6205 Environmental Technologies i B ildiin Buildings

Christoph Reinhart

Rules of ThumbEnergy ConsiderationsEnergy Considerations

GSD 6205 – Daylighting Rules of Thumb

MISCQuestions for Assignment 4?New Excel File Version 2.1

Common Mistakes in Assignment 31- Some of you calculated the sum of the U-value directly.. instead of Sum of R's and then Rtotal=1/U to get U-value.

2- some of you did not realize that the U-value 6.1 w/m2K for glazing was per unit area and multiplied it by the glazing thickness (huge impact on the whole building UA calculations).

3- Some of you did not multiply the UA by the Areas.. meaning you added up the individual U values but never multiplied them with their area to get W/K.

4- Some of you forgot to consider Inside and outside are layers resistance.

5 Many did not calculate the R correctly by calculating 10% R + 90%5- Many did not calculate the Rwall correctly, by calculating 10% Rstuds + 90% Rairgap. A few students also made the wrong assumption of 10% wall studs, 60% wall air gap and 30% wall glazed.. when the 10% of 70% is not the same that 10% of the whole wall of coursethat 10% of the whole wall of course. 6- Some of you added the temperature increment to the outside temperature.

Input by Diego Ibarra and Sydney Mainster

Excel File version 2.1Refined energy balances from monthly to daily.

Monthly balances. Daily balances.

Review - Measures of Success for DaylightDaylight

Comfortable work spaces

Healthy Environments

EstheticsEsthetics

Energy-Efficiency

Costs

Your own …

Review - Daylight Factor Definitiony gDF = (E point/E outside horizontal) * 100%

The DF is only defined under overcast skies!y

Review - Combine Daylight Factor with Static ShadingStatic Shading

optimized for static shading devicelouvers, lightshelves etc. ⟨

Resulting building design form is improved from an energy t d i tstandpoint.

Review - Climate-based Daylight Performance MetricsPerformance Metrics

DDS result in thousands of data points for each sensor.

The task at hand is to reduce the data without diminishingits value for building design.

Points for discussion:• time base• lighting requirements• movable shading devices

Scale Models

St ti S & M i E thHeliodon

Stationary Sun & Moving EarthManual Motorized Multiple Sources

P ifi E C tPacific Energy Center UW-Daylighting Lab UI-Integrated Design Lab High Precision Devices

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Artificial Sky

Hemispherical Sky Mirrored-Box Sky

Bartenbach Licthlabor UW-Daylighting Lab

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Artificial Sky – Daylight Factor Analysis I

14.00-15.0013.00-14.0013.00 14.0012.00-13.0011.00-12.0010.00-11.009.00-10.008 00-9 008.00 9.007.00-8.006.00-7.005.00-6.004.00-5.003 00-4 003.00-4.002.00-3.001.00-2.000.00-1.00

Ada County Weed and Pest Abatement - Meridian, ID (LCA Architects)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Artificial Sky – Daylight Factor Analysis II

Revision

Ada County Weed and Pest Abatement - Meridian, ID (LCA Architects)

Baselineslide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Artificial Sky – Visual Analysis

Overcast Sky Simulation

Learning CenterBaseline: no skylights

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club - Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)Daylighting Analysis: Integrated Design Lab Puget Sound University of Washington Department of Architecture

Artificial Sky – Visual Analysis

Overcast Sky SimulationTwo slots: one in stairwell

Learning Center

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club - Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)Daylighting Analysis: Integrated Design Lab Puget Sound University of Washington Department of Architecture

Artificial Sky – Visual Analysis

Overcast Sky SimulationTwo slots: both in Learning Center

Learning Center

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club - Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)Daylighting Analysis: Integrated Design Lab Puget Sound University of Washington Department of Architecture

Artificial Sky – Visual Analysis

Overcast Sky SimulationThree Slots

Learning Center

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club - Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)Daylighting Analysis: Integrated Design Lab Puget Sound University of Washington Department of Architecture

Artificial Sky – Visual Analysis

Overcast Sky SimulationRectangle

Learning Center

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club - Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)Daylighting Analysis: Integrated Design Lab Puget Sound University of Washington Department of Architecture

Artificial Sky – Visual Analysis

Overcast Sky SimulationTwo squares

Learning Center

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club - Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)Daylighting Analysis: Integrated Design Lab Puget Sound University of Washington Department of Architecture

Artificial Sky – Visual Analysis

Overcast Sky Simulation6’x16’ and Stairwell Skylights

Learning Center

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club - Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)

slide courtesy of Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg

Architecture: Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club Seattle, WA (Weinstein A I U)Daylighting Analysis: Integrated Design Lab Puget Sound University of Washington Department of Architecture

DiscussionI feel that we do not have enough physical analysis of scale models

Discussion

at the GSD.

Costs of simulations vs. physical models. Comparable if the infrastructure already existsinfrastructure already exists.

Different tools for different objectives: Physical models shine when it comes to complicated materials with ‘imperfections’.

Simulations can look at all sky conditions of the year.

Course OutlineFr Jan 30 L01 Introduction to Course

Site AnalysisSite AnalysisWe Feb 4 L02 Measuring ClimateFr Feb 6 L03 Site Consideration

Site Heat FlowWe Feb 11 L04 Heat Storage & Thermal MassWe Feb 11 L04 Heat Storage & Thermal MassFr Feb 13 L05 Heat Flow I - Conduction & ConvectionWe Feb 18 L06 Heat Flow II – Radiation & WindowsFr Feb 20 L07 Internal Gains & InfiltrationWe Feb 25 L08 Load Calculations I (spreadsheet)Fr Feb 27 L09 Load Calculations II (simulation)

LightWe Mar 4 L10 Studio Project & ShadingFr Mar 6 L11 Sunlight & Solar GainsWe Mar 11 L12 Daylighting DesignWe Mar 11 L12 Daylighting DesignFr Mar 13 L13 Daylighting Design Principles (Rules of Thumb)We Mar 18 L14 Daylight SimulationsFr Mar 20 L15 Electric Lighting

AcousticsAcousticsWe Apr 1 L16 Room AcousticsFr Apr 3 L17 Noise ReductionWe Apr 8 L18 Acoustics Overview (John Bradley TBC)

Space Conditioning/MiscFr Apr 10 L19 Natural VentilationWe Apr 15 L20 Post Occupancy Evaluation (Gail Brager)Fr Apr 17 L22 Life Cycle AssessmentWe Apr 22 L21 HVAC Systems I (Forced Air & Hydronic Systems, Heat Pumps, Pellet Stoves)Fr Apr 24 L23 Writing Architectural SpecificationsFr Apr 24 L23 Writing Architectural Specifications

Field TripsWe Apr 29 L24 Tour MacAllen & Artists for HumanityFr May 1 L25 Autodesk AEC Headquarters

Rules of Thumb

Rules of ThumbRules of Thumb

D fi iti A f l i i l h i id li ti b t t i t d d tDefinition: A useful principle having wide application but not intended tobe strictly accurate or reliable in every situation (The American HeritageDictionary of the English Language, 2004).

Why rules of thumb?Why rules of thumb?

Observation that rules of thumb are primary designObservation that rules of thumb are primary design

tool used in practice. But, rules are not standardized.

Window-Head-height to Daylit Zone Depth

o mantra in sustainable design go sole quantitative justification for room proportions/façadeo an empirical rule (!)

Results

Frequency distribution of predicted daylit zone depthsFrequency distribution of predicted daylit zone depths

‘Validated’ window-head-height rule of thumbValidated window-head-height rule of thumb

In a sidelit space with a standard window and venetian blinds, the depth of the daylit area usually lies between 1.5 and 2 times the window-head-height.

If a space does not require the use of a shading device the ratio range can increase up to 2.5.ratio range can increase up to 2.5.

Design Sequence

Literature Review and simulation analysis of rules of thumb.

Desire to combine rules into a design sequence

Typical Spaces

A total of 2304 spaces.

More Rules of Thumb… Preferred façade orientations for daylighting: South and North.

Desirable reflectances to have a well daylit environment : ceiling > 80%, walls > 50-70%, floor > 20-40%, furniture > 25-45% (avoiding specular surface finishes) 25 45% (avoiding specular surface finishes)

If daylighting with skylights, the openings must constitute at least 5% of the ceiling area

More Rules of Thumb… Saving from an occupancy sensor ‘usually’ 25% but may be up to 50% (BC Hydro study).

Electric lighting saving from a photocell controlled dimmer around 60-80% near the façade (if system is commissioned around 60 80% near the façade (if system is commissioned adequately).

Questions?L05 Conduction & ConvectionL05 - Conduction & Convection