Scarborough Sixth Form College

GL2: Investigative Geology

Practical Workbook and Geological Map

Name: ______________________________

You will have a practical examination but you will be asked in the GL1 paper to use the skills and knowledge you gain from practical lessons to answer the data response questions.

You need to know how to: identify and describe minerals identify and describe igneous rocks in hand specimen and thin section identify igneous structures and textures from photographs and maps identify and describe sedimentary rocks in hand specimen and thin section identify and explain the formation of sedimentary structures from

photographs and diagrams identify and describe metamorphic rocks in hand specimen and thin section

TOPIC CHECK

TopicUnderstanding

Confident UnsureDiagnostic Properties of mineralsMineral identification and descriptionClassification of rocksIgneous rock descriptionsIgneous texturesSedimentary rock descriptionsSedimentary texturesSedimentary structuresMetamorphic rock descriptionsMetamorphic textures

Practical Booklet 2010-2011 2

Rocks and Minerals – tick the boxes when you are confident that you can identify them

Minerals quartz

calcite

plagioclase feldspar

orthoclase feldspar

augite

hornblende

olivine

biotite mica

muscovite mica

haematite

galena

pyrite

chalcopyrite

fluorite

barite

halite

gypsum

chiastolite/andalusite

garnet

chlorite

Igneous Rocks granite

gabbro

dolerite

basalt

peridotite

Sedimentary Rocks oolitic limestone

shelly limestone

chalk

arkose sandstone

orthoquartzite sandstone

greywacke sandstone

shale

conglomerate

breccia

Metamorphic Rocks slate

spotted rock

schist

gneiss

marble

hornfels

metaquartzite

Practical Booklet 2010-2011 3

Syllabus Content diagnostic properties of minerals: form, habit, twinning, cleavage, fracture, hardness,

density, streak, lustre, colour, degree of transparency, reaction with cold dilute (0.5M) hydrochloric acid.

recognition, using appropriate tests, of the rock-forming minerals from their diagnostic properties

Good mineral data: http://mineral.galleries.com http://www.minerals.net/mineral

LustreMetallic = like metalSubmetallic = imperfect metallic lustreAdamantine = diamond-likeResinous = resin-like, usually common in yellow and brown mineralsVitreous = like broken glass, most commonGreasy = feels greasy but can still look vitreousPearly = like pearls or oil reflecting light Silky = like embroidery silksEarthy = matt or no shine

Cleavage and FractureCleavage – breaks in a regular pattern; perfect, good or poor, indistinctFracture – breaks irregularly; conchoidal

HardnessMohs’ Hardness Scale

Hardness

Mineral Mnemonic

1 Talc To 2 Gypsum get3 calcite candy4 fluorite from5 apatite aunt6 Feldspar fanny7 Quartz quit8 Topaz teasing9 Corundum cousin10 Diamond danny

Fingernail – 2.5Copper coin - 3Steel pocket knife – 5.5Glass – 6.0

Mineral Exam Style Questions

1. Specimen B is of the main mineral in Rock Unit B.

Study Specimen B and the Mineral Data Sheet.Suggest, giving two reasons, a name for this mineral.

[3]

Reason 1: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Reason 2: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Mineral Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Specimen A contains feldspar, quartz and mica.Table 1, below, specifies two mineral pairs. For each pair, describe and carry out, using only the equipment specified by the supervisor, a simple test/observation which will allow you to distinguish between the two minerals. You must choose a different test/observation for each pair.Complete Table 1 by:

(1) stating the physical property to be tested/observed;(2) briefly describing each test/observation;(3) recording the result of each test/observation. [6]

feldspar and mica

1) property tested/observed

2) description of each test/observation

3) result of test/observation

feldspar and quartz

1) property tested/observed

2) description of each test/observation

3) result of test/observation

3. Specimen J is a mineral collected from a vein at Locality I on Map 1. Mineral veins are formed when hot solutions precipitate out in rock fractures.(i) Table 1 gives suggested results of tests or observations for named properties of Specimen J. For each statement, indicate in the evaluation column whether it is true or false, giving one reason in each case. You may use any of the equipment specifiedby the supervisor.

Property and suggested result

Evaluation (true or false)

Reason

Hardness:Equivalent to 3 on Mohs Scale

Streak:Scratches streak plate

Relative Density:Equivalent to 2.6gcm-3

Fragments?Layered?Fossils?

METAMORPHICIGNEOUS

Interlocking crystals?YES NO

fine coarse

Qtz / K-feld

Yes Nogranite

gabbroperidotite

basaltandesite

‘dark’

‘light’

‘Crystalline’ texture

conglomerate

sandstone

siltstone

mudstone

Yes

limestone

Does it fizz?

Evaporates

(halite, gypsum)

No Yes

coal

foliatedslateschistgneiss

monomineralic

metaquartzite

sugary texture

marble

layered?

YES

NO

Mainly grains?

No

Syllabus Content Observation and investigation of igneous rock textures and grain sizes and shapes to

deduce the cooling history of a magma. Grain size: coarse, medium, fine; shape: euhedral, subhedral, anhedral; texture: equigranular, porphyritic, vesicular, glassy.

Identification in hand specimen of the following igneous rocks from their composition, texture and other diagnostic features: granite, gabbro, dolerite, basalt (pillow structures; columnar jointing, a’a and pahoehoe lava flow tops).

Observation and interpretation of photomicrographs of rocks as an aid to interpreting minerals and textures.

Colour: low, medium or high colour index; be specificCrystal size: fine <1mm; medium 1-2mm; coarse >2mm, Texture:

variation in crystal size – porphyritic, equigranular or glassy shape of crystals – euhedral, subhedral and anhedral; arrangement of the crystals -preferred orientation; amygdales or vesicles

Mineralogy: as far as possible, depending on grain size – use hand lens to identify

Glossaryeuhedral

subhedral

anhedral

porphyritic

equigranular

groundmass

phenocrysts

vesicular

Igneous Exam Style Questions

1) Study Specimen A which was collected at Locality I on Map 1. [2]

(i) Rocks can be igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary in origin.State two textural reasons which might indicate that Rock Unit A is igneous.Reason 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Reason 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Suggest how the texture of Specimen A may have formed. [2]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2) Consider this statement:Rock Unit A is a pluton which forced its way as a melt into cold country rock.

Table 2 contains three pieces of evidence which together can be used to confirm the above statement.Complete the table by giving:

• a brief description of each piece of evidence;• an explanation of how it is used to confirm any part of the above statement. [6]

Evidence Description Explanation

Photograph 1, on page 4 of the resource sheet was taken at Locality II on map 1

Photograph 2, on page 4 of the resource sheet was taken at Locality III on map 1

The dip of the bedding around the outcrop of Rock unit A on Map 1

3) Specimen A was collected from an exposure of Rock Unit A on Map 1. Specimen A was formed by the cooling of a mafic magma.(i) Using evidence from Specimen A only, give two reasons why the rock is described as having “the composition of a gabbro”.

[2]Reason 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Reason 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Using evidence from the texture of Specimen A only, suggest the cooling history of this rock.

[2]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4) Study Specimen B which is representative of Rock Unit B on Map 1.

Suggest, giving two reasons, a name for the rock type. [3]

Reason 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Reason 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Name of rock type ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Syllabus Content Interpretation of maps, photographs and graphic logs showing the following sedimentary

features: bedding, cross-bedding, graded bedding, desiccation features, sole structures. Identification of the following sedimentary rocks from their composition, texture and other

diagnostic features Contrasts between fluvial, marine and Aeolian sediments. Observation and interpretation of photomicrographs of rocks as an aid to interpreting

minerals and textures.

Colour: be specific has implications for mineralogy and formative environment e.g. red colour due to haematite – possible origin in arid environment, black – organic matter - anaerobic conditions

Texture: Grain size - be specific in mms or cms or words if too fine to measure. Grain shape and roundness of clasts/grains – rounded or angular Sorting – well to poorly sorted preferred orientation of clasts

Composition of clasts: quartz, feldspar, calcite, clay minerals other fragments of rock

Sedimentary structures: bedding, laminations, worm holes, cross-bedding, graded-bedding, sole structures, ripple marks, desiccation features

Fossils: types of fossils present, if any, and implications on age and formative environment.

Name of fragment Diameter Sedimentary rock Alternative nameboulder >256mm conglomerate or

brecciarudite

cobble 64-256mmpebble 4-64mmgranule or gravel 2-4mmsand 1/16mm –2mm coarse arenite

medium sandstone

finesilt 1/256 mm –1/16

mmsiltstone argillite

clay or mud <1/256 mm mudstone or shale

Glossaryclast

roundness

shape

sorting

bedding

laminations

cross bedding

graded bedding

fluvial

marine

aeolian

Sedimentary Exam Style Questions

1) Figure below, is a simplified sedimentary log representative of Rock Unit B on Map 1.

Photograph 1

Rock Unit B was deposited in tropical, shallow seas.Complete Table, below, to explain how Photograph 1, Specimen B and Figure each provide one

piece of evidence to confirm this statement. [3]

Photograph 1

Specimen B

Figure 3

2) Map 1 shows only the solid outcrop of Rock Units A - J.Surface processes such as weathering, erosion and transport can lead to the deposition of superficial deposits which lie on top of the solid outcrop.

(a) Photograph 2 on page 4 of the Resource Sheet shows detail of one such superficial deposit found in the area of Map 1. It is thought that:

“this deposit was formed by fluvial rather than aeolian processes”.

Complete Table 3, below, by evaluating this statement with reference to the sorting, shape and size of the clasts forming the deposit.

Evaluation

Sorting

Shape

Size

Photograph 3 is a clast from the superficial deposit shown in Photograph 2. It was weathered from Rock Unit C on Map 1.

(i) Rocks can be igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary in origin. Suggest, giving tworeasons from Photograph 3, why Rock Unit C is metamorphic.

[2]

Reason 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Reason 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(ii) Name the rock type represented by Rock Unit C. [1]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) State the type of weathering which is most likely to have released the clast shown in Photograph 3 from Rock Unit C.

[1]……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) Describe one piece of evidence which suggests that Mineral K on Photograph 3 resists erosion during transport. Explain your answer with reference to the data sheet.

[3]Evidence ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Explanation ..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3) Photographs 1 – 4, on page 4 of the Resource Sheet, are representative of Rock Unit D on Map 1.Figure 1 is a simplified sedimentary log representative of Rock Unit D.

(a) (i) Complete Table 2 below to compare the size and shape of the clasts/grains labelled K (Photograph 1) and L (Photograph 2) and the sorting shown by Photographs 1 and 2.

[6]

(ii) Suggest a name for the rock type shown in Photograph 1[1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) (i) Complete Table 3 by:• naming the main geological feature shown on each of the Photographs 3 and 4;• briefly describing the formation of each feature. [4]

Name of geological feature Formation

Photograph 3

Photograph 4

(ii) Describe, using Figure 1 and Photographs 1 – 4, the evidence which suggests howthe sedimentary environment changed during the deposition of Rock Unit D. [3]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4) Photographs 2 and 3 were taken by a student during fieldwork. They show details of an exposure of Rock Unit D on Map 1.Table 2 below is a description, made by the student, of this exposure.

Description commentsBed 5 Black shale to the top of the

exposure. Contains fossils which are preserved by a yellow metallic mineral.

Photograph 2 taken 25cm from base of bed 5.

Bed 4 125cm thick. Coarse at base, grading to fine at the top. Sharp irregular base.

Bed 3 50cm thick black shaleBed 2 75cm thick greywacke, grading to

fine at the top. Sharp irregular base.

Photograph 3 taken at the base of bed 2

Bed 1 50cm thick black shale to the base of the exposure

(a) Figure 1 is a simplified sedimentary log of this exposure. Complete the log using the descriptions contained in Table 2. [4]

(c) Suggest an origin for the structures shown in Photograph 3, which was taken at the base of Bed 2 in Table 2. You may use diagrams if you wish.

[2]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) The student concluded that the evidence contained in Table 2 indicated that Rock Unit D was deposited under deep marine conditions. State two pieces of evidence from Table 2 (other than that shown in Photograph 3) which would confirm this conclusion.

[2]1.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Syllabus Content Recognition of (i) contact metamorphic minerals and (ii) regional metamorphic minerals Identification of hand specimens of the following metamorphic rocks from their diagnostic

textures Observation and interpretation of photomicrographs of rocks as an aid to interpreting

minerals and textures.

Colour: be specificGrain size: in mms e.g. fine in slates, medium in schists and coarse in gneissTexture: variation in grain size – porphyroblastic or granoblastic arrangement of crystals - non-foliated or foliated (slaty, schistose, gneissose)Mineralogy: as much detail as possible even an approximate % of each. Common

minerals present include quartz, feldspar, hornblende, augite, calcite, mica, garnet, andalusite, chlorite.

Glossaryporphyroblastic

granoblastic

Non foliated

Foliation

Slaty cleavage

Schistose

gneissose

METAMORPHIC EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS

1) Map 2 shows the geology around Locality II on Map 1.

(i) Specimen B2 was collected at this locality. Specimen B2 is, however, not typical of Rock Unit B, which is a fossiliferous limestone.

Using evidence from Specimen B2 only, suggest, giving two reasons, a name for the rock type represented by this specimen. You may use any of the equipment specified by the supervisor.

[3]

Reason 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Reason 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Name of rock type ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Outcrop width and dip

Thin outcrop width = steeply inclinedThick outcrop width = shallowly dipping

UnconformityUnconformities mark times when erosion is dominant and no sediments are deposited. They mark a break in deposition because of uplift and mountain building. The rocks above the unconformity are UNCONFORMABLE (not the same as) to the rocks below, and are often very different in dip and strike.Unconformities cut across other beds.

Questions on recognising unconformities on geological mapsFor each of the maps below answer the following questions.

1. Where are the unconformities on these maps? 2. How can you be sure that they are unconformities?

Rules to identify unconformities are using the principle of cross-cutting relationships are:

FoldsFolds form because of compression during periods of mountain building. They can take two shapes ANTIFORM (n-shape) or SYNFORM (U-shape). They are identified on maps by the repetition of rock units and by the changes in dip direction. Antiforms have diverging dips and synforms have converging dips. If the fold limbs have similar dip and outcrop widths it is a symmetrical fold and if they have different dips and outcrop widths it is an asymmetrical fold. The trend of the fold is the direction that the axial plane trace is orientated for example N-S or E-W.Questions about recognising folds on geological mapsFor each map answer the questions below and draw on the axial plane trace.

1. What type of folds are these?2. What is the trend and the symmetry of these folds?

There are two folds on this map3. What type of folds are they?

4. What is the trend and the symmetry of these folds?

Rules to identify folds on maps are:

Rules for naming the type of folds are:

Exam style questions

1 (a) The map demonstrates some features of the geometry of folds in an area. These are summarised in table.

Evidence from Map 2 DescriptionTrend (strike) of axial plane traces

The bearings (azimuths measured from North)

North to south

Symmetry of fold Limbs dip at equal angles SymmetricalWavelength of folds Distance between two like

hinges200 metres

Evaluate, with reference to Map 2 and Table 3, the following statement regarding the folds on Map 1.

[3]The symmetrical folds trend from north-west to south-east, with a wavelength of 225 metres.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2 (a) The map below, shows detail of a small area of another map. The relief of the area of the map is almost level.The key to Map shows the relative ages of Rock Units C, D and E.These have been folded into what is thought to be a symmetrical synform.

(i) Mark on Map the axial plane trace of the fold. Label this line using the letters APT. [1]

(ii) Complete the Table below, to evaluate the description of the fold as a symmetrical synform. For each statement, indicate in the evaluation column whether it is true or false, giving one reason in each case. [2]

Statement Evaluation Reason

Symmetrical

Synform

FaultsIf faults are shown by straight lines then they are vertical. If faults have a sinuous outcrop then they are at an angle to the horizontal and are probably NORMAL, REVERSE or THRUST faults. The youngest rocks are always on the downthrow side of a fault. You need to know how old each rock is to find out the downthrow. STRIKE-SLIP faults are vertical but the movement on them is lateral (sideways). If the far side moves to the right the sense of movement is DEXTRAL, if it moves to the left the movement is called SINISTRAL.Questions about recognising faults on geological maps

1. What type of fault is F2?

2. How do you know?

3. Why does it appear to be in two sections?

4. What type of faults are these?

5. What is the geological history of this area?

6. Which side of the fault has been downthrown?

7. How do you know?

8. Which fault is the strike-slip fault?9. Which way has this strike-slip fault moved?10. How do you know?

Rules to identify faults on maps are:

Exam style questions

1 (i) Complete Table 3, which contains the evidence on Map1 used to describe the elements of the geometry of Fault F2. [3]

Evidence from Map 1 Description

Angle of dip of the fault plane

.....................................

...........

.....................................

..........

20⁰

Direction of dip of the fault plane

To the north east

Strike of fault planeThe azimuth (bearings measured from north)

The fault strikes from ................

to ...............

downthrowOlder rocks are to the north east

Downthrow is to the ...............................

.......

(ii) Name the type of fault represented by F2 [1]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2 (a) Study Faults F1 and F2 on Map 1.Faults can be classified as being reverse, thrust or normal. The figure below shows a normal fault.

(i) Give one piece of evidence from maps below which suggests that Faults F1 and F2 have fault planes which are not vertical (i.e. less than 90° dip). [1]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Use the information in the Figure to complete the table to compare Fault F1 at Locality III and Fault F2 at Locality IV. [5]

Fault F1 (Locality III) Fault F2 (Locality IV)

The angle of dip of the fault plane is ...

75º 25º

The fault plane dips to the ...

west north

Younger rock is to the ...

West of the fault plane............. of the fault plane

The hanging wall has moved ...

The fault is classified as ...

Igneous bodies – Intrusions and lava flowsThere are four types of igneous bodies that you need to be able to identify: DYKE, SILL, LAVA FLOW and PLUTON. A dyke is discordant to bedding and usually appears as a straight line; lava flows and sills are concordant to bedding and a pluton is a round blob.Questions about recognising igneous bodies on geological maps

1. What type of igneous intrusions are shown on this map?

2. What size of crystals rocks could A and B be?

3. How do you know?

Rules to identify igneous bodies on maps are: Dykes –

Sills –

Pluton –

Lava flow –

Exam Style Questions1) The Map, below, shows detail of a small area of a much larger map. The photograph below, was taken at Locality 1 on the map. It shows Rock Unit H forming an igneous intrusion into Rock Unit C. The outcrop has been weathered.(i) Using evidence only from the map, give one reason why this is a dyke rather than a sill. [1]………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(ii) Draw a sketch in the square, below, to show the main geological features at this locality. With reference to the scale of the photograph, label the positions of a chilled margin and a baked margin.

[5]2) Photograph was taken by a student during fieldwork looking north at Locality 1 on Map 1. It shows the full thickness of Rock Unit B at this locality. It is described as a concordant igneous body and it could have formed either as a sill or lava flow.

A

B

(i) Sills and lava flows often contain structures such as those labelled X on Photograph 1. Explain the origin of these structures. You may use diagrams if you wish. [3]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..(ii) Suggest, using only evidence from the area around Locality 1 on Map 1, what is meant by the term concordant.

[1]………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(iii) Suggest how the texture shown by Specimen B may confirm that this igneous body is a sill. [1] ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(iv) What additional field evidence might be collected to confirm that this igneous body is a sill? [2] ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Folds, faults and unconformities in exam style questions

1 (a)

(i) Clearly draw on the map the outcrops of the axial planes of any three folds. Label these using the symbols given in the key above. [2]

(ii) The attitude of the axial planes of folds can either be upright (vertical / 90° dip) or inclined (with a dip of less than 90°). Suggest, giving one reason, the most likely attitude of the folds on the map.

[2]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..(b) Fault F1 is a normal fault with a dip of 80° to the east. State, giving one piece of evidence from the map, the direction of the downthrow.

[2]Direction of the downthrow ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Evidence ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2)

(i) The line labelled U on the map is an unconformity.State one piece of evidence from the map which confirms this statement. [1]..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) State one other piece of evidence you would expect to find in the field to confirm the interpretation of an unconformity. [1]..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Clearly draw and label on the map an axial plane trace. [1]

(c) (i) The throw of the faults on the map can be calculated using the spot heights. Calculate the throw of Fault F1. [1]

................................... metres

(ii) Fault F1 at Locality IV on the map has a fault plane which dips towards the southeast at an angle of 75°.Complete the table by considering each statement about Fault F1, and by ticking the one correct answer from each set of descriptions given.

[2]

(iii) Fault F2 has only a vertical movement.Using the map only, explain why it is difficult to classify Fault F2 as normal or reverse. [2]....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Geological Histories

1) The map was sketched by a student during fieldwork. It represents a small area of a larger map.

The student analysed the age relationships on the map and suggested the following geological history:

Evaluate this history with reference to superposition of strata, cross-cutting relationships and included fragments. [4]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

In the spaces below, complete the sequence of geological events represented in the area of the map in order of age, oldest at the base.

Your table should list, in the boxes provided, each Rock Unit in order of deposition oremplacement. Identify each Rock Unit by its letter given in the key to the map. [5]

Clearly mark and label the position of: