LECTURE L16A WORLD WIDE NETWORK

A Brief History of the Internet1969-1995 Computer Networking Simple net run by pioneers 1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth Enter the ISPs and the public 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit New applications and digital media 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network The New Internet emerges 2010-2015 The App Internet Smartphone takes over the Internet 2015-2020 ? Then what?

“The Internet works because a lot of people cooperate to do things together”

- Jon Postel

1969-1995 Computer Networking

Computer Networking

Defense Strategic reasons during the Cold WarAny computer could be reached, and if one goes down, the others still work

Efforts on connecting computers started earlyTwo principal groups: Defense and Academia

Academia Economic reasonsMainframes are expensive and could be justified only by the collective needs of many departments

ARPANET

▪ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) – Founded in 1958 – Attributed by the Russian

Sputnik satellite – Renamed to DARPA

▪ Two main objectives – Computers had to talk to each

other to share information – Links had to be robust

The Soviet Union lunched Sputnik 1 on October 4th 1954

The Science, the Endless Frontier

Vannevar Bush, MIT Professor and analog computer pioneer

Oversaw the Manhattan Project

Had influence on US president Franklin Roosevelt to form research institutions

Triangular relationship: Government, Industry and Academia

J.C.R. Licklighter

Pioneered decentralized networks and human-computer interfaces

Founding director of the military office that funded ARPANET

Published paper in 1960: “Man-Computer Symbiosis”

“The hope is that in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly”

ArpanetWork started in 1967Packet switchingOpen Architecture

Packet SwitchingThe phone network is circuit switchedYou get a “line” all by yourself

The proposed structure of the Internetwas packet switch

TCP/IPCommunication protocolWritten by Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf

InternetSimple, no securityBase on kindness and trust

197946 military sites

16 academic campus sites

Network LayersApplication Layer is for specific application

Transport Layer is for reliable communication

Network Layer is for routing packages

Packet Switched

Source:Whatisapacket?

Example: Email messageThe e-mail is about 3,500 bits (3.5 kilobits) in sizeThe network you send it over uses fixed-length packets of 1,024 bits (1 kilobit)The header of each packet is 96 bits long and the trailer is 32 bits long, leaving 896 bits for the payload To break the 3,500 bits of message into packets, you will need four packets divide 3,500 by 896)Three packets will contain 896 bits of payload and the fourth will have 812 bits

Source:Whatisapacket?

WHAT WAS THE KILLER APP OF THE EARLY INTERNET?

Q1

FTP - File Transfer ProtocolTelnetEmailUsenet

Source:Internetprotocolsuite

HOW DO YOU WIRE ALL THESE MACHINES TOGETHER?

Q2

Connecting Computers

Source:Modem

The phone system was already there

However it was analog but the network was digital

Modem - modulate and demodulate A device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information

The Early Internet Community

The Internet is a simple peer to peer network Designed to be simple rather than secure

The Internet became a community Most users where highly educated scientists Respect for others – spam nearly nonexistent Antisocial behaviour was rare

Netiquette How to behave on the net Violators are removed from the network

“On the Internet,nobody knows you're a dog.”

- Peter Steiner cartoon in The New Yorker

1995-2000 Commercialisation and growth

The value of a network equals approximately the square of

the number of users of the system (n2)

Metcalfe’s Law

Everything will be connected

There is only one network

Metcalfe’s Law

Internet Growth

Google

Facebook

WHO HELPED THE INTERNET BECOMEWIDESPREAD?

Q3

Maybe these gentlemen had something to do with it… inadvertently

Enter WinSock

In the early 1990 the most popular operating systems were Windows and DOS

Designed for Personal Computers

Network support was later added LANs – NetBIOS

WinSock – Windows Sockets Microsoft had completely ignored TCP/IP Due to demand from IT companies, efforts started in 1991 WinSock 1.0 became available in 1992 It was an API to use sockets to access TCP/IP

Trumpet WinSock

Created by Peter Tattam in Tasmania, Austalia

World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee started his efforts on information sharing in the 1980s Working for CERN, he proposed the creation of non-hierarchical hypertext based systemThe system was to be based on the established TCP/IP protocols

World Wide WebDue to lack of support he started work on his ideas himself

Using a NeXT computer he set out to create a program for building, browsing and editing hypertext pages

HypertextTo move from one document to another

Resource identifiers – URL To locate a particular resource (computer, document or other resource) on the network

Client-server model of computing – HTTPClient software requests of server software resources such as data or files

Markup language – HTMLTags embedded in text indicate to a computer how to print or display the text, e.g. as in italics or bold type

The Basic Idea of WWW

The WWW has not the only idea for a distributed hyperlink system

GopherCreated at the University of Minnesota A distributed document search and retrieval systemHierarchical menu structureReleased in 1991Became very popular

Gopher

WHY DID THE WWW WIN?

Q5

Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?

This design was simple Simple syntaxUniform URL to any resource using any protocolsNo security, not authentication, no tracking

HTTP Simple protocol – GET, POST

HTML Not an advanced markup – enough to display text in different sizes

Did not try to solve the problem of back-links Avoided a huge problemAnd created an huge opportunity for others to solve it

Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?

WWW was FREE No licence fee - free to use

Gopher failed More rigid systemTree structure – not free formatInitially free, then UoM decided to licence it

Without browsers, the Web would not take offAnd without content, no one would create browsers

MosaicNCSA developed Mosaic Web BrowserDeveloped by Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina

The Internet became synonymous with “mosaic”

First Browsers

First Browsers

First Browsers

Internet Service Providers – ISPThe business of connecting the public to the InternetMany new companies entered this marketAOL became a giant Lot of small ISP using Trumpet WinSock

New services Domain name registration and hostingDial-up access, Leased line accessWeb Design, Email services

Laying the TracksCompanies like Cisco Systems

New Business Emerges

Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark formed Mosaic Communication Corporation 1994

Few months later renamed to NetscapeNetscape became the Internet leader

IPO in 1995 raised $140 millionThe decline came just as fastDid not establish sound business modelsnor build an infrastructure

Went head-on into competition with MicrosoftLater bought by AOL

Netscape

PHONE COMPANIESCOMPLETELY IGNORED THE INTERNET

LEFT THE SPACE OPEN FOR NEW COMPANIES

PHONE COMPANIESCOMPLETELY IGNORED THE INTERNET

Have we seen this before?

Mainframe companies ignore the minicomputers Minicomputers ignore the PC 8 inch floppy drive companies ignored the 5,25 inch which ignored the 3,5 inch Western Union ignored the telephone The American car companies ignored the cheap Toyota Corolla Kodak ignored the digital camera

“But none of our customers is asking for this low end cheap…”

“...anInternetbrowserisaverytrivialpieceofsoftware.Thereareatleast30companiesthathavewrittenvery

credibleInternetbrowsers,sothat’snothing...”-BillGates

The Arrogance of the Present

The telephone business and software giants initially ignored the Internet

Their focus was on voice or softwareInternet traffic was using the phone linesClassic example of the RPV theory

Left the field open for new companies

Seeing the success they entered the marketToday most ISPs are phone companies

Enter the Giants

Microsoft Came late to the InternetBill Gates wrote The Road Ahead Were trying to establish a proprietary “Information Superhighway”

Microsoft NetworkMSN was releasedin 1995 with Windows 95

Enter the Giants

INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

Winner takes all market

One network will rule them all

Metcalfe told us so

Internet

TCP/IP

WHY DIDTHE INTERNETWIN?

Q6

PersonalComputer

The PC is generative

It can run any code - from anybody

No one controls it, no permission

Jonathan ZittrainThe Future of the Internet and how to stop it

The Generative Pattern

Innovation happens at the edges

Permissionless Innovation

Lessons: Internet

▪ The Internet works because of the simplicity– Dumb routing– No security– Anonymity▪ The core of the network is always the same– Innovation is at the edges– No need to upgrade the core when new protocols are

invented

Lessons: Internet

▪ Network infrastructure companies like the telecoms ignored the internet– Did not see any business in consumer connections– RVP theory explains this: their customer were

companies▪ Software vendors like Microsoft ignored the

Internet– Saw no revenue model▪ Left the field open for the Yahoos, Googles etc.

David Bowie in 1999

“Doing research on the Web is like using a library assembled piecemeal by pack rats and vandalized nightly”

- Roger Ebert (attributed)

2000-2005 Stretching the Limit

Rise of P2PPeer-to-peer Networks

Relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the networkPeers act as both clients and serversNo central server

Legal controversy

Digitalization of Content

Netflix represents 32.7% of North America´s peak Web traffic

Stretching the LimitsThe Internet has scaled up to 2+ billion users

Tweaked over the yearsDesigned to be simpleInnovation only happens at the edges

The end-to-end principleHas prevented innovations at its core

Testing the Limits

Visionaries only partially saw the future

The net was designed to be simple peer to peer network

Things like security and social responsibility were not a main concern

Problems with the Internet

Limited IP numbersDumb routing – content unawareSpam, Viruses and DoS attacksIllegal distribution of contentAntisocial behaviour Lack of securityNot possible to update theInternet protocols

“If a planet-wide network were built on Mars, what would it look like?”

- Reinventing the Internet (Economist)

2005-2010 Reinventing the Network

The Internet Infrastructure

Several efforts for reinventing the InternetGENI – Global Environment for Networking InnovationsFIND – Future Internet DesignInternet2PlanetLab

ChallengeHow can we replace the current Internet infrastructure?How can we run multiple protocols at the same time?

Content Delivery Network

Source: Akamai

“Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform,

and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform.” - Tim O'Reilly

Web 2.0

....for seizing the reins of the global media, for founding and framing the new digital democracy, for working for nothing and beating the pros at their own game, TIME's Person of the Year for 2006 is

you

Readmore:http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1569514,00.html#ixzz1FjqlB9yO

Two Waves of Products Development

In the first wave the product is restricted by the

prevailing technology, but in the second, there is

something new

Web 2.0

New web developments Popularized by O’Reilly and othersRefers to a new phase in architecture and applicationdevelopment of webapplicationsBuzzword that is not easy to define

TrendDesktop Application and Web Application will become the same

The Community

The smartest people in the room is everybody

The Hype Cycle

“Web 2.0”

The Brief History of the Internet

▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking – Simple net run by pioneers▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and Growth – Enter the ISPs and the public▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit – New applications and digital media▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network – New business models▪ 2010-2015 The App Internet – The Smartphone Takes over

“Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform,

and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform.” - Tim O'Reilly

The App Internet

Source: Mary Meeker’s Internet Trend Presentation (http://www.slideshare.net/AndreBastos3/internet-trends-mary-meeker?qid=4a887629-047d-4084-abec-bafd0c1a7a63&v=default&b=&from_search=2)

Applications are small and pieced together

The App Internet

The smartphone app takes over the internet

More Internet traffic from smartphones than PCs

Data is in the cloud

Run on any device

Local

The Brief History of the Internet

▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking – Simple net run by pioneers▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and Growth – Enter the ISPs and the public▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit – New applications and digital media▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network – New business models▪ 2010-2015 The App Internet – The Smartphone Takes over▪ 2015-2020 ?

A Brief History of the Internet

2015-2020 The Smart Internet AI, IoT and Blockchain

2015-2020 The Smart Internet

Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency introduced in 2008

Invented by an unidentified programmer, Satoshi Nakamoto.[15]

The number of bitcons is fixed.

Uses strong cryptography

BlockchainA database used by bitcoin - an open ledger

Instead of storing information in a private secure, centralised database, with restricted access…

Store everything openly and use strong cryptography that is verifiable by everyone

hash hash hash hash hash

BlockchainSolves the problem of transactions of two parties that don’t trust each other

A wants to sell something to B, but neither A or B know eachother or trust each other

Blockchain

Uncertainty

Authority and violence Rules and institutions

Blockchain

IdentityMangement

AssetTracking

Renegingon Deals

Uncertainty

INTERNETOF

THINGS

Trends

Mobile phones are connecting to the InternetSensors will be connected – Internet of Things New media content is emergingAll content will be digital

Internet of things is estimated to be worth $309 billion by 2020

We are just starting this revolution…

Visions of the Future

NextL17 The Internet of Things