportunity to benefit from the different skill sets and approaches offered bywomen as securityproviders. Givingwomen themeans and support to enter the DDR programmes should be linkedtoencouraging the full representationofwomen in the security sector and thus tomeetinga keygoalof SecurityCouncilResolution1325 (2000)19. If femaleex-combatantsarenot givenadequateconsiderationinDDRprocesses,it isveryunlikelythattheywillbeabletoenterthesecurityforcesthroughthepathofintegration.

Actionpoints:

− DuringtheDDRprocess,informfemaleex-combatantsoftheiroptionofintegratingintonationalsecurityforcesinlinewithgovernmentstrategies.Considerlinkingfemaleex-combatants’demobilizationandparticipationintheDDRprogrammetotheincentiveoptionofacareerwithinnewsecuritysector.

− Sharelessonslearnedonchallengesfemaleex-combatantsfacedduringreintegration(e.g.stigma,non-conventionalskillsets,trauma)tomakesuretheseissueswillbeconsideredtofacilitatewomen’sintegrationintothesecuritysector.

−Workwithinternationalcounterpartstoencouragegender-sensitiveSSRmeasuresinordertoensurethatreformedsecurityinstitutionsprovidefairandequaltreatmenttofemalepersonnel,takingintoaccounttheirspecialsecurityandprotectionneeds.

18Foradeeperanalysis,refertoUNDP(2011):‘BlameitontheWar?GenderDimensionsofViolenceinDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)’,33-36.19UNSecurityCouncilResolution1325(2000),S/Res/1325,2000.

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RESOURCE PACKAGE

This resource package contains a set of practical tools and templates to support gender-sensitiveprogramming. The resources can be used as such ormodified to the specific context of the DDRprogrammeinquestion.

Resource1: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogramme

Resource2: Examplesofgender-sensitiveprovisionsforpeaceandDDRagreements

Resource3: ExampleofaDDRresultmatrixwithgender-specificindicators-Nepal

Resource4: Overviewofgender-sensitiveDDRassessments

Resource5: Keyentrypointsforgender-sensitiveassessments

Resource6: Identifyingpartners’capacities,influenceandinterests

Resource7: MakingDDRresultschainsgender-sensitive

Resource8: Examplesofindicators:trackinggender-responsivenessofaDDRprogramme

Resource9: ChecklistforarapidgenderassessmentofaDDRbudget

Resource10: Recruitingnewstaff:Questionsformappinggendercompetencies

Resource11: Genderissuesascommonresponsibility:Examplesfortermsofreferences

Resource12: ChecklistofkeygenderrelatedresponsibilitiesforDDRprogrammemanagers


Reviewtheprogrammeintermsofeachprogrammeandchecktheappropriateoption.Inthefuture,payspecialattentiontothequestionswheretheanswerwas“no”.RapidgenderassessmentofaDDRprogramme Yes No

DiscourseIstheoverallpolicylanguageinclusiveandgender-specific?

OrganizationalarrangementsAregenderconsiderationsincludedinToRsofallstaffmembers?

Has themajority of staff completed gender training programmes (e.g.UNDPGenderJourney1)?IsthereagenderresourcepersonwithintheDDRprogramme?

Aremaleandfemalestaffmembersequallycompetentingenderissues?

Isgenderconsideredapriorityatprogrammemanagementlevel?

Arethere(regular)specificgenderandDDRmeetingstakingplace(programmespecificorUNCTwide)?DDRprogrammecycleHavethepre-programmeassessmentsbeengender-sensitive?

Isthebaselinedatadisaggregatedbysexandusedaccordinglyinworkprocesses?

Wasagender-responsiveDDRdocument?

Has15%oftheoverallbudgetbeendedicatedtogender-specificactivities?

Externalrelations

Isthereafunctioningmulti-stakeholderinitiativeonDDRandgender?

DoestechnicalcooperationwithnationalDDRcommissionincludeactivitiesaddressinggenderequality?Duringthelastyear,havetherebeenactivitiesimplementingSecurityCouncilResolutions1325and1820?ImplementationHavebothmaleandfemaleparticipantsbeenconsultedonacontinuousbasis?

Doprogrammestaff,externalconsultantsandevaluatorsoperateinagender-sensitivemanner?Aregenderconsiderationsincludedinthefinalreportsandresultsreporting?

1UNDP,‘TheUNDPGenderJourney:ThinkingOutsidetheBox’,UNDPVirtualDevelopmentAcademy.Online:http://www.jposc.org/documents/courses/gender/index.html

RESOURCE 1. CHECKLIST FOR A RAPID GENDER ASSESSMENT OF A DDR PROGRAMME


RESOURCE 2: EXAMPLES OF GENDER-SENSITIVE PROVISIONS FOR PEACE AND DDR AGREEMENTS

Provisions by phase ofthe DDR process

Provisionbyfocus

Women’sparticipation

−Women’sparticipationateverystageoftheDDR process (i.e. fromnegotiatingtoplanning,implementing,monitoringandevaluation)shouldtobereferredtoasakeycomponentofthe DDR process.

Provisionsacknowledginggender

− GenderexpertshouldbeinvolvedateveryphaseofaDDRprogramme(negotiations,planning,programmedesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluation)

Sex-specificprovisions

− Innegotiationsandplanningphase,womenshouldconstituteatleast30%oftheinvolvedpersonnel

− Consultationswithwomen’sgroupsshouldbeheldduringthenegotiationsandplanningphases

−Womeninleadershippositionsatnationalandlocallevels,aswellasgovernmentalministriesanddepartmentswithgender-relatedmandatesshouldparticipateinallphasesandrelevantdecision-makingbodiessuchasthenationalDDRcommission

Assessment

− AnunderstandingoftheDDRcontextandofhowDDRprogrammemayaffectwomen,men,girlsandboysshouldbedevelopedandreferredto.

− Differentrolesandneedsofwomen,men,girlsandboysduringtheconflictshouldbeconsidered.

− Differentgroupsoffemaleparticipantsshouldbeexplicitlylistedandrecognized,includingfemaleex-combatants,femalesupporters,womenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups,andfemaledependants.


− Genderexpertsshouldbeincludedinassessmentmissionsandassessmentteams − Culturalnormsandaffectedspecificneedsofwomen,men,girlsandboysshallbetakenintoaccountwhenidentifyinganddesigningsitesforcantonment.


Assessmentsandassessmentteamsshouldberequiredto:

− Verifythenumberandpercentageofwomenandgirlsassociatedwitharmedgroupsandforces

− Collectbaselineinformationonpatternsofweaponspossessionamongwomenandgirls

− Identifylocalcapacitiesofwomen’sorganizationsalreadyworkingonsecurity-relatedissues

− Consultwithwomen’sorganizations,asvaluablesourceofinformation −Workcloselywithseniorcommandersofarmedforcesandgroupstostartraisingawarenessaboutwomen’sinclusionandinvolvementinDDR.

−Mentionaspecificproportionofresources(atleast15%)tobeallocatedforgender-specificinterventions.

− IncluderecommendationsforpersonnelandbudgetaryrequirementsfortheinclusionoffemaleDDRexperts,femaletranslatorsandfemalefieldstaffforreceptioncentresandcantonmentsitesintheassessmentreport.


Demobilization

− Eligibilitycriteriashouldexplicitlyincludewomenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsaseligiblefordemobilization


− Accountabilitymechanismsshouldbesetuptoensurethatallstaffmembersarecommittedtogenderequality


− Definitionofwhoisadependentshouldreflecttheculturalcontextoftheconflictsituation,including,forexample,multiplewivesofamaleex-combatant.

− NationalDDRcommissionshouldbeencouragedtoworkcloselywithministriesinchargeofgender/women’saffairs,aswellaswomen’speacebuildingnetworks.

TransitionalSupport

− Thedistributionofbenefitsmustenablewomenandgirlstohavethesameeconomicchoicesasmenandboys.


− Basicdemobilizationbenefitpackages,includingaccesstoland,tools,creditandtrainingshallbeprovidedequitablyamongwomen/girlsandmen/boys.

− Demobilizationpackagesshouldbesensitivetodifferentgenderrolesandidentities,withaspecialfocusonthebalancebetweenwomen’seconomicempowermentandmaintainingsocialcohesionatthecommunitylevel.

− Educationalopportunitiesshouldbemadeequallyavailabletofemaleandmaleparticipants.

− Receivingcommunitiesandcommunityleadersshouldbeinformedaboutthereintegrationpackagesandtheirpotentialimpactuponcommunities.Communitiesshallbeincludedwhendecidinghowdevelopmentstrategieswillbeprovidedtoex-combatants.


− Formsofbenefitpackages(forexample,cash/monthlypayments)shouldbedeterminedaccordingtotheneedsandspendingpatternsofwomenandwomen’straditionalformsofmoneymanagement.Additionally,ifapplicable,theyshouldpromotewomen’saccesstoprivatebanks.

− Educationandtrainingeffortsshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheneedsanddesiresofwomenandgirlsandshouldstartasearlyaspossible,duringthedemobilizationphase.


Assembly

−Wideinformationcampaignsshouldbecarriedouttoencouragemaleandfemaleex-combatants,supportersanddependantstojoinDDR programmes. The campaignsshouldprovideclearinformationabouttheeligibilitycriteriaforthesethreegroupsofparticipants.


− Informationabouteligibilitycriteriashouldbemadeequallyaccessibletomaleandfemaleex-combatants,dependantsandsupporters,usingmediaandcommunicationtoolsthatarerelevanttothecontext.

− InformationcampaignsshouldemphasizetheimportanceoffemaleleadershipinDDRprogrammessothatgenderbalanceisensuredintheassemblyandcantonmentsites.


−WomenandgirlsparticipatingintheDDRprocessshouldbemadeawareoftheir rights.

− LinksshouldbedevelopedbetweentheDDRprogrammeandaccesstojusticetoensurethatcriminalsandperpetratorsofGBVareprosecuted.

− Informationonhumanrightsabusesagainstwomenshallbegatheredduringthecantonmentandthedemobilizationphases.

Cantonement

− ThephysicallayoutofcantonmentsitesshouldbestructuredsothatmaleandfemaleDDRparticipantsareprovidedwithseparatefacilities.


− Separatefacilitiesshallbemadeavailableformen,women,boysandgirls. − Physicallayoutofthereceptioncentreshallenablewomen,men,boysandgirlstoreceiveseparateidentitycards.

− Opportunitiestojointherestructuredpoliceandsecurityforcesshouldbeprovidedequallytomenandwomen.


− Child-careprovisionsandfacilitiesshouldbepannedandestablishedincantonmentsites.

− Healthcareservicesshouldbeprovidedincantonmentsitesandspecificassistanceshouldbeprovidedforwomenwhohavebeenabductedand/orsufferedsexualassaultduringandafterconflict.

Disarmament

− Disarmamentinitiativesshouldbeconductedwithafullunderstandingofthegenderdynamicsinthesociety,payingspecialattentiontonotreinforcingorsupportingviolentrepresentationofmasculinity.


−Menandwomen’sequalaccesstosecuredisarmamentsitesshouldbeguaranteed.


− Specialemphasisshouldbeputonidentifyingfemaleex-combatantstoallowthemtoreturnweapons


Resettlement

− Afterdemobilization,womenandmenshouldbeallowedtofreelyandsafelyreturntotheirdestinationofchoice


− Specialemphasisshouldbeputonsensitizingcommunitiesinordertotacklegender-basedviolence.


− Propertravelassistanceshouldbeofferedtofemaleex-combatantsandsupportersafterencampmenttoallowthemtosafelyreturntotheirdestinationofchoice

− Transitionalsafetynetshouldbeputinplacetohelpresettledfemaleex-combatantsandsupporterswithhousing,healthcareandcounselling.

− Specialemphasistobeputonmeasurestohelpreunifymothersandchildren.

SocialReintegration

− Reintegrationofformercombatants,dependantsandsupportersintocommunitiesshouldtakeintoaccountgender-specificdifficultiesofreadjustmenttocivilianlife.


− Specificmeasuresshouldbeputinplacetoensurethatcommunitiesaresensitizedtothegender-specificdifficultiesofreadjustmenttocivilianlifeandtoprovideadequatesupportforwomenandmenreturningintocommunities.

− Communityleaders,includingchurchleaders,traditionalauthoritiesandwomen’sgroupsshouldbeinvolvedinsensitizationcampaignstargetingreceivingcommunities.


−Women’sorganizationsandformal/informalnetworksoffemaleex-combatantsandsupportersshouldbeencouragedtoprovideassistancetoreturnees,supportreconciliationworkandinformreceivingcommunitiesaboutthepotentialimpactofreintegrationprogrammesoncommunitydevelopment.

− Legalassistanceshouldbeprovidedtofemaleex-combatantsandmembersofassociatedgroupstoassistthemincombatingdiscriminationandfacilitatingtheiraccesstojusticeservices

EconomicReintegration

−Womenandmenshouldbeprovidedwithequaleconomicopportunitiessupportingtheirempowermentandreintegrationintocivilianlife.


− Specialmeasuresshouldbeputinplacetosupportreintegrationassistancetomenandwomenintocommunities,aimingatrevivinglivelihoodsandsustainableeconomicsecurityofcommunities.

− Financialandmaterialassistanceshouldbeprovidedtowidows,widowersanddependantsofex-combatantskilledinconflict.


− Specificmeasuresshouldbeputinplacetosupporteconomicempowermentofwomenex-combatants,supporters,dependantsandwidows,includingthroughlegalreformandfacilitatedaccesstocredit,landandresources.

− Singleorwidowedfemaleex-combatants,supportersordependantsshouldberecognizedasheadsofhouseholdsandgrantedwithspecificfinancialandmaterialassistance.


S/No Intervention PerformanceIndicator ToolsA. GendermainstreamingA1 Training of IP/SP/UN

counselors on1325,1820,1888,and1889

− NumberofUNIRPstaffreceivedtrainingonSCRs1325,1820,1888and1889

− Numberofimplementingpartners/serviceprovidersthatreceivedtrainingonSCRs1325,1820,1888and1889

− NumberofstaffandpartnerswhocanexplainSCRs1325,1820,1888,and1889

1.Attendancesheet2.Trainingevaluationsheet 3.Pre/posttest

A2 Trainingandfollow-upsupporttoCAAFAG1IPs2 ongenderassessment/mainstreaming

− Genderneedassessmentreport − NumberofCAAFAGpartnersreceivetrainingongendermainstreaming

− NumberoftrainingsorganizedtoCAAFAGpartners

1.Attendancesheet2.Trainingevaluationsheet3.Pre/posttest

A3 OrientationofSPsandUNIRPstaffongendermainstreamingandreferralmechanisms

− NumberofstaffandSPsreceivedorientationongendersupport.

− NumberoffemaleVMLRs3receivesupport − NumberoffemaleVMLRsreferredtospecificgendersupport

− Genderorientationplanandcompletionreport

1.Attendancesheet2.ListoftotalnumberoffemaleVMLRs3.Daily/monthlyreports4.Orientationplan5.Reports(eachandcompiled)

A4 Integrategenderinmonitoringandevaluationtools/processes.

− Genderdisaggregateddatabaseandmatrix − Gendermonitoringreports

1.GenderintegratedM&Etoolkit2.Genderintegrateddatabase/matrix(initial/filled)3. Reports

A5 JointInteragencymonitoringofprogrammesfromagenderperspectives.

− Numberofmonitoringmissionsconducted − Gender-specificmonitoringreports

1.Jointvisitplans2.Jointvisitreports3.Sharingofgeneralfindings

A6 Gender-specificneedsassessment(tobecarriedoutinUNregionalcounselingoffices,trainingcentersandcommunities).

− Sex-disaggregateddataprepared − NumberoffemaleVMLRswithspecialneedsidentifiedandreferredforsupport.

1.Sex-disaggregatedmatrix/database2.Copiesofreferralsheets 3.Reportsonsupportprovided

A7 IntegrationofadolescentgirlsofVMLRsthroughparticipationinChooseYourFuture(CYF)programme

−MinutesofthemeetingswithDWDandMoWCSW

− NumberofwomenparticipatedandbenefitedfromtheCYFprogrammeNumberofDWDsreceivedorientation/training

1.Recordsofminutes2.Attendance/registrationsheet3.Trainingevaluation4.Pre/posttest

RESOURCE 3: EXAMPLE OF A DDR RESULTS MATRIX WITH GENDER-SPECIFIC INDICATORS - NEPAL

1Childrenassociatedwitharmedforcesandarmedgroups2Implementingpartnerorganizations3Verifiedminorsandlaterecruits


B AccesstorehabilitationsupportBI Ensure gender friendly

environment duringcounseling.

− Presenceoffemalestaffforcounseling

− Supportforchildcareduringcounseling

− NumberoffemaleVMLRswithspecialneedsthatreceivedcounselingandwerereferredtorehabilitationpackages

− Achildcarecenterestablishedineachregionaloffice

− Regionaloffices’weeklyreportswithgenderdisaggregated data

1.Sex-disaggregateddatasheetfromcounselors2.Dailycounselingreport 3.Registryatchildcarecenter4.Weekly/monthlyreports

B2 − Nutritionaldietforpregnantwomenandlactatingmothersduringtrainingprogrammes

− Numberofpregnantwomenandlactatingmothersthatreceivednutritionalsupport

− Numberofpregnantwomenandlactatingmothersthatcompletedthetraining

1.Compiledregistrationformswithsex-disaggregated data 2.Attendancesheet3.Posttrainingevaluationsheet4.Follow-upreportsifapplicable

B3 − Arrangementofchildcareforchildrenunder5yearsofageofparticipantsenrolledinrehabilitationpackagesandsinglemothers(VMLR)incommunity.

− Enrollchildren(under5)inexistingchildcarecentersorsetupchildcarespaceinTC

− StructuralsupporttocommunitybasedchildcarecenterswherechildrenofVMLRareenrolled.

− Numberofchildcarecentersestablishedintrainingcenters

− Numberofchildcarecentersestablishedandhavingreceivedstructuralsupportincommunities

− Numberofchildrenunder5enrolledinchildcarecenters

− NumberofchildrenofVMLRsbenefitingfromchildcaresupportwhoarenottakingrehabilitation

1.Checklistoffacilitiesavailableintrainingcenters2.Listofchildcarecentersavailable3.Registrationsheetsofchildrenenrolledinchildcarecenterwith4.Attendancesheetsofchildrenenrolledinchildcarecenterwith5.Recordofbenefitsprovided

B4 Childcaregrantforchildrenunder5years(maximum2children)attherateofRs.500/-permonthforsupplementarydietforapproximately850childrenforoneyear.

− Numberofchildrenthatbenefitedfromchildcaregrant

− Numberofwomencaringforchildrenunder5thatcompletedtrainingandeducationprogrammes

1.Registrationsheet2.Attendancesheet3.Recordofbenefitsbeingprovided


B5 LinkingfemaleVMLRtoexistingmicrocreditgroups,cooperativesandemploymentopportunities.

−MeetingwithMoPR,DWDandWFN(UNFPA)

−MeetingwithMFIsandpotentialemployersatthecentralandlocallevels(UNDP)

− LinkageswithUN/partnersexistingprogrammes(UNDP/ILO)

−MinutesofthemeetingwithMoPR,DWD,WFNandMFIs

− NumberoffemaleparticipantslinkedandreceivingsupportfromMFIsandotherexistingsupport sources

1.Meetingminutes2.Agenda3.Attendancesheet4.Recordoflinkagesestablished

B6 MaternityAllowance–Paidleaveintheformofadvancedpaymentofstipendforoneandhalfmonths.

Estimated100deliverycasesduringthetrainingoreducation,NRs.4,500advancedstipendperparticipant.

− Numberofpregnantwomenreceivingmaternityallowance

− Numberofwomenwhodeliveredduringthetraining/educationthatgraduatedfromtherehabilitation

− Numberofwomenhavinggivenbirthduringtraining/education

1.Registrationsheet2.Attendancesheet3.Graduationrecord4.Medicalrecords

C Referralsforhealth,psychosocialandlegalsupport:C1 Referral of female ex-

combatants with specificmedical needs to district/regionalhospitals:

− DevelopinginformationpackageonexistinghealthprovisionfromgovernmentalorganizationsandNGOsandsharingitwithparticipantsduringcounselingandtraining/education.

−MeetingwithMinistryofHealthleadbyMoPR.

− Linkingparticipantsoftheprogrammewithexistinggovernmenthealthservices.

− Numberoffemaleparticipantsthatreceivedorientationandknowexistinglocalandregionalgovernmenthealthfacilities.

−MinutesofthemeetingwiththeMoHPandMoPR.Numberofparticipantsreferredtogovernmenthealthfacilitiesi.e.hospitals,clinicsandhealthposts.

1.Attendance/participationsheet2.Meetingminutes3.Numberofreferralsmade


C2 SupporttovictimsofGBV:ReferraltohealthsupportLegalcounseling/supporttovictimsofGBVandreferraltosupportthroughexistingreferralmechanisms(PLCs)Psychosocialsupporttovictimsofsexualabusethroughexistingpsychosocialsupportnetwork

− NumberofparticipantsidentifiedwithGBVcasesandreferredforhealthsupport.

− NumberofparticipantsreferredtoPLCsandreceivedlegalcounseling.

− NumberofGBVcasesreceivedpsychosocialcounseling.

1.Attendance/registration/participationlist2. Reports 3.Referralformsfor#ofreferralprovided4.#ofcounselingsupportprovided

D Socialreintegration:D1 Familyandcommunity

counselingandmediation,includingcaseswithtrauma,distress,substanceabuse.

− NumberoffamiliesofVMLRsthatreceivedcounseling.

− NumberofVMLRsreunionwiththeirfamilies.

1.Numberofcounselingsessionsprovided2. Reports 3.NumberofVMLRsrecordedtohavebeenreunitedwiththeirfamiliesintheM&Ereport

D2 Workwithanetworkofwomen’sorganizationstosupportrehabilitationoffemaleVMLRsatthecommunitylevelthroughde-stigmatizationinitiatives.a)Orientwomen’sorganizationsregardingsocialrehabilitationoffemaleparticipants.b)OrientVMLRsonreproductivehealthandgenderissues

− Orientationplanforlocalwomen’sorganizations.

− Numberofwomen’sorganizationsthatreceivedorientation.

− NumberofVMLRsreceivedorientationonreproductivehealthandgenderissues.

1.Attendance/participationrecord2.Agenda3.Commentsheets4.FGD

E Empowerment:E1 Organize peace/civic

education and lifeskills to youth leaders,including female VMLR,to be replicated into thecommunities and trainingcenters.

− FemaleyouthleaderswillorganizepeacebuildingrelatedactivitiesinthecommunitieswithparticipationofVMLRfromcommunityandtrainingcenters.

− Linkfemaleyouthleaderstobesupportedbywomen’sorganizations.

− Numberofpeace/civiceducationandlifeskillsorientation/trainingorganizedforyouthandVMLRs.

− NumberofyouthandVMLRsthatparticipatedinorientationprogrammes.

− Numberofsocialeventsorganizedinthecommunities.

− NumberofyouthandVMLRsthatparticipatedinsocialevents/peacebuildingactivities.

− NumberoffemaleVMLRslinkedtoandsupportedbylocalwomen’sorganizations.

1.Agenda2.Attendance/participationsheet3.Commentsheets4.Compiledreport5.Exitinterviews6.Focusgroupdiscussion


E2 Facilitate participation offemale VMLRs in socialand economic groups inthecommunity (PLC,youthclubs, micro credit groups,local peace committeesetc.)

− Numberofparticipantstakingpartinsocialandeconomicgroupsinthecommunity(i.e.PLC,youthgroups,microcreditgroupsandetc.)

1.Participationlists2.Interviews3.Fieldreports

F InformationsharingandawarenessraisingF1 − Developinformation

packageongendersupportmatrixwithkeymessagesforparticipantsandserviceproviders

− Distribute the informationpackagetoIRPregionaloffices,SPs,IPsandCAAFAGpartners.

− Conductregularorientation/awarenessraisingonhealthandgendersupportatIRPregionaloffices,trainingcentersandcommunitiesregardinghealthsupport.

− Incorporategenderinformationordevelopgenderspecificprogrammecommunicationtools.

− Informationpackageongenderandhealthmatrix.

− Numberofregionaloffices,SPs,IPsandCAFAAGpartnersthatreceivedtheinformationpackage.

− Orientationplanforregionalofficesandprogrammepartners.

− Numberoforientationandawarenessraisingworkshopsconvenedatregionallevel.

− NumberofPSAsreflectinggendersupportannounced.

1.Informationpackage2.Plan/agenda3.Attendancesheet4.Commentsheet5. Report6.NumberofPSAswithgendersupport7.FGD


RESOURCE 4: OVERVIEW OF GENDER-SENSITIVE DDR ASSESSMENTS

Assessment Objective Whygender? Examplesofgender-sensitivequestionsGenderassessment

Torevealhowtheconflicthasimpactedonexistinggenderrolesandnorms.

- Beforethearmedconflict −Whatwerewomen/men’srolesandresponsibilitieswithinthefamily,neighbourhoodandcommunity?

−Wherewomenabletowork,earnasalaryormovefreely?

− Didwomenparticipateinpubliclifeanddecisionmakingprocesses?

−Whattypeofinfrastructureandsocialnetworkswereinplace?

Duringarmedconflict −Wasthereashiftinroles,participationandresponsibilitiesofwomenandmen?

−Whattypesofviolenceaffectedwomenandmenduringtheconflict?Whataretheconsequencesinthepost-conflictsituation?

− Howdidwomenandmenexperiencethechangesingenderrolesandresponsibilities?

Afterarmedconflict − Isthereabacklashagainstwomen’sincreasedparticipationandaccesstodecisionmaking?

− Howdomenrelatetotheexistinggendernorms?Dotheytakeuptheirpre-conflictroles?

−Whatresourcesandcopingmechanismscanwomenrelyontochallenge/adapttonewgenderroles?

− Aretherenew/revivedculturalpracticesthataffectwomen’shumanrights?


Contextanalysis Togainacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheregional,countrylevelandlocalcontext,suchaspolitical,economicandsocialspecificities,cultureandreligion

Agender-sensitivecontextanalysismakesthespecificimpactsoftheconflictonmenandwomenvisible.

Politicalcontext −Whomakesdecisionsatanational,regionalandlocallevel?

− Dowomenandmenparticipateequallyindecisionmaking?

−Whatarethebarrierstodecisionmakingspaces(e.g.educationalbackground,literacylevels)?

−Whatisthelevelofwomen’sparticipationinthecivilsociety(e.g.women’sgroups,NGOs)?

Economiccontext −Whatdosex-disaggregateddataonpovertyand/orunemploymentreveal?

− Domenandwomenearnthesamesalaryforequalwork?

−Whatkindofworkisperceivedappropriateforwomenandmen?

−Whataremenandwomen’semploymentratesontheformalandinformalsectors?

Legalcontext − Arewomenandmenequalbeforethelaw? − Canwomenandmenownlandandtoolsandinherit?Arebothrecognizedasheadsofhouseholds?

− Canbothmenandwomenaccessthejudicialsystem? −Whatisthegeneralhumanrightssituation?Aretheredifferencesinaccesstorightsbetweenmenandwomen?

Culturalcontext − Arethereanyculturalpractices,whichinfringewomenormen’srights?

− Arethereothertraditionsorreligiousbeliefs,whichsubordinatewomenormeninthesociety?

−Whatkindofgenderrolesandperceptionsareattachedtowomenandmen?Howmighttheseperceptionsaffectthereintegrationprocess?


Conflictandsecurityanalysis

Tocomplementthecontextanalysis,entailingresearchonthearmedconflict,itsdynamicsandthepeacenegotiationprocess

Genderperspectiveinvestigateshowmenandwomenexperiencedarmedconflict.Ifpossible,thisshouldbedonethroughengagingwithprogrammeparticipantsandbeneficiariesdirectly.

Macrocomponents MicrocomponentsTypeofconflict>Agender-sensitiveperspectiveidentifieshowwomenandmenhavebeenaffectedbythespecifictypeofconflict.

− Rootcausesandmotivations

− Low,mediumorhighintensity

−Widespreadorfocusedlocallyorregionally

− Typeofresourcemobilisation

− Durationofconflict

− Personalrisksandconsequences,typesofviolence,limitedmobility

− Consequencesforhealth,torture,displacement,depression,trauma,loss

−Mobilisationforviolence–voluntaryorforced

− Gender-specificpatternsofvictimisation,traumas,ruptures

− Typeofcopingmechanisms

− Ageofenrolmentandtimeofspentwiththearmed group

Type of armed group > A gender-specific perspectiveidentifieshowthenatureof thearmedgroups impactswomanhoodandmanhood.

− Ideologicalbasis − Typeofleadership − Leveloflegitimacy − Legalstatusofarmedgroups

− Rolesplayed,possibilityforbendinggenderroles,waysofgainingpower,control

− Accesstodecisionmakingpositions,dominationandsubordination

− Rulesandleadershipinstalledwithinthearmed groups

Endofconflict>Agender-sensitiveperspectiveestablisheshowmenandwomeninterpretandexperiencetheendoftheconflict.

−Militarydefeat − Negotiation − Spoilers

− Perceptionofstabilityandsecurityofmenandwomen

− Changesineconomicroles

− Changesindivisionoflabourbetweenmenandwomen


Socio-economicprofilingofparticipants

Toidentifythecompositionoftheparticipantgroup,includingnumber,sex,age,specificneedsandskills,aswellastoidentifyperceptionsincommunitiesofreturntowardsreturningparticipants

Genderperspectiveensuresthatthespecificneedsofbothmenandwomenareidentifiedasabasisforprogramme design.Italsoaimsatmakingsurethat created employmentopportunitiesaregender-sensitiveandavoidstigmatizationofgroups.

− Numberofmaleandfemaleex-combatants?Howmanyadultsandyouthassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups?

−Whatarethespecificneedsformenandwomen? −Whataretheprofessionalskillsofmenandwomen?Whatskillsdidtheyperhapsgainduringtheirserviceinarmedgroups?Whatdomenandwomenindicateaspreferredreintegrationoptions?Whatwerethemainemploymenttypesbeforejoiningarmedgroups?

−Whatistheoverallperceptionofhostcommunitiestowardsreturningmaleandfemaleex-combatantsandotherparticipants?Aretherespecificchallengesforeithermenorwomenintermsofcommunityacceptance?

Marketsurvey Toanalyseandidentifyemploymentopportunitiesandtheabsorptioncapacityoflabourmarket.

Genderperspectiveincreasesthesuccessandsustainabilityofreintegrationeffortsbyidentifyingspecificopportunitiesforbothmenandwomen.Thisservesbothtoavoidingreintegrationprogrammes’contributiontostigmatizationandtoencouragingequalopportunitiesforall.

−Whatkindofemploymentopportunitiesexistontheprivatesector?Whatistheperceptionofandwillingnesstotakeupex-combatantss(maleandfemale)?

− Howcanprivatesectorbeencouragedtoengageinreintegrationactivities(e.g.grants,(unpaid)on-the-jobtrainings)?

−Whatisthegeneralsituationandabsorptioncapacityinthelabourmarket?

−Whatemploymentopportunitiesexistforbothmaleandfemaleex-combatants?

Contextanalysis Togainacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheregional,countrylevelandlocalcontext,suchaspolitical,economicandsocialspecificities,cultureandreligion

Agender-sensitivecontextanalysismakesthespecificimpactsoftheconflictonmenandwomenvisible.

Politicalcontext −Whomakesdecisionsatanational,regionalandlocallevel?

− Dowomenandmenparticipateequallyindecisionmaking?

−Whatarethebarrierstodecisionmakingspaces(e.g.educationalbackground,literacylevels)?

−Whatisthelevelofwomen’sparticipationinthecivilsociety(e.g.women’sgroups,NGOs)?

Economiccontext −Whatdosex-disaggregateddataonpovertyand/orunemploymentreveal?

− Domenandwomenearnthesamesalaryforequalwork?

−Whatkindofworkisperceivedappropriateforwomenandmen?

−Whataremenandwomen’semploymentratesontheformalandinformalsectors?

Legalcontext − Arewomenandmenequalbeforethelaw? − Canwomenandmenownlandandtoolsandinherit?Arebothrecognizedasheadsofhouseholds?

− Canbothmenandwomenaccessthejudicialsystem? −Whatisthegeneralhumanrightssituation?Aretheredifferencesinaccesstorightsbetweenmenandwomen?

Culturalcontext − Arethereanyculturalpractices,whichinfringewomenormen’srights?

− Arethereothertraditionsorreligiousbeliefs,whichsubordinatewomenormeninthesociety?

−Whatkindofgenderrolesandperceptionsareattachedtowomenandmen?Howmighttheseperceptionsaffectthereintegrationprocess?


Typeofassessment EntrypointsforagenderperspectiveDeskresearch − ConsultUNDPprogrammereports

− Reviewgender-specificreportsproducedbyacademiaorNGOs − Asksuggestionsforinformationsourcesfromgenderexperts

Directobservation − Obtaininformationabout“hidden”membersofarmedgroupsandforces(i.e.boysandgirls,abductedchildrenandforeignfighters)

− Gatherinformationonwomen’sskills(e.g.medical,nursery,communication)andofdifferentrolesandpositionsofwomenandgirls

− Observeparticipationlevelsandleadershiprolesoffemaleandmaleparticipants

Keyinformantinterviews − Interviewactors/stakeholders(e.g.maleandfemaleparticipants,ministries,women’sorganisations)

− Askquestionsaboutgenderdynamics,rolesandspecialbehaviourexpectedfromwomenandmenrespectively.

Focusgroupdiscussions − Invitebothmenandwomenand,ifconsiderednecessary,separatethegroupsbysex

− Focusongender-specificsubjectsMass-basedsurveys − Besensitivetolocalculture

− Adjustthephrasingofquestionsaccordingtotheneedsofdifferentgroups

− Takeliteracylevelsintoconsideration − Questionsongender-basedviolencerequirealeveloftrustandmightnotbeansweredinamass-basedsurvey

Participatoryassessment − Invitemenandwomen − IncludequestionsaboutperceptionsontheDDRprogramme’srelevancetoparticipants’needs

− Considerhowthetimingorwaymeetingsareheldmayimpacttheparticipationofwomenandmendifferently

− Considerwhorepresentsthecommunity,howwelldothisperson’sviewsreflecttherealityofthecommunityandtowhatextentthisrepresentativeistemptedtogivepoliticallycorrectanswersongender-relatedquestions

Marketresearch − Includewomen’sperceptionsonsecurityissues(e.g.smallarms) − Reflectonthelocaleconomicandemploymentsituation(whobenefits,wholoses)

−Mapthesituationinthejobmarketandconsidertheempoweringopportunitiesformenandwomen

Sampling − Considerbothmenandwomenwhendeterminingthescope,focusandprecisionofdatacollectionactivities

− GeneralinsightonspecificDDRissuescanbeobtainedfromcivilianpopulationsandsubgroups

RESOURCE 5: KEY ENTRY POINTS FOR GENDER-SENSITIVE ASSESSMENTS


Partner Capacity1)financial2)human3)technical

Influence Interest MainroleinDDRprogramme,involvementinalreadyexistinggender-relatedinitiatives(describe)

1 2 3

National/localgovernmentalNationalDDRcommission

Ministriesongender/women

MinistriesonDDR/security

Provincial/localgovernmentalinstitutionsNon-governmentalWomen’sNGOs/networks

Men’sNGOs/networks

Communitycouncils

LocalCSOs

Religiousinstitutions

Faith-basedorganizations

Privatesector

MultinationalorganizationsEU

WB

ILO

IOM

RESOURCE 6: IDENTIFYING PARTNERS’ CAPACITIES, INFLUENCE AND INTERESTS

Fillinthetableforrelevantpartners,measuringgender-relatedcapacities,powertoinfluenceDDRagendaandinterestingenderissuesinDDR. -=nocapacity/influence/interest;+-+++=thestrengthofcapacity/influence/interest


Partner Capacity1)financial2)human3)technical

Influence Interest MainroleinDDRprogramme,involvementinalreadyexistinggender-relatedinitiatives(describe)

1 2 3

Other


Example of a general DDRresultschain

Genderconsiderations Exampleofagender-sensitiveresultschain

ObjectiveEnhance security andstability in a post-conflictenvironment so thatrecoveryanddevelopmentcanbegin.

− Impactsarecomplexresults–genderresponsivenessistobeevidencedinindicatorsandprocessesofdatacollectionratherthanformulatedexplicitlyintheimpactstatement

− Includeagenderperspectiveinindicators,datacollectionmethodsandbudget

ObjectiveEnhance security and stability in a post-conflictenvironmentsothatrecoveryanddevelopmentcanbegin.

OutcomeParticipants of theDDR programme are economically active andhave been accepted bytheir communities ofchoice.

− Specialsupportneedsofwomen,men,boysandgirls,aswellasthespecificexpectations,restrictionsandpotentialstigmatizationfacedbyeachgroupshouldbeacknowledged.

OutcomeFemaleandmaleparticipantsoftheDDRprogrammeareeconomicallyactive.Theyhavebeenacceptedbyandhaveadaptedtotheircommunitiesofchoice.

Output9,000 ex-combatants havebeendemobilizedandhavereturned to communitiesoftheirchoice

− Categoryofex-combatantsneedstobedisaggregatedbysexinordertomakethepresenceofwomenvisible

Output6,000 male and 3,000 female ex-combatants have been demobilized andhave returned to communities of theirchoice.

ActivityEx-combatants have beenprovided with temporaryservicesforreinsertion.

−Menandwomenmightfacedifferentrealitiesupontheirreturntotheircommunityofchoiceandthusalsotheirneedsaredifferent.

ActivityEx-combatants have been provided withtemporary reinsertion services based ontheirspecificneeds.Medicalconsultationand reproductive health counselling areoffered for both men and women. Safehousingisprovidedforfemaleswithoutasupporter.

RESOURCE 7: MAKING DDR RESULTS CHAINS GENDER-SENSITIVE


Qualitative/categoricalindicatorsSignal Scale ExampleofindicatorExistence Yes/no Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization

− ExistenceofagenderfocalpointintheDDRteamGender-responsivenessofprogrammeactivities

− Existenceoffemaleex-combatants’organisationCategory Categorical(x,yorz) Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammestaff

− Levelofgender-competence(high-medium-low)Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeactivities

− Levelofsatisfactionofmale/femaleprogrammeparticipants(high-medium-low)

Qualitative/numericalindicatorsSignal Scale ExampleofindicatorNumber Integers Genderresponsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization

− Numberofgender-relatedDDRtrainingscompletedperyear

Gender-responsivenessofprogrammeactivities − Numberofmalesactivelyenrolledinprogrammeagainstgender-basedviolence

Percentage 0%to100% Genderresponsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization − %ofDDRprogrammestaffwhocompletedUNDPGenderJourney1

− %ofbudgetdedicatedtogenderspecificissuesGender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeactivities

− %ofwomenwhoreceivemicro-financeassistance − %ofmale/femaleheadsofhouseholds

Ratio Fractions Genderresponsivenessoftheprogrammeorganization −Maletofemaleratioinprogrammemanagementpositions

Gender-responsivenessoftheprogrammeactivities −Maletofemaleratioinliteracylevels

1UNDP,‘TheGenderJourney:ThinkingOutsidetheBox”,UNDPVirtualDevelopmentAcademy.Online:http://www.jposc.org/documents/courses/gender/index.html

RESOURCE 8: EXAMPLES OF INDICATORS: TRACKING GENDER-RESPONSIVENESS OF A DDR PROGRAMME


Rapidassessmentofgender-responsivenessofaDDRbudget Yes NoNarrativesectionIsitclearonwhattypeofgender-responsiveassessmentsthebudgetlineshavebeenbasedon?NumericsectionIs15%ofthebudgetallocatedforgender-specificactivities?

Doesthebudgetincludegender-specificexpenditures?

Doesthebudgetincludeexpenditurespromotingequalopportunitiesformenandwomen?Doesthebudgetincludeexpendituresforgender-mainstreamingactivities?

RESOURCE 9: CHECKLIST FOR A RAPID GENDER ASSESSMENT OF A DDR BUDGET


Analysisofapplicationdocuments − DoesCVshowevidenceofgender-expertise?(Lookforformaleducation,courses,publications,researchtopics,workexperience,etc.)

− Didthecandidateaddressgenderequalityinher/hismotivationletter?(Lookformotivationforgenderissues)

−Whatisthecandidate’sdispositiontoacquiregendercompetency?(Observecareerdevelopmenttoassesswillingnesstolearn,lookforexperienceotherareasconcerningequalityorhumanrightsetc.)

Examplesofrecruitmentquestions − Giveanexampleofagender-responsiveactivityyoucanthinkof.(Observeinterviewee’sperceptionofwomen(e.g.victims,vulnerabilitiesvs.agents,capabilities),understandingofterminology(gendervs.sexorassociatinggenderwithonlywomen)

− HaveyouworkedwithSecurityCouncilResolutions1325(2000)and1820(2008)?(Observeinterviewee’sknowledgeonpolicylevelandabilitytoapplyintoprogramming)

−WhyareSecurityCouncilResolutions1325(2000)and1820(2008)relevantforDDR?(ObservethelevelofunderstandingtheDDRprocessandcontextualimplications)

−Whatdoesgender-responsivenessmeantoyou?(Lookforinnovativeapproaches) −Whatdoyouconsiderasthetwomostcrucialstepstowardswomen’sempowerment?(Observeinterviewee’sunderstandingofcontextualimplications)

− Namethreechallengestogender-responsiveDDR?(ObservetheexpertiseandunderstandingoftheDDRandgendernexus)

−Whatarepossiblegender-specificissuesformaleDDRparticipants?(Observeinterviewee’scomprehensiveunderstandingofgenderissues)

RESOURCE 10: RECRUITING NEW STAFF: QUESTIONS FOR MAPPING GENDER COMPETENCIES


RESOURCE 11: GENDER ISSUES AS COMMON RESPONSIBILITY: EXAMPLES OF TERMS OF REFERENCES

Genderexpertsinassessmentmissions − Reviewliteratureongenderequalityinthegivencountryandregion − Identifyrelevantinformationsourcesandkeyinterviewees − Liaisewithministrieshandlinggenderequalityandwomen’sissuesIdentify,gatherandinterpretrelevantsex-disaggregateddata

− Coordinateandadviseteamleadersongender-sensitiverequirementsofallassessmentteammembers

− Translatefindingsintoanassessmentmissionreport.Ensureconsistentgender-mainstreaminginallsectionsofthereport,aswellasspecificsectionsaddressinggenderequalityandwomenandmeninthesociety.

− Ensurethatindividualwomenandwomen’sorganisationshavetheirvoicesheardinprimarydatagathering.

Genderadvisors − Establishexternalrelationsandpartnershipswithrelevantparties. − Liaisewithwomen’sministries,genderequalityagenciesandwomen’sorganisations. − Attendinteragencyworkinggroups,raiseawarenessonfemaleex-combatantsandfurtherUNDP’s8PointAgenda

− Buildcapacitythroughmentoringsystemsandon-the-jobtrainingsforgenderfocalpoints − SupportandaccompanyeffortsofdifferentDDRunitstomaketheirwork-processesgender-sensitive.

− Supportgender-sensitiveM&Epractices,ensurecontinuousmonitoringofgender-responsivenessoftheoverallDDRprocessandsupportgender-specificinterpretationofprimarydata.

− Coordinateresearchandconsultants,arrangeoutreachestoacademiaanddisseminaterelevantresearch papers.

− Preparetemporaryreportsonthestateofgender-responsivenessoftheDDRprogramme.IncludethereportsintoUNDP/BCPR’sknowledgemanagementdatabase.

Genderfocalpoints − Includeexplicitlytheamountoftimededicatedtogender-relatedtasksintheToR. − Producegender-specificdeliverablesandtargets. − Produceknowledgemanagementreportsandotherdeliverablesongenderissues − Briefanddebriefnewandoutgoingstaffongenderissues. − Supportotherunitsintheimplementationofgender-responsiveDDR. − Participateingenderequalitymeetingsandevents.

Externalconsultants,evaluators,projectimplementersandoutsourcedservices − Passonprovengendercapacity. − Operateinagender-responsiveway. − Gather,useandinterpretsex-disaggregateddata. − IdentifyspecificneedsandcapacitiesofwomenandmenduringimplementationofDDRprogrammes.

−Mainstreamgenderissuesthroughoutreports.


RESOURCE 12: CHECKLIST OF KEY GENDER-RELATED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR DDR PROGRAMME MANAGERS

Reviewthemanagementperformanceintermsofeachresponsibilityandcheckifthenamedresponsibilityistakencareof.Inthefuture,payspecialattentiontothequestionswheretheanswerwas“no”.Responsibility Yes No

Promotinginternationalgenderequalitymandates

HonouringUNDPgendermandatesandcommitments,suchas8PointAgendaandGenderEqualityStrategyPromotinggenderbalanceinDDRmanagementstaff

PubliclystateDDRprogramme’spoliticalcommitmenttogenderequality

Minimumof15%ofbudgetallocationsdedicatedtogender-responsiveactivities

Makegenderequalitypartoffund-raisingstrategy

Ensureinclusionofgender-responsiveresponsibilitiesintoToRsofallstaffmembers

Installaccountabilitymechanismsforgender-responsiveness

Installincentivestructuresandrewardsforgenderchampions

Ensureappropriatebudgetingtoincreasegendercompetenceofallstaff

Includecommitmenttogender-responsivenessintoyearlystaffevaluations

Increase%ofDDRProgrammestaffwithcompletedUNDPGenderJourney1

Ensuregendercompetencethroughhiringofagenderexpert

Supportthegenderresourceperson

EnsureenablingenvironmenttogenderresponsiveDDR

Facilitatelearning-by-doingandmentoringschemestoincreasegender-responsiveness

Ensure cooperation with HQ to maximize support and expertise on gender-relatedactivitiesEnsure active inclusion of gender issues and equality into knowledge managementproductsandreportingEnsure that outsourcing, implementing partners, consultants and external evaluatorsoperateinagender-responsivemanner1UNDP,‘TheUNDPGenderJourney:ThinkingOutsidetheBox’,UNDPVirtualDevelopmentAcademy.Online:http://www.jposc.org/documents/courses/gender/index.html

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