l2 mineral and batuan
TRANSCRIPT
What are they? Its uses? How are they formed?How are they important?
Can you list rocks and minerals that you Can you list rocks and minerals that you knowknow
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MINERALMINERAL
What is mineral?What is mineral? How does it formed?How does it formed? What are their importance?What are their importance? What kinds of information can you What kinds of information can you
obtain from observations of rocks and obtain from observations of rocks and minerals? minerals?
(Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with ordered arrangement of atoms (Mason, 1979)
Ex: gold, silver, copper, salt, lead, limestones, marble, tin, titanium, and etc…
In the definition of minerals, there are three adjectives that need clarification:
1. inorganic (vs organic)2. Natural (vs synthetic)3. with ordered arrangement of
atoms (vs noncrystalline
inorganicinorganic
Does not contain carbon or life Does not contain carbon or life
(except: petroleum, gas, (except: petroleum, gas, graphite, diamond)graphite, diamond)
Naturally occurringNaturally occurring
Natural not as a result of Natural not as a result of manmade or syntheticmanmade or synthetic
ex: synthetic diamond, ex: synthetic diamond, synthetic gemstones, silikon synthetic gemstones, silikon
wafer SiOwafer SiO22
with ordered arrangement of atoms
CrystallineCrystalline
ex: salt NaCl, AgCl, ex: salt NaCl, AgCl, CaS0CaS044.2H.2H2200
Noncrystalline mineral such Noncrystalline mineral such as glass, obsidianas glass, obsidian
mineral groupsmineral groups
1.1. native elementsnative elements2.2. Sulphides dan sulphosaltSulphides dan sulphosalt3.3. Oxsides dan hydroxsideOxsides dan hydroxside4.4. HalidesHalides5.5. carbonates, nitrates, boratescarbonates, nitrates, borates6.6. Sulphates, chromates, molybdates, Sulphates, chromates, molybdates,
tungstatestungstates7.7. Phosphate, arsenates, vanadatesPhosphate, arsenates, vanadates8.8. SilicatesSilicates
1. native elements1. native elements
Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd, Pt-Iridium, Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd, Pt-Iridium, Fe, Fe-Ni, As, Sb, Bi, Fe, Fe-Ni, As, Sb, Bi,
S,C(diamonds), C (graphite)S,C(diamonds), C (graphite)
Its uses in industies and our lives
2. Sulphides dan sulphosalt2. Sulphides dan sulphosalt
AgS AgS argentiteargentite CuCu22SS chalcositechalcosite CuCu55FeSFeS44 bornitebornite PbSPbS galenagalena ZnSZnS sphaleritesphalerite CuFeSCuFeS44 chalcopyritechalcopyrite NiSNiS CuSCuS
2. 2. Sulphides dan sulphosaltSulphides dan sulphosalt
HgSHgS cinabarcinabar AsSAsS realgarrealgar FeSFeS pyritepyrite MoSMoS22
molybdenitemolybdenite
3. OXSIDES DAN HYDROXSIDES3. OXSIDES DAN HYDROXSIDES
CuOCuO cupritecuprite
TiOTiO22 RutileRutile
MgOMgO magnesitemagnesite
SnOSnO22 CassiteriteCassiterite
MgAlMgAl22OO44 spinelspinel
MnOMnO22 (pyrolusite(pyrolusite))
BeAlBeAl22OO44 cryrisoberillecryrisoberille
AlAl22OO33 corundumcorundum
FeOFeO ghoethiteghoethite
FeFe22OO33, , haematitehaematite
FeFe33OO44 magnetitemagnetite
HYDROXSIDESHYDROXSIDES
BruciteBrucite Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22
GibbsiteGibbsite Al(OH)Al(OH)33
BoehmiteBoehmite AlO(OH)AlO(OH)
ManganiteManganite MnO(OH)MnO(OH)
DiasporaDiaspora AlO(OH)AlO(OH)
GoethiteGoethite FeO(OH)FeO(OH)
4. HALIDES4. HALIDES
HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl FluoriteFluorite CaFCaF22
CarnaliteCarnalite KMgClKMgCl33.6H.6H22OO CryoliteCryolite NaNa33AlFAlF6 6 (ditemui (ditemui
secara secara tabiitabii hanya di hanya di Greenland)Greenland)
NaCl (salt)NaCl (salt)
5. CARBONATES, NITRATES, 5. CARBONATES, NITRATES, BORATESBORATES
CaCOCaCO33 LIMESTONELIMESTONE CaFe(COCaFe(CO33))22
BaCOBaCO33 MgCOMgCO33
FeCOFeCO33
MnCOMnCO33 RhodochrositeRhodochrosite ZnCOZnCO33 SmithsoniteSmithsonite SrCOSrCO33 StrontianiteStrontianite
6. 6. Sulphates, chromates, Sulphates, chromates, molybdates, tungstatesmolybdates, tungstates
BaSOBaSO44 baritebarite CaSOCaSO44 anhydriteanhydrite CaSOCaSO44.2H.2H2200 gypsumgypsum KFeKFe33(SO(SO44) ) 22(OH)(OH)66 javositejavosite PbCrOPbCrO44 CrokoiteCrokoite (Fe, Mn)WO(Fe, Mn)WO44 wolframitewolframite CaWOCaWO44 scheelitescheelite PbMoOPbMoO44 wulfenitewulfenite
7. 7. Phosphate, arsenates, Phosphate, arsenates, vanadatesvanadates
XenotimeXenotime YPO4YPO4 MonaziteMonazite (Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO(Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO44
ApatiteApatite CaCa55(PO(PO44))33(F, Cl, OH)(F, Cl, OH) CarnotiteCarnotite KK22(UO(UO22) ) 22(VO(VO440022).3H).3H22OO AutiniteAutinite Ca(UOCa(UO22) ) 22(PO(PO44) ) 22.10-12H.10-12H22OO
Questions?Questions? Are minerals found everywhere in the Are minerals found everywhere in the
world? world? Are they distributed evenly?Are they distributed evenly? Are their concentrations the same or Are their concentrations the same or
different?different? Are the metals easy to be obtained? Are the metals easy to be obtained? What are their impacts on environments What are their impacts on environments
Can they be avoided? Can they be avoided? Do minerals have any economic/political Do minerals have any economic/political
power?power? How their supplies can be assured in the How their supplies can be assured in the
future? How sure are we? future? How sure are we?
8.
Rock forming minerals
(silicate => rock forming minerals)
Mineral silicate (Mineral Pembentuk Batuan)Mineral silicate (Mineral Pembentuk Batuan)
1.1. Nesosilicate (isolated tetrahedron) 1:2Nesosilicate (isolated tetrahedron) 1:2
2.2. Sorosilicate (isolated, double Sorosilicate (isolated, double tetrahedron) 2:7tetrahedron) 2:7
3.3. Cyclosilicate (ring of tetrahedron) 1:3Cyclosilicate (ring of tetrahedron) 1:3
4.4. Inosilicate (single chain) Inosilicate (single chain)
5.5. Inosilicate (double chain)Inosilicate (double chain)
6.6. Phyllosilicate (sheet)Phyllosilicate (sheet)
7.7. Tektosilicate (framework)Tektosilicate (framework)
Important to observe: Si:O ratio, chemical composition, inner structure
differencesdifferences
Si:O ratioSi:O ratio StructureStructure Chemical compositionChemical composition
(pls refer to figure on pg 338, Hurlburt)
Chemical formulaChemical formulaQuartz Quartz SiO SiO22
MicroclineMicrocline KAlSiKAlSi33OO88
OrthoclaseOrthoclase KAlSiKAlSi33OO88
Na-PlagioclaseNa-Plagioclase NaAlSiNaAlSi33OO88
Ca-PlagioclaseCa-Plagioclase CaAlSiCaAlSi33OO88
MuscoviteMuscovite KAlSi KAlSi33OO1010
BiotiteBiotite KAl(Mg-Fe)KAl(Mg-Fe)33SiSi33OO1010 (OH) (OH)22
HorneblendeHorneblende CaCa22AlAl22MgMg22FeFe33, Si, Si66O (OH)O (OH)22
AugiteAugite CaCa22(Al-Fe)(Al-Fe)44(Mg-Fe)(Mg-Fe)44SiSi66O O 2424
Batuan metamorfikBatuan metamorfik
Cation sizes
tetrahedrontetrahedronSilica tetrahedron
Sheet structure B, Sheet structure B, CC
Single Tetrahedron
Double sheetDouble sheet
Silicate rocks
Silicate material,
Olivine, pyroxene
+ Ni
Done with rocks and minerals
Physical characteristics of mineralPhysical characteristics of mineral
1.1. ColourColour
2.2. LusterLuster
3.3. FormForm
4.4. HardnessHardness
5.5. CleavageCleavage
6.6. FractureFracture
7.7. TenacityTenacity
8. Specific gravity 9. Fusibility 10. Fluorescence 11. Magnetism 12 Electrical conductivity 13. Taste 14. Touch
explanationsexplanations
1.1. Colour Colour
chlorite—greenchlorite—green
quartz-white, grey, pink or yellowquartz-white, grey, pink or yellow
sulfur-yellowsulfur-yellow
streak— colour seen on porcelain streak— colour seen on porcelain ex: ferum - brownex: ferum - brown
Lustre Lustre
metallicmetallic
Glassy/vitreous – as in quartzGlassy/vitreous – as in quartz
Resinous/greasy- opalResinous/greasy- opal
Soapy- talcSoapy- talc
Silky- asbestosSilky- asbestos
Satin spar – fibrous gypsumSatin spar – fibrous gypsum
Form Form
Acicular—needle like crystalsAcicular—needle like crystals Botryoidal – like a group of Botryoidal – like a group of
grapes (chalcedony)grapes (chalcedony) nodular/concretionarynodular/concretionary DendriticDendritic Reniform—kidney shapedReniform—kidney shaped Tabular-- micaTabular-- mica
Mohr hardness ScaleMohr hardness Scale
1.1. TalcTalc
2.2. GypsumGypsum
3.3. CalciteCalcite
4.4. FluorsparFluorspar
5.5. ApatiteApatite
6.6. OrthoclaseOrthoclase
7.7. QuartzQuartz
8.8. TopazTopaz
9.9. CorundumCorundum
10.10. DiamondDiamond
Finger nail – 2.5Steel knife –5Soft glass --7
Cleavage Cleavage
Ability for mineral to break along a Ability for mineral to break along a weaker atomic plane. The plane is weaker atomic plane. The plane is dependent on atomic arrangement in dependent on atomic arrangement in mineralsminerals
Perfect/good/distinct/imperfect ex:Perfect/good/distinct/imperfect ex:
Mika – 1, feldspar –2, calcite – 3, ZnS Mika – 1, feldspar –2, calcite – 3, ZnS -- 6 -- 6
Fracture Fracture
Refers to surface condition of a Refers to surface condition of a broken mineral broken mineral
Irregular and independent of Irregular and independent of cleavagecleavage
Ex: conchoidal fracture Ex: conchoidal fracture
Specific gravitySpecific gravity Mass/volumeMass/volume Usu. 1-20, mainly 2-7Usu. 1-20, mainly 2-7 Ex: haliteEx: halite 2.16 2.16 ClaysClays 2.5 – 2.82.5 – 2.8 QuartzQuartz 2.652.65 HematiteHematite 4.724.72 MagnetiteMagnetite 5.25.2 TinTin 6.96.9 goldgold ???? Normal rocks?Normal rocks?
Other Other characteristicscharacteristics
Other Other characteristicscharacteristics
PiezoelectricPiezoelectric PiezomagnetPiezomagnet InsulatorsInsulators FluorescenceFluorescence
What make some minerals special than others?
Electronic configuration!
Know or don’t know?
The secret lies with
RocksRocks
aggregate of minerals, ie, made up aggregate of minerals, ie, made up of one or more mineralsof one or more minerals
ex: salt, phosphate, limestones, ex: salt, phosphate, limestones, granites , marble, coalgranites , marble, coal
Silicate rocks
Silicate material,
Olivine, pyroxene
+ Ni
Rock typesRock types
Three types:Three types:
1.1. Igneous rx- formed a a result of Igneous rx- formed a a result of solidification of magmasolidification of magma
2.2. Sedimentary rx- formed as a result of Sedimentary rx- formed as a result of accumulation of sediment (weathering, accumulation of sediment (weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation)erosion, transportation, sedimentation)
3.3. Metamorphic rx – formed as a result of Metamorphic rx – formed as a result of change in temperature and pressurechange in temperature and pressure
Rock classificationRock classification
Very importantVery important Will be shown later when discuss Will be shown later when discuss
each one of themeach one of them
Uses of minerals and rocksUses of minerals and rocks
1.1. Metals - gold, silver, tin, iron, Pb, Cu, Metals - gold, silver, tin, iron, Pb, Cu, ZnZn
2.2. Nonmetals– clays, coal, Nonmetals– clays, coal, petroleum petroleum dan natural gas, gemstones, dan natural gas, gemstones,
3.3. industrial minerals– sands,, all kinds of industrial minerals– sands,, all kinds of rocks (granites, rocks (granites, marble, limestones, marble, limestones, sandstones, sandstones, salts, salts, slates, micaslates, mica
Why do we mine rocks and minerals? Why do we mine rocks and minerals?
ProfitsProfits Source of income to nations Source of income to nations For safety (military and For safety (military and
nonmilitary)nonmilitary) Wellbeing of all human kinds Wellbeing of all human kinds etcetc
Uses of rocks and mineralsUses of rocks and minerals
1.1. Based on physical, chemical, optical, Based on physical, chemical, optical, magnetic, elektrical (buld or specific)magnetic, elektrical (buld or specific)
Ex: physical and chemical Ex: physical and chemical
granites, limestones, shales, marble, granites, limestones, shales, marble, sandssands
conductors and insulators: conductors and insulators: mica, iron mica, iron besi or other metals, graphite,besi or other metals, graphite,
Magnetic: magnetite FeMagnetic: magnetite Fe33OO44
2. Internal characteristics determine outer shapes and uses Ex: gemstones - to look grand (aesthetic value &
investment)emerald, jade, quartz, garnetcubic - diamond, pyrite FeS2
clays – paper making, animal feedstocks baja, proses penulenan (kelapa sawit)semikonduktor – industri saduran - emas, timah, silvergrafit - pensil/pentel? Sistem hablur: grafitada lagi? Kekerasan - batu pengasah/pemotong
next lecture next lecture igneous rocks igneous rocks
Original minerals (Chemical Original minerals (Chemical formula)formula)
QuartzQuartz SiOSiO22
MicroclineMicrocline KAlSiKAlSi33OO88
OrthoclaseOrthoclase KAlSiKAlSi33OO88
Na-PlagioclaseNa-Plagioclase NaAlSiNaAlSi33OO88
Ca-PlagioclaseCa-Plagioclase CaAlSiCaAlSi33OO88
MuscoviteMuscovite KAlSiKAlSi33OO1010
BiotiteBiotite KAl(Mg-Fe)KAl(Mg-Fe)33SiSi33OO1010 (OH) (OH)22
HorneblendeHorneblende CaCa22AlAl22MgMg22FeFe33, Si, Si66O (OH)O (OH)22
AugiteAugite CaCa22(Al-Fe)(Al-Fe)44(Mg-Fe)(Mg-Fe)44SiSi66O O 2424
Secondary minerals (Secondary minerals (chemical chemical formula)formula)
CalciteCalcite CaCoCaCo33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg(COCaMg(CO33))2 2
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44-2H-2H2200 ApatiteApatite CaCa55(PO(PO44))33 - (Cl, F) - (Cl, F) LimoniteLimonite FeFe22-O-O33-3H-3H220 0 HematiteHematite FeFe22OO33
GibbsiteGibbsite AlAl22-O-O33-3H-3H22OO Clay MineralsClay Minerals Al silicatesAl silicates