l1-bekg2433-power_system.pdf

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BEKG 2433

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

(SISTEM ELEKTRIK)

Lecture 1 : Introduction

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL

MALAYSIA MELAKA UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 1 28/12/2009

Reference

[1] Glover, Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, 4th ed., Thomson Learning, 2008.- main reference [2] Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, 2nd ed., Mc-Graw Hill, 2004. [3] William D. Stevenson, Jr., Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th ed., Mc-Graw Hill, 1998. [4] Grainger and Stevenson Jr, Power System Analysis, Mc-Graw Hill, 1994. [5] Arthur R. Bergen, Power System Analysis, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2000

2 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 28/12/2009

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Class policy

• Be punctual to lecture & tutorial • Pay attention to class,take notes when necessary • Silence out all handphones • Do your assigned readings! (especially by Glover) • Do your homeworks! • Regularly check the e-learning portal for updates of

lecture notes/assignments etc. • If don’t understand, rise hand, ASK!! – or, can discuss

later during tutorial or other times (open door policy) • If get bored/sleepy....get out, wash your face & come

back.


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Upon completion of this class, the student should be able to:

Describe the basic concept of the electric power system network (generation, transmission and distribution) and various power generation system and energy sources.

Learning Outcomes

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What we will learn?

• Fundamentals of Power System

• Generator

• Power Transformer

• Transmission line

- Parameters

- Models

• Introduction to Power System Protection


POWER SYSTEM

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Electricity arrive in Malaysia at around 1900 Electricity arrive in Malaysia at around 1900

Power engineering- past, present & future

•In the past, electrical power is only viable at cities.

•Nowadays, electric power is so important– like air we

breathe, can’t live without it! Therefore, it need to be

sustainable, or, we’ll fall apart.

• Presently, is one of the oldest, largest, fastest

growing & most complex system ever invented – and

need constant improvement .

• Future – going towards more reliable, secure,

efficient, environmentally friendly, secure, (e.g. green

energy, new technology on smarter grid system, asset

management system etc).

•All in all, power engineering must KEEP THE

LIGHTS ON


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August 14th, 2003 Blackout


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Power Instantaneous rate of consumption of energy,

How hard you work!

Power Units:

Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)

kW – 1 x 103 Watt

MW – 1 x 106 Watt

GW – 1 x 109 Watt

Installed Malaysian Generation is about 18,000MW.

Maximum load of Malaysia is about 13,000MW.

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Energy Energy:

Integration of power over time,

energy is what people really want from a power system,

How much work you accomplish over time.

Energy Units:

Joule = 1 watt-second (J)

kWh – kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)

Btu – 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh


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Power System Examples Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an

island, to one covering half the continent

there are four major interconnected ac power systems in North America, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is used in some other countries.

Airplanes

Ships and submarines.

Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard and, in the future, 42 volts.

Battery operated portable systems.

Etc etc…


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Energy Economics Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff

between fixed costs (primarily capital costs to build them) and operating costs

Nuclear, wind, and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs,

Natural gas has low fixed costs but relatively high operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)

Coal in between.

Total average costs depend on fixed costs, operating costs, and capacity factor (ratio of average power production to capacity).


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Sources of Energy

Petroleum

39.8%

Coal

23.1%

Natural Gas

22.9%

Hydro

2.6%

Other

3.5%

Nuclear

8.1%


Sources of energy in the US

Other sources of energy:

solar wind

geothermal Sea current/wave

biomass

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Hydroelectric Power Plant

Fossil Fuel Power Plant

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Sources of Energy/ capacity mix - - Malaysia

Generation Plant in Malaysia


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Electrical Utility Industry

Structure

Within a particular geographic market, the electric

utility had an exclusive franchise

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Customer Service

In return for this exclusive

franchise, the utility had the

obligation to serve all

existing and future customers

at rates determined jointly

by utility and

regulators/governments


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Electrical Power System in Malaysia

Malaysia’s electricity supply system comprises 3 major franchise areas: Peninsular Malaysia (holds 90% of Malaysia’s

generation capacity)

Sarawak

Sabah

Power stations consists of from TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad) & IPPs (Independent Power Producers).

Grid system in Peninsular Malaysia is controlled and operated by TNB


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Goals of Electric Power System

Supply load (users) with electricity at

specified voltage (240V ac common for residential),

specified frequency (50Hz in Malaysia)

at minimum cost consistent with operating constraints,

safety (people & environment) etc.

KEEP THE LIGHTS ON!!


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Grid System in Semenanjung Malaysia Consists of:

Power Stations (Stesen Janakuasa)

Substations(PMU & SSU)

Customers

Interconnection with Thailand & Singapore

Transmission System

500kV

275kV

132kV

66kV

Distribution system 33kV

11kV

415V

240V


Typical Outdoor Substation

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General (continued) Highlights of Peninsular Grid System:

Total number of customer: 6,253,239 (Aug ‘05)

Maximum demand: 15,826 MW (Jun‘12)

Maximum generation capacity: 21,749 MW (Jun ‘12)

Types of power generation (% by capacity): 29% thermal, 61% CCGT & OCGT, 10% hydro (Aug ‘06)

Types of power generation (% by capacity): 33% thermal, 58% CCGT & OCGT, 9% hydro (Jun ‘12)

Type of primary fuel: Natural gas, coal, hydro, oil* and distillate*

System voltage: 500kV, 275kV, 132kV\ (* standby and back-up fuel stock)

CCGT =Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

OCGT =Open Cycle Gas Turbine


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Status Sistem 2006 (sepintas lalu) (Sambungan)

Jumlah circuit-km talian pengantaran

500kV

275kV

132kV

890 cct-km

6,730 cct-km

10,436 cct-km

Jumlah circuit-km kabel (275kV & 132kV)

Jumlah 735 cct-km

Bilangan alatubah 500kV

275kV

132kV

7

129

864



General (continued)

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Complications/Challenges No ideal voltage sources exist.

Loads are seldom constant and are typically not entirely resistive.

Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance and flow limitations

Power system is subject to disturbances, such as faults, lightning strikes.

Simple system has no redundancy so power system will not work if any component fails

Engineering tradeoffs between reliability and cost.


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1

518

1035

1552

2069

2586

3103

3620

4137

4654

5171

5688

6205

6722

7239

7756

8273

Hour of Year

MW

Lo

ad

Daily curve

Yearly curve

End of Lecture 1


l1-bekg2433-power_system.pdf

Documents

power system protection

power system examples

electrical power

power units

integration of power

complex system

power engineering past

energy energy