kuliah@3-jenis sistem politik.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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TYPES OF POLITICAL
SYSTEM
DemocracyMonarchyAutocracy
TotalitarianCommunism
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The free electionof Augustus IIat Wola outside Warsaw Polish-
Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697. Painted by Bernardo Bellotto
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_electionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bellottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bellottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_electionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elekcja_Wola.jpg -
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DEMOCRACY
Abraham Lincoln:
government of the people for the people.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0WTefdct4ZIM60AV12JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpdnJhMHUzBHBvcwMxBHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1jrefra67/EXP=1216874716/**http%3A//images.search.yahoo.com/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253F_adv_prop%253Dimage%2526fr%253Dslv8-msgr%2526va%253Dabraham%252Blincoln%2526sz%253Dall%26w=625%26h=834%26imgurl=www.sonofthesouth.net%252Fslavery%252Fabraham-lincoln%252Fpictures%252Fabraham-lincoln-625.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.sonofthesouth.net%252Fslavery%252Fabraham-lincoln%252Fabraham-lincoln-speech-debate.htm%26size=57.5kB%26name=abraham-lincoln-625.jpg%26p=abraham%2Blincoln%26type=JPG%26oid=572f2fd4acac6a14%26no=1%26tt=118,980%26sigr=12mr60h9h%26sigi=12eoropli%26sigb=133l8lhr8 -
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DEMOCRACY
DEMOS + KRATOS
PEOPLE GOVERNMENT
DEMOCRACY
Ancient Greek definition of democracy
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Four Faces of Democracy
Face I Popular sovereignty
People have the right to govern
they exercise control of governmental authorityby the people themselves directly
the peoples elected representatives indirectly
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Face II
Rights and liberties
Basic rights and freedoms that must beguaranteed by law to the citizen.
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Face III
Democratic value
Tolerance, fairness and compromise.
Face IV
Economic democracy
It establishes various criteria of fairness orequality as social and economiccomponents of democracy.
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Basic Principles of democracy
1. The rule of law
2. Inclusion
3. Equality
(Sodaro J. M., 2004)
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1. The rule of law
The rule of law is the principle that the power ofthe state must be limited by law and that no oneis above the law.
This principle is the fundamental bedrock for
democratic government. It requires the state to spell out the limitations to
its authority in official documents, such as writtenconstitution, legislation, court rulings or publicly
acknowledged understandings the law is. Without the rule of law, power can be wielded
indiscriminately by governing officials, uncheckedby any limits.
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Rule of law
VsRule by law
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2. Inclusion
Inclusions means that democratic rights and
freedoms must be for everyone.
All main social groups that comprise the
population (ethnic groups, religious groups,
social classes) should have reason to feel
that they are better off under a democracy
than under a non-democratic government.
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3. Equality
Equality means that democratic rights andfreedoms must be accorded to everyone onan equal basis.
No group in society should have fewerdemocratic privileges than other groups.
The rights and freedoms in the principle of
inclusiveness must be distributed equally. Everyone should be equal in the voting
rights and socioeconomic conditions.
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EQUALITYVS
EQUITY
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FORMS OF DEMOCRACY
1. Direct Participatory Democracy
The direct exercise of governmental power
by the people themselves. Involves consensus decision making and
offers greater political representation.
Athens.
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2. Semi Democracy
A semi democracy blends democratic andauthoritarian elements.
democratic despot controls the electoral process.
Individual rights are violated and independentbodies such as media are carefully monitored.Political competition is low.
In the other form of semi-democracy, democratic
puppets are, despite their status as elected leaders,manipulated or constrained by other power holderssuch as the military, ethnic leaders or criminal gangs.
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3. Representative Democracy / LiberalDemocracy
Indirect democracy where sovereignty isheld by peoples representatives.
Governed by political elites; able to
manage communitys affairs.
Establishment of legislative, judiciary andexecutive bodies (check and balance).
Media and speech freedom implemented US
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Representative Democracy
Mechanism: elections
people may exercise their sovereign right to
participate in politics.
Hold their chosen representatives in
government accountable for their actions.
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9 Characters Of Representative
Democracy
Roskin, Cord, Medeiros dan Jones (2000)
1. Popular accountability of government
majority through election
2. Political competition
The freedom of citizens in choosing their
representatives; voters must have a choice
either of candidates or parties.
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3. Alternation in power Oppositions rule government or
previous representative becomeopposition.
The reins of power must occasionallyalternate peacefully and legitimately
4. Popular representationthe voters elect representatives to act aslegislators to voice and protect theirgeneral interest; mandate; trustee.
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5. Majority decision Majorityrule with minority rights.
the majority should decide. modern democracydecides with respect for minority rights.
6. Right of Dissent and Disobedience
the overthrown of failure government.
related to minority rights, the people must havethe right to resist the commands of thegovernment if those commands no longer servethe public will.
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7.Political equality all adults are equally able to participate in
politics
one person, one vote
8. Popular consultation
to govern effectively, most leaders must know
what the people want and must beresponsive to these needs and demands.
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9. Free Press
while dictatorships cannot tolerate free and
critical mass media, democracies cannot do
without them.
one of the clearest ways to determine the
degree of democracy in a country is to see
how free its press is.
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Process of Presidential DemocracySystem
(Michael G. Roskin: 2003, 259)
Ministries
orDepartments
Voters
ParliamentPresident
Cabinetelect
elect
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A system with the separate election of an
executive.
President (the chief political official) is
independently elected on the basis of
popular election.
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Parliament DemocracySystem
(Michael G. Roskin: 2003, 259)
Parliament
Parties
Voters Ministries
Cabinet
Prime Minister
Elects andousts
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A system with the election of parliament
only, which in turn elects as prime
minister.
The chief political official in parliamentary
system.
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Industrial Democracies
First World
Definition of development connected with:
a. Increasing development,
b. Successful achievement,
c. Independent administration
In economic terms, developed countries are taken
to be industrial or postindustrial societies with highlevels of income and education
Economically developed and democratic
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The general determinant factors:
Democratically; the degree of participation
(voting and elections), competition and liberty.
Economic development; the presence of private
poverty, open market, level of GDP at
purchasing-power parity (PPP).
In sum, liberal democratic regimes, capitalisteconomic systems in which service sector
dominates and a high HDIranking.
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Human Development Index (HDI)
The HDI combines three basic dimensions:
Life expectancyat birth, as an index of
population health and longevity
Knowledge and education, as measured by the
adult literacyrate and the combined primary,
secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio
Standard of living, as measured by the grossdomestic product(GDP) per capita at
purchasing power parity(PPP).
INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRATIC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_enrollment_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_livinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_livinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_enrollment_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy -
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INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRATIC
STATES
Russia
United
Kingdom
Germany
Canada
Japan
France
Italy
United
States
G8
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5. Exchangeable currency (hard currency) andcredibility accepted globally
United States dollar, Euro, the JapaneseYen, British pound and Swiss Franc.
Hard currency issued by large countries,
stable Internal and external politicalrelation.
6. Transaction and modal and liberal stockexchange
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Less-Developed Democracies
Third World
Developing countries are much more varied
group but the least developed countries are
marked by agricultural economies, limited
urbanization, a small average income and
low of improving literacy rates.
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Divided into two groups that indicate differences
in their level of development:
Newly industrializing countries (NICs)
Less developed countries (LDCs) NICs: rapid economic growth , democratization,
political and social stability. Eg: South Korea
LDCs: a slow economic development, political
instability with authoritarian rule. Eg: Ghana.
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CHILDREN IN POOR COUNTRIES