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GEOLOGY

THEORY PART:

ORIGIN , MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION.

RESERVOIR ROCKS AND TRAPPING MECHANISM.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN.

WELLSITE GEOLOGYCASE HISTORIES OF SELECTED OIL & GAS FIELDS.

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION.

LAB WORK:

STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL CONTOURROBLEMS.

LITHOFACIES MAPS AND PANEL DIAGRAMS.

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GEOLOGY

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GEOLOGY

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63 O O O

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Kerogene: Most of the organic Material (85-95%) found in source rocks consists ofKerogene. It is a solid Pyrobitumen i.e insoluble in ordinary organic solvents. Heat is

required to break it. It is chiefly consists ofC, H, O

and less amount ofN, S

. It is foundin marine rocks usually in Shales, fine amorphous dark brown powder like coal dust.A arentl kero ene is different t es

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Heavy oil, light oil, and natural gasrepresent increasing grades ofpetroleum, formed with increasing

temperature during burial (affects oil/gasratio):

Diagenesis: 0-100 m depth, < 50C

Catagenesis: 100 m to 3.5-5.0 km depth, 50-150C

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Oil window 3.5-6.2 km

~90-150C

Gas window

6.2-9 km 150-225C

GEOLOGY

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To form an economic oil deposit:

Source Rock oil shale - sedimentary

rock formed by

compaction of organic-

rich mud, buried and

heated

Migration Petroleum has a lower

density than the rocksoverlying it

Allows it to move towardthe surface

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To form an economic oil deposit:

Reservoir Rock

Porous andpermeable rock

Common reservoirrocks

Hold oil/gas in porespaces

Sandstone Fractured limestone

Often trapped by

impermeable layers,

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Where is the oil?

About 2/3 of the world'soil is

located in the MiddleEast.

Other importantreserves

include:

Gulf of Mexico

Venezuela West Siberia

Libya

Nigeria

Regionsof major known oil reserves

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