L-16

Part III Era of Great Reforms (2)

2. The Other Great Reforms

A. ThemesEmancipation triggerNikolaevan prereforms as baseFundamental principlesAll-estatePublicityRaskreposhchenie: Unfettering of social forcesGradualismPoliticsPiecemealFiscal ConstraintsDysfunctions and disillusionment

B. Why More Great Reforms?Psychological: Crimean debacle delegitimized, mandated systemic reformMounting demand & prereform preparationsVacuum created by emancipationGlasnost (publicity): irreversibility

C. Zemstvo: Local Self-GovernmentPrereform ProblemsReform processStructure: Provincial and district zemstvoFunctionsProblemsPoliticsImpact

Unkovskii Speech as Tver Deputy to St. Petersburg (1859)The entire life of the people is under government tutelage. No question, however trifling, can be dealt with by the people themselves. . . . They dare not [without official sanction] repair a miserable bridge, or hire an elementary school teacher. . . . The whole of our administration is a vast system of malfeasance raised to the dignity of government. . . . We need the emancipation not only of the peasants, but also of the whole people.

First Zemstvo Deputies: Social Composition (1865-7)

Moscow Zemstvo Address and Alexander IIs Response (1865)Zemstvo votes (270-36) for resolution to complete the structure of the state by convoking a general assembly of elected personnel of the Russian land to consider needs common to the entire country.Alexanders response: Such deviations from the order of things established by laws in force can only make it more difficult for me to fulfill my plans; in no case can they assist in the achievement of the purpose to which they may be directed.

1879 Moscow Zemstvo AddressAll those present unanimously recognize that only a constitutional order, resting on the force of right and law, can disarm terror and limit the arbitrariness of the authorities. In view of this unanimity of outlook, it was decided to organize locally the dissemination of constitutionalist ideas and to assist all attempts to submit constitutionalist demands to the government.

Zemstvo Board Meeting

Zemstvo Lunch (1872)

Volost Administrative Center

Volost Assembly

Village Elders with State Medals

D. EducationPrereformEducational IssuesPublic DebatePolicy ThawCrisis of 1861Golovnin Reforms, 1863-4Tolstois Reaction 1866-81Impact

A. V. Golovnin

Dmitrii Tolstoi

New Zemstvo School

Zemstvo School: Class

Percent of Children in School

Expansion of Enrollments

University: Social Composition (percent)

Literacy Rates (Percent of population over Age 9)

Pupils in Primary and Secondary Schools (in thousands)

Pupils per 1,000 Inhabitants

University Enrollments (in thousands)

University Enrollments (per 10,000 inhabitants)

Book and Brochure Publishing(in thousands)

Newspapers

1890: Newspapers in Comparative Perspective

E. Judicial ReformPrereform CourtsBludov Commission, 1850-61Jurists Take ChargeJudicial Statute of 1864StructureState infringementsImpact

Dmitrii Iv. Bludov

Sergei Iv. Zarudnyi

Judicial Breakdown: Unresolved Cases (percent)

Crime and Prosecution (per 100,000 inhabitants)

Categories of Crimes (annual average; in thousands)

Volost court

Volost Court: Corporal Punishment

F. Military ReformsPrereform problemsObstacles to reform Miliutin and reformersReforms: admin, education, tech, UMTPolitics of reformImpact

Russian Army

Military Expenditures (1889)

Military Per 1,000 Inhabitants

G. Urban Government ReformPrereform problemsCommission, 1862-70Reform statute: structure, composition, functions, and finances of new city governmentImpact

Moscow Street Scene 1880s

Horse-drawn TramMoscow

St. Petersburg Taxis

Tula, 1900

Poor Relief: Refuge for the Homeless

Nizhnii Novgorod: Downtown Trade Center

Father, Son: Migrant Labor

Saratov and Volsk: Provincial and District Capitals

H. CensorshipPrereformDynamics: policy shifts and growth of the pressTemporary Regulations of 1865

Censorship: 1863 Caricature

Caricature: Conscription of Journals

I. Church ReformPrereform problemsProcess and politicsReforms and BlueprintsImpact

J. ConclusionsDynamicsPrinciples of Great ReformsPoliticsProblems

Multiple firms (furniture; tea, etc); cop; paved; street lightTram; paved streets; lightingHat, coats are factory made; bast footwear; wooden bridge (mostik) to get around unpaved streets in district townRelatively little difference: central stone, mostly wooden houses; Volsk is 65km from Saratov.