kurta f. - konjanički kastrumi ili utvrđena sela

8142019 Kurta F - Konjanički kastrumi ili utvrđena sela

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullkurta-f-konjanicki-kastrumi-ili-utvrdena-sela 147

copy 1048626104862410486251048627 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 91048631983096-91048624-10486241048628-10486261048629104862610486291048631-983096

WAR AND WARFARE

IN LATE ANTIQUITY

EDITED BY

ALEXANDER SARANTIS

983137983150983140

NEIL CHRISTIE

LEIDEN bull BOSTON

1048626104862410486251048627




CONTENTS

VOLUME 81

Acknowledgements ix

List of Contributors xi

Foreword xvii

Alexander Sarantis and Neil Christie

Waging War in Late Antiquity 983089

Alexander Sarantis

B104868198313898314810486819831519831439831549831379831529831441048681983139 E983155983155983137983161983155

War in Late Antiquity Secondary Works Literary Sources and

Material Evidence 983089983088983089Conor Whately

Military Equipment and Weaponry A Bibliographic Essay 983089983093983091

Alexander Sarantis

Tactics A Bibliographic Essay 983089983095983095

Alexander Sarantis

Organisation and Life in the Late Roman Military

A Bibliographic Essay 983090983088983097

Conor Whately

Strategy Diplomacy and Frontiers A Bibliographic Essay 983090983091983097

Conor Whately

Forti1048678983145cations in the West A Bibliographic Essay 983090983093983093

Alexander Sarantis with Neil Christie

Forti1048678983145cations in Africa A Bibliography Essay 983090983097983095

Alexander Sarantis



vi 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155


Forti1048678983145cations in the East A Bibliographic Essay 983091983089983095

Alexander Sarantis

VOLUME 82

S983156983154983137983156983141983143983161 983137983150983140 I9831509831569831419831489831481048681983143983141983150983139983141

Information and War Some Comments on Defensive Strategy

and Information in the Middle Byzantine Period

(ca AD 660ndash1025) 983091983095983091

John Haldon

F983151983154983156104868198314210486819831399831379831561048681983151983150983155 983137983150983140 S1048681983141983143983141 W983137983154983142983137983154983141

Forti1048678983145cations and the Late Roman East From Urban Walls

to Long Walls 983091983097983095

James Crow

Siege Warfare and Counter-Siege Tactics in Late Antiquity

(ca 250ndash640) 983092983091983091

Michael Whitby

W983141983137983152983151983150983154983161 983137983150983140 E9831539831571048681983152983149983141983150983156

Late Roman Military Equipment Culture 983092983094983091

J C N Coulston

Barbarian Military Equipment and its Evolution in the Late

Roman and Great Migration Periods (3rdndash5th c AD) 983092983097983091

Michel Kazanski

Recreating the Late Roman Army 983093983090983091

John Conyard



983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155 vii


L1048681983156983141983154983137983154983161 S983151983157983154983139983141983155 983137983150983140 T983151983152983151983143983154983137983152983144983161

Reporting Battles and Understanding Campaigns in Procopius and Agathias Classicising Historiansrsquo Use of Archived Documents as

Sources 983093983095983089

Ian Colvin

Procopius on the Struggle for Dara in 530 and Rome in 537ndash38

Reconciling Texts and Landscapes 983093983097983097

Christopher Lillington-Martin

Ammianus Marcellinus and the Nisibene Handover of AD 363 983094983091983089

Susannah Belcher

T983144983141 W983141983155983156

Imperial Campaigns between Diocletian and Honorius

AD 284ndash423 the Rhine Frontier and the Western Provinces 983094983093983093

Hugh Elton

The Archaeology of War and the 5th c lsquoInvasionsrsquo 9830941048632983091

Michael Kulikowski

Controlling the Pyrenees a Macaquersquos Burial from Late Antique

Iulia Libica (Lliacutevia La Cerdanya Spain) 983095983088983091

Oriol Olesti Jordi Guagraverdia Marta Maragall Oriol Mercadal

Jordi Galbany and Jordi Nadal

T983144983141 B983137983148983147983137983150983155

The Archaeology of War Homeland Security in the South-West

Balkans (3rdndash6th c AD) 983095983091983093

John Wilkes

Military Encounters and Diplomatic Afffairs in the North Balkansduring the Reigns of Anastasius and Justinian 983095983093983097

Alexander Sarantis



viii 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155


Horsemen in Forts or Peasants in Villages Remarks on the

Archaeology of Warfare in the 6th to 7th c Balkans 1048632983088983097

Florin Curta

T983144983141 E983137983155983156

Military Infrastructure in the Roman Provinces North and South

of the Armenian Taurus in Late Antiquity 1048632983093983091

James Howard-Johnston

El-Lejjūn Logistics and Localisation on Romersquos Eastern Frontier

in the 6th c AD 1048632983097983091

Conor Whately

C10486819831581048681983148 W983137983154

Wars within the Frontiers Archaeologies of Rebellion Revolt and

Civil War 983097983090983095 Neil Christie

The Justinianic Reconquest of Italy Imperial Campaigns and

Local Responses 983097983094983097

Maria Kouroumali

Abstracts in French 983089983088983088983089

Index 983089983088983088983097

Series Information 9830899830881048632983093



A Sarantis N Christie (edd) War and Warfare in Late Antiquity Current Perspectives(Late Antique Archaeology 81ndash82 ndash 2010ndash11) (Leiden 2013) pp 809ndash850

HORSEMEN IN FORTS OR PEASANTS IN VILLAGES REMARKS ONTHE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WARFARE IN THE 1048630TH TO 1048631TH C BALKANS

Florin Curta

Abstract

Conspicuously absent from 6th to early 7th c forti10486781048681ed sites in the Balkans

are stirrups and other elements of equipment signalling the presence ofcavalry troops Hoards of iron implements containing stirrups have been

wrongly dated to Late Antiquity they are in fact of a much later date (9thndash11th c AD) Those hoards which can be dated to the 6th c with somedegree of certainty lack agricultural tools associated with large-scale culti-

vation of 10486781048681elds As most such hoards found in Early Byzantine hill-forts typi-cally include tools for the garden-type cultivation of small plots of land theyshow that no agricultural occupations could be practised inside or outside6th c forts which could satisfy the needs of the existing population Those

were therefore forts not forti10486781048681ed villages

lsquoNow every year a force of cavalry (στρατιῶται ἔφιπποι) from the other cit-ies of Dalmatia used to collect at and be dispatched from Salona to thenumber of a thousand and they would keep guard on the river Danubeon account of the Avarsrsquo After defeating the Dalmatian cavalry force ontheir own territory the Avars

held the survivors captive and dressed themselves up in their clothes justas the others had worn them and then mounting the horses and taking intheir hands the standards and the rest of the insignia which the others hadbrought with them they all started offf in military array and made for Salona

And since they had learnt by enquiry also the time at which the garrison was wont to return from the Danube (which was the Great and Holy Sat-

urday) they themselves arrived on that same day When they got near thebulk of the army was placed in concealment but up to a thousand of themthose who to play the trick had acquired the horses and uniforms of theDalmatians rode out in front Those in the city [of Salona] recognising theirinsignia and dress and also the day for upon this day it was customary forthem to return opened the gates and received them with delight But theyas soon as they were inside seized the gates and signalising their exploit tothe army gave it the cue to run in and enter with them And so they putto the sword all in the city and thereafter made themselves masters of allthe country of Dalmatia and settled down in it (Const Porph DAI 3018ndash58trans in Moravcsik and Jenkins (1967) 141 and 143)




810 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


Thus did Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus explain in the mid-10thc the fall of Salona an event of the early 7th c There are many reasons

for not taking this story literally the tale has long been recognised as a re-hashing of that in chapter 29 of the De administrando imperio (itself basedon information obtained probably from local sources in Split) with Avarsreplacing Slavs983089 Moreover ever since J B Bury scholars have regardedthe story in chapter 30 as a later addition perhaps even following thedeath of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus983090 The numismatic evi-dence shows that the destruction of Salona could not have possibly takenplace as described by Constantine Porphyrogenitus since in the early 630s

Salona had still not been deserted983091 At no point during its long history didthe Roman province of Dalmatia expand as far to the north or north-eastas the Danube Despite claims to the contrary no evidence exists so far ofan Avar settlement in Dalmatia983092 One might suppose therefore that theepisode of the Avar conquest of Salona in the De administrando imperio isa strategy its author adopted to explain both the reduction of the Romanpopulation of Dalmatia to the lsquotownships on the coastrsquo and the subse-quent conquest of the interior by Croats983093

But not everything in this episode is made up An independent cavalry

corps recruited from among inhabitants of Dalmatia was known since the3rd c and there are good grounds to believe that some remnants of thatsurvived into the early 7th c Some are ready to take Constantine Por-phyrogenitusrsquo testimony at face value and argue that the lsquoforce of cavalryrsquorecruited in the early 600s from the cities of Dalmatia and dispatched toSalona was an urban militia983094 Others maintain that that force was indeedthe reinforcements which in the early 580s were expected to relieveSirmium from the Avar siege983095 Either way the point about Emperor

983089 Novaković (1972) 5ndash52 Jakšić (1984) 322 Const Porph DAI 2933 calls the Slavs Avars(Σ983995ὰβοι οι καὶ ῎Αβαροι κα983995ούmicroενοι) For a re-assessment of the testimony of ConstantinePorphyrogenitus as a source for the history of late antique and early medieval Dalmatiasee Rajković (1997) and Goldstein (2005)

983090 Bury (1906) 52983091 Marović (1984) and (2006)983092 Advocates of an Avar presence in Dalmatia were both historians (Klaić (1990) 13ndash14)

and archaeologists (Kovačević (1966)) For far more skeptical treatments of sources seePohl (1988) 282 and (1995) Rapanić (2001)

983093 Const Porph DAI 3058ndash60 For the story of the Croat conquest of Dalmatia see Fine(2000) and Margetić (2001) 41ndash113 121ndash48 and 155ndash70983094 Ferluga (1978) 73983095 Pillon (2005) 55ndash56 citing Menander the Guardsman There is however no mention

of cavalry units from Dalmatia in any of the surviving fragments from Menanderrsquos workmdashsee Blockley (1985)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811


Constantinersquos story of how the Avars conquered Salona was that the mili-tary equipment of the Dalmatian horsemen was radically diffferent from

that of the Avars it was only by disguising themselves as Dalmatian horse-men that barbarians could enter the city The unexpected loss of Dalmatiato the barbarians was brought about by Avar travestiers

However the impression one gets from examining sources chronologi-cally closer to the events narrated in the De administrando imperio is thatthe military travesty actually worked in the opposite direction When theauthor of a late 6th or early 7th c military treatise known as the Strate-

gikon made recommendations as to the organisation and equipment of

Roman cavalry troops he left no doubt as to the source of inspiration forhis advice

The horses especially those of the off10486781048681cers and the other special troops inparticular those in the front ranks of the battle line should have protectivepieces of iron armor about their heads and breast plates of iron or felt or elsebreast and neck coverings such as the Avars use (κατὰ τὸ σχῆmicroα τῶν ᾿Αβάρων)The saddles should have large and thick cloths the bridle should be of goodquality attached to the saddles should be two iron stirrups a lasso withthong hobble a saddle bag large enough to hold three or four daysrsquo rations

for the soldier when needed There should be four tassels on the back strapone on top of the head and one under the chin The menrsquos clothing espe-cially their tunics whether made of linen goatrsquos hair or rough wool shouldbe broad and full cut according to the Avar pattern (κατὰ τὸ σχῆmicroα τῶν᾿Αβάρων) so they can be fastened to cover the knees while riding and give aneat appearance1048632 (Strategikon 1235ndash49 trans Dennis (1984) 13)

Even though stirrups are not speci10486781048681cally attributed to the Avars they arementioned here in a passage marked twice and with the same words byreference to Avar practices This is in fact a chapter of the Strategikon

in which its author insists that Roman cavalrymen employ a number ofdevices all said to be of Avar origin cavalry lances lsquowith leather thongsin the middle of the shaft and with pennonsrsquo round neck pieces lsquowithlinen fringes outside and wool insidersquo horse armor long and broad tunicsand tents lsquowhich combine practicality with good appearancersquo1048633 In thiscontext the mention of pairs of stirrups to be attached to saddles mustalso be interpreted as a hint to Avar practices After all cavalry lanceshorse armour and tents are also attributed to the Avars in the chapter

1048632 Stirrups are also mentioned without any reference to the Avars in Strategikon 2922ndash28

1048633 Strategikon 1210ndash22 See also Szaacutedeczky-Kardoss (1986) 208ndash209



812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


dedicated to lsquoScythians that is Avars Turks and others whose way of liferesembles that of the Hunnish peoplersquo from which stirrups are nonethe-

less absent9830891048624Primarily on the basis of the Strategikon scholars have by now accepted

the idea that ldquocontacts with nomadic groups who inhabited or passedthrough steppe regions north of the Danube and Black Sea made it pos-sible for central Asian or even more easterly military equipment andpractices to be transferred to the Balkansrdquo such is the case of the stir-rup which was adopted by Roman cavalrymen in the late 6th c from the

Avars ldquowho ultimately brought it from the eastern steppes and Chinardquo983089983089

Others however refuse to give the Avars any credit for the introduction ofthe stirrup to Europe and instead maintain that the earliest Avar stirrups were either imports from or imitations of specimens originating in the

empire983089983090 The lsquostirrup controversyrsquo has generated a considerable amountof literature which had very little if any impact on studies dedicated tothe Late Roman or Early Byzantine army983089983091 There is to date no specialstudy dedicated to the archaeology of the Avar in8520701048684uence on Roman mili-tary equipment and tactics983089983092

Nor has any attempt been made to assess the testimony of the Strate-

gikon in the light of the archaeological evidence pertaining to the EarlyByzantine period983089983093 Were Roman troops in the 6th c Balkans equippedand armed as recommended by the author of the Strategikon Were Avarattacks on the Balkan provinces of the empire repelled by means of cav-alry troops or was defence based more on the network of hill-forts thathad been built during the long reign of Emperor Justinian Were suchforti10486781048681ed settlements a military response to a particular form of warfare

which was prevalent in the 6th c or did they serve as refuge for the rural

population in their environs Can weapons and agricultural implement

9830891048624 Strategikon 1121ndash3 See Bachrach (1984) 25983089983089 Haldon (2002) 66 The case for an Avar in8520701048684uence on Roman or Early Byzantine mili-

tary equipment was made by Szaacutedeczky-Kardoss (1981) For Avar innovations in militaryequipment see Hofer (1996) and Nagy (2005)

983089983090 White (1962) 22 Freeden (1991) 624 For a critique of such views see Schulze- Doumlrrlamm (2006)

983089983091 For an excellent survey of the lsquostirrup controversyrsquo see DeVries (1998) 95ndash103 Neither

Kolias (1988) nor Haldon (2002) seem at all interested in the works of Lynn White andBernard Bachrach983089983092 By contrast Early Byzantine in8520701048684uence on Avar culture has recently been the object

of several studies most prominently Garam (2001)983089983093 For the archaeology of Early Byzantium see Rautman (1990) Sodini (1993) Zanini

(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813


10486781048681nds especially those from hoard assemblages excavated on Early Byz-antine hill-fort sites help determine whether their primary function was

military or civilianIn this essay I argue that answers to those questions although implicit

in the abundant literature on the archaeology of the 6th and early-7th cBalkans constitute a compelling basis for rejecting the current interpre-tation of the military infrastructure of the region during the last centuryof Roman rule My discussion of the partial conclusions drawn from theanalysis of Avar-age stirrups and hoards of iron implements and weaponsfound on Early Byzantine hilltop sites is intended as a reminder that one

cannot simply use the archaeological evidence as an illustration of whatis already known from written sources

S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155

No stirrups have so far been found that could be dated with any degreeof certainty before the Avar conquest in the late 560s of the CarpathianBasin983089983094 The earliest stirrups that could safely be attributed to the Avar age

are apple-shaped cast specimens with elongated suspension loops and8520701048684at treads slightly curved inwards such as that found in a sacri10486781048681cial pitin Baja (10486781048681g 11)

Equally early are the stirrups with circular bow and eyelet-like sus-pension loop Apple-shaped stirrups with elongated suspension loopsdo not appear after ca AD 630 but those with circular bow and eyelet-like suspension loops remained in use throughout the 7th c and canbe even found in assemblages dated to the early 8th c983089983095 Two stirrups

with elongated suspension loops have been found in association withByzantine gold coins struck for Justin II (at Szentendre) and Maurice

983089983094 Ambroz (1973) 91 Baacutelint (1993) 210 The year 568 is traditionally viewed as the begin-ning of the Avar age primarily because that is when according to the written sources the

Avars defeated the Gepids and forced the Lombards to migrate to Italy However there isso far no solid argument against dating the earliest Avar-age assemblages to before 568 seeStadler (2005) 128 lsquoEarly Avarrsquo is a technical term referring to the 10486781048681rst stage of the chrono-logical model of Avar archaeology which was established by Ilona Kovrig (1963) on the

basis of her analysis of the Alattyaacuten cemetery and recently re10486781048681ned by Peter Stadler on thebasis of calibrated radiocarbon and dendrochronological dates see Stadler (2008) 47ndash59983089983095 Garam (1992) 160 For stirrups with elongated attachment loops as the earliest Avar-

age stirrups see Nagy (1901) 314 Kovrig (1955) 163 Garam (1990) 253 Daim (2003) 468 Aibabin (1974) called this the lsquoPereshchepyne typersquo of stirrup According to Iotov (2004)

140 142 such stirrups belong to his class IA



814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


Fig 1 Early Avar apple-shaped cast stirrups with elongated suspen-sion loop 1mdashBaja sacri10486781048681cial pit 2mdashunknown location in northeasternBulgaria 3mdashPernik Early Byzantine hill-fort 4mdashNevolino grave 1225mdashStrezhevo hoard of iron implements (After Hampel (1905) Iotov

(2004) Goldina and Vodolago (1990) and Janakievski (1980))



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815


(at Nyiacuteregyhaacuteza-Kertgazdasaacuteg)9830891048632 Neither one of these could be dated tothe 6th c but such a date could nonetheless be advanced for other simi-

lar specimens found both within and outside the area of the CarpathianBasin which was controlled ca 600 by the Avars9830891048633 Several apple-shapedstirrups with elongated attachment loops found in Hungary (MikebudaBicske and Szeged-Oumlthalom) were richly decorated with a damascenedornament which is most typical for artefacts found in assemblages 10486781048681rmlydated to ca 6309830901048624

Elsewhere in eastern Europe the evidence for pre-7th c stirrups isequally ambiguous (10486781048681g 2)

Three stirrups with circular bow and eyelet-like suspension loop havebeen found in two separate burial chambers of the Klin Iar cemeterynear Kislovodsk in the northern Caucasus region Because the two burialchambers also produced solidi struck for emperors Maurice and Heracliusrespectively the stirrups are regarded as among the earliest if not the earliest specimens of their kind in the entire Caucasus region983090983089 Anotherstirrup of an unknown type was associated with a drachma struck in 545for the Sassanian King Khusro I in a burial assemblage of a large cem-etery excavated in the 1980s in Verkhniaia Saia at the foot of the Ural

Mountains983090983090 An apple-shaped specimen with elongated attachment loop

9830891048632 Hampel (1905) 343ndash45 Csallaacuteny (1958) 49ndash50 and 66ndash68 The coin found together with the Szentendre stirrup was a tremissis struck for Justin II in Constantinople between

565 and 578 while that found together with the Nyiacuteregyhaacuteza stirrup was a light (23 carat-)solidus struck for Emperor Maurice in Constantinople between 584 and 602 See Somogyi(1997) 67 and 87

9830891048633 Curta (2008a) 306ndash3079830901048624 Heinrich-Tamaacuteska (2005) 29 and 24 10486781048681gs 3ndash4

983090983089 Haumlrke and Belinskii (2000) 201ndash202 Two stirrups have been found beside a maleskeleton in burial chamber 341 together with pressed silver belt mounts Two solidi struckfor Maurice (582ndash602) one freshly minted the other worn were found with the neighbor-ing skeleton Stirrups and solidi are therefore not necessarily contemporary A fragmentarystirrup (most likely another specimen with eyelet-like suspension loop) came from burialchamber 363 together with two skeletons a male and a female A pendant made of asolidus struck for Heraclius of 634ndash41 was found next to the skull of the female skeleton

Again the association of stirrup and coin is not warranted I am grateful to Heinrich Haumlrkefor the details of his unpublished excavations in Klin Iar including the complete illustra-tion of the grave goods found in burial chambers 341 360 and 363

983090983090 Grave 19 Goldina and Vodolago (1990) 29ndash30 Another stirrup was found in grave

45 of that same cemetery together with a Soghdian imitation of a Sassanian drachma of Varakhran V (421ndash39) see Goldina and Vodolago (1990) 31 Such imitations are known aslsquoBukharkhudatrsquo coins because they were struck in Bukhara but they are notoriously dif-10486781048681cult to date no agreement exists on their exact chronology and historical circumstancessurrounding their production The coin from grave 45 could have just as well been mintedin the 6th as in the 7th c



816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


Fig 2 Distribution of late 6th to 7th c stirrups in south-eastern Europe Thecluster in the Carpathian Basin is of Early Avar apple-shaped cast stirrups

with elongated suspension loop and 8520701048684at tread slightly bent inwards Smallestcircle thereafter up to 2 3 and 7 specimens respectively

(Data after Stadler (2005) with additions)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817


is known from a burial assemblage from Burakovo in Tatarstan found with a double-edged sword and belt mounts with open-work decoration

known as lsquoMartynovka mountsrsquo dated to the second half of the 6th or tothe early 7th c983090983091 Several stirrups with circular bow and eyelet-like suspen-sion loop from the Ural region and the steppe lands north of the Black Sea

were also found in association with such typically 6th c artefacts as beltmounts with open work decoration foil mounts with pressed ornamentor shoe buckles with rectangular plates983090983092 Grave 122 in Nevolino producedan apple-shaped stirrup with elongated suspension loop (10486781048681g 14) unfor-tunately there were no coins and no chronologically sensitive artefacts

among the grave goods from that burial assemblage983090983093 A comparable stir-rup was in the 10486781048681ll of a robbed inhumation grave from the Birsk cemeteryin Bashkortostan the grave produced a Khwarazmian coin struck between750 and 760mdashwhich must be regarded as a stern warning against hastilyassuming early dates for all stirrups with elongated attachment loops983090983094

Nonetheless where available the archaeological evidence points unmis-takably to a 7th c date Such is the case of the stirrup of an unknown typefound together with a solidus struck between 661 and 663 for EmperorConstans II in a barrow of the Romanovskaia cemetery on the Lower

Don River983090983095 Likewise for the apple-shaped stirrup from the rich burialassemblage from Malo Pereshchepyne in Left-Bank Ukraine which wasattributed to Kubrat the Bulgar ruler allied with Emperor Heraclius

983090983091 Izmailov (1990) 64 and 70 10486781048681g 2 For Martynovka mounts see Somogyi (1987) Baacutelint(1992) Gavritukhin and Oblomskii (1996) 25ndash28 Such mounts were produced by meansof two-piece moulds such as that found in a workshop in Caričin Grad Bavant (1990)221ndash23

983090983092 Belt mounts with open work decoration Goldina and Vodolago (1990) 30 (grave 28in Verkhniaia Saia) and 51 (grave 95 in Nevolino) Foil mounts with pressed ornamentSemenov (1988) 97ndash99 and 100 10486781048681g 23 4 (grave 17 in Novohryhorivka) Shoe buckles withrectangular plate Goldina and Vodolago (1990) 124 pl 2743 and 146 pl 4911 (grave 140 inBrody) Rashev (2000) 24 (Portove barrow 12 grave 5) For 6th and 7th c assemblages inthe steppe lands north of the Black Sea see also Curta (2008b)

983090983093 Grave 122 Goldina and Vodolago (1990) 53 and 146 pl 4910 The grave also produceda bridle bit an iron buckle and a handmade bowl On the other hand grave 122 was situ-ated in the middle of the cemetery a position strongly suggesting a date earlier than thatof graves found on the fringes which could be dated to the late 7th 8th or even 9th c

983090983094 Grave 382 Mazhitov (1990) 261 264ndash65 and 263 10486781048681g 216 The Khwarazmian coin was

perforated an even stronger indication of a late date Among other grave goods from thatburial assemblage there was also a so-called pseudo-buckle The chronology of such beltmounts cannot be pushed beyond AD 700 see Garam (2000) and Gavritukhin (2001) Theassociation between stirrup and pseudo-buckle is also attested in grave 202 in Nevolinofor which see Goldina and Vodolago (1990) 59 and 146 pl 4912

983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


against the Avars The last coins from that assemblage were 18 light(20 carat) solidi struck for Constans II between 642 and 6469830901048632 Most other

stirrups from the steppes north of the Black Sea should date to the later7th c if not after 7009830901048633

Given the insistence with which the author of the Strategikon recom-mended imitating Avar practices as well as the abundance of stirrupsfound in the region adjacent to the northern frontier of the empire thenumber of specimens from the Balkans that could be dated to the late 6thor early 7th c is surprisingly small (10486781048681g 3)

Leaving aside misidenti10486781048681ed artefacts and mounting devices occasion-

ally found on Early Byzantine sites there are so far just two early stir-rups known from the Balkans9830911048624 One is an isolated 10486781048681nd from Pernik morelikely from the Early Byzantine than from the early medieval occupationphase on that site (10486781048681g 13)983091983089 the other unprovenanced is said to be fromnorth-eastern Bulgaria (10486781048681g 12)983091983090 No stirrup with circular bow and eyelet-like suspension like that from Pergamon has so far been found on any 6thor early 7th c site in the Balkans983091983091 Why are there not more stirrup 10486781048681ndsfrom Early Byzantine hill-forts in the Balkans The presence of cavalrytroops in the region is clearly documented for the period during which

some of the earliest apple-shaped stirrups with elongated attachment

9830901048632 Aibabin (1974) 32 and 33 10486781048681g 3 Werner (1984) pl 715 The Malo Pereshchepyne stir-rup was made of silver not bronze For the coins see Sokolova (1995) All light solidi struckfor Constans II were perforated and 9 of them had precious stones set on the obverse ForKubrat and Malo Pereshchepyne see Werner (1985) Werner (1992b) Lrsquovova (2000) For achronological mise-au-point of the problem see Gavritukhin (2006)

9830901048633 Novopokrovka Kukharenko (1952) 36ndash37 and 39 Hlodosy Smilenko (1965) Zach-epilovki Smilenko (1968) Iasinovo Aibabin (1985) 191ndash96 and 192 10486781048681g 12 VoznesenkaGrinchenko (1950) pls 11ndash4 and 69 and Ambroz (1982) The stirrup found in grave 204of the large cemetery excavated in Shokshino (north-western Mordovia) may also be of7th c although no other grave goods are known from that assemblage See Cirkin (1972)163 and 162 10486781048681g 221 Seventh century stirrups are also known from cemeteries excavatedin the present-day Kaliningrad oblast rsquo of Russia not far from the Baltic Sea shore seeKleemann (1956) 115 and pl 31a

9830911048624 Misidenti10486781048681ed artefacts Herrmann (1992) 175 I owe a debt of gratitude to KristinaRauh for clarifying the identi10486781048681cation of the iron artefact from Rupkite as de10486781048681nitely not astirrup See Werner (1984b) for mounting devices whose function was probably not unlike

that of the stirrups Early Byzantine corpsmen attached to the front and back of their sad-dles in order to transport the wounded on horseback (Strategikon 2922ndash28) None of theother stirrups mentioned in Bugarski (2007) 258 can be dated to the 6th or 7th c

983091983089 Changova (1992) 181 and 10486781048681g 1681 Iotov (2004) pl 71754983091983090 Iotov (2004) pl 71753983091983091 Gaitzsch (2005) 121 and pl 56V29



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819


Fig 3 Distribution of 6th and 7th c stirrups in Eastern Europe



820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


loops were deposited in Early Avar burials983091983092 Moreover the presence of atleast some horses on Early Byzantine sites is betrayed by occasional 10486781048681nds

of bridle bits such as those from Caričin Grad and Pazarište (Ras)983091983093 But were there any troops stationed in the forts scattered across the Balkans which employed the equipment of Avar inspiration recommended by the

author of the StrategikonBesides lsquoAvarrsquo three-edged arrow heads and battle axes there is some

evidence of armour and composite bows983091983094 Missing however are lance-heads such as those found together with Early Avar stirrups It has recentlybeen noted that in Hungary Early Avar stirrups appear more often with

lance-heads than with any other kind of weapon983091983095 Lance-heads appear

983091983092 Cavalry troops accompanying Tatimer to Constantinople in 593 Theoph Sim 6713During the attack on the 600 Sclavenes returning from a raid in the region of Zaldapa

Aquis and Scopi (594) the barbarians were throwing javelins at the horses of the Romancavalrymen Theoph Sim 717 Those were clearly cavalrymen but were they members ofthe local garrisons or troops from the 10486781048681eld armies moved into the region In the case ofthe 593 episode the answer is very simple Tatimer had been sent by Priscus (the generalin command of the 10486781048681eld army operating north of the Danube) to Emperor Maurice in Con-

stantinope with the prisoners captured after the attack on Ardagastusrsquo territory Tatimer was ambushed by Sclavenes and escaped only when infantry troops stationed in the areaintervened an indication that there were no cavalry troops available Similarly the epi-sode of 594 involved the advanced guard of the 10486781048681eld army under Peter (Emperor Mauricersquosbrother) The Romans who dismounted and approached the wagon circle were soldiers inthe 10486781048681eld army not members of local garrisons There is no indication that the Armeniantroops mentioned by Sebeos ( History 15 in Thomson (1999) 31) were about to move per-manently to the Balkans There is no mention of cavalrymen in Sebeos but assuming thattroops included cavalry units then it is signi10486781048681cant that horsemen needed to be broughtfrom outside Therefore the idea that the cavalry troops occasionally mentioned in rela-tion to military events in the Balkans ldquoare likely to have been drawn from those unitsstationed in the Balkansrdquo has absolutely no support in the existing evidence

983091983093 Bavant (1990) 242 10486781048681g 171 and pl 43288ndash90 Popović (1999) 73 and 112 10486781048681g 597983091983094 Three-edged arrow heads Stoichev (2005) Dimitrov et al (1965) 56 10486781048681g 25 Her-

rmann (1992) 175 Uenze (1992) pl 3124ndash25 Janković (1981) 179 10486781048681g 72a Gabričević (1986)89 10486781048681g 223 6 Mano-Zisi (1958) 326 10486781048681g 36 and Bavant (1990) pl 40 237ndash42 Jeremić andMilinković (1995) 223 10486781048681gs 28g Milinković (1995) 235 10486781048681g 10 d Sretenović (1984) 233 10486781048681g2161 Popović (1999) 112 10486781048681g 594 Mikulcić (2002) 126 10486781048681g 151ndash3 156 10486781048681g 4712ndash13 and 29010486781048681g 1857 Milinković (2006) 249 10486781048681g 4 Battle axes Uenze (1992) pl 2123 Bavant (1990) pl38216ndash18 Jeremić (1995) 206 10486781048681g 23b Sretenović (1984) 233 10486781048681g 2166 For lamellar armoursee Bugarski (2005) Bone or antler reinforcement plates for composite bows are knownboth from frontier forts and from sites in the interior however not all of them are securelydated to the late 6th or early 7th c see Petković (1995) 102 and pl 383 Čermanović-

Kuzmanović (2004) 241 Ivanišević and Špehar (2005) 147ndash48 and 148 10486781048681g 91 Uenze (1992)pl 434 Milinković (2006) 249 10486781048681g 4 For the reconstruction of the composite bow onthe basis of the archaeological record of early Avar-age burial assemblages see Faacutebiaacutenand Ricz (1991) Ricz and Faacutebiaacuten (1993) For the archaeological evidence of Avar lamellararmour see Csallaacuteny (1958ndash1959) (1969ndash71) and (1982)

983091983095 Curta (2008a) 310ndash11 Almost half of all burial assemblages with lances excavated inHungary and the neighbouring regions are of the Early Avar age see Szentpeacuteteri (1993) 216



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821


singly in Early Avar graves but there are also instances of two or three perburial assemblage often of diffferent types The strong correlation between

stirrups and lance-heads suggests that stirrups were employed primarilyby lancers Stirrups on the other hand were particularly important whenthe amount of body armour increased and when wielding multiple weap-ons especially when switching from bow to lance in action they madethe rider more top-heavy and susceptible to lose his balance9830911048632 In other

words stirrups were the hallmark of a class of lsquoprofessionalrsquo mounted war-riors who could affford armour for themselves and for their war horsesa multitude of high-quality weapons and a special training for a highly

versatile form of warfare Early Avar lances had narrow short and solidblades of high-quality steel designed to pierce armour9830911048633 These may wellhave been the κοντάρια to which the author of the Strategikon refers inrelation to the Avars and which modern commentators translate as eitherlsquothrowing spearsrsquo or lsquostabbing lancesrsquo9830921048624 Some argue that much like apple-shaped stirrups with elongated attachment loops such lance-heads wereof Byzantine manufacture983092983089 If so their absence from the archaeologicalrecord of the 6th to early 7th c Roman provinces in the Balkans is remark-able None of the lance- or spearheads found on Early Byzantine hill-fort

sites in the region bears any resemblance to the weapons accompanying Avar warriors to their graves983092983090

Equally diffferent from Avar weapons are the swords from SadovecCaričin Grad and Balajnac983092983091 Excavations of several Early Byzantine sitesproduced shield bosses or handles which are otherwise absent fromEarly Avar burial assemblages with stirrups983092983092 Judging from the existingevidence the garrisons of 6th to 7th c Balkan hill-top sites were morelikely to have fought as infantry than as cavalry troops Those were sol-

diers equipped with spears swords battle axes and shields some may

9830911048632 Curta (2008a) 312 For switching from bow to lance see Strategikon 112ndash16 forswitching from lances to bows a particularly Avar speciality see Strategikon 11224ndash27

9830911048633 Csiky (2007) 310ndash11 and 309 10486781048681g 2 (type I1)9830921048624 Strategikon 1217 (κοντάρια καβαλαρικά) and 11224 and 26 See also Nagy (2005) 137983092983089 Freeden (1991) 624983092983090 For lance- and spear-heads on Early Byzantine hill-fort sites see Gabričević (1986) 89

10486781048681g 225 7 (Rtkovo) Deroko and Radojčić (1950) 138 10486781048681g 41 and Bavant (1990) pl 40246 247

(Caričin Grad) Jeremić and Milinković (1995) 223 10486781048681g 28 c-f and 224 10486781048681g 30 c-e (Bregovina)Marušić (1962) pl 41 2 (Nezakcij) Lazaridis (1965) 327ndash34 (Nea Anchialos) Romiopoulou(1973ndash74) 697 (Kitros) Agallopoulou (1975) 239 (Ladochori)

983092983091 Uenze (1992) pl 433 5ndash8 Deroko and Radojčić (1949) 137 10486781048681g 39 Jeremić (1995)193ndash94 For Avar swords see Simon (1991)

983092983092 Milošević (1987) 10486781048681g 24 Jeremić and Milinković (1995) 224 10486781048681g 30 Bavant (1990)pl 41255 Mikulčić (2002) 468 10486781048681g 3851 Majewski et al (1974) 179 and 181 10486781048681g 5a



822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


have used composite bows but again they were not mounted archers While horses may have indeed existed in some forts there is no sign of

the permanent presence of horsemen with equipment of Avar inspira-tion If any Roman cavalrymen battled the mounted Avar warriors in theBalkans they must have been highly mobile troops coming from outsidethe region They most certainly were not from units stationed on a longerterm in any of the forts excavated so far in the Balkans

H983151983137983154983140983155

In spite of the incontrovertible testimony of the Strategikon there is verylittle evidence for the use of stirrups in the late 6th or early 7th c BalkansNonetheless some scholars have recently claimed that not only were stir-rups used during the Early Byzantine period but they were also producedin the Balkans983092983093 Their main support for this is the presence of an apple-shaped specimen with elongated suspension loop among the 15 stirrupsfound in the Strezhevo hoard (10486781048681gs 15 4)983092983094

Given that apple-shaped stirrups with elongated suspension loops

are typical for Early Avar assemblages in Hungary and the surroundingregions the conclusion was drawn that the hoard itself must be dated tothe same period A 6th c date was also advanced for some of the arte-facts with which the stirrups were associated in the hoard assemblageespecially two L-shaped keys and a processional cross Analogies forthe keys were found among artefacts from a number of Early Byzantinesites in Serbia (Caričin Grad Jelica Gornij Streoc Bregovina and Gamzi-grad) even though none of them was found in an archaeological con-

text securely dated to the 6th or early 7th c In fact L-shaped keys withtwisted handles very similar to one of the two Strezhevo keys come fromEarly Medieval hoard assemblages in Bulgaria and Moravia983092983095 some found

983092983093 Bugarski (2007) 262983092983094 Janakievski (1980) The hoard was found during salvage excavations carried out in

1979 next to the basilica with mosaic pavement within the Early Byzantine fort at Kale983092983095 Chelopech (Bulgaria) Mutafchiev (1914) 266 10486781048681g 2436 Dălgopol (Bulgaria) Zlatarski

(1960) 103ndash109 and 10486781048681g 8 Žabokreky (Slovakia) Bartoškovaacute (1986) 61ndash62 and 63 10486781048681g 2024

Stareacute Zaacutemky (Moravia Czech Republic) Staňa (1961) 112 10486781048681g 297 Gajary (Slovakia) Bar-toškovaacute (1986) 15 10486781048681g 532 Mikulčice (Moravia Czech Republic) Bartoškovaacute (1986) 29 10486781048681g10A48 Moravskyacute Jan (Slovakia) Muumlller (1996) 370 10486781048681g 5323 In Bulgaria L-shaped keysare also known from late 9th to 10th c burial (Oborochishte) and settlement assemblages(house 32 in Garvan) see Văzharova (1976) 333 and 335 10486781048681g 2113 Văzharova (1986) 109 and107 10486781048681g 992



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823


Fig 4 Hoard of iron implements found in Strezhevo (Macedonia) selectedartefacts L-shaped key sickle bridle bit processional cross and stirrups

(After Janakievski (1980))



824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


together with precisely-dated artefacts such as Late Avar strap-ends andbelt mounts (which cannot be earlier than ca 750) or Byzantine coins

struck for Emperor John Tzimiskes (969ndash76)9830921048632 Conversely keys knownfrom assemblages securely dated to the 6th c are of a completely difffer-ent kind and bear no resemblance to those from the Strezhevo hoard9830921048633Similarly the best analogy for the iron processional cross from Strezhevois the 10th or early 11th c specimen at Sredishte (Bulgaria) and not thecrosses from Caričin Grad Sadovec or Gamzigrad all of which were sus-pension and not processional crosses9830931048624 A late most likely 10th c date forthe Strezhevo stirrup is also strongly supported by the chronology of the

14 stirrups of Iotovrsquos class 5A none datable before ca 900983093983089Tenth and 11th c stirrups are known from two other hoard assemblagesfound on Early Byzantine hill-fort sites in the Balkans One of them wasfound behind the eastern gate of the Early Byzantine fort in Troianovmost near Kladovo on the right bank of the Danube in Serbia together

with a bronze censer The latter bears no resemblance to any of the 6th ccensers known from the Balkans and despite claims to the contrary can-not be dated before the 10th c983093983090 The Troianov most hoard must thereforebe associated with the later medieval (10th to 12th c) occupation of the

site983093983091 Similarly the hoard found within the Early Byzantine fort in Dol-ishte not far from Varna in Bulgaria is of a much later date containingamong other implements a stirrup with elliptic bow of Iotovrsquos class 8A

which can only be dated after ca 900 if not 1000983093983092

9830921048632 Coins of John Tzimiskes Chelopech (Mutafchiev (1914) 264) Late Avar strap endsand belt mounts Moravskyacute Jan (Bartoškovaacute (1986) 35 10486781048681g 12 3 5ndash6 and 8ndash10 Muumlller

(1996) 370 10486781048681g 5327) The strap ends and belt mounts from Moravskyacute Jan are specimens ofZaacutebojniacutekrsquos classes 90 113 229 and 251 respectively Such belt 10486781048681ttings are most typical forthe Late Avar III phase (ca 750-ca 780) See Zaacutebojniacutek (1991) 241 Stadler (2008) 59

9830921048633 See for example keys from a small hoard of casts found in Drobeta Turnu-SeverinBejan (1976) This hoard must dated to the (late) 6th c as aff10486781048681rmed by the presence withinthis of cast 10486781048681bulae with bent stemmdashsee Curta (2001) 245

9830931048624 Bugarski (2007) 260 For the processional cross from Sredishte see Iotov (2004) 83and 81 10486781048681g 39546 For iron processional crosses in Bulgaria all dated after ca 900 seeTotev (2002) and (2005)

983093983089 Iotov (2004) 147 and 151ndash52 and (2007)983093983090 For the hoard see Garašanin and Vašić (1987) 94 101 10486781048681g 12 and 102 10486781048681g 13ndash14 For

the dating of the stirrup see Iotov (2004) 152 Bugarski (2007) 258 wrongly insists on a 7thc date For 10486781048681nds of 6th c censers in the Balkans see Rendić-Miočević (1952) 202 10486781048681g 1Čorović-Ljubinković (1954) and (1956) Atanasov (2004) pl 6

983093983091 For the medieval occupation in Troianov most see Marjanović-Vujović (1987) andMilenković (1997)

983093983092 Kouzov (2000) For the chronology of stirrups with elliptic bow see Iotov (2004) 158



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825


These are stern reminders that not all assemblages found on sites oth-erwise known to have been occupied during the 6th and 7th c should

automatically be attributed to the Early Byzantine phase of occupationMore than 20 hoards have so far been found on Early Byzantine forti10486781048681edsites in the Balkans (see Table 1 10486781048681g 5)

Some of them have been used as an illustration not only of a lateantique occupation of those sites but also of their lsquoruralisationrsquo given thepresence of agricultural tools among items found with such assemblages983093983093In at least two cases the hoards themselves have been dated to the 6th or

983093983093 Most typical for this approach is Popović (1990) and (1994ndash95) For the ruralisation ofBalkan urban centers in the Balkans between the 5th and the 7th c see Popović (1982)

Fig 5 Distribution of hoards of iron implements and weapons found onEarly Byzantine hill-fort sites in the Balkans



826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


7th c because of being found on Early Byzantine sites983093983094 Single or hoard10486781048681nds of agricultural implements have then been used to determine the

function of such sites in spite of their forti10486781048681cation they were supposedlynot military but civilian settlements983093983095 That besides agricultural toolssome hoards have also produced weapons does not seem to have been animpediment for such an interpretation nor was the existence of a medi-eval occupation phase at many of these hoard sites9830931048632

A very diffferent interpretation however may be advanced on the basisof a seriation of hoards of iron implements (including those with stirrups)by correspondence analysis With this technique which has been intro-

duced to archaeology only during the last 20 years or so the relationshipsbetween hoards those between artefact categories and those betweenartefact categories and hoards may be analysed together and representedin the same scattergram or series of scattergrams produced by the plottingof pairs of orthogonal axes In addition to 21 hoards found on Early Byzan-tine sites the analysis has also taken into consideration 11 other hoards ofa certainly medieval date9830931048633 The scattergram displaying the relationshipsbetween hoards shows a cluster in the 10486781048681rst and another in the third andfourth quadrants (10486781048681g 6)

Judging from the scattergram displaying the relationships betweenartefact categories (10486781048681g 7) a few outliers (Preslav 2 Stambolovo and Mon-tana 2) include such typically medieval tools as bill-knives of Henningrsquosclass G5 sickles of Henningrsquos class H4 scythes of Henningrsquos class I5 andso-called lsquoogribkirsquo9830941048624

983093983094 Antonova (1973) 139 Milinković (2001) 102983093983095 Henning (1986) 107 Werner (1992) 415 The most recent advocate of this idea is

Kirilov (2007)9830931048632 For Troianov most see above n 53 For Pernik Shumen Odărci Montana Razgrad

and Gamzigrad see Changova (1992) Antonova (1975) and (1985) Doncheva-Petkova(1986) Kurnatowska and Mamzer (2007) Stanilov and Aleksandrov (1983) Georgieva(1961) Bikić (1997) A medieval possibly 10th or 11th c occupation of the site at Jelica isbetrayed by potsherds of Combed Ware found within the basilica A See Milinković (2001)71ndash74 80 and 102

9830931048633 For the 21 hoards found on Early Byzantine sites see Table 1 For the other laterhoards see Bobcheva (1972) Mutafchiev (1914) Zlatarski (1960) Dzhingov (1966) 52ndash53

Vitlianov (1978) Pleterski (1987) Stanchev (1985) Barački (1960) The de10486781048681nition of tooltypes follows Henning (1987) 43 that of axes the classi10486781048681cation of Bartoškovaacute (1986) 6 10486781048681g

1 and that of lance-heads and stirrups the classi10486781048681cation of Iotov (2004) 79ndash83 and 140ndash58For correspondence analysis see Shennan (1990) 283ndash86 Boslashlviken et al (1982) For anexemplary application to the analysis of burial assemblages see Nielsen (1988)

9830941048624 Short scythes with shortened lsquohalf handlesrsquo (Henningrsquos class I 5) were found in rela-tively large numbers on 9th c sites in Bulgaria and north of the Lower Danube see Curta(1997) 220ndash21 Sickles of Henningrsquos class H4 are considerably later than others perhaps 10486781048681rst



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827


One hoard in the 10486781048681rst quadrant (Stara Zagora 1) stands out as the onlyassemblage combining such items as a copper-alloy kettle two bronzecandlesticks and several bronze vessels including four 2nd to 3rd cauthepsae983094983089 That the Stara Zagora 1 hoard must be of a later date emergesfrom the examination of the candlesticks and of 6 bells all of liturgicaluse One bell has an inscription mentioning a certain presbyter namedSergios another bears the monogram of Emperor Justin IImdashthe latest

appearing in the 10th c Similarly bill-knives of Henningrsquos class G5 were in use in the 900sone was found among the grave goods of a 10th c burial in OborochishtemdashHenning (1987)90 96 lsquoOgribkirsquo are commonly interpreted as tools for scraping the kneading trough butthere is no solid argument for that interpretation

983094983089 Cholakov and Ilieva (2005) 54ndash56 and 57 pl 11ndash4

Fig 6 Correspondence analysis plot of 32 hoards of iron implements and weapons ASENmdashAsenovgrad BALAmdashBalajnac BOZHUmdashBozhurovo CAREmdashCarevecCARGmdashCaričin Grad CHELOmdashChelopech DALGmdashDălgopol DOLImdashDolishteGAMZImdashGamzigrad JELImdashJelica MONT1mdashMontana 1 MONT2mdashMontana 2ODARmdashOdărci OLYMPmdashOlympia PERNmdashPernik PRES1mdashPreslav 1 PRES2mdashPreslav 2 RAZGmdashRazgrad SEBENmdashSebenje SHUMmdashShumen SLIVmdashSlivenSTAMmdashStambolovo STARA1mdashStara Zagora 1 STARA2mdashStara Zagora 2 STR-EZHmdashStrezhevo TINJmdashTinje TROI1mdashTroianov most 1 TROI2mdashTroianov most

2 VOIVmdashVoivoda VRSA1mdashVršac 1 VRSA2mdashVršac 2 ZHEGmdashZheglica





983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829


chronological indication within the entire assemblage983094983090 A 6th c datemay also be advanced for the Olympia hoard which besides iron tools

and bronze vessels included 22252 copper coins mostly minimi but alsocoins struck for Justinian and Justin II983094983091

Can the same date be therefore assigned to other hoards from the clus-ter in the 10486781048681rst quadrant The Zheglica hoard includes a measuring cup

with Greek inscription which is believed to be of a 6th or early 7th c datealthough no convincing analogies are so far known983094983092 The Caričin Gradhoard was found within a smithy built within the portico of a street exca-

vated in the south-western section of the Upper City the smithy has been

dated to the last phase of occupation at Caričin Grad ca AD 600983094983093 Simi-larly the Odărci hoard is said to have been buried during the last phase ofoccupation on the site which is coin-dated to the 610s983094983094 To be sure manyof the items included in hoards from the cluster in the 10486781048681rst quadrant areknown only from 5th or 6th c assemblages For example ploughsharesof Henningrsquos class B3 are attested on 6th c monastic sites and hill-forts983094983095One such ploughshare as well as a scythe of Henningrsquos class I2 was recov-ered on the site of the villa rustica in Obelia near So10486781048681a (Bulgaria) which

was abandoned shortly before 4509830941048632 A sickle of Henningrsquos class H1 was

found in a house of the Early Byzantine fort in Pazarište (Ras) together with a half- follis struck for Justin II in Thessalonica in 569709830941048633 All known

mattocks of Henningrsquos class K4 have been found in assemblages or onsites dated to Late Antiquity mattocks of classes K4 and K8 as well as bill-knives of Henningrsquos class G1a were among the items discovered in a large(still unpublished) hoard from Voivoda which also produced a copper-alloy kettle bronze lamps and a clasp-helmet of the Baldenheim class9830951048624

The seriation by correspondence analysis has isolated in the 10486781048681rst

quadrant a group of hoards which appear to be of an early most likely

983094983090 Cholakov and Ilieva (2005) 58 A good analogy for the Stara Zagora candlesticks aretwo silver candlesticks from Sadovec with control stamps from the reign of JustinianmdashIurukova (1992) 287

983094983091 Voumllling (1995) 425ndash41 All coins have since been lost983094983092 Gerasimov (1946) 204983094983093 Popović (1990) 295983094983094 Cholakova (2005) 149

983094983095 Henning (1987) 59ndash60 The distribution of B3 ploughshares is restricted to the terri-tory of the 5th and 6th c Roman provinces in the northern Balkans For 10486781048681nds from monas-tic sites see Dzhambov (1956) 188 10486781048681g 29 For hill-fort 10486781048681nds see Velkov (1935) 10486781048681g 5

9830941048632 Stancheva (1970) 535ndash389830941048633 Popović (1999) 95ndash96 and 115 10486781048681g 61139830951048624 Henning (1987) 154 For the helmet see Vagalinski (1998)



830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


6th c date They typically include several agricultural tools of distinct typessuch as pick-axes mattocks drag hoes bill-knives sickles and scythes in

combination with lance-heads of Iotovrsquos class 1B and battle-axes eitherfan-shaped or of Bartoškovaacutersquos class IIAa A ploughshare of Henningrsquos classB3 may also appear occasionally in such an assemblage However theoverwhelming presence of gardening tools such as mattocks of Henningrsquosclasses K4 K 5 and K8 and pick-axes strongly suggests that the agricul-ture practised in the 6th c Balkans was restricted to areas suff10486781048681cientlysmall to be cultivated with little or no use of draught animals This hasoften been explained in terms of the speci10486781048681c landscape surrounding the

6th c forti10486781048681ed sites in the Balkans Hence the small number of agricul-tural tools found in Caričin Grad in sharp contrast to the comparativelylarger number of blacksmithing or carpentry tools was related to the hillyand densely-forested hinterland of the city with no signs of agriculturalcultivation even during the centuries pre-dating its foundation983095983089 Othershave pointed out the causal link between the disappearance during the5th c of villae rusticae and the drastic changes in the rural economy ofthe 6th c Balkan provinces Farming implements such as mattocks andpick-axes often of larger size than those of earlier periods could be indi-

cations of this new economic pro10486781048681le characterised by a drastic reductionof areas under cultivation and by the emphasis placed on human labour

with little or no use of draught animals983095983090 A very diffferent picture emerges from the examination of hoards from

the third and fourth quadrants of the correspondence analysis plot Theyproduced a number of agricultural tool categories almost equal to thatfrom late antique hoards but of quite diffferent quality Mattocks of Hen-ningrsquos classes K4 K5 and K8 have been replaced by lsquolightrsquo specimens of

his classes K10 and K15 most typical for work in the early medieval vine- yards983095983091 Similarly ploughshares of Henningrsquos class A1 and C1 appear ingreat numbers (as many as 9 specimens in the Dălgopol hoard) oftenin combination with coulters of Henningrsquos class E1mdashindicative of thecultivation of larger 10486781048681elds by means of ploughs with mouldboards suchas depicted in graff10486781048681ti on the walls of the royal palace in Pliska dated

983095983089 Popović (1990) 293 and (1994ndash1995) 69 There is a signi10486781048681cantly smaller number ofploughshares from Early Byzantine than from Roman sites in the northern Balkans

983095983090 Henning (1987) 79983095983091 Henning (1987) 83 Curta (1997) 220



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831


to the 9th c983095983092 Ploughshares especially where found in a great numberof specimens often appear together with socketed ard-shares of Central

Asian origin an association most typical for early medieval hoards foundin north-eastern Bulgaria and south-eastern Romania983095983093

Spades and tanged shares in the form of spade irons (Henningrsquos classF2) have also been regarded as indicators of a type of agriculture associ-ated with the early medieval nomads983095983094 To the same direction points thepresence of scraping tools of Henningrsquos class P2 the earliest Europeanspecimens of which are known from 8th to 9th c assemblages of the Sal-tovo-Mayaki culture of southern Ukraine and Russia which is commonly

associated with the Khazar Qaganate983095983095 It is therefore no surprise thathoards from the third and fourth quadrants combine agricultural tools with bridle bits and stirrups as well as weapons typically associated with

mounted shock combat such as the spear-shaped battle axe from Shumenor axes of Bartoškovaacutersquos class III9830951048632 This is true not only for hoards for whicha medieval date may be advanced on the basis of the associated stirrups(10486781048681g 8) but also for others such as Shumen Jelica Montana 1 or Gamzi-grad which were until now believed to be of late antique date (Table 1)

Moreover a late possibly 9th c date may be tentatively advanced for

at least some of the hoards from the 10486781048681rst quadrant on the basis of thepresence in such assemblages of such typically medieval items as axes ofBartoškovaacutersquos class III lsquoogribkirsquo ploughshares of Henningrsquos class A1 or lsquolightrsquomattocks (classes K9ndash11) (10486781048681g 9)

If so then such hoards have nothing to do with the Early Byzantineforts in which they were found and must instead be attributed to theEarly Medieval occupation of those sites and are part of a phenomenonlinked to the political administrative and military changes taking place

in 9th c Bulgaria

983095983092 Henning (1987) 49ndash69 With few exceptions ploughshares of Henningrsquos class A1 arenot known from 6th c assemblages in the Balkans

983095983093 Curta (1997) 219983095983094 Vagarelski (1929) Henning (1987) 73 The earliest evidence of ards equipped with

tanged shares comes from China under the Han dynastymdashsee Pleterski (1987) 275983095983095 Kovaacutecs (1981) 94 Along with various battle axes scraping tools of Henningrsquos class P2may have served as markers of social status for burials of Khazar warriors of the so-calledafsad classmdashsee Afanasrsquoev (1993) 141ndash42

9830951048632 For spear-shaped axes see Henning (1989) 91 On the use of such weapons as well asof battle axes of Bartoškovaacutersquos classes II and III in mounted combat see Curta (1997) 225



832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155

There are several conclusions to be drawn from the above discussionFirst it appears that very little if any evidence exists for the presence oflarge numbers of horsemen garrisoned in Balkan forts According to Pro-copius a commander of the cavalry cohorts stationed lsquofrom ancient timesrsquoat Tzurullum (present-day Ccedilorlu in Turkey) was defeated captured andsavagely executed by marauding Sclavenes in AD 5499830951048633 But Tzurullum

was a major city in the hinterland of Constantinople and the presence of

9830951048633 Procop Goth 7385 The Sclavenes of AD 549 were probably horsemen for Pro-copius calls them an lsquoarmyrsquo (στράτευmicroα) a word he commonly uses for cavalry troops(eg Procop Pers 1126 12115 244 Procop Vand 31813) See Ivanov et al (1991) 234

Fig 8 Hoard of iron implements found in Troianov most (Serbia) selectedartefacts sickle scythes belt buckle stirrup and censer

(After Garašanin and Vašić (1987))



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833


cavalry troops there may be explained in connection with the defence ofthe Anastasian Long Wall There is nothing in the archaeological evidenceso far known from Ccedilorlu that could be used either to con10486781048681rm or to rejectProcopiusrsquo information10486321048624 But the much richer archaeological record of6th c forts in the northern Balkans is unambiguous there were veryfew if any cavalry units in Early Byzantine garrisons No horsemen arementioned in the garrison of Asemus which so much impressed Peter the

10486321048624 The only Early Byzantine remains from Ccedilorlu known so far are the city walls for which see Pralong (1988) 185ndash86 For the archaeology of the Anastasian Long Wall Crow

(2007) and (in this collection)

Fig 9 Hoard of iron implements found in Razgrad (Bulgaria) selected artefacts

battle axes ploughshares and billknives (After Ivanov and Stoianov (1985))



834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


general at the head of the army sent by Emperor Maurice in AD 594against the Sclavenes north of the Danube1048632983089 The evidence of weapons

found on 6th c forti10486781048681ed sites in the northern Balkans and discussed inthe 10486781048681rst part of this paper also suggests that the garrisons stationed there

were made up of foot-soldiers not horsemenBut were those full-time soldiers or were they peasants like those at

Thermopylae whom Procopius describes as suddenly becoming lsquomake-shift soldiers for the occasionrsquo abandoning their agricultural occupationsuntil Justinian replaced the inexperienced garrison with regular troops1048632983090Some scholars have interpreted the archaeological evidence of 6th c forti-

10486781048681ed settlements as indicating not military but civilian sites1048632983091 Accordingto Archibald Dunn forti10486781048681ed hilltop sites in northern Greece offfered shel-ter to the urban and rural populations 8520701048684eeing the lowlands under the con-tinuous threat of barbarian raids1048632983092 Andrew Poulter denies the existenceof any identity or even similarity between the hill-top sites in northernBalkans which he regards as temporary refuges and those ldquoregularly builtforti10486781048681cations on the frontier which more obviously performed a militaryrolerdquo1048632983093 Chavdar Kirilov points to the archaeological evidence of agricul-tural occupations as an argument in favour of the idea that hilltop sites

were forti10486781048681ed villages not military forts1048632983094 Because of farming implementsfrom hoards Pernik Shumen and Odărci are therefore re-interpreted asdefended villages although in all three cases there is plenty of evidenceof an early medieval occupation phase1048632983095

1048632983089 Theoph Sim 731ndash101048632983090 Procop Aed 410 For the archaeological evidence of a Justinianic garrison guarding

the pass at Thermopylae see Rosser (2001)

1048632983091 Kirilov (2007) 333 with a critique of Ovcharov (1982) See also Milinković (2007)166ndash79

1048632983092 Dunn (1997) 144 Dunn (2004) 551ndash521048632983093 Poulter (2004) 247 repeated verbatim in Poulter (2007) 380 While criticising others

for being ldquotoo quick to assume that they [the forti10486781048681ed sites] all served a military func-tionrdquo Poulter then hastily attributes the last phase of occupation on forti10486781048681ed sites in thenorthern Balkans to ldquonewcomers arriving about 500 ADrdquo either Slavs or other ldquonomadicmigrantsrdquomdashPoulter (2004) 248 and (2007) 381 As the archaeological evidence of the lastphase of occupation has nothing in common with that of sites north of the Lower Danubeattributed to the 6th c Slavs his remarks must be treated with extreme caution especiallyhis idea that the ldquoSlav pottery does not exist or is exceedingly rare because the nomadic

Slavs did not use itrdquomdashPoulter (2004) 250 and (2007) 3821048632983094 Kirilov (2007) 333ndash35 on the basis of the results of Dimităr Nikolovrsquos excavationsat Mezideva near Krăn for which see Nikolov (1990) However it is not clear from either

whether the abundance of agricultural tools on the site must be dated to the 5th or to the6th c Judging by the numismatic evidence Mezideva was 8520701048684ourishing ca AD 400

1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835


We have seen that the Shumen hoard has in fact been misdated together with other assemblages such as Jelica and Gamzigrad As for hoards securely

dated to Late Antiquity it is important to note that farming implementsespecially those used in tillage (as opposed to those used for harvesting)represent only a small percentage of the entire assemblage the Olympiahoard dated with coins struck for Justinian and Justin II includes 12 har-

vesting implements (5 bill knives and 7 sickles) but only 6 tilling tools (twomattocks and 4 pick-axes) None of those tilling tools may be associated

with any form of large-scale cultivation and some of them were instead anatural accompaniment to forest clearing activities The Sliven hoard (with

three mattocks one pickaxe and 7 drag-hoes) is the only assemblage in which tilling tools predominate For Pernik although its hoard produceda ploughshare two drag-hoes three mattocks and a pick-axe the largestnumber of items comprise tools for harvesting (4 bill-knives one scytheand 8 sickles) The same is true for the Odărci and Stara Zagora 2 hoards in

which tools for harvesting especially sickles and scythes appear in muchgreater numbers than those for tilling Despite the presence of mattocksand pick-axes the Carevec Tinje and Voivoda hoards have produced morecarpentry tools (especially chisels wimbles saws burins planes and other

carving tools) than either farming implements (for both tilling and harvesting) or weapons The only hoard in which weapons predominate is

Razgrad which is probably not of late antique dateObservation of the scattergram showing the relationships between

artefact categories reveals the combination of tools and weapons under-lying the structure of the late antique hoards The cluster of hoards in the10486781048681rst quadrant is based on a combination of tilling (mattocks of Henningrsquosclasses K4 and K8 pick-axes of classes L1 and L2 drag-hoes of class K3

and ploughshares of class B3) harvesting (bill-knives of Henningrsquos classesG1 and G2b sickles of class H1 and scythes of class I2) and primarilycarpentry tools (straight planes wimbles and chisels) If fan-shaped axes

were also used in carpentry then the number of craftsman tool types isas large as that of tilling tool types The lsquogrammarrsquo of late antique hoardsseems to be based on the conceptual association of vineyard or 10486781048681eld har-

vesting with tilling Judging from the tools themselves the latter was anactivity linked to work in the garden or on small 10486781048681elds and cannot there-fore serve for the identi10486781048681cation of the function of any site as lsquoagriculturalrsquoand not lsquomilitaryrsquo

The mattocks and pick-axes as well as the sickles and bill-knives foundin abundance in late antique hoards 10486781048681t very well within the picture ofsmall-scale cultivation of crops either within or just outside the city or fort



836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


walls Large lsquoopen spacesrsquo existed for example on the northern side of theEarly Byzantine fort built in the south-eastern corner of the ancient city of

Nicopolis ad Istrum (Nikiup) there is no sign of large-scale grain cultiva-tion and the open spaces may have been used for garden cultivation ofmillet and legumes10486321048632 Analysis of palaeobotanical assemblages from Iatrus(Krivina) has revealed that the diet of the soldiers in the fortrsquos garrisonconsisted of oats and peas both of which may have been cultivated onsite10486321048633 This is further substantiated by the evidence of written sourcesin 583 when attacking Singidunum by surprise the Avars lsquoencounteredthe majority of the cityrsquos inhabitants encamped in the 10486781048681elds since the

harvest constrained them to do this for it was summer season and they were gathering in their subsistencersquo10486331048624However there is also evidence to suggest that the small-scale cul-

tivation on plots inside or outside city walls was not suff10486781048681cient for thesubsistence of the relatively large number of people living inside 6th chill-top sites The distribution of 6th c amphorae (particularly LR1 LR2and spatheia) on such sites in the Balkans has been interpreted as evi-dence of a state-run distribution of food supplies to the garrisons sta-tioned in forts1048633983089 Palaeobotanical assemblages from the late 6th and early

7th c military site at Svetinja comprised mixes of wheat rye barley andmilletmdashan indication of supplies of corn coming from outside the mili-tary settlement probably from neighbouring Viminacium to which theymay have been shipped via the annona-like distributions signaled by 10486781048681ndsof Late Roman amphorae1048633983090 The author of the Strategikon recommendsthat when campaigning north of the Danube River in Sclavene territoryRoman troops do not destroy provisions found in the surrounding coun-tryside but instead ship them on pack animals and boats lsquoto our own

countryrsquo1048633983091 That Roman soldiers needed to rely on food supplies capturedfrom the enemy suggests that there was no large-scale production of foodin or around the forti10486781048681ed sites in the Balkans Similarly the analysis of

10486321048632 Poulter (1995) 166 and 18110486321048633 Hajnalovaacute (1982) 232 According to Beech (2007) 244 and 247 the analysis of 6th c

samples from Nicopolis ad Istrum suggests ldquocontinued supplyrdquo of cereals but it remainsunclear whether those were locally cultivated or brought to the site from afar

10486331048624 Theoph Sim 141ndash2 (trans Whitby and Whitby (1986) 24ndash25) For a similar episode

in Thessalonica during the early years of Heracliusrsquo reign see the Miracles of St Demetrius 221991048633983089 Curta (2001b) 209ndash10 For LR1 amphorae as an indicator of annona-type distributions

to the army stationed in the northern Balkans see Karagiorgou (2001)1048633983090 Borojević (1987) 67 and 701048633983091 Strategikon 1148



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837


faunal remains from Iatrus shows that the soldiers in the garrison reliedheavily on hunting for meat procurement1048633983092

Even if some inhabitants of forti10486781048681ed sites in the 6th c Balkan prov-inces of the empire turned to small-scale garden cultivation of crops inorder to supplement (insuff10486781048681cient or irregular) annona distributions noevidence exists that such activities were anything more than temporaryor economically marginal Hill-top sites in the Balkans may not have allbeen military but none of them appears to have functioned as a forti10486781048681ed

village Behind or just outside the walls of the 6th c forts no agriculturaloccupations could be practised in such a way as to satisfy the needs of

the existing population The lsquoruralisationrsquo of the late antique Balkans mustinstead be understood as the militarisation of the countryside

C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150

This discussion brings into focus a number of themes which have rele- vance to an understanding of the wider social issues underpinning the 6th

c changes in the settlement pattern of the empirersquos Balkan provinces As

part of the military strategy implemented by Emperor Justinian a greatnumber of forti10486781048681ed sites perched on hill-tops appeared almost everywherein the Balkans It is diff10486781048681cult to prioritise the various factors since theymust be considered interdependent However the lack of suff10486781048681cient troopsin the Balkans the disappearance of the old administrative structureespecially of civitates and provinciae and the need to provide an eff10486781048681cientresponse to devastating raids by barbarian horsemenmdashlsquoHunsrsquo Cutrigursor Avarsmdashall contributed to the implementation of a vast program of

forti10486781048681cation the size of which the Balkans had never witnessed beforeThe picture to emerge from the evidence reviewed is one of ldquolandscapesof kastrardquo1048633983093 a conclusion supported by the relative paucity of weapons ormilitary equipment of Avar inspiration in relation to the existence of largenumbers of cavalry units permanently stationed in the Balkan provinces

On the other hand re8520701048684ecting upon the speci10486781048681c range of farming imple-ments discovered in hoard assemblages from Early Byzantine forti10486781048681ed

1048633983092 Bartosiewicz and Choyke (1991) 191 The situation at Iatrus sharply contrasts that atButrint (Albania) and Tinje (Slovenia) two sites on which early and mid-6th c animalbone assemblages are dominated by pig with no traces of game See Powell (2004) 306Table 171 Ciglenečki (2000) 167ndash71

1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


sites a more general tendency towards garden cultivation of small 10486781048681eldsthat could be tilled by hand without the use of draught animals seems

to suggest that among 6th c forti10486781048681ed sites some at least had a civilianand not military function That distinction however is currently too ill-de10486781048681ned to be operational the identi10486781048681cation of certain forti10486781048681ed sites aslsquomilitaryrsquo is based on ldquothe strengths of their forti10486781048681cations their relation-ships to lines of communication and the edge of the plain and on thepresence of particular internal featuresrdquo conversely civilian sites ldquodo notin practical terms control the Plain or its points of egress and entry orits roadsrdquo1048633983094

In reality no criteria currently exist to enable a clear-cut distinctionbetween lsquomilitaryrsquo and lsquocivilianrsquo forti10486781048681ed sites on the basis of the archaeo-logical evidence alone To the extent that all 6th c sites in the Balkans haddefensive walls it is perhaps safer to assume that they were all lsquomilitaryrsquodespite the wide variation in the number and quality of troops stationedin every one of them Moreover the sheer number of forts precludes thepossibility that some of them were forti10486781048681ed villages meant to supply theothers with food There is simply no evidence of a settlement hierarchy inthe 6th c Balkans which could possibly mirror the distinction currently

but arti10486781048681cially drawn between various hilltop sites The agrarian technol-ogy revealed by the analysis of hoards is one of limited resources whichcould in no way be linked to a self-suff10486781048681cient rural economy Since the sizeof the 10486781048681elds is dependant on the implements being used to till them onemight ask how it was possible to feed the populationmdashmilitary or other-

wisemdashliving within the ramparts of the numerous 6th c Balkan fortsThe emerging picture is one of contrasting lines of development On one

hand the great number of forts must have created an enormous demand

for food supplies even if we allow for the possibility that not all forts werepermanently occupied On the other hand there is now clear evidence ofa generalised collapse of the rural economy1048633983095 Whether or not the garri-sons of 6th c forts were made up of lsquomakeshift soldiers for the occasionrsquoby AD 500 there were certainly fewer peasants in the Balkans than in 400and virtually no peasants at all by 600 If hoards of iron implements and

weapons are to be regarded as evidence of civilian sites with agricultural

1048633983094 Dunn (2004) 551ndash521048633983095 Curta (2001b) The much rosier picture in Dunn (2005) can hardly apply to the 6th

c Much closer to reality seems to be Dunn (2004) 579 ldquoA countryside largely dividedbetween supposedly self-suff10486781048681cient but actually impoverished kastra albeit of diverse ori-gins was a stagnant and probably disafffected onerdquo



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839


functions it is perhaps no accident that such hoards were found insideforts without lsquoopen spacesrsquo in which very little room was left for the pos-

sible garden cultivation of small 10486781048681elds Unless we assume that the agricul-tural tools found in hoards were employed for working on 10486781048681elds outsidethe fort walls there is no way to solve the contradiction between the con-cept of many overcrowded forts providing shelter for the rural populationfrom the lowlands and the absence of any material culture indicators of a

vibrant rural economy capable of feeding the inhabitants of fortsSo were forts built as refuges or were they part of a much broader

strategy of immediate response to barbarian raids from across the Danube

frontier of the empire The idea that Justinianrsquos programme of forti10486781048681ca-tion in the Balkans was based on a defence-in-depth strategy has been vehemently rejected by some or hesitantly accepted by others10486331048632 Instead

of debating whether the concept of lsquodefence in depthrsquo had any applicationin the 6th c it may be wiser to give the last word to the author of theStrategikon that savvy Roman army off10486781048681cer with a good knowledge of thesituation on the frontier of the empire

If an enemy force superior in strength or even equal to ours invades our

country especially at the beginning of the invasion we must be sure notto engage it in pitched battle We should instead carefully lay ambushes byday or by night block the route it is taking seize strong points beforehanddestroy supplies along its line of march All necessary supplies must becollected in very strong fortresses Forts which are not in a strong natu-ral setting should be made more secure Part of the army depending onthe progress of the 10486781048681ghting should be assigned to their defence Prepara-tions should be made to transfer the inhabitants of weaker places to morestrongly forti10486781048681ed ones (Strategikon 102)

A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155

I wish to acknowledge the contribution of the two anonymous readers tothe 10486781048681nal version of this chapter Although I disagree with both of themon almost every aspect of interpretation their comments and recommen-dations helped sharpen the focus of this research and have forced me tore-think some of the implications of my conclusions

10486331048632 Poulter (2007) 380 ldquoThere exists no evidence whatsoever that imperial Roman orEarly Byzantine policy adhered to the principle of defence in depthrdquo Meanwhile Crow(2007) refers to the Anastasian Long Wall as the lsquo10486781048681nal frontierrsquo



840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


Table 1 Re-dating of the hoards found on Early Byzantine sites

Hoard Previous dating New dating

Balajnac Late antique (6th c) Late antique (6th c)Carevec Late antique (6th c) Late antique (6th c)Caričin Grad Late antique (6th cndash7th c) Late antique (6thndash7th c)Odărci Late antique (7th c) Late antique (5thndash6th c)Olympia Late antique (6thndash7th c) Late antique (6thndash7th c)Pernik Late antique (5thndash6th c) Late antique (5thndash6th c)Sliven Late antique (5thndash6th c) Late antique (5thndash6th c)Zheglica Late antique (6th c) Late antique (6th c)Stara Zagora 1 Late antique (6th c) Late antique (6th c)

Gamzigrad Late antique (5thndash6th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c) Jelica Late antique (6thndash7th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)

Montana 1 Late antique (5thndash6th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)Razgrad Late antique (5thndash6th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)Shumen Late antique (5thndash6th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)Stara Zagora 2 Late antique (5thndash6th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)Strezhevo Late antique (7th c) Early medieval (10thndash11th c)Tinje Late antique (5thndash6th c) Early medieval (8thndash9th c)

Voivoda Late antique (5thndash6th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)Dolishte Early medieval (9thndash10th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)

Montana 2 Early medieval (9thndash10th c) Early medieval (9tndash10th c)Troianov most 1 Early medieval (10thndash11th c) Early medieval (10thndash11th c)Troianov most 2 Early medieval (9thndash10th c) Early medieval (9thndash10th c)

Asenovgrad Early medieval (8thndash9th c) Late antique (5thndash6th c)

B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161

Primary SourcesConst Porph DAI = Moravcsik G and Jenkins R J H (1967) edd Constantine Porphyro-

genitus De administrando imperio (Washington 1967)Menander = Blockley R C (1985) ed and trans The History of Menander the Guardsman

(Liverpool 1985) Miracles of St Demetrius = Lemerle P (1979ndash81) Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de

Saint Deacutemeacutetrius et la peacuteneacutetration des Slaves dans les Balkans (Paris 1979ndash81)Procop Goth Procop Vand Procop Pers = Dewing H B (1914ndash54) ed and trans Proco-

pius History of the Wars 1ndash5 (Cambridge Mass and London 1914ndash54)Procop Aed = Dewing H B (1914ndash54) ed and trans Procopius Buildings 7 (Cambridge

Mass and London 1914ndash54)

Sebeos = Thomson R V Howard-Johnston J D and Greenwood T (1999) trans command notes The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos (Translated Texts for Historians31) (Liverpool 1999)

Strategikon = Dennis G T (1984) trans Mauricersquos Strategikon Handbook of Byzantine Mili-tary Strategy (Philadelphia 1984)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841


Theoph Sim = Whitby M and M (1986) trans The History of Theophylact Simocatta an English Translation with Introduction and Notes (Oxford 1986)

Secondary Works

Afanasrsquoev G E (1993) ldquoSistema socialrsquono-markiruiushchikh predmetov v muzhskikhpogrebalrsquonikh kompleksakh Donskikh alanrdquo Rossiiskaia Arkheologiia 4 (1993) 131ndash44

Agallopoulou P (1975) ldquoLadochori Igoumenitsasrdquo ArchDelt 302 (1975) 239 Aibabin A I (1974) ldquoStremena Pereshchepinskogo tipardquo Soobshcheniia Gosudarstvennogo

Ermitazha 39 (1974) 32ndash34mdashmdash (1985) ldquoPogrebanie khazarskogo voinardquo Sovetskaia Arkheologiia 3 (1985) 191ndash205

Aleksandrov G (1977) ldquoRezultati ot razkopkite na lsquoKaletorsquo v Mikhailovgradrdquo Izvestiia na Muzeite v Severozapadna Bălgariia 1 (1977) 267ndash92

mdashmdash (1987) ldquoRezultati ot razkopkite na krepostta Montana (1971ndash1982)rdquo in Montana ed

V Velkov (So10486781048681a 1987) 54ndash85 Aleksiev I (1976) ldquoNakhodka na orădiia na truda i văorăzhenie ot Carevecrdquo Muzei i pamet-nici na kulturata 162 (1976) 33ndash36

Ambroz A K (1973) ldquoStremena i sedla rannego srednevekovrsquoia kak khronologicheskii poka-zatelrsquo (IVndashVIII v)rdquo Sovetskaia Arkheologiia 4 (1973) 81ndash98

mdashmdash (1982) ldquoO Voznesenskom komplekse VIII v na Dnepremdashvopros interpretaciirdquo in Drevnosti epokhi velikogo pereseleniia narodov VndashVIII vekov Sovetsko-vengerskii sbornik edd A K Ambroz and I Erdeacutelyi (Moscow 1982) 204ndash22

Antonova V (1973) ldquoArkheologicheksi prouchvaniia na Shumenskata krepostrdquo Izvestiia na Narodniia muzei Shumen 6 (1973) 127ndash58

mdashmdash (1975) ldquoGrad Shumen do XI vek (V svetlinata na arkheologicheskite prouchvaniia)rdquoVekove 46 (1975) 22ndash30

mdashmdash (1985) ldquoShumenskata krepost prez rannoto srednovekovie (VIIndashX v) (obsht obzor)rdquoGodishnik na muzeite ot Severna Bălgariia 11 (1985) 55ndash63

Atanasov G (2004) ldquoDe nouveau sur la localisation de la forteresse bas-byzantine St Cyrilen Scythie Mineurerdquo in Prinos lui Petre Diaconu la 80 de ani (Brăila 2004) 405ndash11

Bachrach B S (1984) ldquoA picture of Avar-Frankish warfare from a Carolingian Psalter of theearly ninth century in light of the Strategikonrdquo Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 4 (1984)5ndash27

Baacutelint Cs (1992) ldquoKontakte zwischen Iran Byzanz und der Steppe Das Grab von Uumlccedil Tepe(Sowj Azerbajdžan) und der beschlagverzierte Guumlrtel im 6 und 7 Jahrhundertrdquo in

Awarenforschungen ed F Daim (Vienna 1992) 309ndash496mdashmdash (1993) ldquoProbleme der archaumlologischen Forschung zur awarischen Landnahmenrdquo in

Ausgewaumlhlte Probleme europaumlischer Landnahmen des Fruumlh- und Hochmittelalters eddM Muumlller-Wille and R Schneider (Sigmaringen 1993) 195ndash273Barački S (1960) ldquoGrupni nalazi starosrpskog gvozdenog alata iz Vršacardquo Rad Vojvodanskih

Muzeja 9 (1960) 186ndash95Bartosiewicz L and Choyke A M (1991) ldquoAnimal remains from the 1970ndash1972 excavations

of Iatrus (Krivina) Bulgariardquo ActaArchHung 43 (1991) 181ndash209Bartoškovaacute A (1986) Slovanskeacute depoty železnyacutech předmětů v Československu (Prague 1986)Bavant B (1990) ldquoLes petits objetsrdquo in Caričin Grad II Le quartier sud-ouest de la ville haute

edd B Bavant V Kondić and J-M Spieser (Belgrade and Rome 1990) 191ndash257Beech M (2007) ldquoThe environmental archaeology research programme at Nicopolis meth-

odology and resultsrdquo in The Transition to Late Antiquity on the Danube and Beyond ed A G Poulter (Proceedings of the British Academy 141) (Oxford 2007) 219ndash48

Bejan A (1976) ldquoUn atelier metalurgic de la Drobeta-Turnu Severinrdquo Acta Musei Napocensis 13 (1976) 257ndash68

Bikić V (1997) ldquoSrednjovekovna trapezna keramika sa Gamzigradardquo in Arheologija istočneSrbije Zbornik radova ed D Srejović (Belgrade 1997) 319ndash24



842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


Blockley R C (1985) ed and trans The History of Menander the Guardsman (Liverpool1985)

Bobcheva L (1972) ldquoOrădiia na truda ot srednovekovieto v muzeia v Tolbukhinrdquo Muzei i pametnici na kulturata 12 2 (1972) 9ndash12

Boslashlviken E Ricka Helskog E Helskog K Holm-Olsen I M Solheim L and Bertelsen R(1982) ldquoCorrespondence analysis an alternative to principal componentsrdquo WorldArch 14 (1982) 41ndash60

Borojević K (1987) ldquoAnaliza ugljenisanog semenja sa lokaliteta Svetinjardquo Starinar 38 (1987)65ndash71

Bugarski I (2005) ldquoA contribution to the study of lamellar armoursrdquo Starinar 55 (2005)161ndash79

mdashmdash (2007) ldquoOstava iz Strezheva uzengije u ranovizantijskom konteksturdquo in Niš and Byzantium Vth Symposium Niš 3ndash5 June 2006 The Collection of Scienti983142983145c Works 5 edM Rakocija (Niš 2007) 251ndash67

Bury J B (1906) ldquoThe treatise De Administrando Imperiordquo ByzZeit 15 (1906) 517ndash77Čermanović-Kuzmanović A (2004) Tekija (Belgrade 2004)Changova I (1992) Krepostta Pernik VIIIndashXIV v (Pernik 3) (So10486781048681a 1992)Cholakov I M and Ilieva P (2005) ldquoEin Hortfund von Metallgegenstaumlnden der fruumlhbyzan-

tinischen Epoche aus Stara Zagora (Suumldostbulgarien)rdquo Archaeologia Bulgarica 93 (2005)53ndash85

Cholakova A (2005) ldquoRannovizantiiksi kompleks ot zhelezni sechiva i predmeti ot Odărci(aspekti v izsledvaneto na koletivnite nakhodki)rdquo Arkheologiia 46 (2005) 147ndash58

Ciglenečki S (2000) Tinje nad Loko pri Žusmu Poznoantična in zgodnjesrednjeveška nasel-bina (Ljubljana 2000)

Cirkin A V (1972) ldquoShokshinskii mogilrsquonikrdquo Sovetskaia Arkheologiia 1 (1972) 155ndash70Conchev D (1950) ldquoPrinos kăm bălgarskata materialna kulturardquo Izvestiia na Arkheolog-

icheskiia Institut 17 (1950) 298ndash305Čorović-Ljubinković M (1954) ldquoLlsquoencensoir des environs de Kuršumljardquo ArchIug 1 (1954)

83ndash89mdashmdash (1956) ldquoRanokhrishtjanska kadionica iz Pepeljevcardquo in Konzervatorski i ispitivachki

radovi ed M Panić-Surep (Belgrade 1956) 139ndash40Crow J (2007) ldquoThe Anastasian Wall and the Lower Danube frontier before Justinianrdquo in

The Lower Danube in Antiquity ( VI c BCndashVI c AD ) International Archaeological Confer-ence Bulgaria-Tutrakan 6ndash7102005 ed L Vagalinski (So10486781048681a 2007) 397ndash410

Csallaacuteny D (1958) ldquoSzabolcs-Szatmaacuter megye avar leleteirdquo Joacutesa Andraacutes Muacutezeum Evkoumlnyve 1 (1958) 31ndash87

mdashmdash (1958ndash59) ldquoA hajduacutedorogi avar mellpaacutenceacutelrdquo A Debreceni Deacuteri Muacutezeum Eacutevkoumlnyve 35

(1958ndash59) 17ndash23mdashmdash (1969ndash71) ldquoAvar paacutenceacutelok a Kaacuterpaacutet-medencebenrdquo Joacutesa Andraacutes Muacutezeum Evkoumlnyve 12ndash14 (1969ndash71) 7ndash44

mdashmdash (1982) ldquoAvar kori paacutenceacutelok a Kaacuterpaacutet-medencebenrdquo Joacutesa Andraacutes Muacutezeum Evkoumlnyve 15ndash17 (1982) 5ndash12

Csiky G (2007) ldquoA kora avar laacutendzsaacutek tipoloacutegiaacutejardquo Archaeologiai Eacutertesitő 1321 (2007)305ndash23

Curta F (1997) ldquoBlacksmiths warriors and tournaments of value dating and interpretingearly medieval hoards of iron implements in Eastern Europerdquo Ephemeris Napocensis 7(1997) 211ndash68

mdashmdash (2001a) The Making of the Slavs History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Regionc 500ndash700 (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought 52) (Cambridge and New

York 2001)mdashmdash (2001b) ldquoPeasants as lsquomakeshift soldiers for the occasionrsquo sixth-century settlement

patterns in the Balkansrdquo in Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity eddT S Burns and J W Eadie (East Lansing 2001) 199ndash217





844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


mdashmdash (2000) ldquoUumlber die Beziehung der byzantinischen Goldschnallen und der awarenzeitli-chen Pseudoschnallenrdquo in Kontakte zwischen Iran Byzanz und der Steppe im 6-7 Jahr-hundert ed Cs Baacutelint (Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 10) (Budapest 2000) 215ndash28

mdashmdash (2001) Funde byzantinischer Herkunft in der Awarenzeit vom Ende des 6 bis zum Endedes 7 Jahrhunderts (Budapest 2001)

Garašanin M and Vašić M (1987) ldquoCastrum Pontes Izveshtaj o iskopavanjima u 1981 i 1982godinardquo Đerdapske sveske 4 (1987) 71ndash116

Gavritukhin I O (2001) ldquoEvoluciia vostochnoevropeiskikh psevdopriazhekrdquo in Kulrsquotury Evraziiskikh stepei vtoroi poloviny I tysiacheletiia ne ( iz istorii kostiuma ) edd D A Stash-enkov A F Kochkina and L V Kuznetsova (Samara 2001) 31ndash86

mdashmdash (2006) ldquoLa date du lsquotreacutesorrsquo de Pereščepina et la chronologie des antiquiteacutes de llsquoeacutepoquede formation du Khaganat khazarrdquo in La Crimeacutee entre Byzance et le Khaganat Khazar ed C Zuckerman (Monographies du Centre de recherche drsquohistoire et civilisation deByzance 25) (Paris 2006) 13ndash30

Gavritukhin I O and Oblomskii A M (1996) Gaponovskii klad i ego kulrsquoturno-istoricheskiikontekst (Moscow 1996)Georgieva S (1961) ldquoSrednovekovnoto selishte nad razvalinite na antichniia grad Abritusrdquo

Izvestiia na Arkheologicheskiia Institut 24 (1961) 9ndash36Gerasimov T (1946) ldquoNakhodki v razvalinite na rannovizantiiskogo gradishche pri s Zheg-

licardquo Izvestiia na Arkheologicheskiia Institut 15 (1946) 203ndash205Goldina R D and Vodolago N V (1990) Mogilrsquoniki Nevolinskoi kulrsquotury v Priuralrsquoe (Irkutsk

1990)Goldstein I (2005) ldquoDiscontinuitycontinuity in Croatian history from the sixth to the

ninth centuryrdquo in LrsquoAdriatico della tarda Antichitagrave allrsquoetagrave carolingia Atti del convegno distudio Brescia 11ndash13 ottobre 2001 edd G Brogiolo and P Delogu (Rome 2005) 195ndash211

Grinchenko V A (1950) ldquoPamrsquoiatka VIII st kolo s Voznesenky na Zaporizhzhirdquo Arkheolo-hiia 2 (1950) 37ndash63

Hajnalovaacute E (1982) ldquoArchaumlobotanische Funde aus Krivinardquo in Iatrus-Krivina Spaumltantike Bef-estigung und fruumlhmittelalterliche Siedlung an der unteren Donau (Berlin 1982) 207ndash35

Haldon J F (2002) ldquoSome aspects of Early Byzantine arms and armourrdquo in A Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour ed D Nicolle (Woodbridge and Rochester 2002) 65ndash80

Hampel J (1905) Alterthuumlmer des fruumlhen Mittelalters in Ungarn (Braunschweig 1905)Haumlrke H and Belinskii A (2000) ldquoNouvelles fouilles de 1994ndash1996 dans la neacutecropole de

Klin Yarrdquo in Les sites archeacuteologiques en Crimeacutee et au Caucase durant lrsquoAntiquiteacute tardiveet le Haut Moyen Age edd M Kazanski and V Soupault (Leiden and Boston 2000)193ndash210

Heinrich-Tamaacuteska O (2005) Studien zu den awarenzeitlichen Tauschierarbeiten (Innsbruck

2005)Henning J (1986) ldquoBulgarien zwischen Antike und Mittelalter im Spiegel der Wirtschaft-sarchaumlologierdquo Das Altertum 322 (1986) 100ndash12

mdashmdash (1987) Suumldosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter Archaumlologische Beitraumlge zur Landwirtschaft des I Jahrtausends u Z (Berlin 1987)

mdashmdash (1989) ldquoVostochnoe po proiskhozhdeniiu oruzhie i snariazhenie vsadnikov v kladakhsellsquoskokhoziaistvennykh zheleznykh izdelii v iugo-vostochnoi Evrope (VIIIndashX vv)rdquo

Problemi na prabălgarskata istoriia i kultura 1 (1989) 87ndash104mdashmdash (2007) ed Post-Roman Towns Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium 2 vols

(Berlin and New York 2007)Herrmann J (1992) ldquoKarasura 1981ndash1991 Zu den bisherigen Ergebnissen von Ausgrabun-

gen und Forschungsarbeiten in Suumldthrakien zwischen Stara Zagora und Plovdivrdquo ZfA

26 (1992) 153ndash80Hofer N (1996) ldquoBewafffnung und Kriegstechnologie der Awarenrdquo in Reitervoumllker aus dem

Osten Hunnen und Awaren Burgenlaumlndische Landesausstellung 1996 Schloszlig Halbturn 26 April-31 Oktober 1996 edd F Daim K Kaus and P Tomka (Eisenstadt 1996) 351ndash54

Iotov V (2004) Văorăzhenieto i snariazhenieto ot bălgarskoto srednovekovie ( VIIndashXI v ) (Varna 2004)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845


mdashmdash (2007) ldquoOtnosno datirovkata na sbornata nakhodka ot Strezhevo Bitolskordquo Problemina prabălgarskata istoriia i kultura 42 (2007) 171ndash80

Iurukova I (1992) ldquoTrouvailles moneacutetaires de Sadovetzrdquo in Die spaumltantike Befestigungen von Sadovec Ergebnisse der deutsch-bulgarisch-oumlsterreichischen Ausgrabungen 1934ndash1937ed S Uenze (Munich 1992) 279ndash333

Ivaniševič V and Špehar P (2005) ldquoEarly Byzantine 10486781048681nds from Čečan and Gornji Streoc(Kosovo)rdquo Starinar 55 (2005) 133ndash59

Ivanov S A Gindin L A and Cymburskii V L (1991) ldquoProkopii Kesariiskiirdquo in Svod drevnei-shikh pislsquomennykh izvestii o slavianakh edd L A Gindin S A Ivanov and G G Litavrin(Moscow 1991) 170ndash249

Ivanov T and Stoianov S (1985) Abritus its History and Archaeology (Razgrad 1985)Izmailov I L (1990) ldquoPoiavlenie i rannaia istoriia stremian v Srednem Povolzhrsquoerdquo in Voen-

noe delo drevnego i srednevekogo naseleniia Severnoi i Centralrsquonoi Azii Sbornik nauch-nykh trudov edd Iu S Khudiakov and Iu A Plotnikov (Novosibirsk 1990) 61ndash70

Janakievski T (1980) ldquoKale s Strezhevo-Bitolsko (izveshtaj od zashtito arkheoloshko istra-zhuvanie)rdquo Macedoniae Acta Archaeologica 6 (1980) 97ndash110 Janković Đ Podunavski deo oblasti Akvisa u VI i pochetkom VII veka (Belgrade 1981) Jakšić N (1984) ldquoConstantine Porphyrogenetus as the source for destruction of Salonardquo

Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju Dalmatinsku 77 (1984) 315ndash26 Jeremić M (1995) ldquoBalajnac agglomeacuteration protobyzantine forti10486781048681eacuteerdquo Antiquiteacute Tardive 3

(1995) 193ndash207 Jeremić M and Milinković M (1995) ldquoDie byzantinische Festung von Bregovina (Suumldser-

bien)rdquo Antiquiteacute Tardive 3 (1995) 209ndash25Karagiorgou O (2001) ldquoLR2 a container for the military annona on the Danubian borderrdquo

in Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity Proceedingsof a Conference at Somerville College Oxfordmdash29th May 1999 edd S Kingsley and MDecker (Oxford 2001) 129ndash66

Kirilov Ch (2007) ldquoDer rissig gewordene Limes Houmlhensiedlungen im oumlstlichen Balkan alsZeugnis fuumlr die Schwache des ostroumlmischen Reiches in der Spaumltantikerdquo in The Lower

Danube in Antiquity ( VI c BCndashVI c AD ) International Archaeological Conference Bul- garia-Tutrakan 6ndash7102005 ed L Vagalinski (So10486781048681a 2007) 329ndash52

Klaić N (1990) Povijest Hrvata u srednjem vijeku (Zagreb 1990)Kleemann O (1956) ldquoSamlaumlndische Funde und die Frage der aumlltesten Steigbuumlgel in Europardquo

in Documenta archaeologica Wolfgang La Baume dedicata 8II1955 (Bonn 1956) 109ndash22Kolias T (1988) Byzantinische Wafffen (Vienna 1988)Kouzov Kh (2000) ldquoA 10486781048681nd of medieval iron objects from the fortress near the village of

Dolishte Varna district (Bulgarian Black Sea coast)rdquo Archaeologia Bulgarica 42 (2000)

85ndash91Kovačević J (1966) ldquoAvari na Jadranurdquo in Referati sa simpozijuma praistorijske i srednjevjek-ovne sekcije Arheološkog Društva Jugoslavije ed N Tašić (Belgrade 1966) 53ndash81

Kovaacutecs L (1981) ldquoDer landnahmezeitliche Grabfunde von Hajduacuteboumlszoumlrmeny-Erdős tanyardquo ActaArchHung 33 (1981) 81ndash103

Kovrig I (1955) ldquoContribution au problegraveme de lrsquooccupation de lrsquoHongrie par les Avaresrdquo ActaArchHung 6 (1955) 163ndash92

mdashmdash (1963) Das awarenzeitliche Graumlberfeld von Alattyaacuten (Budapest 1963)Kukharenko Iu V (1952) ldquoNovopokrovskii mogillsquonik i poseleniiardquo Arkheolohiia 6 (1952)

33ndash50Kurnatowska Z and Mamzer H (2007) ldquoErgebnisse und Erfahrungen aus den polnischen

Untersuchungenrdquo in Post-Roman Towns Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzan-

tium 2 vols ed J Henning (Berlin and New York 2007) 527ndash42Lalović A (1985) ldquoGamzigradRomulianardquo Arheološki pregled (1985) 164ndash65Lazaridis P (1965) ldquoNea Anchialosldquo ArchDelt 20 no 2 (1965) 326ndash34Liubenova V (1981) ldquoSelishteto ot rimskata i rannovizantiiskata epokhaldquo in Pernik I Posel-

ishten zhivot na khălma Krakra ot V khil pr n e do VI v na n e ed T Ivanov (So10486781048681a1981) 107ndash203



846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


Lrsquovova Z A (2000) ldquoPogrebeniia v Maloi Pereshchepine i Voznesenke i Kubrat kagan Velikoi Bulgariirdquo Stratum 5 (2000) 145ndash60

Majewski K Press L Kolkuna S Sokhatski Z Tabash Z Shubevt V and Kolendo J(1974) ldquoArkheologicheski izledvaniia v zapadniia sektor na Noverdquo Izvestiia na Arkheo-logicheskiia Institut 34 (1974) 176ndash203

Mano-Zisi Đ (1958) ldquoIskopavanja na Carichinom Gradu 1955 i 1956 godinerdquo Starinar 7ndash8(1958) 311ndash28

Margetić L (2001) Dolazak Hrvata (Split 2001)Marjanović-Vujović G (1987) ldquoPontes-Traianov most Sredniovekovna ostava Brdquo Đerdapske

sveske 4 (1987) 136ndash42Marović I (1984) ldquoRe8520701048684exions about the year of the destruction of Salonardquo Vjesnik za arhe-

ologiju i historiju Dalmatinsku 77 (1984) 293ndash314mdashmdash (2006) ldquoO godini razorenja Salonerdquo Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju Dalmatinsku 99

(2006) 253ndash72

Marušić B (1962) ldquoNeki nalazi iz vremena seobe naroda u Istrirdquo Jadranski zbornik 5 (1962)159ndash75Mazhitov N A (1990) ldquoKompleksy s monetami VIII v iz Birskogo mogilrsquonikardquo Sovetskaia

Arkheologiia 1 (1990) 261ndash66Mikulčić I (2002) (ed M Konrad) Spaumltantike und fruumlhbyzantinische Befestigungen in Nor-

dmakedonien Staumldte- Vici-Refugien- Kastelle (Munich 2002)Milenković M (1997) ldquoKostol-Pontes u XIndashXII vekurdquo in Slavianskii srednevekovyi gorod ed

V V Sedov (Moscow 1997) 243ndash51Milinković M (1995) ldquoDie Gradina auf dem Jelica-Gebirge und die fruumlhbyzantinischen

Befestigungen in der Umgebung von Čačak Westserbienrdquo Antiquiteacute Tardive 3 (1995)227ndash50

mdashmdash (2001) ldquoDie byzantinische Houmlhenanlage auf der Jelica in Serbienmdashein Beispiel ausdem noumlrdlichen Illyricum des 6 Jhrdquo Starinar 51 (2001) 71ndash133

mdashmdash (2006) ldquoOsvrt na nalaze vremena seobe naroda sa juga Srbije i iz susednikh oblastirdquoin Niš and Byzantium IV Symposium Niš 3ndash5 June 2005 the Collection of Scienti983142983145c Works

4 ed M Rakocija (Niš 2006) 245ndash63mdashmdash (2007) ldquoStadt oder lsquoStadtrsquo fruumlhbyzantinische Siedlungsstrukturen im noumlrdlichen Illy-

ricumrdquo in Post-Roman Towns Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium 2 vols ed J Henning (Berlin and New York 2007) 159ndash91

Milošević G (1987) ldquoRanovizantijska arhitektura na Svetinji u Kostolcurdquo Starinar 38 (1987)39ndash57

Muumlller R (1996) ldquoDie Awaren und die Landwirtschaftrdquo in Reitervoumllker aus dem Osten Hun-nen und Awaren Burgenlaumlndische Landesausstellung 1996 Schloszlig Halbturn 26 April-31

Oktober 1996 edd F Daim K Kaus and P Tomka (Eisenstadt 1996) 365ndash71Mutafchiev P (1914) ldquoSondazhi pri s Chelopechrdquo Izvestiia na Varnenskoto arkheologicheskodruzhestvo 4 (1914) 264ndash66

Nagy G (1901) ldquoSiacuterleletek a reacutegibb koumlzeacutepkorboacutel III Neacutemedi (Tolna m)rdquo Archaeologiai Eacutertesitő 21 (1901) 314ndash18

Nagy K (2005) ldquoNotes on the arms of the Avar heavy cavalryrdquo ActaOrHung 58 (2005)135ndash48

Nielsen K H (1988) ldquoCorrespondence analysis applied to hoards and graves of the Ger-manic Iron Agerdquo in Multivariate Archaeology Numerical Approaches to Scandinavian

Archaeology ed T Madsen (Aarhus 1988) 37ndash54Nikolov D (1990) ldquoMezideva a Thracian settlement in Late Antiquityrdquo Terra antiqua bal-

canica 5 (1990) 166ndash72

Nikolov D and Kalchev K (1986) ldquoRazkopki na obekt lsquoMladezhki domrsquo v Stara Zagora prez1982 grdquo Izvestiia na muzeite ot Iugoiztochna Bălgariia 9 (1986) 39ndash66

Novaković R (1972) ldquoNeka zapazhanja o 29 i 30 glavi De administrando imperiordquo Istorijskičasopis 19 (1972) 5ndash54

Ovcharov D (1982) Vizantiiski i bălgarski kreposti VndashX vek (So10486781048681a 1982)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847


Petković S (1995) Rimski predmeti od kosti i roga sa teritorije Gornje Mezije (Posebnaizdanja 28) (Belgrade 1995)

Pillon M (2005) ldquoArmeacutee et deacutefense de lrsquoIllyricum byzantin de Justinien agrave Heacuteraclius (527ndash641) De la reacuteorganisation justinienne lrsquoeacutemergence des lsquoarmeacutees de citeacutersquordquo Erytheia 26(2005) 7ndash85

Pleterski A (1987) ldquoSebenjski zakladrdquo ArhVest 38 (1987) 237ndash330Pohl W (1988) Die Awaren Ein Steppenvolk im Mitteleuropa 567ndash822 n Chr (Munich

1988)mdashmdash (1995) ldquoOsnove Hrvatske etnogeneze Avari i Slavenirdquo in Etnogeneza Hrvata ed

N Budak (Zagreb 1995) 211ndash23Popović I (1990) ldquoLes activiteacutes professionnelles Caričin Grad vers la 10486781048681n du VI1048677 et le deacutebut

du VII1048677 siegravecle drsquoapregraves les outils de ferrdquo in Caričin Grad II Le quartier sud-ouest de la ville haute edd B Bavant V Kondić and J-M Spieser (Belgrade and Rome 1990)269ndash306

mdashmdash (1994ndash1995) ldquoLes particulariteacutes de lrsquooutillage protobyzantin dans les Balkans du NordrdquoStarinar 45ndash46 (1994ndash95) 67ndash75Popović M (1999) Tvrđava Ras (Belgrade 1999)Popović V (1982) ldquoDesintegration und Ruralisation der Stadt im Ost-Illyricum vom 5 bis

7 Jahrhundert n Chrrdquo in Palast und Huumltte Beitraumlge zum Bauen und Wohnen im Alter-tum von Archaumlologen Vor- und Fruumlhgeschichtlern edd D Papenfuss and V M Strocka(Mainz 1982) 545ndash66

Poulter A G (1995) Nicopolis ad Istrum a Roman Late Roman and Early Byzantine City (London 1995)

mdashmdash (2004) ldquoCataclysm on the Lower Danube the destruction of a complex Roman land-scaperdquo in Landscapes of Change Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle

Ages ed N Christie (Aldershot and Burlington 2004) 223ndash53mdashmdash (2007) ldquoThe Bulgarian-British research programme in the countryside and on the

site of an Early Byzantine fortress the implications for the Lower Danube in the 5th to6th centuries ADrdquo in The Lower Danube in Antiquity ( VI c BCndashVI c AD ) International

Archaeological Conference Bulgaria-Tutrakan 6ndash7102005 ed L Vagalinski (So10486781048681a 2007)361ndash84

Powell A (2004) ldquoThe faunal remainsrdquo in Byzantine Butrint Excavations and Surveys 1994ndash 99 edd R Hodges W Bowden and K Lako (Oxford 2004) 305ndash20

Pralong A (1988) ldquoRemarques sur les forti10486781048681cations byzantines de Thrace orientalerdquo inGeacuteographie historique du monde meacuteditranneacuteen ed H Ahrweiller (Paris 1988) 179ndash200

Rajković S (1997) ldquoVizantijska Dalmacija u spisu De administrando imperiomdashnove dilemerdquo Zbornik radova Vizantološkog Instituta 36 (1997) 221ndash32

Rapanić Ž (2001) ldquoDai coloni greci ai missionari franchirdquo in Bizantini Croati Carolingi Alba e tramonto di regni e imperi edd C Bertelli G P Brogiolo M Jurković I Matejčić A Milošević and C Stella (Milan 2001) 31ndash59

Rashev R (2000) Prabălgarite prez VndashVII vek (So10486781048681a 2000)Rautman M (1990) ldquoArchaeology and Byzantine studiesrdquo Byzantinische Forschungen 15

(1990) 137ndash65Rendić-Miočević D (1952) ldquoNekoliko zanimljivih nalaza iz starokrščanskog Solinardquo Vjesnik

za arheologiju i historiju Dalmatinsku 54 (1952) 199ndash204Ricz P and Faacutebiaacuten G J (1993) ldquoInterdisciplinarni pristup rekonstrukciji avarskog luka

Kratak prikaz stanja problematikerdquo Rad Vojvodanskih Muzeja 35 (1993) 79ndash85Romiopoulou E (1973ndash74) ldquoAgios Demetrios Kitrourdquo ArchDelt 292 (1973ndash74) 697Rosser J (2001) ldquoEvidence for a Justinianic garrison behind Thermopylae at the Dhema

Passrdquo in Mosaic Festschrift for A H S Megaw edd J Herrin M Mullett and C Otten-Froux (London 2001) 33ndash41

Schulze-Doumlrrlamm M (2006) ldquoAwarische Ein8520701048684uumlsse auf Bewafffnung und Kampftechnikdes ostfraumlnkischen Heeres in der Zeit um 600rdquo in Arms and Armour as Indicators ofCultural Transfer the Steppes and the Ancient World from Hellenistic Times to the Early



848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


Middle Ages edd M Mode and J Tubach (Nomaden und Sesshafte 4) (Wiesbaden 2006)485ndash507

Semenov A I (1988) ldquoK vyiavleniiu centralrsquonoaziatskikh elementov v kulrsquoture rannesred-nevekovykh kochevnikov Vostochnoi Evroperdquo Arkheologicheskii sbornik Gosudarstven-nogo Ermitazha 29 (1988) 97ndash111

Shennan S (1990) Quantifying Archaeology (Edinburgh 1990)Shtereva I and Radeva M (2001) ldquoKolektivna nakhodka ot rannovizantiiski orădiia na

truda ot Slivenrdquo Arkheologiia 421ndash2 (2001) 79ndash84Simon L (1991) ldquoKorai avar kardokrdquo Studia Comitatensia 22 (1991) 263ndash346Smilenko A T (1965) Hlodosrsquoki skarbi (Kiev 1965)mdashmdash (1968) ldquoNakhodka 1928 g u g Novye Senzhary (Po materialam obsledovaniia

A K Takhtaia)rdquo in Slaviane i Rusrsquo Sbornik statei K shestdesiatiletiiu akad B A Rybak-ova edd E I Krupnov V I Buganov S A Pletneva I P Rusanova and G F Solovrsquoeva(Moscow 1968) 158ndash66

Sodini J-P (1993) ldquoLa contribution de lrsquoarcheacuteologie agrave la connaissance du monde byzantin(IV1048677ndashVII1048677 siegravecles)rdquo DOP 47 (1993) 139ndash84Sokolova I V (1995) ldquoMonety pereshchepinskogo klada Katalogrdquo Vizantiiskii Vremennik

56 (1995) 305ndash19Somogyi P (1987) ldquoTypologie Chronologie und Herkunft der Maskenbeschlaumlge zu den

archaumlologischen Hinterlassenschaften osteuropaumlischer Reiterhirten aus der pontischenSteppe im 6 Jahrhundertrdquo ArchAustr 71 (1987) 121ndash54

mdashmdash (1997) Byzantinische Fundmuumlnzen der Awarenzeit (Innsbruck 1997)Sretenović M (1984) ldquoMokranjske stene Visheslojno naselje Izveshtaj o arkheoloshkim

istrazhivanjima u 1980 godinirdquo Đerdapske sveske 2 (1984) 221ndash30Stadler P (2005) Quantitative Studien zur Archaumlologie der Awaren I (Vienna 2005)mdashmdash (2008) ldquoAvar chronology revisited and the question of ethnicity in the Avar qagan-

aterdquo in The Other Europe in the Middle Ages Avars Bulgars Khazars and Cumans edF Curta (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450ndash1450 2) (Leiden andBoston 2008) 47ndash82

Staňa Č (1961) ldquoDepot želez a žernovů na slovanskeacutem hradišti Stareacute Zaacutemky u LiacutešněrdquoSborniacutek československeacute společnostiacute archeologickeacute pri ČSAV 1 (1961) 110ndash20

Stanchev D (1985) ldquoNakhodka na zhelezni predmeti ot s Stambolovo Rusenski okrăgrdquoGodishnik na muzeite ot Severna Bălgariia 11 (1985) 31ndash34

Stancheva M (1970) ldquoEpanouissement et disparition de deux villae rusticae pregraves de Serdicardquoin Actes du Premier Congregraves international des eacutetudes balkaniques et sud-est-europeacuteennesSo983142983145a 26 aoucirct-1septembre 1966 edd V Georgiev N Todorov and V Tăpkova-Zaimova

vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38

Stanilov S and Aleksandrov G (1983) ldquoSrednovekovno ezichesko svetilishte v razvalinitena Montanardquo Arkheologiia 251ndash2 (1983) 40ndash52Stoichev S (2005) ldquoTriperite vărkhove na streli ot Shumenskiia regionrdquo in Prof din Stan-

cho Vaklinov i srednovekovnata bălgarska kultura edd K Popkonstantinov B Borisovand R Kostova (Veliko Tărnovo 2005) 171ndash77

Szaacutedeczky-Kardoss S (1981) ldquoDer awarisch-tuumlrkische Ein8520701048684uss auf die byzantinische Krieg-skunst um 600 (Anmerkungen zum Strategikon des Maurikios)rdquoStudia turco-hungarica 5 (1981) 63ndash71

mdashmdash (1986) Avarica Uumlber die Awarengeschichte und ihre Quellen (Szeged 1986)Szentpeacuteteri J (1993) ldquoArchaumlologische Studien zur Schicht der Wafffentraumlger des Awaren-

tums im Karpatenbecken Irdquo ActaArchHung 45 (1993) 165ndash246Totev K (2002) ldquoTri vizantiiski procesiini krăsta ot Preslavrdquo Arkheologiia 433 (2002)

57ndash65mdashmdash (2005) ldquoVizantiiski procesien krăst ot părvite razkopki v Pliskardquo in Prof din Stan-

cho Vaklinov i srednovekovna bălgarska kultura edd K Popkonstantinov B Borisov andR Kostova (Veliko Tărnovo 2005) 216ndash19



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


Uenze S (1992) Die spaumltantiken Befestigungen von Sadovec Ergebnisse der deutsch- bulgarisch-oumlsterreichischen Ausgrabungen 1934ndash1937 (Munich 1992)

Vagalinski L (1998) ldquoEin neuer spaumltantiker Segmenthelm aus Voivoda Schumen Gebiet(Nordostenbulgarien)rdquo Archaeologia Bulgarica 21 (1998) 96ndash106

Vagarelski Kh (1929) ldquoIz veshtestvennata kultura na bălgarite (rala)rdquo Izvestiia na Narodniia Etnografskiia Muzei 8ndash9 (1929) 98ndash110

Văzharova Zh (1976) Slaviani i prabălgari po danni na nekropolite ot VIndashXI v na teritoriiatana Bălgariia (So10486781048681a 1976)

mdashmdash (1986) Srednovekovnoto selishte s Garvăn Silistrenski okrăg ( VIndashXI v ) (So10486781048681a 1986) Velkov V (1935) ldquoEine Gotenfestung bei Sadowetz (Nordbulgarien)rdquo Germania 19 (1935)

149ndash58 Vitlianov S (1978) ldquoKolektivna nakhodkamdashzhelezni orădiia na truda ot Preslavrdquo Vekove

74 (1978) 76ndash78 Voumllling Th (1995) ldquoEin fruumlhbyzantinischer Hortfund aus Olympiardquo AM 110 (1995) 425ndash59

Werner J (1984) Der Grabfund von Malaja Pereščepina und Kuvrat Kagan der Bulgaren (Munich 1984)mdashmdash (1984b) ldquoEin byzantinischer lsquoSteigbuumlgelrsquo aus Caričin Gradrdquo in Caričin Grad I Les

basiliques B et J de Caričin Grad quatre objets remarquables de Caričin Grad le treacutesor de Hajdučka Vodenica edd N Duval and V Popović (Belgrade and Rome 1984) 147ndash55

mdashmdash (1985) ldquoKagan Kuvrat fondatore della Magna Bulgaria La sua tomba a MalajaPereščepina presso Poltavardquo Archeologia Medievale 12 (1985) 709ndash12

mdashmdash (1992) ldquoGolemanovo Kale und Sadovsko Kale Kritische Zusammenfassung derGrabungsergebnisserdquo in Die spaumltantiken Befestigungen von Sadovec ( Bulgarien ) Ergeb-nisse der deutsch-bulgarisch-oumlsterreichischen Ausgrabungen 1934ndash1937 ed S Uenze(Munich 1992) 391ndash417

mdashmdash (1992b) ldquoNeues zu Kuvrat und Malaja Pereščepinardquo Germania 102 (1992) 430ndash36 Whitby M and M (1986) trans The History of Theophylact Simocatta an English Transla-

tion with Introduction and Notes (Oxford 1986) White L (1962) Medieval Technology and Social Change (Oxford 1962)

Zaacutebojniacutek J (1991) ldquoSeriation von Guumlrtelbeschlaggarnituren aus dem Gebiet der Slowakei undOumlsterreichsrdquo in K problematike osiacutedlenia stredodunajskej oblasti vo včasnom stredovekued Z Čilinskaacute (Nitra 1991) 219ndash321

Zanini E (1994) Introduzione allrsquoarcheologia bizantina (Rome 1994)Zlatarski D (1960) ldquoKolektivna nakhodka ot slavianski sechiva ot s Dălgopolrdquo Izvestiia na

Varnenskoto arkheologichesko druzhestvo 11 (1960) 103ndash109

L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155

Fig 1 Early Avar apple-shaped cast stirrups with elongated suspension loop 1mdashBajasacri10486781048681cial pit 2mdashunknown location in northeastern Bulgaria 3mdashPernik Early Byzan-tine hill-fort 4mdashNevolino grave 122 5mdashStrezhevo hoard of iron implements (AfterHampel (1905) Iotov (2004) Goldina and Vodolago (1990) and Janakievski (1980))

Fig 2 Distribution of late 6th to 7th c stirrups in south-eastern Europe The cluster inthe Carpathian Basin is of Early Avar apple-shaped cast stirrups with elongated suspen-sion loop and 8520701048684at tread slightly bent inwards Smallest circle thereafter up to 2 3 and7 specimens respectively (Data after Stadler (2005) with additions)

Fig 3 Distribution of 6th and 7th c stirrups in Eastern EuropeFig 4 Hoard of iron implements found in Strezhevo (Macedonia) selected artefacts

L-shaped key sickle bridle bit processional cross and stirrups (After Janakievski (1980))Fig 5 Distribution of hoards of iron implements and weapons found on Early Byzantine

hill-fort sites in the Balkans



850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137

Fig 6 Correspondence analysis plot of 32 hoards of iron implements and weapons ASENmdashAsenovgrad BALAmdashBalajnac BOZHUmdashBozhurovo CAREmdashCarevec CARGmdash

Caričin Grad CHELOmdashChelopech DALGmdashDălgopol DOLImdashDolishte GAMZImdashGamzigrad JELImdashJelica MONT1mdashMontana 1 MONT2mdashMontana 2 ODARmdashOdărciOLYMPmdashOlympia PERNmdashPernik PRES1mdashPreslav 1 PRES2mdashPreslav 2 RAZGmdashRazgrad SEBENmdashSebenje SHUMmdashShumen SLIVmdashSliven STAMmdashStambolovoSTARA1mdashStara Zagora 1 STARA2mdashStara Zagora 2 STREZHmdashStrezhevo TINJmdashTinjeTROI1mdashTroianov most 1 TROI2mdashTroianov most 2 VOIVmdashVoivoda VRSA1mdashVršac 1

VRSA2mdashVršac 2 ZHEGmdashZheglicaFig 7 Correspondence analysis plot of the artefact categories found in 32 hoards

of iron implements and weapons ANVmdashanvil AXEFANmdashbattle axe fan-shaped AXEIIAamdashbattle axe Bartoškovaacutersquos class IIAa AXEIIIAbmdashbattle axe Bartoškovaacutersquos

class IIIAb AXEIIIBmdashbattle axe Bartoškovaacutersquos class IIIB BELLmdashcattle bell BELTBmdashbelt buckle BILLG1amdashbill-knife Henningrsquos class G1a BILLG1bmdashbill-knife Henningrsquos

class G1b BILLG2bmdashbill-knife Henningrsquos class G2b BILLG4amdashbill-knife Henningrsquosclass G4a BILLG5mdashbill-knife Henningrsquos class G5 BITmdashbridle bit BRONZEmdashbronze vessels BUCKmdashbucket handles CANDLEmdashcandlestick CENSmdashcenser CHAINmdash

plow chain CHISmdashchisel COMBmdashcurrycomb COULmdashcoulter Henningrsquos class E 1HAMMmdashhammer HOEK3mdashdrag hoe Henningrsquos class K3 KETTLEmdashkettle KEY1mdashkey L-shaped KEY2mdashkey anchor-shaped LAMPmdashlamp LANCEmdashlance head Iotovrsquosclass 1B MATTK4mdashmattock Henningrsquos class K4 MATTK5mdashmattock Henningrsquos classK8 MATTK8mdashmattock Henningrsquos class K 8 MATTK10mdashmattock Henningrsquos class K10MATTK15mdashmattock Henningrsquos class K15 OGRIBmdashtool (ldquoogribkardquo) PICKL1mdashpickaxeHenningrsquos class L1 PICKL2mdashpickaxe Henningrsquos class L 2 PLAN1mdashplane curvedPLAN2mdashplane straight PLOWA1mdashploughshare Henningrsquos class A1 PLOWB3mdashplough-share Henningrsquos class B3 PLOWC1mdashploughshare Henningrsquos class C1 SCISmdashscissorsSCRAPP2mdashscraping tool Henningrsquos class P2 SCRAPP3mdashscraping tool Henningrsquos classP3 SCYTHI2mdashscythe Henningrsquos class I2 SCYTHI5mdashscythe Henningrsquos class I5 SOCKmdashsocketed share SPADEmdashspade Henningrsquos class F1 SPIKmdashspike STIRR8AmdashstirrupIotovrsquos class 8A TONGSmdashtongs WHETSmdashwhetstone WIMBmdashwimble

Fig 8 Hoard of iron implements found in Troianov most (Serbia) selected artefactssickle scythes belt buckle stirrup and censer (After Garašanin and Vašić (1987))

Fig 9 Hoard of iron implements found in Razgrad (Bulgaria) selected artefacts battleaxes ploughshares and billknives (After Ivanov and Stoianov (1985))




CONTENTS

VOLUME 81

Acknowledgements ix

List of Contributors xi

Foreword xvii

Alexander Sarantis and Neil Christie

Waging War in Late Antiquity 983089

Alexander Sarantis

B104868198313898314810486819831519831439831549831379831529831441048681983139 E983155983155983137983161983155

War in Late Antiquity Secondary Works Literary Sources and

Material Evidence 983089983088983089Conor Whately

Military Equipment and Weaponry A Bibliographic Essay 983089983093983091

Alexander Sarantis

Tactics A Bibliographic Essay 983089983095983095

Alexander Sarantis

Organisation and Life in the Late Roman Military

A Bibliographic Essay 983090983088983097

Conor Whately

Strategy Diplomacy and Frontiers A Bibliographic Essay 983090983091983097

Conor Whately

Forti1048678983145cations in the West A Bibliographic Essay 983090983093983093

Alexander Sarantis with Neil Christie

Forti1048678983145cations in Africa A Bibliography Essay 983090983097983095

Alexander Sarantis



vi 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155



Alexander Sarantis

VOLUME 82

S983156983154983137983156983141983143983161 983137983150983140 I9831509831569831419831489831481048681983143983141983150983139983141



(ca AD 660ndash1025) 983091983095983091

John Haldon

F983151983154983156104868198314210486819831399831379831561048681983151983150983155 983137983150983140 S1048681983141983143983141 W983137983154983142983137983154983141


to Long Walls 983091983097983095

James Crow


(ca 250ndash640) 983092983091983091

Michael Whitby

W983141983137983152983151983150983154983161 983137983150983140 E9831539831571048681983152983149983141983150983156


J C N Coulston



Michel Kazanski


John Conyard



983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155 vii


L1048681983156983141983154983137983154983161 S983151983157983154983139983141983155 983137983150983140 T983151983152983151983143983154983137983152983144983161


Sources 983093983095983089

Ian Colvin





Susannah Belcher

T983144983141 W983141983155983156



Hugh Elton


Michael Kulikowski





T983144983141 B983137983148983147983137983150983155



John Wilkes


Alexander Sarantis



viii 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155




Florin Curta

T983144983141 E983137983155983156





in the 6th c AD 1048632983097983091

Conor Whately

C10486819831581048681983148 W983137983154





Maria Kouroumali


Index 983089983088983088983097






Florin Curta

Abstract













810 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811















812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












vi 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155



Alexander Sarantis

VOLUME 82

S983156983154983137983156983141983143983161 983137983150983140 I9831509831569831419831489831481048681983143983141983150983139983141



(ca AD 660ndash1025) 983091983095983091

John Haldon

F983151983154983156104868198314210486819831399831379831561048681983151983150983155 983137983150983140 S1048681983141983143983141 W983137983154983142983137983154983141


to Long Walls 983091983097983095

James Crow


(ca 250ndash640) 983092983091983091

Michael Whitby

W983141983137983152983151983150983154983161 983137983150983140 E9831539831571048681983152983149983141983150983156


J C N Coulston



Michel Kazanski


John Conyard



983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155 vii


L1048681983156983141983154983137983154983161 S983151983157983154983139983141983155 983137983150983140 T983151983152983151983143983154983137983152983144983161


Sources 983093983095983089

Ian Colvin





Susannah Belcher

T983144983141 W983141983155983156



Hugh Elton


Michael Kulikowski





T983144983141 B983137983148983147983137983150983155



John Wilkes


Alexander Sarantis



viii 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155




Florin Curta

T983144983141 E983137983155983156





in the 6th c AD 1048632983097983091

Conor Whately

C10486819831581048681983148 W983137983154





Maria Kouroumali


Index 983089983088983088983097






Florin Curta

Abstract













810 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811















812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155 vii


L1048681983156983141983154983137983154983161 S983151983157983154983139983141983155 983137983150983140 T983151983152983151983143983154983137983152983144983161


Sources 983093983095983089

Ian Colvin





Susannah Belcher

T983144983141 W983141983155983156



Hugh Elton


Michael Kulikowski





T983144983141 B983137983148983147983137983150983155



John Wilkes


Alexander Sarantis



viii 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155




Florin Curta

T983144983141 E983137983155983156





in the 6th c AD 1048632983097983091

Conor Whately

C10486819831581048681983148 W983137983154





Maria Kouroumali


Index 983089983088983088983097






Florin Curta

Abstract













810 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811















812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












viii 983139983151983150983156983141983150983156983155




Florin Curta

T983144983141 E983137983155983156





in the 6th c AD 1048632983097983091

Conor Whately

C10486819831581048681983148 W983137983154





Maria Kouroumali


Index 983089983088983088983097






Florin Curta

Abstract













810 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811















812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














Florin Curta

Abstract













810 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811















812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












810 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811















812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 811















812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












812 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















(1994)



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 813






S983156983145983154983154983157983152983155












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












814 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 815
















816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












816 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137







983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 817













983090983095 Semenov (1988) 109



818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












818 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 819





820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












820 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 821

















822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












822 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137




H983151983137983154983140983155











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 823






824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












824 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 825









826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












826 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 827











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 829



















830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












830 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137













983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 831










in 9th c Bulgaria







832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












832 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137


F983151983154983156983155








983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 833









834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












834 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















1048632983095 Kirilov (2007) 337ndash38



983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 835

















836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












836 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137















983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 837






C983151983150983139983148983157983155983145983151983150







1048633983093 Dunn (2004) 578



838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












838 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 839










A983139983147983150983151983159983148983141983140983143983141983149983141983150983156983155





840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












840 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137










B983145983138983148983145983151983143983154983137983152983144983161











983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 841



Secondary Works

























842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












842 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137






























844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137














844 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137





























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 845




























846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












846 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








(2006) 253ndash72























983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 847



























848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












848 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137
















vol 2 (So10486781048681a 1970) 535ndash38










983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












983144983151983154983155983141983149983141983150 983145983150 983142983151983154983156983155 983151983154 983152983141983137983155983137983150983156983155 983145983150 983158983145983148983148983137983143983141983155 849


















L983145983155983156 983151983142 F983145983143983157983154983141983155








850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137












850 983142983148983151983154983145983150 983139983157983154983156983137








